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1
Tluczak, Agnieszka. "Convergence of prices on the pig market in selected European Union countries. Case study." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 68, No. 3 (March 17, 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/342/2021-agricecon.
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Due to its specificity, animal production depends to a lesser extent than plant production on agrometeorological conditions. Interdependence between the prices of animal products and climatic conditions manifests itself primarily through the fodder markets, which determine the profitability of animal breeding and keeping. The process of economic integration should contribute to a decline in price differentiation between European Union (EU) countries. In the case of the pig market, however, it is necessary to bear in mind the pig cycle, which particularly affects the supply of livestock and their prices. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) currently implemented is not adapted to the turbulent global challenges and, underlining the lack of tools adequate to the increasingly frequent and stronger price fluctuations in agricultural markets, consider it necessary to quickly implement a new strategic reformatting of the EU agricultural policy. This study aims to examine the stochastic convergence between prices on the pig market in the EU countries. The research was conducted using, among others, the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Johansen test. The monthly data from January 2008 (2008M1) to December 2019 (2019M12) were used in this study (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture). The conducted research indicates the existence of convergence paths between some countries and the group of EU-15 countries.
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Twardowska, Anna. "Konwergencja typu sigma cen gruntów rolnych w państwach Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.1.12.
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The article raises the issue of dependence between agricultural land prices in the European Union countries. The aim of the article is to provide an answer to the following question: if the level of agricultural land price differentiation in the European Union is diminishing. The analysis covered prices of agricultural land in selected the EU countries in the period 2006 - 2016. The study was based on the occurrence of convergence in three dimensions: throughout the European Union, between the so-called old EU and between the so-called new EU countries. As a result of the conducted analyses, the phenomenon of sigma-convergence of agricultural land prices across the EU was confirmed. It was also found that in the so-called new EU countries and in so-called old EU countries there is no sigma convergence of agricultural land prices.
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Twardowska, Anna. "Wyrównywanie się cen gruntów rolnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.1.6.
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The paper deals with issues related to the development of agricultural land prices in the countries of the European Union. The hypothesis regarding absolute beta-convergence of agricultural land prices among 20 selected EU countries was verified. The research was carried out for the years 2006 - 2017 using absolute beta convergence models based on spatial data. Obtained test results confirm the occurrence of so-called the effect of catching up on the agricultural land market in the European Union. Thus, in countries where initially a lower level of agricultural land prices were found, there is a faster increase in prices than in countries with initially higher levels.
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Kettunen, L. "Finnish agriculture after the accession into the European union." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2000): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.1.13.
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The preconditions for agriculture are in general worse in Finland than in most EU countries. The growing period is shorter and the effective temperature sum is lower. Mainly due to the unfavourable natural conditions the yield level in Finland is low in comparison with the EU countries. Finnish farms are considerably smaller than farms in the most important EU countries. Regional income disparities are a great problem. The Finnish producer prices were a lot higher than in the EU. It was clear that Finnish agriculture would face great difficulties after accession into the EU. The agricultural chapter of the Accession Treaty can be divided into three groups: conditions related to production; agreements on the support system; and the arrangements concerning the transitional period. It was important for Finland to reach an adequate level of support. Finally Finland was allowed to pay nordic support which was a new form in the support system of the EU. This nordic support is paid on the basis of the hectares of agricultural land or heads of animals. The support for the transitional period may be paid for only five years. This support must be regional and degressive. If serious difficulties should appear the EU Commission may authorise Finland to grant national support to facilitate full integration. In 1995, the year of accession, the producer prices went down considerably. Agricultural income has fallen by 36% in 1998 compared to 1994. In spite of this no collapse in production has occurred. In general, agricultural production has kept its preaccession level. Rapid rationalisation and various supports have helped farmers to trust in agriculture.
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Jaroszewska, Joanna, and Robert Pietrzykowski. "Convergence of the Labour Productivity in European Union Agriculture." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.88.
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The objective of the paper is to examine the changes in the level of diversification of the labour productivity in the European Union countries in the years 1998-2015, and then to determine whether there is any convergence of the labour productivity among these countries. The labour productivity has been calculated as a relation of the gross value added at constant prices per one full-time employee. The study used the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA) and the Agricultural Labour Input (ALI). The study covered the European Union countries, broken down by the countries of the „old” EU (EU-15) and the countries admitted to the EU after 2004. In order to determine the changes occurring in these countries, sigma-convergence (σ) and beta-convergence (β) have been used. The study shows that after 2011 there was a process of convergence among the EU countries in terms of the labour productivity in agriculture.
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Stojanović, Ivana. "The Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union on the General Price Level of Countries that Joined in the Period from 2004 to 2007." Economic Themes 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2019-0014.
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AbstractApplication of The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union implies the existence of a single market (without customs duties on mutual trade), the community’s priority in meeting the needs for agricultural products (protection against imports) and the existence of financial solidarity (joint financing). Joining the European Union for new member states implies the termination of the implementation of the existing national agricultural policy and the the beginning of the implementation of the CAP. Although membership in the European Union implies many advantages, the period after joining this community can be quite economically unstable for some countries. One of the most significant problems is an increase in agricultural product prices and a rise in the general price level (inflation). The above can be confirmed by a simple empirical analysis of the economic indicators of the countries that joined the EU together in the period from 2004 until 2007.
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García-Germán, Sol, Isabel Bardají, and Alberto Garrido. "Do increasing prices affect food deprivation in the European Union?" Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): e0103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018161-11254.
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The rise of prices of agricultural commodities in global markets during 2007-2012 was followed by increased consumer food prices around the world. More expensive food may have an impact on consumer food access and thus on their welfare, not only in developing countries but also amongst the most vulnerable in developed countries. Using a longitudinal database from the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and population-averaged models, we tested whether increasing food prices had an impact on household food deprivation in 26 European Union (EU) member states. Results revealed a significant relationship between food deprivation and the consumer food price index and disposable income. Households in the lowest income quintile in the member states recently acceded to the EU were the most vulnerable to food deprivation. Results also showed that low-income households in densely populated areas were more vulnerable to food deprivation. This should be taken into account when evaluating food assistance programmes that focus on the segments of the population most at risk of food deprivation.
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Firleja, Krzysztof, and Sebastian Kubala. "Determinants of variation of potato prices in the European Union." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 3 (January 2020): 697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2019-003007.
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Prices are considered to be an only, directly observable market parameter, deciding on a degree of implementation of functions of market entities. The variability is inherent to prices, in accordance to an attribute of functioning on competitive market. Examination of factors affecting the prices is particularly significant on account of occurrence of many potential variables which may impact their levels and still increasing market ties among particular economies. Potato is one of the basic agricultural raw materials in the world. Potato is of high economic value, mainly through the universal usability both by manufacturers as well as consumers. The purpose of the article was to determine of variables characterizing strong dependency on evolving level of potato prices in the EU countries. Attempts of building a model aimed at depicting potato prices evolution in the European Union countries under an influence of particular variables was performed using panel data models. Conducted analyses allowed to indicate the occurrence of regional variation of potato prices in particular European Union countries. It was also shown that essential impact on a potato prices level is potato production volume, value of gross domestic product and potato import volumes.
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Smędzik-Ambroży, Katarzyna, Martyna Rutkowska, and Hakan Kirbaş. "PRODUCTIVITY OF THE POLISH AGRICULTURAL SECTOR COMPARED TO EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES IN 2004-2017 BASED ON FADN FARMS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 3 (August 13, 2019): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3447.
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The aim of the study was to assess the productivity of the Polish agricultural sector compared to other EU countries in the long-term, encompassing the years 2004-2017. The time range of analyzes covered the years 2004-2017, spatial range of analyzes concerned individual EU countries, and the subjective scope of research included representative farms from these countries. Data was from EUFADN. Therefore, a comparative analysis of synthetic indicators of agricultural productivity in 2004-2006, 2007-2010, 2011-2014 and 2015-2017 was performed. It has been proven that agriculture in Poland, compared to other EU countries, was characterized in the years 2004-2017, almost by the lowest level of resource productivity. The sources of competitiveness of agriculture in Poland in relation to other EU countries result from price differences and not from differences in the productivity of land, capital and labor. The Polish agricultural sector, in the last decade, showed almost the lowest productivity of resources in relation to other EU countries. This was proven by excluding the impact of prices on the differences in resource productivity between EU countries. The increase in the productivity of Polish agriculture is therefore a necessary condition to prevent a progressive decrease in the competitiveness of this sector.
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Utnik-Banaś, Katarzyna, Tomasz Schwarz, Elzbieta Jadwiga Szymanska, Pawel Mieczyslaw Bartlewski, and Łukasz Satoła. "Scrutinizing Pork Price Volatility in the European Union over the Last Decade." Animals 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010100.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the factors that can influence pork prices, particularly the effects of various types of fluctuations on the volatility of pork prices in the European Union as a whole market and individual EU countries. The research material consisted of monthly time series of pork prices collected from 2009 to 2020. These data originated from the Integrated System of Agricultural Information coordinated by the Polish Ministry of Agriculture. Information on global pork production volumes is from the Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics (FAOSTAT) database. Time series of prices were described by the multiplicative model, and seasonal breakdown was performed using the Census X-11 method. The separation of the cyclical component of the trend was performed using the Hodrick–Prescott filter. In 2019, pork production in the European Union totaled 23,954 thousand tonnes, which accounted for 21.8% of global pork production. The largest producers were Germany, Spain, and France, supplying more than half of the pork to the entire European Union market. Pork prices in the EU, averaged over the 2009–2020 period were Euro (EUR) 154.63/100 kg. The highest prices for pork were recorded in Malta, Cyprus, Bulgaria, and Greece, whereas the lowest prices in Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and France. The breakdown of the time series for pork prices confirmed that, in the period from 2009 to 2020, pork prices exhibited considerable fluctuations of both a long-term and medium-term nature as well as short-term seasonal and irregular fluctuations. Prices were higher than average in summer (with a peak in June–August) and lower in winter (January–March). Overall, the proportions of different types of changes in pork prices were as follows: random changes—7.9%, seasonal changes—36.6%, and cyclical changes—55.5%.
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Borawski, Piotr, Marta Guth, Wojciech Truszkowski, Dagmara Zuzek, Aneta Beldycka-Borawska, Bartosz Mickiewicz, Elzbieta Szymanska, Jayson Kennedy Harper, and James Willam Dunn. "Milk price changes in Poland in the context of the Common Agricultural Policy." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 1 (January 27, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/178/2019-agricecon.
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Changes in the retail prices of pasteurised milk, purchase prices, and the price relationship between retail prices for pasteurised milk and other food products are analysed for Poland during the period from 2004–2018. In addition, the paper presents factors affecting changes in milk prices in Poland and characterises the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the milk market. The adoption of a long period of analysis allows for the study of periods of both high and low variability. The data analysis uses various methods including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Autoregressive-Moving-Average Model (ARMA). The milk market showed significant response because it was one of the few that was strongly administered by the European Union. These policies led to a significant increase in milk prices in the analysed period. The average price of pasteurised food milk increased by 63% in 2003–2015, and the purchase farm price of milk increased by 91.74%. The situation changed when the production limits were eliminated after 2015. In the initial period after quotas ended, the price of milk decreased and then increased. Similar changes were observed in other EU countries. Even short-term fluctuations associated with economic crises did not significantly affect the milk market.
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Schmitz, Andrew, Hartley Furtan, and Troy G. Schmitz. "Agricultural Policy: High Commodity and Input Prices." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 1 (April 2009): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000162.
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Because of high commodity prices, beginning in 2006, subsidies to farmers in the United States, the European Union, and Canada have been reduced significantly. However, significant losses have been experienced by the red meat sector, along with escalating food prices. Because of rising input costs, the “farm boom” may not be as great as first thought. Ethanol made from corn and country-of-origin labeling cloud the U.S. policy scene. Higher commodity prices have caused some countries to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers, resulting in freer commodity trade worldwide. Policymakers should attempt to make these trade-barrier cuts permanent and should rethink current policy legislation to deal with the possibility of a collapse of world commodity markets. Agricultural commodity prices have dropped significantly since early 2008.
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Cyrek, Magdalena, and Piotr Cyrek. "Rural Specificity as a Factor Influencing Energy Poverty in European Union Countries." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 5463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155463.
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This study focuses on the empirical verification of the influence of rural specificity on energy poverty across European Union countries, in the period 2010–2020. The research aimed at specifying the role of the agricultural character of a country, as well as economic disparities between rural and urban areas, in inducing problems of energy affordability. Based on the literature consensus about the most important determinants of energy poverty, namely income, energy prices, energy productivity, quality of dwellings, and climate conditions, a standard model was constructed concerning the role of the rural character of an economy, with its traditional features such as agricultural employment, and indices of rural–urban divide, in terms of median income and material poverty. Models for panel data with fixed effects were estimated. The results indicate agricultural employment as a factor increasing the subjective energy poverty of households. However, the scale of rural settlement cannot be specified as a factor determining energy poverty, neither concerning energy consumption nor self-reported difficulties. This suggests that only the traditional agricultural character of rural areas negatively influences energy poverty. The processes of gentrification of rural areas observable in many EU countries changes the typical pattern of the identification of villagers with the most excluded group.
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Valdemaras, Makutenas, Miceikiene Astrida, Svetlanska Tatiana, Turcekova Natalia, and Sauciunas Tadas. "The impact of biofuels production development in the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 4 (April 12, 2018): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/285/2016-agricecon.
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The article analyses the effects of the development of biofuel production in the EU (European Union) countries. For this purpose, the authors develop and adapt methodology to determine biofuel production effects considering resource prices, the areas of distribution and employment in the EU. Twenty-seven EU member states are selected for empirical research. Over 98% of production is devoted to first-generation biofuels; therefore, second- and third-generation biofuels are not analysed. The empirical study is carried out by analysing the dynamics of quantitative indicators, and we assess changes in direction by setting the values of qualitative indicators. Quantitative and qualitative indicators are calculated using correlation analysis. The results suggest that the fastest growth of ethanol production in the EU took place in Finland, Ireland and the Netherlands. During the analysed period, Germany and France were the largest producers of ethanol and biodiesel. The regression analysis showed a very strong correlation between the number of jobs created and biofuel production. There is also a very strong correlation between the volume of production of biofuels and land used for biofuel feedstock production. The production of biofuel does not significantly affect food and feed crop prices.
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Smoliński, Paweł. "Zmiany cen skupu podstawowych produktów rolnych jako wskaźnik stabilizacji krajowych rynków rolnych objętych interwencją rynkową." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 123 (October 28, 2018): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.123.21.
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The aim of the article was to assess the structure of the applied stabilisation index of agricultural markets in Poland subject to market intervention, which was based on changes in average annual domestic procurement prices of basic agricultural products, as well as the calculation and analysis of the value of this indicator in 2004–2017. The analysis showed that due to the significant dependence of domestic procurement prices on prices in other European Union countries, this ratio can be used to assess operations of the intervention institution in Poland after considering the impact of EU prices on the domestic market.
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Hełdak, Maria, Agnieszka Stacherzak, Katarzyna Przybyła, Szymon Kupczak, and Lesia Kucher. "Agricultural Land Transaction Prices Against the Background of Property Intended for Investment Purposes in Poland." Real Estate Management and Valuation 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2022-0019.
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Abstract Since Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004, a steady increase in transaction prices of agricultural property has been observed. Also in other countries, mainly in Eastern and Central Europe, there has been an ongoing increase in the prices of agricultural land. The situation on the agricultural land market is influenced not only by the market mechanisms, but also by the political decisions, including restrictions in the turnover of land properties. The purpose of the study is to analyze the agricultural land market in Poland and to determine the relationship of average land prices for housing, service and industrial purposes against the average prices of agricultural land in 2004-2019. In the course of the study, price changes on the discussed market were assessed, and forecasts and simulations concerning the prices of agricultural properties and land intended for selected investment purposes were prepared. It was established that the increase in agricultural property prices over the recent dozen or so years is inadequate to the increase in the average gross salary in Poland and the average income from work at individual farms. However, the increase in prices is almost parallel to the increase in average transaction prices of property intended for housing purposes.
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Brovdi, Ivan. "ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE AS A STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 24(52) (March 31, 2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2022-24(52)-12-19.
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The article describes the meaning of organic agriculture and its importance in modern social and economic conditions. The study deals with the main legal requirements for organic producers in Ukraine. The main economic advantages of organic agriculture for Ukrainian enterprises have been outlined including: higher prices on organic products which create a possibility to earn higher profits, lower negative impact on the environment makes this practice more sustainable over a long period of time, and high demand for organic food products in the world. The economic disadvantages of organic agriculture include lower yield compared to traditional agriculture, additional legal requirements to comply with, and lower consumption of organic products in Ukraine. The state of organic agriculture in Ukraine is analyzed, in particular the area of land allocated to it and the number of organic operators. The article also describes the situation with organic agriculture in the world, identifies the world's leading countries regarding the area of land used for organic agriculture, and outlines Ukraine's position in it. European Union is identified as the main importer of organic food products from Ukraine, the key imported organic products and their positions in comparison to other countries have been analyzed. The rapid development of organic agriculture in the world and particularly in the European Union and the increase in the area of land used for it may pose a threat to Ukrainian agriculture enterprises and the positions they have on European and world`s organic markets. While acknowledging the risks the study highlights the importance of further development of organic agriculture in Ukraine.
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Robu, Raluca Georgiana, Ana-Maria Holobiuc, Alina Petronela Alexoaei, Valentin Cojanu, and Dumitru Miron. "Regional Patterns of Pesticide Consumption Determinants in the European Union." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032070.
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This article contributes to the discussion about the socioeconomic factors that reinforce pesticide dependence in the European Union and hinder the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices in light of the European Union’s Green Deal objective of reducing the use of pesticides by 50% by 2030. The analysis has a two-pronged purpose: (1) to identify the determinants of pesticide consumption in the European Union by conducting a set of four seemingly unrelated regressions and (2) to emphasize the existence of regional patterns across EU countries formed by the factors that significantly impact pesticide consumption based on a cluster analysis. Per capita GDP, selling prices, population, and real income positively influence pesticide use, whereas subsidies and organic agricultural area negatively influence them. Pesticide use is most affected by GDP per capita and least affected by subsidies. Cluster analysis highlights regional differences reflected in three clusters: (1) the most recent EU member states, (2) the European countries with large population levels, and (3) the countries with the highest GDP per capita. Our findings may contribute to the EU’s capacity to generate policy changes at the member state level and can be built into recommendations to address the persistent overuse of pesticides.
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Pawlewicz, Adam, and Katarzyna Pawlewicz. "The Risk of Agricultural Land Abandonment as a Socioeconomic Challenge for the Development of Agriculture in the European Union." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 3233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043233.
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In this article, the risk of agricultural farmland abandonment was assessed with the use of a synthetic measure of socioeconomic problems as challenges to the quality of life in rural areas in the European Union. To determine the direction and dynamics of changes in farmland abandonment in the EU countries, variables based on EUROSTAT and FADN data were analyzed using Hellwig’s method, and data for 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019 were compared. The EUROSTAT methodology for the agri-environmental indicator “risk of land abandonment” was adapted for the needs of this study. Agricultural land is abandoned for many reasons, including conversion to other uses, but also abandonment of farming. The results of the analysis indicate that the risk of farmland abandonment was highest in countries with difficult farming conditions, such as Greece, Spain, Portugal, Romania, and Finland. In turn, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, i.e., the most economically developed countries, were most resilient to this risk. An analysis of the factors that contribute to farmland abandonment demonstrated that the likelihood of this risk decreases with a rise in agricultural investments, farm income, population density, prices of agricultural land, road quality, and density. A high proportion of ageing farm owners was the only factor that increased the risk of agricultural land abandonment.
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Smutka, Luboš, Michal Steininger, Mansoor Maitah, and Eva Rosochatecká. "Development in consumer food prices on the Czech market in the context of food prices on the EU and world markets." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072737.
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This paper discusses the development of consumer prices in the Czech Republic within the context of food prices in the European Union and the global market. The article is identifying the development of the foodstuff consumer prices in the market in the Czech Republic in relation to World and European consumer prices. Subsequently, the development of food consumer prices in the Czech market is analyzed in relation to selected commodities and products marketed in the Czech retail chains. Lastly, the status of individual retail chains in the Czech market is defined and the consumer prices and price differences existing amongst the selected major chains operating on the Czech market are analyzed. In relation to the objectives of this article it is then possible to state the following: prices on the Czech market correlate very strongly, especially in relation to the EU countries markets, but are very weak in relation to the world market. The sensitivity of the Czech consumer prices is very high – it is very flexible towards changes within the framework of the prices levels on the market of the EU but, by contrast, it is completely inflexible in respect to the changes in the prices levels on the world market. The Czech Republic follows the general development price trends existing in the EU countries markets.The growth in food prices on the Czech market is very close to the average growth rate of the food prices index in the EU market. Regarding the prices development on the Czech Republic market, it can be noted that, in relation to particular segments of the commodity food prices, the most dynamic growth was recorded in the case of fruit and vegetables, oils and fats, dairy products, fish and seafood, poultry, beef and cereals and bakery products.It is also important to mention that in the Czech Republic there are no uniform price levels between individual regions. In respect to the nature of the Czech retail market, a comment should be made that on the one hand it is very concentrated – a relatively small number of players control the character of the market – nevertheless, but in comparison with the European average, it can be said that the market is highly competitive, since none of the market subjects clearly dominates. Individual retail chains in their pricing policies more or less follow the general price trends and tendencies, reflecting the development of the domestic market and in, particular, the EU market.
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Prášilová, Marie, Lucie Severová, and Jan Chromý. "Subsidies of agricultural production in the Czech Republic and their economic context." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070293.
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An important part of evaluating common economic politics of countries in the European Union (EU) is the observation of microeconomic consequences of governmental subsidies in agriculture. This article mentions some basic theoretical and practical connections regarding subsidies in agriculture and of agricultural products on the Czech market, and regarding consequences of implemented price intervention programs. If a subsidy is directed to large-scale producers as well as to geographically unfavourably situated small-scale producers, it can not only miss its own target, but even deepen the existing problem. It is now becoming apparent that prospering large companies have an overall bigger profit from each crown of the subsidized price than small farms, which were originally the reason to implement the subsidies. The size structure of agricultural companies in the Czech Republic has so far been relatively favourable with respect to subsidies. After 2013, a reform of the Common agricultural politics of EU is planned and the amounts of direct payments for agriculture from the EU budget will be newly set. However, the European Parliament supports a proposal of limiting subsidies according to size of farms. Along with that, there is a real threat of growing prices of agricultural products on the market. Results of statistical analyses of source materials have revealed the largest proportion of subsidies in the outputs of Czech agricultural companies in the last years as compared to our neighbours, and also in up to now balance of subsidy level and aid in terms of economic size of the companies. The European Parliament’s support of limiting direct payments for agriculture from the EU budget based on size of companies is unfavourable for the Czech Republic and will impact the price level of agricultural products.
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Pejović, Igor. "A Comparative Analysis of the Price Index in Transition Countries in the Time of Globalisation." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2014-0007.
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Abstract Globalisation with all its features can be divided in two segments - good and bad. When we look at the good side of globalisation, it is obvious that it has erased boundaries between countries in terms of trade, education, knowledge sharing, and other new technologies, while on the other hand, the bad side is that it has created a considerable gap between developed and developing countries, then different types of commercial, political and other conditioning, and dependence on strong, developed states. A great contribution to the negative part of globalisation was of economic instability that occurred at the beginning of this century and which consequences are still present in the world. In this article, we presented the impact of economic instability on the price index trough a comparative analysis of transition countries such as Montenegro, Serbia and Croatia over a period of five years (Croatia has just recently become a member of the European Union and due to that fact it was included in this study). The survey covered price indices relating to the prices of industrial products for the domestic markets, consumer price indices, indices of the hospitality services and the prices of the agricultural products.
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Blahun, Ivan S., and Yulian R. Nadvirnianskyi. "Applying the Gravity Models for the Analysis of Trade between Ukraine and the European Union." Business Inform 12, no. 539 (2022): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-12-140-145.
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This article presents the application of gravitation models in bilateral trade in agricultural products such as wheat, corn and barley between Ukraine and the European Union. The power of influence of factors related to the process of globalization on the volume of trade flows of agricultural products between countries is shown. These determinants were considered as an alternative to the physical distance between countries in the equation of gravity proposed by Jan Tinbergen. Trade relations between the EU and Ukraine are of interest in influencing the functioning of the entire sector of the economy. The weight of these ties is especially important if we take into account such sensitive markets as, e. g., market of agricultural products. In this case, trade and its results are affected by complex agricultural policies, including diversified support instruments or rules applicable in the EU and in Ukraine. Disparities in the scale of financial support for individual markets and their impact on the level of domestic prices have led to a diversification of the impact on trade turnover. This phenomenon also explains the lack of mutual attractiveness of economies in terms of trade flows. In the traditional gravitation model, the value of trade between any two countries is proportional (all other things being equal) to the GDP gain of these countries and inversely proportional to the distance separating them. In today’s global economy, physical distance between countries is no longer such a significant brake on international trade, and thus the distance in the gravitation model can be understood as the degree of similarity between economies trading with each other.
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Svynous, N., O. Gavryk, I. Svynous, T. Yemchyk, and I. Salo. "Formation of the institutional support system for investment activities of agricultural enterprises." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2 (169) (December 9, 2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2021-169-2-63-75.
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The article is devoted to the problem of formation of the system of institutional support of investment activity of agricultural enterprises. A significant increase in the investment attractiveness of micro-agricultural enterprises will occur with the formation of family farms based on them, where former migrant workers will be the leaders. They will invest the earned money in the development of their own economy, and in entrepreneurial activity they will use the gained work experience in agriculture of the European Union. We believe that in the near future in Ukraine it is possible to oppose the "Brazilian" and "European" models of agriculture. At the same time, the level of concentration of assets and agricultural lands does not always create the preconditions for their effective use. This opinion is confirmed by the low importance of investment efficiency of large agricultural enterprises. This situation may be due to volatility in prices for basic agricultural products, reduced state support for agriculture, and increased integration processes in the world market, which will facilitate access to the domestic market of foreign agricultural producers, which are characterized by higher productivity. The directions of support of investment activity in agriculture by the leading countries of the world on the basis of tools use of direct and indirect influence which main task was the expansion of access of commodity producers to long-term credits and other financial services are allocated. Among the areas of indirect influence that are relevant for domestic conditions, we should highlight: scientific and production services for agricultural producers through the system of agricultural consulting at the expense of budget funds; financing and stimulation of scientific activity; development of public-private partnership to stimulate the implementation of innovative projects; use of public procurement as an instrument of investment activity. Key words: agricultural enterprise; investment, investment attractiveness, credit unions, insurance.
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Bajusová, Zuzana, Jana Ladvenicová, Tatiana Bullová, and Ľubomír Gurčík. "Evaluation of Economic Impacts of Biodiesel Production in Slovakia." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2019-0014.
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Abstract The increasing consumption of energy, as well as exhaustibility of fossil resources, initiate the necessity of finding renewable resources. Especially biofuels represent the important role in terms of renewable resources, development of which is often question under debate in many countries. By increasing of blending mandate in the European Union (EU), the SR after joining the EU forced to implement the changes in its action plan for renewable energy in transport and set benchmarks share of methyl ester of rapeseed oil in diesel fuel. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the economic impact of biodiesel production in the Slovak republic. At the same time, biofuel production has an impact on the price of conventional fuels. The relationship between biofuel production and prices of agricultural crops as well as conventional fuels we examined through regression and correlation analysis, which showed that between production of biodiesel and the prices indicated exists certain dependency.
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Katunar, Jana, Vinko Zaninović, and Hrvoje Katunar. "MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Ekonomska misao i praksa 30, no. 1 (June 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/emip/2021/1.2.
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This paper focuses on the determinants of wine production in the European wine industry. In the last two decades, the European wine industry has undergone many changes due to the entry of new countries into the world wine market. Although increasing competitiveness became the priority of the European Common Agricultural Policy, wine production and consumption in the EU have decreased in the last two decades, and therefore the aim of this research is to analyse and identify the macroeconomic determinants of wine production, i.e. what factors besides the price influence wine production in selected EU countries and in how they can be controlled. Empirical research was conducted using data for EU member states traditionally engaged in wine production. Panel data on wine production, wine consumption, average wine price, wine imports, wine exports and EU support to the wine sector were collected from secondary sources for 15 wine-producing EU countries and for the period 2009-2018. We estimated the econometric model using pooled OLS, as diagnostic tests indicated that this estimator was the best fit for our data. Our results suggest that domestic demand and domestic (EU) subsidies are the main drivers of wine production. To keep up with New World wine producers, even more emphasis should be placed on promoting the wine drinking culture.
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Luboš, Smutka, Maitah Mansoor, and Svatoš Miroslav. "Changes in the Czech agrarian foreign trade competitiveness – different groups of partners’ specifics." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 9 (September 27, 2018): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/399/2016-agricecon.
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The territorial and commodity structure of the Czech agrarian foreign trade underwent significant changes over the last fifteen years. These changes affected not only the structure, but also the value, volume, unit prices and competitiveness. The presented paper provides the basic overview of the individual significant changes. The main goal of the paper is to specify changes in the area of the Czech agrarian foreign trade competitiveness. This competitiveness is analysed not only in relation to global markets, but it is also analysed in relation to different groups of countries. Differences in competiveness are analysed in relation to the European Union (EU 28), the Commonwealth of Independent Countries, other European countries, the OECD members, and developing countries. In addition, competitiveness is also analysed in two specific dimensions. The agricultural market represents a very specific entity. However, the global merchandise trade is becoming more and more liberalized internationally and the regional agricultural markets are still being affected by a significant protectionism. The individual countries and certain clusters of countries are applying an intensive agricultural market protection. The result of these policies is a distortion of the agricultural trade. This distortion is also affecting the individual countries mutual competitiveness. While one country could be competitive in relation to one partner, in relation to other partner, the competitiveness could be limited. The paper clarifies and analyses the differences that exist in the competitiveness of the Czech agrarian trade in relation to the above mentioned groups of countries. The analysis is conducted utilizing the symmetric revealed comparative advantage index and the Lafay index, the Trade Balance index and the product mapping. The Czech agrarian trade territorial structure has become more concentrated, the commodity structure became more diversified. Czech trade is quite competitive especially in relation to the European countries, the competitiveness in relation to other territories is limited. The significant weakness of the Czech agrarian trade is its low ability to generate added value.
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Sterie, Cristina Maria, and Raluca Andreea Ion. "Approaches to implementing fair trade practices for smallholder farmers." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0044.
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Abstract Fair Trade is a global network, a certification system whereby producers meet certain social, economic and environmental standards, with additional funding to improve these conditions and a minimum price set for their products. The literature shows the rapid spread of movements implemented by countries who want fair trade, fair prices and high quality products. The present research demonstrates the need for the implementation of the Fair Trade movement at the level of each country in the European Union and the benefits for the actors involved. At the global movement level, the total number of producer organisations in the FairTrade scheme in 2020 was 1880, of which 950 were registered in Latin America and the Caribbean. The paper is based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of areas and productions for the 7 main agricultural products: tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, bananas, cottonseed and plants and flowers, as well as the calculation of the main statistical indicators standard deviation, coefficient of variation and growth rate. At E.U. level there are 16 countries representing national Fair Trade organisations, of which Germany ranked second in terms of retail trade of FairTrade products in 2017. The recognition of certification in Europe is an important asset, as the high living standards in Western European countries mean that they are interested in buying products with this label.
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Bečvářová, V. "EU enlargement and the Common Agricultural Policy." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 10 (March 2, 2012): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5431-agricecon.
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The incorporation of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) to the common agrarian market of the European Union is an entrance the saturated market solving problems with surpluses of main agricultural commodities. That is why an increasing of competition among both current member states and the new members has been anticipated. The question related to productivity of factors as well as technology level influence on competitiveness on the occasion of lower prices of agricultural commodities that could bring about shift of trade between agricultural enterprises and food processors in the first stage of processing within commodity chain into some of new member countries (or changes within them) and steer flows of some of agricultural commodities utilised as raw materials. The decisive position of the second stage of agricultural products processing, characterised by highly finalised products, probably will push forward the existing member states, especially the main producers and major exporters of finalised food products in Europe. Their interest in generation and expansion of this kind of market with highly finalised food products on the CEECs food markets would be expected. Moreover, the “demand driven agriculture” implying qualitative criteria such as food safety and precaution, favourable method of production, environmental impact etc., presented by agricultural policies in last decade and for future, is largely influenced by final stages of agri-food commodity chains. Distributors and well-established processors are those who “translate” the consumer’s demand to agricultural producers. Those decide significantly about the dimension, structure and market share of agricultural production in concrete area in essence. This situation has influenced effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) exactly. Based upon the last reforms of the CAP in the EU evaluation, the significant changes of commodity markets regulation tools and a new approach partly related to income stabilisation policy partly to support of technological change and restructuring in wider social and regional aspects of the CAP are demonstrated there.
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Eidukaitis, Simonas, and Tomas Balezentis. "Agricultural revenue in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland: An application of the LMDI decomposition." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 3 (2022): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-3/1.
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This paper analyses the trends and sources of change in agricultural revenue for the new European Union (EU) member states, namely Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. These countries still lag behind the old EU member states in terms of profitability, productivity, and farm size. Thus, assessment of the patterns in agricultural revenue changes in these countries may provide evidence for reasonable policy making. The period covered is 2011-2019. The analysis is carried out for selected agricultural products (wheat, milk, poultry, potatoes). The logarithmic mean Divisia index is applied for the decomposition. The results indicate that the effects of scale, productivity, and price change varied across the countries and products. Therefore, dedicated policy measures and pathways are needed for each particular context.
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Gocht, Alexander, Nicola Consmüller, Ferike Thom, and Harald Grethe. "Economic and Environmental Consequences of the ECJ Genome Editing Judgment in Agriculture." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061212.
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Genome-edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulations, however, diverge regarding the classification of genome-edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome-edited crops, while in the European Union, they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish between products from genome-edited plants and those from non-genome-edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose not to import any agricultural and food products based on crops for which genome-edited varieties are available. Therefore, crop products of which the EU is currently a net importer would become more expensive in the EU, and production would intensify. Furthermore, an intense substitution of products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production, and trade. We analyzed the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy in the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CAPRI. Our results indicate dramatic effects on agricultural and food prices as well as on farm income. The intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as in an increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This suggests that trade effects should be considered when developing domestic regulation for genome-edited crops.
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Nori, Michele. "Redressing Policy Making in Pastoral Areas of the Mediterranean Region." Journal of Policy & Governance 02, no. 01 (June 15, 2022): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/jpg020103.
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This article provides a critical analysis of the evolution of the policy, institutional and legislative frameworks impinging on the livelihoods of pastoral communities in the different flanks of the Mediterranean, and of the underpinning narratives, with a view to support a better informed and more consistent policy framework. The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union is paramount in defining evolving and shrinking pastoralists’ room for manoeuvre, not only in Europe but also in its neighbouring regions. In Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, despite a quite un-harmonised and diversified ideological and institutional setting, agricultural policies in the different countries seem to converge to a very similar and consistent framework. Throughout the Mediterranean, the growing compliance with policy measures, institutional regulations and legislative rules have exposed agro-pastoral farms to increasing degrees of uncertainty and dependence on public subsidies, loan schemes and market prices, making their navigation decreasingly sustainable.
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Lavrov, V., Nadezhda Yurchenko, S. Batrakova, and Anastasiya Fetisova. "To question of food quality in the system of the Russian AIC." Agrarian Bulletin of the, no. 13 (January 29, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-13-54-60.
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Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the tools necessary to improve the quality of natural and organic agricultural products, as well as to increase the volume of their receipts and sales in the Russian agro-industrial complex and retail chains. In the context of the current crisis and sanctions from the United States and a number of countries of the European Union the problem of food security in our country is of particular importance. One of the main tasks of agriculture is not only solving the problem of import substitution by increasing the production of essential products, but also improving their quality. The analysis of the materials made it possible to assess the current state of the food market in Russia. The state mechanism for regulating prices in the food market was analyzed. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the positive experience of China, Western European countries and our country in different historical periods. Methods. The basic research methods of the posed problem applied in the work are comparison, deduction, modeling, historical and logical methods. The result of the research carried out in this article is an attempt to establish the reasons for the insufficiently developed and implemented subsidized mechanism of state financing in the agricultural sector. In the course of the research, the prerequisites and reasons for the current circumstances were considered and indicated. The scientific novelty is based on the authors’ conclusion of a scientifically grounded concept about the need to bring the branches of agriculture within the framework of a mixed market economy into the non-market sector. This, in turn, can provide an urgent need for self-sufficiency.
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Kranjac, David, Krunoslav Zmaic, Ivo Grgic, Petra Salamon, and Emil Erjavec. "Accession impact and outlook for Croatian and EU crop and livestock markets." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): e0103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020181-14669.
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Aim of study: To investigate the impact of Croatia’s accession to the EU on its agricultural sector, its market outlook and the EU’s key agricultural products up to 2030.Area of study: Croatia and European Union member statesMaterial and methods: Comparative approach was used in order to identify similarities of the changes that took place when other Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) acceded to the EU (results of previously conducted research) with the changes that happened in Croatia (historical data between 2010 and 2016). The second approach involved the AGMEMOD partial equilibrium model, which has been used as a comprehensive tool to model the complex outlook of Croatian agricultural markets. The results of the Croatian outlook were compared to the EU’s AGMEMOD outlook results in order to identify future trends in key agricultural market development (production, yield and net trade) and whether these newly established trends were comparable with EU trends.Main results: The changes that took place in the Croatian agricultural sector during and after the EU accession period are not significantly different from the trends and changes observed in other Central and Eastern EU member states. Similarities can especially be found in neighbouring CEEC countries (Hungary and Slovenia), which kept their producer prices close to EU levels prior to accession. Furthermore, the results indicate a similarity with CEEC trends in terms of the strengthening of crop production compared to livestock.Research highlights: Positive effects of EU integration on the Croatian agricultural sector took place after a few years of adjustment. Simulations of future market developments indicate many similarities between Croatia and EU 13 member states.
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Wąs, Adam, Vitaliy Krupin, Paweł Kobus, Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks, Robert Jeszke, and Krystian Szczepański. "Towards Climate Neutrality in Poland by 2050: Assessment of Policy Implications in the Farm Sector." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 13, 2021): 7595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227595.
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Climate neutrality achievement in the European Union assumes the necessity of efforts and transformations in most economic sectors of its member-states. The farm sector in Poland, being the second largest contributor to the country’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and in the top fifth of farm sectors in the EU-27 countries, needs to undergo structural and technological transformations to contribute to the climate action goals. The article assesses the potential impacts of Poland’s climate neutrality achievement path on the domestic farm sector in terms of its structure, output, income, and prices of agricultural products. The approach is based on complex economic modelling combining computable general equilibrium (CGE) and optimisation modelling, with the farm sector model consisting of farm, structural, and market modules. While the modelling results cover three GHG emission-reduction scenarios up to 2050, to understand the transformation impact within varying policy approaches, the study for each scenario of farm sector development also outlines three policy options: carbon pricing, forced emission limit, and carbon subsidies. Results in all scenarios and policy options indicate a strong foreseeable impact on agricultural output and prices (mainly livestock production), shifts in the production structure toward crops, as well as changes in farm income along the analysed timeframe.
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Jankulovski, Nikolche, and Usama Ehsan Khan. "Asian Rice Exports and the European Demand: An Application of the Modified Panel Gravity Model." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 8 (July 15, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n8p18.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of Asian rice exports to the European market that comprise of 27 member countries. The EU-27 emerged as the net importer of rice as well as the biggest importer of agricultural products. Privileged rice exporting countries including India, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam mainly stem from preferential treatment given by the European Union. Using a 19-year panel data over 2001-2019 for four top rice exporting countries augmented gravity model is tested with additional variables including rice yield, exchange rate, the population of importing region, distance, and rice price indices in importing and exporting regions. Results of the study suggest that rice yield, exchange rate, the population of importing region, distance, and rice price in importing region are statistically meaningful in determining the level of exports of rice to the EU-27 region. Analysis in this paper contends that policymakers in top rice-producing countries should focus on competitive exchange rate regimes as well as set price below what is prevailing in the EU-27 region.
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Jarosz-Angowska, Aneta, and Magdalena Kąkol. "Comparative Analysis of Support to Agriculture in the QUAD Countries in 1986-2014." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2016.16.4.107.
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The purpose of this paper is a comparative analysis of support provided to agriculture sector by the QUAD countries in 1986-2014. The authors examined the changes in levels and structures of this support and tried to assess it from the point of view of its impact on the QUAD economies and markets. In the analysis conducted there were used especially the OECD data and indexes measuring state support to agriculture including: Total Support Estimate, Producer Support Estimate, General Services Support Estimate and Consumer Support Estimate. In the last three decades in all the examined economies, there has been a reduction in agricultural support in relation to GDP, although no distinct change has occurred in terms of the amount of aid in absolute terms (in the US its value even increased almost twice). As regards the changes in structure of support, the most favorable tendencies took place in the European Union where the market price support (MPS), i.e. the most distorting aid to the functioning of the market mechanism, was significantly reduced. One can also positively assess the support structure in the United States where about half of the agricultural budget is earmarked to consumers. Canada has very good economic outcomes as regard the agriculture sector even though it allocates the least amount of financial resources to support agriculture in relation to GDP among all the QUAD economies. However, despite a large part of this support is in the form of general services (GSSE), the country is characterized by an unfavorable trend of increasing expenditure on price support. Throughout the period considered the most harmful support policy from the point of view of market competition was led by Japan though it has affected to a lesser extent the functioning of international agri-food markets due to the lower importance of Japanese agricultural production and exports in the world economy in comparison to the EU and the US.
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Hamulczuk, Mariusz, Oksana Makarchuk, and Tetyana Kuts. "Time-Varying Integration of Ukrainian Sunflower Oil Market with the EU Market." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2021.130304.
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Ukraine (UA) is one of the world-leading countries in sunflower oil production and sunflower oil exports. Due to the increasing demand caused by biofuel regulations, the European Union (EU) remains the key importer of Ukrainian sunflower oil. Therefore, the aim of the proposed research is to provide an evaluation of the time-varying integration of the UA sunflower oil market with the EU market. To fulfill this goal, first, the trends in sunflower oil production and exports in Ukraine as well as trade regulations are presented. The market integration was assessed using the ARDL-ECM approach that was applied to weekly sunflower oil prices in the period from 2000 to 2020. The analytical study was supplemented with the Toda-Yamamoto (T-Y) Granger causality test, the Bai-Perron multiple structural breakpoint test (B-P) as well as impulse response functions (IRF). This study and the obtained results for the whole sample confirm the presence of a long-run relationship between EU and UA prices. The EU prices are the Granger cause for UA prices, as it is shown in the T-Y test. The Bai-Perron test indicates the existence of multiple structural breaks that can be justified by the market condition and policy modifications. Both the long- and the short-run response of UA prices to changes in EU prices vary significantly in different sub-periods.
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Adamowicz, Mieczysław. "Aktualne kierunki zmian we wspólnej polityce rolnej Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.1.
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The aim of the work is presenting the evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy, mainly the changes which occurred in this policy during the last decade, as well as the forms and size of support of agriculture and rural areas. The study was prepared with the use of OECD rapport, mainly the rapport on monitoring and evolution the Common Agricultural Policy 2015, and the subject matter literature. Three groups of factors influencing the Common Agricultural Policy changes were distinguished. There are: factors influencing the state of agriculture in member countries; factors influencing relations of the European Union with the world economy and factor linked with the world financial crisis. The changes occurred in both pillars of the CAP were presented, in Pillar I related to the price and market spheres and in that related to direct payments, and in Pillar II, which cover complex of instruments influencing agriculture and rural areas. The special and specific payments were also described. Among instruments supporting agriculture special attentions was given to instruments of internal markets, instruments influencing services and foreign trade regulations. One of the main conclusions is statement that periodical changes of aims and instruments of the CAP did not destroy the background of the policy and the necessity of the community support for agriculture.
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LAGODIENKO, Volodymyr, Oleksandr FEDORCHUK, and Oksana PROTOSVITSKA. "COMPETITIVENESS MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-2-34.
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Introduction. Adapting the agricultural sector of the economy to the conditions and requirements of the European Union is a complex and controversial process. Due to the natural and economic peculiarities of agriculture, its long-term internal and external isolation from developed European countries, differences in the definition of state agricultural policy priorities, scientific discussions continue on the formation of a system of managing the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study and evaluate scientific approaches to the formation of a system for managing the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises on the basis of sustainability. In the process of research the methods of comparison, analysis, theoretical and logical generalization were used. The dialectical method of research became the methodological basis. Results. The definition of the "competitiveness of agricultural enterprises" is studied in the article; the influence of features of agriculture on formation of system of management of competitiveness of the agricultural enterprises is considered. It is proposed to treat the management of the compe-titiveness of an agricultural enterprise as a set of measures for the production and sale of products at a price not higher and not worse in quality than any other counterparties in its market niche. Conclusions. Favorable geographical position of agricultural enterprises is its competitive advantage, which is the possibility of direct economic activity. Decreased soil fertility and increased erosion processes, reduction of sown areas suitable for cultivation and a high degree of dependence on climatic conditions are the reason for the loss of competitive advantages. Agricultural enterprises should use a systematic strategic management of competitiveness, the essence of which is to develop a strategy to achieve goals and solve problems to increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises with less use of resources in accordance with the conditions of sustainable development. Keywords: competitiveness; management system; agricultural enterprises; sustainability; competitive advantages.
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Djunaidi, Harjanto, and Andrew C. M. Djunaidi. "The Economic Impacts of Avian Influenza on World Poultry Trade and the U.S. Poultry Industry: A Spatial Equilibrium Analysis." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, no. 2 (August 2007): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800023014.
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Simulation results showed that simultaneous outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Asia, the United States, Brazil, and selected European countries will have significant impacts on world poultry trade. Assuming demand for chicken meat is constant, the global export price is simulated to increase by 9.63%. HPAI outbreaks in the United States, Economic Union, and Brazil will have a greater impact on export price than in any other possible three-region case. Outbreaks in the United States and Brazil would still lead to major impacts on world poultry trade, confirming large country effects.
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Pokojski, Zenon. "Dystrybucja produktów dla rolnictwa w Polsce – w poszukiwaniu nowych źródeł przewagi konkurencyjnej." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 104, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2017.104.4.35.
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The distribution of agricultural products in Poland is considered to be relatively weak compared to other European countries. There is a huge number of small players whose strategies are based primarily on price competition. This situation, however, after Poland’s accession to the European Union began to change rapidly. The number of players began to decrease, distributors have overtaken the roles of wholesalers and retailers. The distribution model in Poland is still evolving, adjusting the offer to dynamic changes to meet the expectations of customers. Individual elements of the agricultural value chain seek new opportunities to create and capture the highest margins in the portfolio of companies that participate in the production and delivery of a product to a farmer. The goal of this study is to present changes in distribution as a link in the agricultural value chain. The author will more broadly present new phenomena in this market, such as agricultural advisory services and the organization of financing the economic activity of farmers. The publication is the result of a research study based on data from TNS Polska and Ibris conducted in 2015 and observations as Vice President of GA Puławy responsible for this area.
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Peeters, A. "Production and other ecosystem services from extensive grassland-based systems in Europe: policy options and technical innovations." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030866.
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Extensive systems Extensive agricultural systems are usually presented as a type of agriculture that uses low quantity of inputs per surface unit (land), like fertilizers, feeds, seeds, pesticides, irrigation water and energy. They are frequently associated with low investments (capital) in machinery and/or buildings per surface unit and low land prices. They can also be characterized by labour-extensive systems. European extensive grassland-based systems are mainly located at high latitudes (Scandinavia) and high altitudes (mountain areas), in Mediterranean dry rangelands, in the lowlands of the Eastern part of the Union (recent accession countries), as well as in hills and uplands of the British Isles. Grasslands and rangelands covered 56 million ha (33% AA) in the EU-27 in 2005. This area included about 17.5 million ha of rangelands, in mountain and Mediterranean areas mainly (EUROSTAT, 2008). Extensive grasslands and rangelands cover thus more than 30% of the total grassland and rangeland area in Europe. Forage yields and animal productions per ha are significantly lower in these areas compared with intensive lowland grasslands. For instance an extensive range can produce about 5-6 times less DM/ha than fertilised grasslands. Production costs per kg of product are often significantly higher in extensive systems. Farmers must manage larger areas in these systems for a total income that is regularly lower compared wit smaller intensive farms.
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Fehér, I., and R. Fejős. "The main elements of food policy in Hungary ." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 10 (February 17, 2012): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5052-agricecon.
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Hungary has recently become a member of the European Economic Union (EU) and most of the economic benefits are expected to come from expanded trade with other EU nations. While some variation in agricultural policy continues to exist between EU members, all countries generally, benefit from lower tariffs and expanded trade opportunities. However, Hungary must also be able to compete on the basis of quality and price in order to maintain current domestic markets and sell more to other EU countries. In order for the Hungarian agriculture and food industry to contribute to economic development it must continue to focus on efficiency and competitiveness. Hungary benefits from many natural features, which provide favourable conditions for agriculture: fertile plains, an advantageous climate and production experience, which makes possible a total yearly agricultural and food products trade surplus fluctuating between 1.5 and 2 billion US $ for the last 12 years. However, after the EU accession, the Hungarian internal market has become fully open and domestic products have to compete with the products of other EU members. This is why the renewal of food regulation and policy was indispensable. This article examines the Hungarian food policy (1) before the transformation to a market oriented system, when the policy was quantity orientated, (2) during the pre-accession period, when quality policy became more important, and (3) after accession to the EU where food safety has become more important.
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Czuba, Michał. "The Principles of Sustainable Development and the Possibilities of Limiting the Global Effects of Smog by Medium-sized Cities Located in the European Union on the Example of Mikołów (Poland) and Żylina (Slovakia)." Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.12.
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The urban smog has negative global effects. They are expressed in the increased mortality of people, an increase scale of respiratory diseases as well as climate changes causing negative effects in the field of agricultural crops, which results in an increase in food prices. The occurrence of these phenomena mobilizes the global community to conduct activities aimed at limiting their occurrence. Medium-sized cities can play a significant role in this respect. The element conditioning the life of city dwellers is the appropriate condition of the natural environment. In Polish and Slovak conditions, smog is becoming a problem, which negatively affects the health of citizens of these countries. Therefore, actions are taken to limit the occurrence of this phenomenon. They are described in the current ecological policy of both countries. This article tries to show on the example of the Polish commune of Mikołów and the Slovak commune of Żylina the actions taken in them to reduce air pollution and thereby reduce the phenomenon of smog. In both analysed cities, measures taken to reduce the phenomenon of smog are implemented in a planned manner and may be an inspiration for other medium-sized cities in the world having air quality problems
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Berndt, Marvin, Kirsten Boysen-Urban, Simon Ehjeij, Amelia Espey, Arndt Feuerbacher, Dorothee Flaig, Tobias Heimann, et al. "Implications of Russia’s War in Ukraine for the Global Agri-Food Sector – An Ex-Ante Assessment using Different Simulation Models." German Journal of Agricultural Economics 71, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30430/gjae.2022.0310.
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In light of Russia’s war in Ukraine, three widely used trade and sector models were applied to assess: i) global food and nutrition security, ii) the effects on the bioeconomy, and iii) the implications for the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Simulation results show that an export stop of agri-food commodities in Ukraine and Russia results in a substantial increase in global agri-food prices under short-term assumptions. However, the longer-term effects are much smaller due to global supply responses. The effects on food security depend on the importance of cereals in countries’ diets. Furthermore, due to subsequent Gross Domestic Product declines, there may be further negative long-term implications for food security, especially in Africa. An additional scenario with a 10% increase in the global oil price shows that European Union (EU) biofuel production is heavily affected. The implementation of the initially envisaged CAP requirement of a set-aside of 4% of the farmed area would have little effect on EU cereal production, whereas a 10% reduction in fertiliser availability in the EU would lead to a decline in net production of cereals. A joint reduction in pig herd size and pork consumption could partly mitigate the negative consequences of reduced fertiliser availability, otherwise leakage would occur either through the import of pork into the EU for consumption or the production of EU pork meat for export markets. To mitigate the market effects of the war, EU policymakers should: i) encourage efficient (animal) nutrient use to offset fertiliser shortages and land use choices that increase market availability of food crops, ii) encourage restructuring of animal production in line with consumption developments to prevent leakage effects and ensure that non-food products are used efficiently as feed products, and iii) support vulnerable households to secure short-term food access.
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Haddad, Salwa, Wolfgang Britz, and Jan Börner. "Economic Impacts and Land Use Change from Increasing Demand for Forest Products in the European Bioeconomy: A General Equilibrium Based Sensitivity Analysis." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010052.
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The European forestry sector is a potential driver of transformation towards a sustainable bioeconomy. Forest products are increasingly used in high-tech and high-value-added industries, e.g., chemicals and the automotive industry. So far, however, research on the European bioeconomy has largely focused on agriculture as a provider of food, feed, fuel, and fiber to bio-based industries. Here we assess the potential impacts of a stronger reliance on forestry sector inputs to the European Union (EU28) bioeconomy on output, prices, final demand, and land use. Specifically, we run a sensitivity analysis of a 1% increase of input use of forest products in the EU28 economy in a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) framework accounting for land use by Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at high regional and sectoral resolution. We find that such a shift to a more forest-based bioeconomy would provoke small indirect land use effects globally due to existing international trade linkages and land market effects. Simulated increases in planted forest cover are associated with net GHG emission savings, but our scenario analysis also points to higher imports of forest products from countries with vulnerable tropical forest biomes, such as Brazil and Indonesia.
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Pilvere, Irina, Aleksejs Nipers, Agnese Krievina, Ilze Upite, and Daniels Kotovs. "LASAM Model: An Important Tool in the Decision Support System for Policymakers and Farmers." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050705.
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Today’s global food system (including production, transportation, processing, packing, storage, retail sale, consumption, losses and waste) provides income to more than a billion people all over the world and makes up a significant part of many countries’ economies. The 21st century’s food systems that bring food from “farm to fork” face various challenges, including a shortage of agricultural land and water, competition with the energy industry, changes in consumption preferences, a rising global population, negative effects of climate change, etc. Therefore, many countries are working on creating various models to function as an important decision support system tool for policymakers, farmers and other stakeholders. Various agricultural sector models see particularly extensive use in the European Union (EU), determining the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and helping to create future development scenarios. This is why a special model adapted to the national conditions, called LASAM (Latvian Agricultural Sector Analysis Model), was created in Latvia, making it possible to use historical data on the development of agricultural sectors, medium-term price projections for agricultural products in the EU, changes in support policy, as well as the necessity for the resources used to project the long-term (up to 2050) development of agriculture. The LASAM model covers the crop sector, the animal sector and the overall socioeconomic development, as well as the growth of organic farming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper discusses the main objectives achieved in developing a decision support tool and presenting the research results: LASAM was used to prepare projections of the possible development of Latvia’s principal sectors of agriculture until 2050, considering the necessity to reduce GHG emissions, made available through the LASAM web application. Given that the projection data obtained by LASAM are public, they can be used (1) for national policy making in rural business development, which affects the development of the economy as a whole; and (2) internationally, to compare the projections made in Latvia with those obtained through various agricultural sector models and projected development trends.
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Bórawski, Piotr, Lisa Holden, Marek Bartłomiej Bórawski, and Bartosz Mickiewicz. "Perspectives of Biodiesel Development in Poland against the Background of the European Union." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 4332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124332.
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Biofuels are becoming more important in the renewable energy sources mix. Liquid biofuels are products of agriculture. Bioethanol can be prepared from corn, beetroot and other plants. Biodiesel is mainly made from rapeseed. This paper presents information about biodiesel development in Poland, as well as some background information about its development in the European Union (EU). We analyzed the data about biofuels in the literature, and provide statistical data about liquid biofuel in Poland and other countries of the EU. The aim of the study is to assess the viability of liquid biofuel development in Poland. The base for biodiesel production in Poland and the EU is rapeseed. The production yields and sown area of rapeseed increased in Poland from 2005–2020. This was due to integration and European Union policies which aim to supply clean energy. The energy mix in Poland differs from that of the EU. Solid biofuels have made up the biggest share of renewable energy sources in Poland (73.4%) and the EU (40.1%). Poland has smaller share of wind energy, biogas, heat pump, water energy, solar anergy, municipal waste and geothermal energy in its renewable energy sources compared to the rest of the EU. Only with solid and liquid biofuels is the share of renewable energy sources larger in Poland compared to the EU averages. Poland has decreased its share of solid biofuels and water energy among its renewable energy sources, while other sources have increased. Poland is investing to increase its renewable energy sources. To analyze the opportunities for biodiesel production in Poland, we used the scenario method of analysis. We outlined three scenarios. The first is increasing the production of biodiesel by 3% each year for the next three years. The second is production remains unchanged, i.e., at the 2020 level. The last scenario is decreasing production by 3% each year. According to the first scenario, the total demand for rapeseed for energy and food purposes will be 375 thousand tons in 2025. Such a scenario is very likely to occur because of the growing demand for biodiesel and edible oil. The current situation with Ukraine and the Russian Federation will create an increase in demand for rapeseed, leading to higher prices.
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VAN GRINSVEN, H. J. M., J. H. J. SPIERTZ, H. J. WESTHOEK, A. F. BOUWMAN, and J. W. ERISMAN. "Nitrogen use and food production in European regions from a global perspective." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (November 26, 2013): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000853.
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SUMMARYCurrent production systems for crops, meat, dairy and bioenergy in the European Union (EU) rely strongly on the external input of nitrogen (N). These systems show a high productivity per unit of land. However, the drawback is a complex web of N pollution problems contributing in a major way to degradation of ecosystems. European Union Directives and national policies have improved nutrient management and reduced fertilizer N use in most European countries, which has curbed the N pollution trends particularly in regions with high stocking rates of animals. However, improvement is slowing down and environmental targets for N are not within reach. Building on the 2011 European Nitrogen Assessment, the current paper reviews key features of the complex relationships between N use and food production in Europe in order to develop novel options for a more N-efficient, less N-polluting and secure European food system. One option is to relocate feed and livestock production from Northwestern to Central and Eastern Europe. This would allow a reduction of N rates and N pollution in cereal production in Northwest Europe by 30% (50 kg N/ha), while increasing total cereal production in Europe. Another option is a change towards legume-based cropping systems to produce animal feed, in order to decrease dependence on N fertilizer and feed imports. The greatest challenge for Europe is to decrease the demand for feed commodities, and thus for land and N, by a shift to more balanced (and healthier) diets with less animal protein. These drastic changes can be stimulated by targeted public–private research funding, while the actual implementation can be enhanced by smart payment schemes using, for example money from the Common Agricultural Policy, certification and agreements between stakeholders and players in the food and energy chain. Involving networks of consumers, producers and non-governmental organizations is critical. An effective strategy starts with convincing consumers with a Western diet to eat less meat and dairy by communicating the associated health benefits and smaller ecological footprints. Internalizing the cost of N pollution leading to increased prices for N-intensive food products may also enhance involvement of consumers and provide financial resources to compensate farmers for loss of income and extra costs for stricter N measures.