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1
Ramasodi, Robert Mooketsa. "Pest risk analysis on hand luggage at OR Tambo International Airport a case study of flights from Cameroon, India and Kenya /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02112009-104221.
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Bolton, Michael. "Genetic control methods for agricultural insect pests of global importance." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/63943/.
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Insect pests of agricultural significance pose substantial risks for food security in an ever-growing global population. Conventional control measures used against these pests have had varying degrees of success and examples of pesticide resistance and offtarget effects of pesticides highlight the urgent need for the development of new, environmentally benign control methods. Deployment of ‘self-limiting’ insects is a species-specific approach that can be used to combat many species, including two major agricultural insect pests, the Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella. In this thesis, I used transgenic ‘self-limiting’ strains of medfly and DBM to stress-test self-limiting technology in laboratory and field scenarios. In Chapter 2, I tested the effect of larval diet composition on the penetrance of a female-specific self-limiting system in the OX3864A strain of medfly under simulated control conditions. In Chapter 3 I investigated the potential for resistance to selflimiting systems, using artificial selection for survival under a low dose of the transgene antidote, in the OX3864A medfly strain. In Chapter 4 I used the OX4319L self-limiting strain of DBM and showed that its responses to an artificial pheromone source in wind tunnel flight trials were comparable to the wild type. I also described the field dispersal characteristics of a long-term, laboratory-reared wildtype DBM strain in a mark-release-recapture trial. In Chapter 5 I demonstrated that the OX4319L DBM strain had comparable field longevity, but reduced mating competitiveness, in comparison to a wild-caught DBM strain. Finally, in Chapter 6, I discuss the broader context and address the practicalities, regulatory controls and implications of transgenic technologies for insect pest control under open field conditions.
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Netshifhefhe, Shandukani Rudolf. "The compilation of indigenous knowledge regarding insect pests in small-scale farming communities in North Eastern South Africa." Pretoria: [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06302005-113354.
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Cameron, Emilie C. "Fruit Fly Pests of Northwestern Australia." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1711.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD),Until recently, Northwestern Australia was thought to be relatively free of serious fruit fly pests. Although a noxious strain, present in Darwin since 1985, was widely believed to be an infestation of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, from the East coast, the fruit flies present outside this area were believed to be the benign endemic species, B. aquilonis. However, during the year 2000, infestations of fruit flies were discovered on major commercial crops in both Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It was not known whether these outbreaks were due to an invasion of the major pest species, Bactrocera tryoni, a change in the behaviour of B. aquilonis, or a hybridisation event between the two species. Finding the source of these outbreaks has been complicated by the fact that, since B. tryoni and B. aquilonis are virtually indistinguishable morphologically, it was not known which species are present in the region. Traditionally any tryoni complex fly caught in the Northwest was called B. aquilonis based solely on location. In order to get a good population profile of the region, an extensive trapping program was set up to include flies from urban areas, commercial crops and natural areas where the benign strain is thought to remain. Tests of genetic differentiation and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity in the Northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. The Northwest samples were genetically differentiated from the Queensland samples but only to a small degree (FST =0.0153). MtDNA sequencing results also showed a small degree of differentiation between these regions. A morphological study of wing shape indicated that there are some minor identifiable morphological differences between East coast and Northwest laboratory reared flies. This difference was greater than that seen between B. jarvisi populations across the same geographic range. The results suggest that the flies caught in the Northwest are a separate population of B. tryoni. Soon after pest flies were discovered in Darwin, a population became established in Alice Springs. This population had a low genetic diversity compared with Queensland and Darwin populations, and showed evidence of being heavily founded. In 2000, an outbreak was discovered in the nearby town of Ti Tree. Due to the geographic and genetic similarity of these populations, Alice Springs was determined to be the source of the Ti Tree outbreak. To investigate the founding of these populations, a program was developed to estimate the propagule size. Using a simulation method seven different statistics were tested for estimating the propagule size of an outbreak population. For outbreaks originating from populations with high genetic diversity, the number of alleles was a good estimator of propagule size. When, however, the genetic diversity of the source population was already reduced, allele frequency measures, particularly the likelihood of obtaining the outbreak population from the source population, gave more accurate estimates. Applying this information to the Alice Springs samples, it was estimated that just five flies were needed to found the major population in and around Alice Springs. For Ti Tree, the propagule size was estimated to be 27 flies (minimum 10). In 2000, a much larger outbreak occurred in the developing horticultural region of Kununurra in northern Western Australia. An important question for the management of the problem is whether there is an established fly population or the flies are reinvading each year. This population was found to have a large amount of gene flow from the Northern Territory. Within the Kununurra samples, one group of flies was genetically differentiated from all the other samples. This group came from a small geographic area on the periphery of Kununurra and appeared to be the result of an invasion into this area at the time when the population was building up following the dry season. A further threat to the Northwest horticultural regions comes from B. jarvisi. A recent increase in the host range of this species has lead to speculation that it may become a greater pest in Northwestern Australia. At the present time, protocols for the population monitoring and disinfestation of this species are not in place. Here it is shown that B. jarvisi eggs are more heat tolerant than B. tryoni eggs and that monitoring of B. jarvisi populations is possible using cue lure traps placed according to fruiting time and location of their favoured host, Planchonia careya.
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Cameron, Emilie C. "Fruit Fly Pests of Northwestern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1711.
Full textAbstract:
Until recently, Northwestern Australia was thought to be relatively free of serious fruit fly pests. Although a noxious strain, present in Darwin since 1985, was widely believed to be an infestation of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, from the East coast, the fruit flies present outside this area were believed to be the benign endemic species, B. aquilonis. However, during the year 2000, infestations of fruit flies were discovered on major commercial crops in both Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It was not known whether these outbreaks were due to an invasion of the major pest species, Bactrocera tryoni, a change in the behaviour of B. aquilonis, or a hybridisation event between the two species. Finding the source of these outbreaks has been complicated by the fact that, since B. tryoni and B. aquilonis are virtually indistinguishable morphologically, it was not known which species are present in the region. Traditionally any tryoni complex fly caught in the Northwest was called B. aquilonis based solely on location. In order to get a good population profile of the region, an extensive trapping program was set up to include flies from urban areas, commercial crops and natural areas where the benign strain is thought to remain. Tests of genetic differentiation and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity in the Northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. The Northwest samples were genetically differentiated from the Queensland samples but only to a small degree (FST =0.0153). MtDNA sequencing results also showed a small degree of differentiation between these regions. A morphological study of wing shape indicated that there are some minor identifiable morphological differences between East coast and Northwest laboratory reared flies. This difference was greater than that seen between B. jarvisi populations across the same geographic range. The results suggest that the flies caught in the Northwest are a separate population of B. tryoni. Soon after pest flies were discovered in Darwin, a population became established in Alice Springs. This population had a low genetic diversity compared with Queensland and Darwin populations, and showed evidence of being heavily founded. In 2000, an outbreak was discovered in the nearby town of Ti Tree. Due to the geographic and genetic similarity of these populations, Alice Springs was determined to be the source of the Ti Tree outbreak. To investigate the founding of these populations, a program was developed to estimate the propagule size. Using a simulation method seven different statistics were tested for estimating the propagule size of an outbreak population. For outbreaks originating from populations with high genetic diversity, the number of alleles was a good estimator of propagule size. When, however, the genetic diversity of the source population was already reduced, allele frequency measures, particularly the likelihood of obtaining the outbreak population from the source population, gave more accurate estimates. Applying this information to the Alice Springs samples, it was estimated that just five flies were needed to found the major population in and around Alice Springs. For Ti Tree, the propagule size was estimated to be 27 flies (minimum 10). In 2000, a much larger outbreak occurred in the developing horticultural region of Kununurra in northern Western Australia. An important question for the management of the problem is whether there is an established fly population or the flies are reinvading each year. This population was found to have a large amount of gene flow from the Northern Territory. Within the Kununurra samples, one group of flies was genetically differentiated from all the other samples. This group came from a small geographic area on the periphery of Kununurra and appeared to be the result of an invasion into this area at the time when the population was building up following the dry season. A further threat to the Northwest horticultural regions comes from B. jarvisi. A recent increase in the host range of this species has lead to speculation that it may become a greater pest in Northwestern Australia. At the present time, protocols for the population monitoring and disinfestation of this species are not in place. Here it is shown that B. jarvisi eggs are more heat tolerant than B. tryoni eggs and that monitoring of B. jarvisi populations is possible using cue lure traps placed according to fruiting time and location of their favoured host, Planchonia careya.
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Szabo, James. "Mapping and simulation of pests and disease within an enclosed agricultural environment /." Leeds : University of Leeds, School of Computer Studies, 2008. http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/fyproj/reports/0708/Szabo.pdf.
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Whitfield, E. Charles. "Floral derived compounds as attractants for agricultural pests in the family Noctuidae." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2014. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/18145/.
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Many species of moths within the family Noctuidae are significant agricultural pests. Specific floral volatiles are attractive to both male and female Noctuidae and may be used to as attractants in crop protection. For the first time the following research compares two types of floral volatile blends - those that mimic natural floral odours and those that are artifical odour blends ('super-blends'). In wind tunnel bioassays and field trials in two diverse geographic locations (Argentina and the United Kingdom) a range of noctuid moth species that are considered crop pests were found to be attracted to both types of the floral odour blends. However, a 'super-blend' containing phenylacetaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, methyl 2-methoxybenzoate, linalool, and limonene (in a 10 : 4 : 2 : 2 : 1 ratio) was found to be the most effective general attractant across the following species: Helicoverpa armigera and gelotopoeon, Heliothis zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Autographa gamma suggesting that these compounds are universal cues to this family of moths when searching for flowers. Further behavioural bioassays found that the physiological state of the insect had an important effect on its behavioural response to the floral odour super-blend. Bioassays carried out on H. armigera revealed that gravid insects were significantly less likely compared to virgin insects to make contact with an odour blend baited lure. In addition, insects provided with sucrose solution were significantly less likely to make contact with the odour source compared to starved insects or insects only provided with water. This is the first time this affect has been seen in this species and may have important implications for using these types of floral odours for crop protection. Investigations into the most effective trap for capturing Noctuidae found that a homemade bucket and water trap or funnel and sleeve traps were significantly more effective than UniTraps or sticky traps. During the field trials large numbers of nontarget insects were also captured, including beneficial insects and pest species. By using green coloured traps captures of beneficial hymenoptera (Syrphidae and Apoidea) were significantly reduced. Taken together, the current findings provide insights into how Noctuid moths interact with host odour cues and how they may be used in developing pest management techniques.
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Gregory, Matthew William. "The genetic control of agricultural pests (Plutella xylostella, L. and Tribolium castaneum, Herbst)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9c8c9251-2137-435e-ba61-e9f2cd84a2d9.
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The interaction between an increasing global human population and a number of important long-term trends and issues are putting strain on food production. Insects represent a significant food security concern causing up to 15% of global crop losses. Conventional chemical methods are ineffective; inducing resistance and degrading the environment. Sustainable alternatives are sought. The sterile insect technique provides a sustainable solution. Genetic engineering can augment this historic technique by replacing radiation-induced sterilization with sperm-specific nuclease expression to introduce double-stranded DNA breaks in the gametes of mass-reared and released males. This paternal-effect system is dependent on elucidation of appropriate sperm-specific promoters and suitable chaperone-nuclease combinations. This thesis develops this technology in the SIT neglected insect orders, the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Specifically the Plutella xylostella (Plutella xylostella, L.) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst). I provide the foundations for a paternal-effect genetic-control-system in both species by developing a conditional sperm-specific expression system in Plutella xylostella and a female-specific expression system in Tribolium. Mass-rearing insects for the genetic control of a species can be augmented by recent developments in RNAi. I show that the sex ratio of Tribolium can be adjusted by treatment with dsRNA transformer, producing pseudomales as an additional bonus. In addition, an exploratory data analysis of producing transgenic lines in insects using piggyBac was undertaken. As well as providing a comprehensive compendium and assessment of the transgenic literature, something not yet published elsewhere, a predictive model was produced that could be very useful to a wide diversity of researchers in insect molecular biology, developmental biology, disease biology and genetics. It is hoped that this work will contribute towards the effective control of the Plutella xylostella in the near term, and form a model for the sustainable control of other lepidopteran and coleopteran species through genetic pest management.
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Dean, Rebecca M. "People, pests, and prey: The emergence of agricultural economies in the desert Southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290000.
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Recent excavations at large Early Agricultural Period village sites in Tucson, Arizona have greatly increased archaeological knowledge about the introduction of agriculture into the U.S. Southwest. The sites of Los Pozos (AZ AA:12:91 [ASM]), Las Capas (AZ AA:12:111 [ASM]), and AZ AA:12:92 (ASM) yielded very large faunal assemblages dating to the Middle Archaic, San Pedro, Early Cienega, and Late Cienega phases, spanning the introduction of Mesoamerican domesticates. This dissertation compares the fauna from these sites to a large database of published faunal material from sites dating to the Middle Archaic through Classic Hohokam periods in southern Arizona. Faunal assemblages provide an important body of data on the social and economic changes that occurred before, during, and after the introduction of agriculture into this region. Farming societies developed within the context of small animal dominated hunting economies, with a strong focus on cottontail rabbits ( Sylvilagus sp.) and jackrabbits (Lepus sp.) as the protein staple. Intensification of agricultural and hunting strategies throughout the Hohokam sequence is reflected in the impact that growing human populations had on the environment surrounding their villages and fields, which can be seen through changes in the relative proportions and ubiquity of small animals, especially rodents. Hunting intensification mirrors these changes, with significant increases in diet breadth occurring before the introduction of agriculture and during the Sedentary and Classic periods, corresponding with the highest prehistoric populations. Increases in diet breadth can be seen in the use of low-ranked taxa, such as fish and birds, and also in the willingness of hunters to travel greater distances in the search of large game, especially deer (Odocoileus sp.) and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) from upland environments. Large village sites from the Early Agricultural Period suggest that fully agricultural communities developed very early on the floodplains of southern Arizona. Although these societies emerged out of intensive Middle Archaic hunting adaptations, it is not until the Sedentary and Classic periods that the faunal evidence points to any further increase in site-use intensity and diet breadth, suggesting that even these large early villages had economic and landscape-use patterns similar to Middle Archaic foragers.
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Åsman, Karolina. "Vegetational diversity as a strategy for reducing pest oviposition in field vegetables /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5813-7.pdf.
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Stupp, João José. "Manejo de coleópteros desfolhadores com atrativos e repelentes em cultivos orgânicos." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2005. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1151.
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The common bean crops (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is very important for the human food due its proteins and energetic composition. In Brazil, its social and economical importance is due to the fact it s the main responsible to supply the nutritional necessity of the poorer population and of the small familiar farmers that aredevoted to bean production. In a similar way, vegetables are a big group of alimentary plants that are part of a great essential group responsible for the supply of minerals and vitamins, besides the contribution of calories and proteins. Several problems affect the bean and vegetables cultivation, among which stand out insects that cause losses on produtivity and quality. Leaf eating coleopterans, specially Diabrotica speciosa species (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), are responsible for great damages on bean and vegetables cultivation. The pest and diseases control with chemical products caused countless problems to the farmers, consumers and to the environment. To contribut for the development of efficient and appropriates alternatives technologies, two field experiments were carried out at the Escola Agrotécnica Federal in Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, between October 2004 and October 2005. In the first experiment were tested the repellent effect of copper sulphate, on four concentrations: 0,15; 0,30; 0,50 and 1,00% (CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4). Jointly, were also carried out experiment to test the repellent effect of D. speciosa adults syrup, on two concentrations: 800 and 1600 insects/ha, (MV1 and MV2). In the second experiment, were tested five attraction substances to leaf eating coleopterans: roots of Cayaponia sp; green fruits of bottle gourd (Lagenaria sp.); chinese collard s softened 10% w/v (Brassica pekinensis); fermented salad of fruits 10% w/v and red vine vinegar s solution at 25%. Pure water was used as check. The experiment with repellents was carried out in the first and in the second harvest of summer 2004/05, in common bean field. The weekly treatments were started when bean plants had 50% of first definitive leafs expanded, until the flower s emission. The data collect were daily, with cloth beat tecnic. In the first harvest, the genus Epitrix coleopteran stood out by the number of collected insects. In the second harvest, there wasn t significant difference among medium number of leaf eating coleopteran among treatments. The copper sulphate and the syrup of adults of D. speciosa didn t present repellent effect on leaf eating coleopteran. Haven t seen significant leaf damages; fungi diseases, only small withered by Sclerotium rolfsii and Isariopsis griseola, in the second harvest. The medium productivity didn t differ among treatments. In the second experiment, with attractive substances in organic garden, green fruits of Lagenaria sp. captured significantly more beetles than roots of Cayaponia sp. and the check. By this results, it s possible recommend bottle gourd s green fruits and Cayaponia s roots as auxiliar technic for beetles population control in organic garden, without expose the farmers, consumers and the environment to dangers of the pesticides
A cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem grande importância mundial na alimentação humana em vista de suas características protéicas e energéticas. No Brasil, sua importância social e econômica se deve ao fato de ser responsável pelo suprimento de grande parte das necessidades alimentares da população de baixo poder aquisitivo e pelo grande contingente de pequenos agricultores que se dedicam ao seu cultivo. De forma análoga, as hortaliças compreendem um grande grupo de plantas alimentares que são parte de um grupo essencial responsável pelo suprimento de sais minerais e vitaminas, além do aporte de calorias e proteínas. Vários problemas afetam os cultivos, tanto do feijoeiro quanto das hortaliças, dentre os quais se destacam insetos que causam perdas na produtividade e qualidade do produto final. Coleópteros desfolhadores, em especial a espécie Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), são responsáveis por grandes prejuízos na cultura do feijão e hortaliças. O controle de pragas e doenças com insumos químicos tem causado inúmeros problemas aos agricultores, consumidores e meio ambiente. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas, eficientes e ecologicamente adequadas para o manejo de coleópteros fitófagos em feijão e hortaliças, foram conduzidos dois experimentos a campo na Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Rio do Sul, SC, de outubro/2004 a outubro/2005. No primeiro experimento foi testado o efeito repelente da calda bordalesa, em quatro concentrações: 0,15; 0,30; 0,50; e 1,00% (CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4) e, conjuntamente, foi testado também o efeito repelente do macerado de adultos da vaquinha D. speciosa triturados, em duas concentrações: 800 e 1600 insetos/ha (MV1, MV2). No segundo experimento, foram testados cinco substâncias atrativas, com seis repetições, para coleópteros desfolhadores: Raiz de taiuiá (Cayaponia sp.), frutos verdes de porongo ou cuia (Lagenaria sp.), extrato de couve chinesa (Brassica pekinensis) a 10% p/v, extrato de salada fermentada de frutas a 10% p/v e solução de vinagre de vinho tinto a 25%. A água pura foi usada como testemunha. O experimento com os repelentes foi conduzido na safra 2004/05 e safrinha 2005, em feijão preto, tendo iniciado os tratamentos, semanais, na etapa V2 da cultura, com 50% das plantas com o primeiro trifólio expandido, até a etapa R6, início da floração. Através da técnica da batida de pano, os insetos foram coletados, contados e registrados em planilha própria. O nível de infestação de D. speciosa ficou abaixo do esperado para a época. Na safra, o coleóptero Epitrix sp. se destacou em relação aos demais, pelo número de insetos coletados, sendo tratamento com 1600 insetos/ha o mais efetivo em relação aos demais, não diferindo, porém, da testemunha. Na safrinha, o número médio de coleópteros fitófagos não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Não foi observado efeito repelente da calda bordalesa e do macerado de adultos de D. speciosa triturados. Não foram observados danos significativos causados pelos coleópteros sobre as folhas. Entre as doenças fúngicas, apenas murcha por Sclerotium rolfsii, de pouca expressão e mancha angular, na safrinha. A produtividade média do feijão não diferiu entre tratamentos, tanto na safra quanto na safrinha. No segundo experimento, com atrativos em horta orgânica, os dados experimentais demonstraram uma grande atratividade dos frutos verdes de porongo (Lagenaria sp.) que capturou um número significativamente maior de adultos de D. speciosa que raízes de taiuiá (Cayaponia sp.) e testemunha. Pelos resultados obtidos, é possível recomendar o uso de frutos verdes de porongo e raízes de taiuiá como alternativa auxiliar no controle das populações de vaquinhas em cultivos orgânicos, reduzindo significativamente os riscos para agricultores, consumidores e o meio ambiente em relação aos perigos representados pelos agrotóxicos
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Souza, Tamiris Marion de. "Estratégias para controle de Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) e Stegasta Bosqueella (Chambers, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em amendoim /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182341.
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Orientador: Antonio Carlos BusoliCoorientador: Marcos Doniseti Michelotto
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes estratégias para o controle de Enneothrips flavens e Stegasta bosqueella no campo em dois anos consecutivos e semi-campo no ano de 2017/2018. No ano de 2016/2017, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados (DBC) em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições, sendo o primeiro fator as três cultivares (Runner IAC 886, IAC 503 e IAC Top Verde) e segunda fator correspondente aos quatro tratamentos (1. testemunha; 2. aplicação de silício via foliar; 3. nível de controle (NC); 4. inseticida). Observou-se que o tratamento controle foi o que apresentou maior percentual de infestação, as notas mais altas de sintomas visuais das lesões e uma produtividade média de 3.500 kg ha-1. O tratamento com silício via foliar se comportou de forma semelhante ao tratamento controle, não diferindo desse tratamento. O tratamento NC foi o que apresentou melhor controle e produtividade, além de reduzir o número de aplicações na cultura e, o tratamento de pulverização de inseticidas pode controlar as duas pragas, apresentar notas de sintomas visuais de lesões menores, mas com uma produtividade inferior ao tratamento. O Runner IAC 886 mostrou-se mais suscetível a pragas e com baixa resposta aos tratamentos, apresentando produtividade relativamente menor. A cultivar IAC 503 apresentou percentuais de infestações e notas de sintomas intermediários e com produtividade acima de 3.500 kg ha-1. A cultivar IAC Top Verde apresentou ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate different strategies for the control of Enneothrips flavens and Stegasta bosqueella in the field in two consecutive years and semi-field in the year 2017/2018. In the year 2016/2017, a randomized complete block design (DBC) was used in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications, the first factor being the three cultivars (Runner IAC 886, IAC 503 and IAC Top Verde) and second factor corresponding to the four treatments (1. Witness; 2. Application of silicon via foliar; 3. Control Level (NC); 4. Insecticide). It was observed that the control treatment was the one that presented the most percentages of infestation, the highest notes of visual symptoms of injuries, and a mean productivity of 3,500 kg ha-1 . The silicon treatment via foliar behaved similar to the control treatment, not differing from this treatment. The NC treatment was the one that presented better control and productivity, besides reducing the number of applications in the crop and, the treatment of spray of insecticides can control the two pests, present notes of visual symptoms of minor injuries, but with a productivity inferior to treatment. Runner IAC 886 showed to be more susceptible to pests and with low response to treatments, presenting relatively lower productivity. The cultivar IAC 503 presented percentages of infestations and intermediate symptoms notes and with a productivity above 3,500 kg ha-1 . The cultivar IAC Top Verde showed percentages of high i... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Damavandian, M. R. "Biology of subterranean populations of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)(Homoptera:Aphididae), in apple orchards." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51638.
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Dissertation (PhD (Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A study was made of the basic biology of subterranean Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) populations in apple orchards in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The absence of cornicles and the presence of a vulva could be used to identify 1st instar nymphs and adults respectively. Body length, body width and length of the hind femur are useful for separating 2nd , 3rd and 4th instars. However, separation of 2nd from 3rd instar nymphs was very unreliable. Maximum population growth rate was at 23°C while at 30 °C population growth was zero. The estimated minimum and maximum threshold temperatures for development were 4.32 and more than 30°C respectively. Numbers of underground E. lanigerum in soil samples taken using mechanical and hand augers were similar. However, numbers of aphids in samples were influenced by the distance from the trunk at which the samples were taken and the presence and the type of root material in the samples. More aphids were recorded close to the trunk, and at a given distance from the trunk more aphids were recorded if there was root material in the sample, especially if the roots were galled. early autumn (February, March) and declined during winter, especially if the winter rainfall was high. These cycles coincided with the nitrogen cycles in the roots. Embryos were also present in all instars throughout the year. There were more embryos in the 4th instar and adult aphids than in the other instars. The highest number of embryos in the 4th instar and adult aphids occurred during spring, which coincided with peak nitrogen levels in the roots of apple trees. Nitrogen levels in root material adjacent to galls and in ungalled roots were higher than in root galls. A number of entomopathogenic fungi, including species of Conidiobolus, Hirsufella and Beauveria were found. Their present contribution to biological control is not known. A straw mulch suppressed subterranean E. lanigerum population levels at least as well as the soil insecticide, imidacloprid, currently in use.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie van die basiese biologie van ondergrondse bevolkings van , Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) is in appelboorde in die Weskaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika uitgevoer. Die afwesigheid van kornikels en die aanwesigheid van 'n vulva kon gebruik word om die 1ste instar nimfe en volwassennes onderskeidelik te identifiseer. Liggaamslengte, liggaamsbreedte en die lengte van die agterste femur kon gebruik word om die 2de , 3de en 4de instars van mekaar te onderskei. Onderskeiding tussen 2de en 3de instar nimfe was egter baie onbetroubaar. Maksimum bevolkingsgroei het by 23°C plaasgevind, terwyl dit nul was by 30 °C. Die beraamde minimum en maksimum temperature vir ontwikkeling was by 4.32 en meer as 30°C onderskeidelik. Getalle van ondergrondse E. lanigerum in grondmonsters wat geneem is met gebruik van meganiese en hand bore was eenders. Getalle plantluise in monsters is egter beïnvloed deur die afstand vanaf die stam waarby die monsters geneem is en die teenwoordigheid van wortelmateriaal in die monsters. Meer plantluise is aangeteken as daar wortelmateriaal in die monsters was, en veral as daar galle op die wortels was. Die appelbloedluis was dwarsdeur die jaar ondergronds aktief. Bevolkingsvlakke het gedurende die vroeë somer (November, Desember) en vroeë herfs (Februarie, Maart) toegeneem, en gedurende die winter afgeneem, veral as die winterreënval hoogwas. Embrio's was ook teenwoordig dwarsdeur die jaar. Daar was meer embrio's in die 4de instar en volwasse plantluise as in die ander instars. Die hoogste aantal embrio's in die 4de instar en volwasse plantluise het in die lente voorgekom, wat saamgeval het met piek stikstofvlakke in die wortels van appelbome. Stikstofvlakke in wortelmateriaal aangrensend aan wortels en in wortels sonder galle was hoër as in wortelgalle. Talle entomopatogeniese swamme, insluitend spesies van Conidiobolus, Hirsufella en Beauvaria IS gevind. Hulle huidige bydrae tot biologiese beheer is nie bekend nie. 'n Strooideklaag het ondergrondse bevolkingsvlakke van E. lanigerum tot ten minste dieselfde mate as die grondinsektedoder, imidacloprid, wat tans in gebruik is, onderdruk.
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Walker, Andrew Jonathan. "Influence of diet on nutrition, water regulation and tolerance to insecticides in Heliothis armigera (Hubner) caterpillars." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252726.
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Müller, Elizabeth Johanna. "Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae mycoinsecticide as an alternative locust control measure in southern Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12062006-155512/.
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Whisson, Desley. "The effect of agricultural techniques on the population dynamics and management of Rattus sordidus in sugarcane crops in North Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1993. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105695/1/T%28S%29%2026%20The%20effect%20of%20agricultual%20techniques%20on%20the%20population%20dynamics%20and%20managment%20of%20Rattus%20sordidus%20in%20sugarcane%20crops%20of%20North%20Queensland.pdf.
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Rattus sordidus (canefield rat) is a major pest in north Queensland sugarcane growing areas, causing losses of between $2 and $4 million each year. A further $0.2 to $0.4 million is expended on annual baiting campaigns. This procedure provides only short-term results, is seldom
cost-effective and is hazardous to non-target species and the environment. There was a close relationship between the dynamics of R. sordidus populations and the crop cycle. During the 1987/88 crop cycle, breeding occurred over the January- July period and coincided with the period when
summergrasses were abundant in crops and the predominant food source of R. sordidus. The relationship between the onset of breeding, the first appearance of summergrasses and diet of R. sordidus indicates that breeding is dependent on the availability of a non-cane food source. The level of in-crop weed biomass may therefore play an important role in the regulation of population and damage levels throughout a district. Consequently, a number of agricultural practices which affect in-crop weed levels may have a significant effect on R. sordidus populations.
The practice of green cane harvest and trash-blanketing has increased in most northern sugarcane growing districts since the early 1980's. This practice differs to the conventional technique in that crops are not burnt prior to harvest and following harvest the trash, comprising the green "tops" and dry leaf material, is left as a "trash-blanket" on the ground and minimum or zero tillage techniques employed. Suppression of weed germination and growth is a major agronomic advantage associated with this technique.
In-crop weed control may also be achieved through the application of herbicides. The monetary benefit associated with yield increases as a result of reduced weed competition in young crops has lead to an increase in the number of crops treated with herbicide. This study investigated the effect of green cane harvesting and trashblanketing, the conventional agricultural practice and herbicide applications on the dynamics of R. sordidus populations during the 1987/88 crop cycle.
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Prowse, Gareth Michael. "The insecticidal properties of a garlic oil, with special reference to its use against two dipteran pests." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2358.
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The potential for a quantitatively produced garlic oil for use as an insecticide was investigated. The study assessed the garlic oils efficacy in the laboratory and in the field, as well as its physiological effect on three key enzymes noted for their involvement either in toxicity, or detoxication of exogenous toxins in two Dipteran pests; Delia radicum (L. ) and Musca dornestica (L. ). The garlic oil absorbed onto wood flour pellets (prills) had no significant repellent effect on D. radicum, in choice tests when presented with artificial oviposition sites. Exposure of 24hr old D. radicun, eggs to garlic prills placed on the substrate significantly reduced egg hatch, whilst exposure to vapours of the prills had no significant effect. When used in the field, damage to swede plant roots by D. radicum was reduced in a dose dependent fashion, with the highest application rate (140 kg ha') providing control comparable to that of the 'current best practice' organophosphonis pesticide. In liquid form the garlic oil had a dose dependent effect on the mortality of all life stages (egg, 2''1 instar larvae, and adult) of D. radreum and M. domestica, and corresponding LC5o values were calculated. A 5% concentration had comparable mortality rates to the 'current best practice' organophosphorus pesticide. Field application reduced swede root damage in a concentration dependent fashion with mean root damage scores in the 0.5% and 2% concentration treatment plots significantly lower than those of the control, but not significantly different to those in the organoplhosplhorus pesticide treatments. The liquid had no significant effect on swede root circumference at any concentration, thus not significantly affecting potential crop yield. Exposure of pure extracts of acetylcholinesterase,c arboxylesterasea, nd glutathione S-transferaset o a series of garlic oil concentrations inhibited carboxylesterase activity and glutathione S-transferase activity in a dose dependent fashion; no significant inhibition of acetylcliolinesterase activity was noted. No significant inhibition of the three enzymes studied was noted In vitro or in vivo exposure of larvae and adults of both Dipteran species. Quantitative assessmenot f the glutathione and lactate pools indicated that there was generally a net loss of glutathione with increasing garlic oil concentration and no significant correlation between lactate levels and concentration in the larval and adult life-stages of U. radicum and M. donaestica. It was concluded that the garlic oil studied, both in liquid form and in prill form could be used as an insecticide against the two Dipteran pests studied, although the mode of action is still unclear. Implications for use of the products and the potential mode of action are discussed. IV
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Hemmati, Farhad. "Aerial dispersal of the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284448.
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Borth, Paul William. "Traditional and geostatistical modeling of pink bollworm spatial dynamics in Arizona cotton with application to sampling and computer mapping." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184253.
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The within-field spatial distribution of F₁, F₂, and F₃ pink bollworm (PBW) (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders) generations were modeled with Taylor's power law (TPL), Iwao's patchiness regression (IPR), and the geostatistical semivariogram. Kriging interpolation was used to grid data for the generation of isarithmic maps. Distributional patterns and movements within a field are displayed in a time series of three maps depicting density across the field. The sampling protocol was replicated in eight commercial cotton fields in south-central Arizona during 1985 and 1986. Permanent sample stations were situated throughout the fields on a regular grid pattern. Samples were collected during the peak larval population and handled so as to maintain the integrity of site-specific samples (spatially identified by X,Y coordinates). TPL and IPR could not be used satisfactorily to model the F₁ generation. TPL fit the observed F₂ and F₃ data better than IPR. Both methods predicted the F₂ to be more highly aggregated than the F₃. For a given precision, optimum sample size increased when TPL and IPR model parameters were incorporated into sample size formulae relative to a formula which assumed random distribution. Ninety-five percent of the modeled PBW distributions were autocorrelated in 2-dimensional space and shown to conform to regionalized variable theory by the successful application of geostatistics. The semivariogram models are in conceptual agreement with traditional models and represent a worthy alternative to traditional modeling methodology. The semivariogram models have a large nugget effect proportion (average = 67%) which, in combination with low PBW density in commercial fields, limits the applicability of geostatistics in this system. Isarithmic maps showed that F₁ larvae are either localized near a field edge or generally scattered throughout the field. No consistent inter-generational dispersal pattern was identified. The use of systematic grid sampling is most advantageous (relative to random sampling) when density and the spatial dependence of samples is high, or many samples can be taken. Systematic sampling and kriging estimation yielded more precise estimates than random sampling and classical statistics, but the advantage was buffered by low PBW densities and large nugget effect.
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Silva, André Felipe Cândido da. "Ciência nos cafezais: a campanha contra a broca do café em são Paulo(1924-1929)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2006. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6127.
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Previous issue date: 2006O presente trabalho analisa as decorrências sociais, políticas e institucionais da broca do café (coffee berry borer), praga que atacou os cafeeiros paulistas e levou à constituição de uma comissão científica para combatê-la. Noticiada pela imprensa paulista em 1924, a broca levou à convocação de Arthur Neiva e Costa Lima para identificação do parasita, no qual confirmaram tratar-se da mesma praga que devastara a cafeicultura nas colônias holandesas do sudeste asiático. Um debate tomou lugar na imprensa sobre a responsabilidade pela introdução do inseto originário da África, culpa que recaiu sobre o Instituto Agronômico de Campinas e seu diretor, Arthaud Berthet. A gravidade e ameaça representadas pela praga fizeram com que o governo paulista nomeasse a Comissão de Estudo e Debelação da Praga Cafeeira, que conduziria a campanha contra a broca. Esta incluiu a determinação de medidas que incidiram sobre a dinâmica da produção cafeeira e a implementação de vigoroso aparato de fiscalização aliado à ampla campanha de divulgação científica. Por meio da divulgação, a Comissão procurou atingir todos os segmentos da economia cafeeira, desde os latifundiários aos pequenos sitiantes analfabetos. Face ao alargamento das atribuições da Comissão e persistência da praga, o governo paulista criou, em 1927, o Instituto Biológico de Defesa Agrícola e Animal, centro de pesquisas voltado à defesa sanitária da agropecuária paulista. O recrudescimento da broca no ano seguinte fez com que a instituição recém fundada adotasse como método de combate o controle biológico. Em 1929 foi enviada uma missão à Uganda para importar os inimigos naturais do inseto, ano marcante pela crise que abalou a economia cafeeira. Através desse estudo observamos a importância da broca do café como episódio da história das ciências e da economia, ao suscitar a utilização de meios inovadores na divulgação científica, ocasionar a fundação de uma instituição científica e implantar método pioneiro no controle de pragas agrícolas.
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Rangel, Marcio Ferreira. "Um entomólogo chamado Costa Lima: a consolidação de um saber e a construção de um patrimônio científico." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2006. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6140.
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Previous issue date: 2006O objetivo da tese um entomólogo chamado Costa Lima: a construção de um saber e a consolidação de um patrimônio científico é o estudo do desenvolvimento e consolidação da entomologia agrícola no Brasil da primeira metade do século XX. Mais especificamente, estudamos a relação deste cientista com a entomologia agrícola e as ações que dela resultaram: de um lado, a criação de diversas instituições federais para a questão agrícola e o estabelecimento de metodologias de combate às pragas das principais lavouras econômicas do país e, de outro lado, a formação de uma coleção, constituída principalmente por insetos de importância agrícola, considerada patrimônio científico, e a publicação de um monumental tratado sobre a fauna entomológica brasileira denominado Insetos do Brasil. A análise de sua trajetória, através dos artigos científicos, da vasta correspondência gerada entre seus pares, relatórios, livros e vida funcional nos diferentes institutos em que trabalhou, revelaram-nos a estreita relação entre a sua prática científica, o desenvolvimento da entomologia agrícola e o esforço do governo brasileiro em modernizar a agricultura nacional. Neste processo de modernização, a diversificação da lavoura é um dos principais discursos do Ministério da Agricultura. É neste quadro conjuntural, de expansão da lavoura, da necessidade de se pesquisarem as diferentes pragas entomológicas e, consequentemente, de uma agenda científica mais abrangente, que Costa Lima constrói sua carreira.
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Stainton, Kirsty. "Genetic control of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670052.
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Wright, Jacqueline Gilda. "The role of endophytes in citrus stem end rots." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19736654.
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Davies, Craig. "Air pollution and agricultural insect pests in urban and peri-urban areas of India : a case study of Varanasi." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369059.
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Brew, Tasha Marie 1961. "INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN COOPERATIVE EXTENSION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276525.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the adoption response of cotton growers to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, identify the extension strategies used to promote IPM, and provide descriptive comparison of IPM programs between the foremost eleven cotton-producing states in the United States. Integrated pest management is presented as an alternative agricultural production strategy referred to as sustainable agriculture. IPM programs for cotton were evaluated by use of a survey instrument and telephone interviews with the IPM coordinators for the eleven cotton-producing states. The most significant findings were that programs vary considerably between states; the most widely employed IPM techniques were selective use of chemicals, use of economic thresholds and sampling for pests; the Cooperative Extension Service worked closely with private consultants and grower associations; and adoption of a wide variety of IPM techniques has been extensive for cotton producers in the eleven foremost cotton-producing states.
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Schumann, Sybille A. "Research on hydrological processes and pesticide behaviour in irrigated, terraced catchments in the Mid-Hills of Nepal : a collaborative project on environmental risks of pesticides and sustainable development of integrated pesticide management systems (IPMS) in Nepal considering socio-economic conditions /." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Papierflieger, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/476541220.pdf.
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Khan, Inamullah, University of Western Sydney, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, and Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Aspects of the biology of the ladybird beetle Stethorus vagans (Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." THESIS_FEMA_HPS_Khan_I.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/779.
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This thesis reports laboratory and field investigations on the aspects of biology of the Stethorus vagans, an Australian ladybird that feeds on all stages of two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae. Aspects of the biology of S. vagans were studied in the laboratory at constant and fluctuating temperatures. They regularly fed on all stages of T. urticae and there was no significant difference in male and female longevity at different temperatures. For field studies potted French bean plants infested with T. urticae were exposed in the field. Adult S. vagans was found to consume a range of alternative prey if the primary host was not available, but only one of the alternative hosts had the potential to support reproduction. Time partitioning behaviour and prey consumption rates were assessed, and how S. vagans located their prey was investigated. S. vagans exhibited many of the attributes of an effective biological control agent such as high reproductive level, location of prey at low levels, reproduction at low densities, and ability to feed on alternative hosts. It is concluded that S. vagans has a number of characteristics likely make them useful as a natural enemy of T. urticaeDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Ludewig, Michael Hans. "The establishment of a virus free laboratory colony of Cryptophlebia leucotreta (False Codling Moth) and characterisation of Cryptophlebia leucotreta Granulovirus (CrleGV) genes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004016.
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Cryptophlebia leucotreta is an economically important agricultural pest throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. CrleGV has been considered as an alternative to chemical control of this pest due to its host specificity and innocuous nature towards vertebrates. A CrleGV free laboratory colony of C. leucotreta would be useful for the isolation of genotypically pure strains of the CrleGV and for virulence comparisons between isolates. It is preferable to have a full characterisation of CrleGV prior to its registration and release into the environment as a biopesticide. A laboratory colony of C. leucotreta, set up at Rhodes University, containing a low level of infection indicated that CrleGV is vertically transmitted. To establish a virus free laboratory colony of C. leucotreta, a solution of 3.5% sodium hypochlorite and 1% Tween 20 was used to surface decontaminate C. leucotreta eggs for removal of transovum CrleGV from the laboratory colony. No apparent infection by CrleGV was induced by subjecting larvae to stress. PCR of DNA extracted from larvae using CTAB failed to detect virus in the laboratory colony. This detection protocol was able to detect down to 60 fg (480 genome copies of CrleGV). The possibility of low-level virus remaining in the colony requires monitoring of genotypic purity of virus manipulated in the colony. Sequencing of Bam HI/KpnI fragments produced a preliminary sequence of the granulin region of CrleGV. This preliminary sequence supports the trend that the gene organisation of the granulin region of the granuloviruses infecting the family Tortricidae is conserved.
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Alencar, João Rafael De Conte Carvalho de [UNESP]. "Plutella xylostella: variabilidade populacional e suscetibilidade a Beauveria bassiana e a nematoides entomopatogênicos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91319.
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alencar_jrcc_me_jabo.pdf: 452079 bytes, checksum: 64ef6d14a56bc4bdcb0ceb200761c268 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O isolamento geográfico de populações de uma mesma espécie de inseto pode resultar em alterações fisiológicas, originando populações com suscetibilidade diferente às diversas táticas de controle. Plutella xylostella, a traça-das-crucíferas é uma praga cosmopolita específica das Brassicaceaes, apresentando problemas de resistência à inseticidas químicos e biológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência da variabilidade populacional da traça-das-crucíferas na eficiência das táticas de controle com micro-organismos entomopatogênicos. Foram utilizados os métodos de sequenciamento do gene COI e ISSR-PCR para aferir a variabilidade populacional entre quatro populações da praga, e estudou-se a suscetibilidade delas às táticas de controle com o fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana (20 isolados), nematoides entomopatogênicos (quatro espécies) e bactérias simbiontes de nematoides entomopatogênicos (dez isolados), avaliando-se o consumo foliar, a multiplicação do entomopatógeno no hospedeiro e estudando os aspectos biológicos em busca de efeitos subletais. . Foram selecionados seis isolados de B. bassiana e as quatro espécies de nematoides, pois foram as mais virulentas à praga. As populações são distintas devido sua variabilidade e isso resulta em diferenças no desenvolvimento de insetos que sobrevivem a aplicação dos entomopatógenos, inclusive na virulência de Steinernema brazilense sobre a população de Jaboticabal. Foi constatada também a redução de consumo foliar nos tratamentos com os entomopatógenos
The geographical isolation of same species populations can result in physiological changes, resulting in populations with different susceptibility to various control tactics. Plutella xylostella, is a specific pest of Brassicaceaes widely spread around the globe, presenting problems with chemical and biological insecticides resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Diamondback moth populational variability in the efficiency of control tactics with entomopathogenic microorganisms. The methods used were sequencing of the COI gene and ISSR-PCR to measure the population variability among four populations of the pest, and the study of their susceptibility to tactics control with the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana (twenty strains), entomopathogenic nematodes (four species) and symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes (ten strains), evaluating leaf consumption, the multiplication of the pathogen in the host and studying the biological aspects in search of sub lethal effects. Six isolates of B. bassiana and four species of nematodes were selected, as were the more virulent to the pest. The populations are distinct because due the genetic, variability and and that results in differences in the development of insects that survive the entomopathogens application, including the virulence of Steinernema brazilense on the population of Jaboticabal. It was also found to reduce leaf consumption in the emtomopathogens treatments
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Alencar, João Rafael De Conte Carvalho de. "Plutella xylostella : variabilidade populacional e suscetibilidade a Beauveria bassiana e a nematoides entomopatogênicos /." Jaboticabal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91319.
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Orientador: Ricardo Antonio PolanczykCoorientador: Sérgio Antônio De Bortoli
Banca: Antônio Carlos Busoli
Banca: Luís Garrigós Leite
Resumo: O isolamento geográfico de populações de uma mesma espécie de inseto pode resultar em alterações fisiológicas, originando populações com suscetibilidade diferente às diversas táticas de controle. Plutella xylostella, a traça-das-crucíferas é uma praga cosmopolita específica das Brassicaceaes, apresentando problemas de resistência à inseticidas químicos e biológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência da variabilidade populacional da traça-das-crucíferas na eficiência das táticas de controle com micro-organismos entomopatogênicos. Foram utilizados os métodos de sequenciamento do gene COI e ISSR-PCR para aferir a variabilidade populacional entre quatro populações da praga, e estudou-se a suscetibilidade delas às táticas de controle com o fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana (20 isolados), nematoides entomopatogênicos (quatro espécies) e bactérias simbiontes de nematoides entomopatogênicos (dez isolados), avaliando-se o consumo foliar, a multiplicação do entomopatógeno no hospedeiro e estudando os aspectos biológicos em busca de efeitos subletais. . Foram selecionados seis isolados de B. bassiana e as quatro espécies de nematoides, pois foram as mais virulentas à praga. As populações são distintas devido sua variabilidade e isso resulta em diferenças no desenvolvimento de insetos que sobrevivem a aplicação dos entomopatógenos, inclusive na virulência de Steinernema brazilense sobre a população de Jaboticabal. Foi constatada também a redução de consumo foliar nos tratamentos com os entomopatógenos
Abstract: The geographical isolation of same species populations can result in physiological changes, resulting in populations with different susceptibility to various control tactics. Plutella xylostella, is a specific pest of Brassicaceaes widely spread around the globe, presenting problems with chemical and biological insecticides resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Diamondback moth populational variability in the efficiency of control tactics with entomopathogenic microorganisms. The methods used were sequencing of the COI gene and ISSR-PCR to measure the population variability among four populations of the pest, and the study of their susceptibility to tactics control with the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana (twenty strains), entomopathogenic nematodes (four species) and symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes (ten strains), evaluating leaf consumption, the multiplication of the pathogen in the host and studying the biological aspects in search of sub lethal effects. Six isolates of B. bassiana and four species of nematodes were selected, as were the more virulent to the pest. The populations are distinct because due the genetic, variability and and that results in differences in the development of insects that survive the entomopathogens application, including the virulence of Steinernema brazilense on the population of Jaboticabal. It was also found to reduce leaf consumption in the emtomopathogens treatments
Mestre
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Carne, Vanessa L. "Ecology of Mediterranean snails in Southern Australian agriculture : a study of Cernuella virgata and Cochlicella acuta on the Yorke Peninsula /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc2891.pdf.
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Sohati, Philemon Hakainda. "Studies on the egg parasitoids of Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in southwestern Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55677.
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Santos, Fábio Araújo dos. "Filogeografia molecular de Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera : Aphalaridae) e seu parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) no Brasil /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181796.
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Orientador: Carlos Frederico WilckenBanca: Alberto Soares Corrêa
Banca: Pedro José Ferreira Filho
Resumo: O psilídeo-de-concha do eucalipto, Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) é uma das principais pragas exóticas do eucalipto e foi relatado no estado de São Paulo em 2003, causando danos em plantios de Eucalyptus camaldulensis. O parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) foi notificado juntamente com a praga e uma nova introdução de parasitoides do México foi realizada para maximizar a eficiência de programas de controle biológico dessa praga. Os objetivos foram avaliar a diversidade genética do psilídeo-de-concha e do seu parasitoide no Brasil utilizando sequenciamento de genes mitocondriais. Insetos das duas espécies, praga e parasitoide, foram coletados em diferentes regiões do Brasil para o sequenciamento de um fragmento de genes mitocondriais. Trinta e quatro indivíduos de G. brimblecombei e 12 de Psyllaephagus spp. foram sequenciados. Um único haplótipo de COI foi encontrado nas populações de G. brimblecombei do Brasil e este é compartilhado com amostras oriundas de Portugal. Isso indica que, provavelmente, houve apenas uma ou poucas introduções do mesmo centro de origem dessa espécie no Brasil e proveniente de uma linhagem invasora presente em diferentes locais do mundo. Este fato sugere que as rotas de invasão de G. brimblecombei no mundo estão interligadas, o que parece ser um padrão para pragas invasoras de eucalipto. Para o parasitoide dois haplótipos distintos foram encontrados, com alta distância genética entre eles, sugerindo a presenç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is one of the most important Eucalyptus exotic pests. Its first report in Brazil was in 2003, in the state of São Paulo, damaging Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was recorded together with the past and a new introduction of parasitoids from Mexico was carried out to improve the efficiency of biological control programs of this pest. The objectives were to evaluate the genetic diversity of the red gum lerp psyllid and its parasitoid in Brazil using mitochondrial genes sequencing. Insects of both species were collected from different regions in Brazil. Thirty-four individuals of G. brimblecombei and twelve samples of Psyllaephagus spp. were successful sequenced. A single COI gene haplotype was found in G. brimblecombei populations from Brazil and this is the same haplotype that occurs in Portugal samples, indicating one or few introduction events of G. brimblecombei in Brazil is originated from an invasive lineage distributed in other regions from the world. This fact suggests that the invasion routes of G. brimblecombei in the world are interconnected, which seems to be a standard for invasive Eucalyptus pests. Two distinct haplotypes, with a high genetic distance between them, were identified for the parasitoid. It confirms the presence of two parasitoid species in Brazil, one already identified, P. bliteus, and a second species of Psyllaephagus not morphologically identified. However, we can confirm that both parasitoid species collected in Brazil are exotic species originated from Australia
Mestre
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White, John Gordon. "Control of rodent damage in Australian macadamia orchard systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999.
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Samnegård, Ulrika. "The impact of forest on pest damage, pollinators and pollination services in an Ethiopian agricultural landscape." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-126669.
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The distribution of wild biodiversity in agroecosystems affect crop performance and yield in various ways. In this thesis I have studied the impact of wild biodiversity, in terms of trees and forest structures, on crop pests, pollinators and the pollination services provided in a heterogeneous landscape in southwestern Ethiopia. Coffee, Coffea arabica, is a forest shrub native to Ethiopia and is grown in most wooded areas in the landscape where I conducted my studies. Wild coffee is still found in remote parts of the forests in the landscape. For my first paper, I surveyed pest damage on coffee in coffee forest sites, where some sites were situated in continuous forest and some in isolated forest patches. I found the variation in pest damage frequency to mainly be among coffee plants within a site, rather than among sites, which indicates the importance of local processes. However, some pests were clearly connected to the forest habitat, such as the olive baboon. In my second study, I surveyed pollinators visiting coffee flowers across a gradient of shade-tree structures. I found the semi-wild honeybee to be the dominating flower visitor. The abundance of the honeybee was not related to shade-tree structures, but to amount of coffee flower resources in the site. On the other hand, other pollinators, which included other bee species and hoverflies, were positively affected by more shade trees in the site. In my third study I investigated how the forest cover affected local bee communities in the agricultural landscape. Moreover, I investigated if this relationship differed between the dry and rainy season. The distribution of food resources for bees changes between the seasons, which may affect the bees. Most trees, fruit trees and coffee, which are patchy resources, flowers in the dry season, whereas most herbs and annual crops, which are more evenly spread resources, flowers during the rainy season. I found a clear turnover in bee species composition between the dry and rainy season, with more mobile species in the dry season. Increased forest cover in the surrounding landscape had a positive impact on bee abundance and species richness. However, the impact did not change between seasons. In my fourth study I evaluated the pollination success and pollen limitation of a common oil crop in the landscape in relation to forest cover. I found severe pollen limitation across the landscape, which may be related to the observed low bee abundances. The pollen limitation was not related to surrounding forest cover. In conclusion, I have found the forest and wooded habitats to impact several mobile animals and pathogens in our study landscape, which in turn affect people. However, there is large complexity in nature and general relationships between forest structures and all crop related organisms may be unlikely to find. Various species are dependent on different resources, at different spatial scales and are interacting with several other species. To develop management strategies for increased pollination services, for reduced pest damage or for conservation in the landscape, more species-specific knowledge is needed.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Miller, Rachel Weslie Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Rattus tanezumi in the upland rice terraces of Banaue, Philippines: demography, habitat use, crop damage and yield assessment." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38038.
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Rodents cause significant damage to agricultural crops throughout the world, including rice, the staple food for the increasing population of Southeast Asia. Little is known about the ecology of pest rodent species, resulting in much effort being concentrated on ineffective, time consuming control practices. This research was designed to understand the demography and habitat use of the major pest rodent (Rattus tanezumi) of the Banaue rice terraces in order to identify the most efficient time and location to undertake pest control. Rodent crop damage and associated yield loss was also assessed in order to provide information for a cost : benefit analysis of rodent control practices. And the beliefs, perceptions and practices of Banaue rice farmers were investigated to assist in identifying future compatible rodent control programs. Replicated cage trapping was undertaken for a twelve month period over the entire rice cropping season in two study sites in the Municipality of Banaue Philippines. The breeding season of R. tanezumi corresponded with periods of food availability from the transplanted to ripening stages of the rice crop. A non-breeding season occurred from the fallow to seedling stages. The distinct breeding season occurred within the rice fields and adjacent village and scrub habitats. Radio-tracked and spool-and-line tracked R. tanezumi moved from adjacent habitats into the rice field during the breeding season, and individuals persisted in all habitat types, including the rice field, during the fallow, nonbreeding season. Overall rice yield was significantly greater (43%) in areas where rodents were excluded by fencing compared to areas where rodents were not excluded. More rodent damage to rice tillers occurred at the booting than at the ripening stage of the rice crop. These results suggest that to prevent rodent damage, control should be undertaken at the end of the R. tanezumi non-breeding season (prior to transplanting), before rodent numbers multiply and crop damage occurs. Further, the cost-benefit analysis of non-chemical rodent control programs in Banaue, suggests that benefits accrue once yield loss is likely to exceed 5%.
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Figueiredo, Camila Soares. "Interação das proteínas CRY1, CRY2 E VIP3 de Bacillus thuringiensis no controle de Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens e Spodoptera frugiperda /." Jaboticabal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149877.
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Orientador: Janete Apparecida DesidérioBanca: Vivian Boter Bergamasco
Banca: Sonia Marli Zingaretti
Banca: Odair Aprecido Fernandes
Banca: Ana Maria Guidelli Thuler
Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a toxicidade e a interação entre proteínas Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa, Cry2Ab e Vip3Aa em lagartas neonatas de Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens e Spodoptera frugiperda. Lisados das proteínas foram utilizados em bioensaios com lagartas neonatas para determinar a CL50 e CL90 das proteínas Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa, Cry2Ab e Vip3Aa e realizar experimentos histopatológicos. Ensaios de competição, entre as proteínas Cry1, Cry2 e Vip3 biotiniladas, foram realizados com as proteínas das vesículas de membrana da microvilosidade apical do intestino médio ("Brush Border Membrane Vesicles" - BBMV) das lagartas. Foi feita a purificação de receptores para toxina Cry1Ac a partir da BBMV de A. gemmatalis e C. includens por afinidade seguida da identificação das proteínas ligantes. As toxinas Cry1A e Cry2A demonstraram maior toxicidade para A. gemmatalis e C. includens que a proteína Vip3Aa, porém o inverso foi observado em S. frugiperda. As lagartas da espécie A. gemmatalis se mostraram mais suscetíveis as proteínas testadas do que as de S. frugiperda e C. includens. As espécies diferiram também quanto ao tipo de interação entre as toxinas. Enquanto para S. frugiperda e C. includens, as interações foram sinérgicas, para A. gemmatalis foram predominantemente antagônicas. As proteínas se uniram aos receptores presentes nas BBMV de S. frugiperda, A. gemmatalis e C. includens, permitindo inferir sobre a presença e ausência de comp... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work aimed to study the toxicity and interaction between Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa, Cry2Ab and Vip3Aa proteins in neonate larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, Anticarsia gemmatalis and Chrysodeixis includens. Lysates containing proteins were used in bioassays for the determination of LC50 and LC90 of the Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa, Cry2Ab and Vip3Aa proteins. Histopathological experiments were realized with A. gemmatalis, C. includens (fed with Cry1Ac and Vip3Aa) and S frugiperda (fed with Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa). Competition assays, among biotinylated Cry1, Cry2 and Vip3 proteins, were performed with brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) proteins from A. gemmatalis, C. includens and S. frugiperda. Purification of Cry1Ac receptors from A. gemmatalis and C. includens BBMV was performed by affinity followed by identification of binding proteins. The Cry1A and Cry2A toxins demonstrated higher toxicity to A. gemmatalis and C. includens than the Vip3Aa protein, but the inverse was observed to S. frugiperda. A. gemmatalis larvae were more susceptible as Cry and Vip proteins than as S. frugiperda and C. includens. Species differed about type of protoxins interaction. While for S. frugiperda and C. includens, the protoxins showed as synergistic interactions, for A. gemmatalis they were predominantly antagonistic. It was possible to infer about presence and absence of competition of the receptors in the BBMV from S. frugiperda, A. gemmatalis and C. includens. Histopathological changes as vacuolization and disruption were observed in the intestine from S. frugiperda larvae, fed with Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa and A. gemmatalis and C. includens, fed with Cry1Ac and Vip3Aa. Putative receptors were to identified from A. gemmatalis and C. includens to Cry1Ac toxin. The combination of Cry and Vip proteins, as well as helping to manage resistance and can increase toxicity through synergistic acti... (Complete abstract electronic access below)
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Brida, Andressa Lima de [UNESP]. "Levantamento de nematoides entomopatogênicos em áreas agrícolas e influência da temperatura e do substrato na sobrevivência, multiplicação e armazenamento." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139416.
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000865062.pdf: 678078 bytes, checksum: 5bde8907be239234d6b2680f52f26e92 (MD5)Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são promissores para o controle biológico de pragas. Os fatores abióticos, temperatura e os tipos de solos e substratos, influenciam a sobrevivência de juvenis infectantes em condições de armazenamento e a campo. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: isolar e identificar espécies de NEPs coletadas em áreas de culturas florestais, anuais e frutíferas no Brasil; avaliar o período de mortalidade de lagartas de Galleria mellonella após a infecção de Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24, o período da emergência e JIs (juvenis infectantes) multiplicados durante o período de 30 dias em cinco temperaturas; avaliar a influência da temperatura na sobrevivência JIs de Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB 02 Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24 e Steinernema feltiae IBCB 47 em condições de armazenamento; avaliar a influência da luminosidade e do substrato na capacidade de infecção de juvenis dos isolados IBCB 06 Steinernema brazilense, IBCB 02 Steinernema carpocapsae, IBCB 47 Steinernema feltiae e IBCB 24 Heterorhabditis amazonensis em lagartas de G. mellonella e avaliar o uso de diferentes substratos para prolongar a sobrevivência de JIs de S. brazilense IBCB 06 e H. amazonensis IBCB 24 em condições de armazenamento. O presente estudo foi dividido em cinco capítulos. Após a coleta de dados, as espécies foram identificadas como H. amazonensis, S. rarum, M. rainai e O. tipulae. As temperaturas de 26°C e 30°C proporcionaram o menor período de tempo (três dias) para a mortalidade de lagartas de G. mellonella causadas por H. amazonensis. O menor período de tempo para a 2 emergência de JIs foi na temperatura 30°C, (9,4 dias). O número médio de JIs produzidos a 26°C (229.563) foi superior a todas as temperaturas estudadas, mas sem diferença estatística quando comparado aos JIs produzidos na temperatura de 30°C (127.157). A temperatura de 22°C (223.88 ...
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) show promising for biological control of pests. The abiotic factors, temperature, soil types and substrates, may influence the survival of infective juveniles storage and field conditions. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify species of EPNs collected in areas of forestry, annual and fruit crops in Brazil; assess the period of mortality of larvae Galleria mellonella after infection of Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24, the emergency period and IJs (infective juveniles) multiplied during the 30-day period in five temperatures; evaluate the influence of temperature on survival IJs of Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB 02 Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24 and Steinernema feltiae IBCB 47 storage conditions; evaluate the influence of light and substrate on juvenile infection capacity of isolates IBCB 06 Steinernema brazilense, IBCB 02 Steinernema carpocapsae, IBCB 47 Steinernema feltiae and IBCB 24 Heterorhabditis amazonensis in larvae G. mellonella and evaluate the use of different substrates to prolong the survival of IJs of S. brazilense IBCB 06 and H. amazonensis IBCB 24 storage conditions. This study was divided into five chapters. After collecting data, the species were identified as H. amazonensis, S. rarum, M. rainai and O. tipulae. The at temperatures of 26°C and 30°C gave the shortest time period (three days) for the crawler mortality caused by H. amazonensis in G. mellonella. The shortest duration for emergency IJs was found at 30°C temperature (9.4 days). The average number of IJs produced at 26°C (229.563) was higher at all temperatures studied, but no statistical difference when compared to 30°C IJs produced in the temperature (127.157). The temperature of 22°C (223.886) did not differ statistically from the lower temperature ...
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Smaniotto, Lisonéia Fiorentini. "Seletividade de inseticidas alternativos a Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/256.
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Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a seletividade de inseticidas alternativos ao parasitóide Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Para isto foram utilizados os inseticidas alternativos Compostonat, Natuneem, Natualho, Óleo de Gerânio, Pironat e Rotenat. Foram pulverizados 0,2 mL de cada produto, na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante, sobre cartelas (1,0 × 5,0 cm) contendo ovos de Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). A testemunha constou da pulverização de água destilada. Realizou-se teste com chance de escolha, confinando uma fêmea de T. podisi com duas cartelas, uma pulverizada com o inseticida alternativo e a outra com a testemunha, sendo avaliada a taxa de parasitismo, analisando a repelência provocada pelo inseticida alternativo em relação a sua respectiva testemunha. O teste sem chance de escolha consistiu em duas estratégias de pulverização, pulverização pré-parasitismo e pulverização pós-parasitismo. A pulverização pré-parasitismo consistiu em confinar uma fêmea com uma cartela pulverizada com o inseticida alternativo, ou confinada com uma cartela da testemunha, enquanto a pulverização pós-parasitismo consistiu em confinar uma fêmea com uma cartela não pulverizada, após 24 h retirou-se a fêmea e foi realizada a pulverização com o inseticida alternativo ou com água destilada, sendo esta a testemunha. Neste teste, avaliou-se o taxa de parasitismo, porcentagem de emergência, longevidade dos adultos, período ovo-adulto e razão sexual dos parasitóides emergidos. Verificou-se que no teste com chance de escolha os inseticidas alternativos Compostonat, Natualho e Óleo de Gerânio afetaram a taxa de parasitismo. No teste sem chance de escolha a taxa de parasitismo foi afetada pelos inseticidas alternativos Rotenat no pós-parasitismo, Natualho e Óleo de Gerânio no pré-parasitismo, enquanto a emergência foi reduzida por Compostonat e Óleo de Gerânio no pré-parasitismo. O parâmetro período ovo-adulto foi afetado pelos produtos Natualho no pré-parasitismo para fêmeas e Óleo de Gerânio no pós-parasitismo para macho, a razão sexual foi reduzida por Natualho e Óleo de Gerânio nos pós-parasitismo. A longevidade foi diminuída pelos inseticidas alternativos Rotenat e Óleo de Gerânio no pré-parasitismo, e aumentada pelo Óleo de Gerânio no pós-parasitismo. Assim, Natuneem foi o único produto a apresentar seletividade a T. podisi em todos os parâmetros avaliados, porém, os demais inseticidas alternativos não são seletivos, tomando por base os testes aqui realizados, pois afetaram a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, comprometendo o controle do inseto-praga.The aim of this study was to verify the selectivity of alternative insecticides to the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The following products were evaluated: Compostonat, Natuneem, Natualho, Geranium Oil, Pironat and Rotenat. A quantity of 0.2 ml of each product, at the manufacturer’s recommended concentration, was sprayed onto cards (1.0 × 5.0 cm) supporting the eggs of Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The control was sprayed with distilled water. In this test, it was available the parasitism rate, emergency of percentage, adults longevity, period of adult-egg, sexual ration of the emerged parasitoids. It was verified that in the test with chance of choice, the alternative insecticides Compostonat, Natualho and Geranium oil affect the rate of parasitism. In the test with no-chance of parasitism choice the rate of parasitism was affected by the alternative insecticides Rotenat in the post-parasitism, Natualho and Geranium oil in the pre-parasitism, while the emergency was reduced by Compostonat and Geranium oil in the pre-parasitism. The parameter period adult-egg was affected by the products Natualho in pre-parasitism for females and Geranium oil in the post-parasitism for male, the sexual ration was reduced by Natualho and Geranium oil in the post-parasitism. The longevity was reduced by alternative insecticides Rotenat and Geranium oil in the pre-parasitism, and elevated by Geranium oil in the post-parasitism. Thus, Natuneem was the unique product to present selectivity to T. podisi in all the available parameters, although the other alternative insecticides are no selective, basing in the tests hear realized, because they affected the majority of the available parameters, compromising the control of prague- insect.
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Vilani, Andréia. "Atividade de produtos fitossanitários naturais sobre Anticarsia gemmatalis hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Bacillus thuringiensis subesp. kurstaki e seletividade a Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/461.
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Conhecer os efeitos dos produtos fitossanitários naturais (PFN) sobre insetos praga e organismos não alvo é fundamental no contexto do Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade de PFN sobre Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), esporos e cristais de Bacillus thuringiensis subesp. kurstaki (Btk) e a seletividade sobre Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Foram utilizados os extratos de pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), pimenta (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum), trombeta (Brugmansia suaveolens) e uva-do-japão (Hovenia dulcis), à 5%, Natuneem®, Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® e Calda Bordalesa (CB), na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante. Para esporos, os tratamentos Btk + PFN e Btk, isoladamente, foram incubados em agitador horizontal (150 rpm, 30 ± 2 ºC, 2 h) e, inoculados em meio de cultura ágar nutriente (AN), em placas de Petri. Foram preparadas quatro placas (repetições), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada (30 ± 2 ºC, 18 h), quantificando-se as unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC)/mL. Para cristais, os PFN e Btk, isoladamente, água destilada esterilizada (testemunha) e Btk + PFN, após incubação, nas condições descritas acima, foram aplicados sobre cubos de dieta artificial para A. gemmatalis, em placas de Petri, que receberam 20 lagartas de segundo ínstar, cada. Foram preparadas quatro placas (repetições), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada (26 ± 2 ºC, UR: 70%±10 % fotofase 14 h). Avaliou-se a mortalidade após, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h, o percentual de empupamento e emergência e o período ovo-adulto. A seletividade sobre A. mellifera foi avaliada pulverizando-se os tratamentos sobre operárias e adicionando-os a pasta Cândi. Como testemunha utilizou-se respectivamente água destilada esterilizada e pasta Cândi pura. Em ambos os experimentos utilizou-se 30 operárias por tratamento (repetição), individualizadas em tubos de vidro (10 cm × 2,5 cm), acondicionados em câmara climatizada (25 ± 2 °C, U.R. 70% ± 10%, fotofase de 12 h) e a mortalidade, avaliada a uma; duas; três; quatro; cinco; seis; nove; 12; 15; 18; 21; 24; 30; 36; 42; 48; 60; 72 e 96 h. Verificou-se que os extratos de pitanga, pimenta e uva-do-japão reduziram significativamente as UFC/mL. O extrato de pitanga foi o único que afetou negativamente a toxicidade dos cristais de Btk. Nenhum extrato vegetal afetou a mortalidade, não havendo diferença entre os tempos de avaliação, nem o empupamento, emergência e período ovo-adulto. Na mistura com Btk o extrato de pitanga retardou a mortalidade e o extrato de pimenta acelerou a mortalidade. Nos experimentos com A. mellifera, houve redução significativa, apenas para o extrato de uva-do-japão, quando pulverizado. Os produtos Natuneem® e Rotenat® aumentaram significativamente as UFC/mL. Somente a CB afetou negativamente a toxicidade dos cristais de Btk. Nos demais parâmetros, observou-se redução significativa do percentual de empupamento para CB e Natualho®e percentual de emergência para CB e Natuneem®. Entre os tempos de avaliação, não houve influência dos produtos isolados, na mistura com Btk Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® aceleraram a mortalidade e a CB influenciou negativamente. Não se verificou atividade dos produtos sobre o período ovo-adulto. Para A. mellifera, em ambos os experimentos, os produtos não afetaram significativamente a longevidade.Knowing the effects of natural products phytosanitary (NPP) on pests and organisms target is not essential in the context of Integrated Pest Management. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of PFN on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) and selectivity of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We used extracts of cherry (Eugenia uniflora), pepper (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum), trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) and Blueberry japan (Hovenia dulcis), to 5%, Natuneem®, Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® Bordeaux and Syrup (SB), the concentration recommended by the manufacturer. For spores, the treatments Btk + NFP and Btk alone were incubated on horizontal shaker (150 rpm, 30 ± 2 ° C, 2 h) and inoculated onto nutrient agar plates (NA), in petri dishes. We prepared four plates (repetitions), placed in a climatic chamber (30 ± 2 º C, 18 h), quantifying the colony forming units (CFU) / mL. To crystals, the PFN and Btk alone sterilized distilled water (control) and Btk + NFP after incubation under the conditions described above were applied on artificial diet cubes for A. gemmatalis, in Petri dishes, which received 20 second instar larvae of each. We prepared four plates (repetitions), placed in a climatic chamber (26 ± 2 º C, RH 70% ± 10% photophase 14 h), evaluating mortality after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, the percentage empupament and the emergence and egg-adult period. The selectivity of A. mellifera was evaluated by spraying treatments on workers and adding them to pasta Candi. As a control we used respectively sterile distilled water and paste Candi pure. In both experiments, we used 30 workers per treatment (repeat), individually in glass tubes (10 cm × 2.5 cm), packed in a climatic chamber (25 ± 2 ° C, RH 70% ± 10%, photophase 12 h) mortality, assessed by one, two, three, four, five, six, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h. It was found that the extracts of cherry, pepper and Blueberry japan significantly reduced CFU / mL. The cherry extract was the only negatively affecting toxicity of Btk crystals. No plant extract affected the mortality, there was no difference between the time of evaluation, nor empupament, emergence and egg-adult period. In mixture with Btk cherry extract delayed the mortality and pepper extract accelerated mortality. In experiments with A. mellifera, was significantly reduced only to extract Blueberry japan, when sprayed. Natuneem® products and Rotenat® were the only ones who have significantly increased CFU / mL. Only the SB negatively affected the toxicity of Btk crystals. Ns other parameters, there was significant reduction in the percentage of empupament for SB and Natualho® and percentage of emergency and SB Natuneem®. Between the time of evaluation, no influence of individual products, the mix with Btk Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® accelerated mortality and SB negatively influenced. There was no activity of the products on the egg-adult period. To A. mellifera, in both experiments, the products did not significantly affect longevity.
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Brida, Andressa Lima de 1986. "Levantamento de nematoides entomopatogênicos em áreas agrícolas e influência da temperatura e do substrato na sobrevivência, multiplicação e armazenamento /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139416.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Silvia Renata Siciliano WilckenCoorientador: Luís Garrigós Leite
Banca: Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno
Banca: Nádia Cristina de Oliveira
Banca: Solange Maria Bonaldo
Banca: Juliana Magrenelli Osorio Rosa
Resumo: Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são promissores para o controle biológico de pragas. Os fatores abióticos, temperatura e os tipos de solos e substratos, influenciam a sobrevivência de juvenis infectantes em condições de armazenamento e a campo. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: isolar e identificar espécies de NEPs coletadas em áreas de culturas florestais, anuais e frutíferas no Brasil; avaliar o período de mortalidade de lagartas de Galleria mellonella após a infecção de Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24, o período da emergência e JIs (juvenis infectantes) multiplicados durante o período de 30 dias em cinco temperaturas; avaliar a influência da temperatura na sobrevivência JIs de Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB 02 Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24 e Steinernema feltiae IBCB 47 em condições de armazenamento; avaliar a influência da luminosidade e do substrato na capacidade de infecção de juvenis dos isolados IBCB 06 Steinernema brazilense, IBCB 02 Steinernema carpocapsae, IBCB 47 Steinernema feltiae e IBCB 24 Heterorhabditis amazonensis em lagartas de G. mellonella e avaliar o uso de diferentes substratos para prolongar a sobrevivência de JIs de S. brazilense IBCB 06 e H. amazonensis IBCB 24 em condições de armazenamento. O presente estudo foi dividido em cinco capítulos. Após a coleta de dados, as espécies foram identificadas como H. amazonensis, S. rarum, M. rainai e O. tipulae. As temperaturas de 26°C e 30°C proporcionaram o menor período de tempo (três dias) para a mortalidade de lagartas de G. mellonella causadas por H. amazonensis. O menor período de tempo para a 2 emergência de JIs foi na temperatura 30°C, (9,4 dias). O número médio de JIs produzidos a 26°C (229.563) foi superior a todas as temperaturas estudadas, mas sem diferença estatística quando comparado aos JIs produzidos na temperatura de 30°C (127.157). A temperatura de 22°C (223.88 ...
Abstract: Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) show promising for biological control of pests. The abiotic factors, temperature, soil types and substrates, may influence the survival of infective juveniles storage and field conditions. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify species of EPNs collected in areas of forestry, annual and fruit crops in Brazil; assess the period of mortality of larvae Galleria mellonella after infection of Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24, the emergency period and IJs (infective juveniles) multiplied during the 30-day period in five temperatures; evaluate the influence of temperature on survival IJs of Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB 02 Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24 and Steinernema feltiae IBCB 47 storage conditions; evaluate the influence of light and substrate on juvenile infection capacity of isolates IBCB 06 Steinernema brazilense, IBCB 02 Steinernema carpocapsae, IBCB 47 Steinernema feltiae and IBCB 24 Heterorhabditis amazonensis in larvae G. mellonella and evaluate the use of different substrates to prolong the survival of IJs of S. brazilense IBCB 06 and H. amazonensis IBCB 24 storage conditions. This study was divided into five chapters. After collecting data, the species were identified as H. amazonensis, S. rarum, M. rainai and O. tipulae. The at temperatures of 26°C and 30°C gave the shortest time period (three days) for the crawler mortality caused by H. amazonensis in G. mellonella. The shortest duration for emergency IJs was found at 30°C temperature (9.4 days). The average number of IJs produced at 26°C (229.563) was higher at all temperatures studied, but no statistical difference when compared to 30°C IJs produced in the temperature (127.157). The temperature of 22°C (223.886) did not differ statistically from the lower temperature ...
Doutor
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Alves, Carlos Alexandre. "Impacto de diferentes temperaturas nas características biológicas de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) durante três gerações /." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150066.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas BuenoBanca: Carolina Reigada Montoya
Banca: Liciana Vaz de Arruda Silveira
Resumo: Diversas espécies de insetos causam danos ao homem, incluindo, os relacionados a agricultura. Insetos-praga causam 1/3 da perda da produção, assim, é fundamental o controle destes insetos. Para que o controle seja eficaz é necessário conhecer as características biológicas do inseto, principalmente, as relacionadas aos fatores abióticos. A temperatura é o principal fator que atua na dinâmica populacional dos insetos, interferindo na sobrevivência, desenvolvimento, reprodução e comportamento. Entre as pragas mais severas, a Helicoverpa armigera possui ampla distribuição geográfica com registros de ocorrência na Europa, Ásia, África, Oceania e América. Além da ocorrência em quase todos continentes, essa espécie possui hábito migratório. Quando das condições de temperaturas são adversas e há escassez de alimento, H. armigera pode migrar até centenas de quilômetros para locais propícios para a sobrevivência. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da temperatura no desenvolvimento e adaptação em três progênies de H. armigera. Concluiu-se que H. armigera pode adaptar-se próxima de temperaturas ótimas, cerca de 25°C e em temperaturas baixas, quando estas oscilam como ocorre no campo. Além disso, H. armigera pode, provavelmente, se desenvolver no período entressafra por manter-se em diapausa por um longo período.
Abstract: Several species of insect cause damage to humans, including those related to agriculture. Pest insects cause 1/3 of the loss of production, thus, the control of these insects are fundamental. For pest control to be efficient, it is essential to know the biological characteristics of the insect, especially in relation to the abiotic factors. Temperature is the main factor that acts on the dynamics of insects' population, interfering in the survival, development, reproduction and behavior. Among the most severe pests, Helicoverpa armigera has a wide geographical distribution with records of occurrence in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. Besides the occurrence in almost all the continents, this species has a migratory habit. When conditions are not favorable to their survival, H. armigera can migrate for hundreds of miles in search of a place conducive to their survival. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the development and adaptation in three progenies of H. armigera. It was concluded that H. armigera can adapt near to the optimal temperatures, around 25 ° C and at low temperatures as well, when they oscillate as it does in the field. In addition, H. armigera may probably develop in the off-season by staying diapause for a long period
Mestre
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King, Shirley Anne. "Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015202.
Full textAbstract:
Phthorimaea operculella, commonly known as the Potato Tuber Moth, is an economically important agricultural pest worldwide. The baculovirus, Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhoGV) has been considered as a means of control alternative to chemical control because of its host specificity and harmless impact on other organisms and ecosystems. An isolate of PhoGV obtained from a South African PTM population would be beneficial in the production of a biopesticide, which is not yet available. An efficient and cost-effective rearing method would be advantageous for potential commercial production. Commercial table and seed potato plantations and storage facilities located in Patensie, Bathurst, Howick and Ivanhoe were surveyed for PTM infestations. Patensie was the only site where milky discoloured larvae were found, a potential symptom of PhoGV infection. TEM analysis revealed no virus in these samples. Since no virus was found in the field-collected samples, PTM insects were collected to initiate rearing in the laboratory. PTM was raised by three different methods in the laboratory. A cost/benefit analysis, survival rate, fertility and sex ratio were recorded for each rearing method. Rearing method one was deemed unsuccessful for efficient commercial rearing, as survival percentage and fertility were low. Rearing methods two and three had high survival rates and high fertility, and were efficient and less labour intensive than rearing method one. Rearing method three was the most productive technique, but for commercial production rearing method two was considered the most manageable and efficient. The sex ratio was 1:1 for all three cultures. The cost analysis revealed that rearing methods two and three were less expensive than rearing method one because less labour was required to monitor insects. The success of rearing PTM for 19 months will enable these cultures to be up-scaled to a large production facility for mass rearing. Virus was not found in the field surveys or in laboratory cultures, therefore chemical, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide stressors were used in an attempt to initiate a baculoviral infection. Symptoms were exhibited in larvae subjected to chemical, temperature and humidity treatments, but these were confirmed by TEM analysis not to be a result of PhoGV infection. The success of rearing PTM in the laboratory suggests that the method could be used in the commercial rearing of the insects in a large mass-rearing facility. The data obtained from induction protocols have allowed for better understanding for future induction for PhoGV and other baculoviruses in other insect species. The failure to isolate a South African PhoGV strain for developing a biopesticide against PTM has motivated further studies in obtaining a baculovirus in order for South Africa to develop a commercial product against this pest.
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Östman, Örjan. "Landscape and farm management influence generalist predators : effects on condition, abundance, and biological control /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000207/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002.Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reprints five published papers and manuscripts, three co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also available electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.
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Johnson, Todd. "Biology of the oleander mealybug, Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5323.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc (Botany and Zoology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT:Chapter 1 - Mealybugs are tiny, soft-bodied insects which constitute the second largest scale insect family Pseudococcidae (Downie & Gullan 2004). The family comprises approximately 2000 species in 300 genera (Ben-Dov 1994), of which 20 species are pests of cultivated plants in South Africa (Annecke & Moran 1982). In South Africa, approximately 109 species of mealybugs have been recorded from 50 genera (Millar 2002). Chapter 2 - The effect of constant temperatures on the development, survival and fecundity of the oleander mealybug, Paracoccus burnerae on citrus was determined. Developmental time, rate of development, fecundity and survival were investigated at five constant temperatures and a 16L: 8D light: darkness regime. The rate of development increased linearly with an increase in temperature for the egg, 1st nymphal and pupal stages as well as the entire biological cycle (egg – adult), but was nonlinear for the 2nd and 3rd nymphal stages. Survival decreased with an increase in temperature. P. burnerae required 666.7 degree-days above a lower threshold of 8.7°C to complete one generation. The highest mean number of 68 eggs per female was reached at 22°C. A sex ratio of 0.52:0.48 (male:female) was obtained from the life table. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was >1 at all five temperatures, an indication that it is capable of increasing its population numbers despite the high mortality experienced in the 1st and 2nd nymphal stages. Chapter 3 - The oleander mealybug, Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) is a pest of citrus in South Africa. This study was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on development rate of P. burnerae and to investigate whether development rate is the reason why P. burnerae is out competing the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa. The influence of temperature on life history traits of P. burnerae was determined at 20, 22, 25 and 27°C and compared with corresponding data for P. citri. The rate of development increased linearly with an increase in rearing temperature in the embryonic, first nymphal and pupal stages but reached a climax at 26.13 and 28.6°C in the second nymphal stage of both species, respectively. P. citri exhibited lower developmental thresholds except in first instar, shorter degree-days and higher developmental rates than P. burnerae. Results of the current study indicated that the dominance of oleander mealybug over the citrus mealybug is neither linked to developmental rates nor sum of effective temperatures. Chapter 4 - The importance of Paracoccus burnerae has risen over the years to an extent where it is now regarded as a quarantine pest for citrus fruit from South Africa. The field biology of P. burnerae on citrus in the Western Cape Province of South Africa was studied through periodic sampling of leaves from twigs enclosed in sleeve cages. The species composition and abundance of natural enemies was investigated. Both adult and immature stages attained maximum population peaks in March and P. burnerae had four generations. The highest level of mortality was experienced in the immature stages. Climate and an unidentified fungus were the key mortality factors. The level of abundance of the two observed predators, the harlequin beetle, Harmonia axyridis and the green lacewing, Chrysoperla sp. was relatively low. Although parasitism occurred in some cages, the level was low ranging between 1.62 to 9.43%. If biocontrol is the preferred method of controlling P. burnerae, suitable candidate parasitoids for inoculative biocontrol are Acerophagus sp., Leptomastix sp. and Microterys nietneri. The oleander mealybug does not share the same parasitoids with Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus calceolariae and Pseudococcus longispinus except the parasitoid Coccophagus sp. The most popular species of parasitoids used in the biolological control of mealybugs, Anagyrus sp. and Coccixenoides sp. were insignificant in the case of P. burnerae. Chapetr 5 - Biological control programs of mealybug species have relied on sprouting potatoes, pumpkins and butternut for rearing of both mealybugs and their natural enemies. In this study, the suitability of sprouting potatoes, butternuts and citrus as mass rearing substrates for the oleander mealybug, Paracoccus burnerae was investigated. Developmental times, rate and fecundity on each substrate were determined and compared at three different temperatures. The developmental time on sprouting potatoes was shorter than on citrus. P. burnerae was unable to complete its life cycle on butternut. The rate of development increased linearly with an increase in temperature on both sprouting potatoes and citrus. P. burnerae required 666.7 degree-days on citrus and 434.8 degree-days on sprouting potatoes above lower developmental thresholds of 7.6°C and 10.4°C respectively to complete one generation. The mean number of eggs per female was higher on sprouting potatoes (121.3) than on citrus (68), but declined with an increase in temperature from 22 to 27°C. Despite the shorter shelf life, sprouting potatoes are the preferred host for mass rearing of the oleander mealybug. Chapter 6 - general conclusions Chapter 7 - Researchers often present impressive results of their studies on the biology of the Coccoidea without mentioning the problems they came across and had to solve. In this paper the practical problems encountered during a study of the biology of the oleander mealybug, Paracoccus burnerae (Brain), an endemic pest of citrus in South Africa, are discussed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming beskikbaar.
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Agostini, Lucas Trevisoli [UNESP]. "Suscetibilidade de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a entomopatógenos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115915.
Full textAbstract:
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000807109.pdf: 457835 bytes, checksum: c8b102f16b86a5f3ecea8c8ee3c9df40 (MD5)A pesquisa objetivou analisar a suscetibilidade de duas populações distintas de Helicoverpa armigera a produtos comerciais à base de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) e isolados de Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e Metarhizium rileyi. As populações foram coletadas em lavouras de soja nos municípios de Rio Verde (GO) e Luís Eduardo Magalhães (BA) e criadas em laboratório até a décima geração antes do início dos bioensaios. Os formulados utilizados foram Dipel® PM (B. thuringiensis var kurstaki), Xentari® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai) e Agree® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai GC91 transconjugado com B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki), com a aplicação de 50 ?L da suspensão do produto biológico, na concentração de 107 esporos viáveis/mL, sobre a superfície da dieta acondicionada em recipientes esféricos de plástico (2 cm de diâmetro x 3 cm de altura). Em cada recipiente foi inserida uma lagarta, de cada instar larval, em um total de 100 lagartas por tratamento distribuídas em 10 repetições. As avaliações referentes à mortalidade foram efetuadas a cada 24 horas, até o sétimo dia após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Os fungos B. bassiana e M. anisopliae foram obtidos a partir dos produtos comerciais biológicos Boveril® PM e Metarril® PM, respectivamente, enquanto que M. rileyi foi isolado de cadáveres de H. armigera, sendo padronizados na concentração de 108 conídios viáveis/mL. Como unidade experimental foram utilizados recipientes de plástico (2 cm de diâmetro x 3 cm de altura), com dieta artificial na qual uma alíquota de 50 ?L do fungo foi misturada ou aplicada na superfície. Em cada recipiente foi inserida uma lagarta de primeiro instar, com menos de 24 h de vida, totalizando 100 lagartas por tratamento distribuídas em 10 repetições. A mortalidade foi avaliada a cada 24 h, até o décimo dia após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Lagartas de primeiro instar de H. armigera, de ambas ...
The research aimed to assess the suscetibility of two distinct Brazilian populations of Helicoverpa armigera to commercial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides and isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium rileyi.The pest populations were collected in soybean fields located in Rio Verde (GO) and Luís Eduardo Magalhães (BA), taken to laboratory and reared until the tenth generation on artificial diet, to be used in the experiment.The bioassays were performed using spherical plastic receptacles (2-cm diameter x 3- cm height) containing artificial diet until complete the half volume. The formulated products used were Dipel® WP (B. thuringiensis var kurstaki), Xentari® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai) and Agree® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai GC91 with B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki), spraying 50 ?L of biological product solution at 107 viable spores/mL, on the surface of the diet. One caterpillar was inserted in each receptacle, related with larval instar, totaling 100 caterpillars per treatment and each group containing 10 caterpillars were considered a replication. Mortality were assessed each 24h, until the seventh day after the beginning of the bioassay. To perform the bioassays with entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were obtained from the bio-insecticides Boveril® WP and Metarril® WP, respectively and M. rileyi was isolated from H. armigera cadavers at concentration of 108 viable conidia/mL. The bioassays were performed using spherical plastic receptacles (2-cmdiameter x 3-cm height) containing artificial diet until complete the half volume. After this step, a solution of 50 ?L containing the entomopathogenic fungi was sprayed on the diet surface. One caterpillar was inserted in each receptacle, with less than 24 h after hatch, totaling 100 caterpillars per treatment. Each group containing 10 caterpillars were considered a replication. Mortality were assessed each 24h, until ...
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Braga, Isa Marcela da Silva. "Ocorrência e dinâmica populacional de insetos-pragas e predadores associados às culturas de nabo forrageiro e milho em sistemas de plantio direto, em Chapadão do Sul, MS /." Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91326.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Francisco Jorge CividanesCoorientador: Terezinha Monteiro dos Santos Cividanes
Banca: César Freire Carvalho
Banca: Guilherme Duarte Rossi
Resumo: O conhecimento da dinâmica populacional de insetos e inimigos-naturais em grandes áreas de cultivos é fundamental para a implementação de um programa de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. A ocorrência de populações destes insetos em altas densidades populacionais no início de cultivo de grandes culturas deve-se principalmente à sua manutenção na área em outras plantas hospedeiras ou plantas invasoras, que servem como abrigo e fonte de alimentação, permitindo que os mesmos se estabeleçam e permaneçam na área na cultura subsequente, formando o fenômeno chamado de "Ponte Verde". O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a ocorrência de espécies de insetos-pragas e inimigos naturais na cultura do nabo forrageiro, semeada como cultura de cobertura de solo e na cultura do milho em sucessão, em um sistema de plantio direto. O experimento foi instalado em Chapadão do Sul, MS, no ano agrícola de 2012/2013, sendo semeado nabo forrageiro na estressafra e milho na safra verão. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, em 10 pontos, amostrando-se cinco plantas por ponto, totalizando 50 plantas por semana em ambas as culturas. Em razão da dinâmica dos insetos nas duas culturas estudadas no presente trabalho, os mesmos foram agrupados de acordo com o seu modo de alimentação ou ataque e relevância para cada uma, sendo assim, agrupados em: grupo das pragas desfolhadoras, grupo de insetos sugadores, grupo de insetos secundários e grupo de insetos predadores nas duas culturas. Os resultados evidenciaram que a cultura do nabo forrageiro é um importante hospedeiro de pragas primárias e secundárias que ocorrem em outras culturas, de modo que a sua colheita ou incorporação como adubação verde ao solo, deve ser realizada com antecedência ao plantio de milho ou soja em rotação de cultura, para não formar uma "Ponte Verde"
Abstract: The knowledge of the population dynamics of insects and natural enemies - in large areas of crops is critical to the implementation of a program of Integrated Pest Management. The occurrence of populations of these insects at high population densities in early cultivation of major crops is mainly due to its maintenance in the area on other host plants or weeds that serve as shelter and power supply, allowing them to settle and remain in the area in subsequent culture, forming the phenomenon called " Green Bridge". This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of species of insect pests and natural enemies in the culture of turnip sown as cover crop and soil in corn in succession, in a no-till system. The experiment was installed in Chapadão Sul, MS, in the agricultural year 2012/2013, and sowed turnip in offseason and summer maize crop. Evaluations were performed weekly in 10 points, sampling up to five plants per point, totaling 50 plants per week in both culture. Given the dynamics of insects in the two cultures studied in this work, they were grouped according to their feeding mode or attack and relevant to each, so grouped as: group of defoliating pests, group of sucking insects, group of insects and secondary group of predatory insects in the two cultures. The results showed that the culture of the turnip is an important host of primary and secondary pests that occur in other culture, so that your harvest or incorporation as green manure to the soil, should be performed prior to planting corn or soybean crop rotation, not to form a "Green Bridge"
Mestre
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Agostini, Lucas Trevisoli. "Suscetibilidade de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a entomopatógenos /." Jaboticabal, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115915.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ricardo Antonio PolanczykBanca: Italo Delalibera Júnior
Banca: Janete Apparecida Desidério
Resumo: A pesquisa objetivou analisar a suscetibilidade de duas populações distintas de Helicoverpa armigera a produtos comerciais à base de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) e isolados de Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e Metarhizium rileyi. As populações foram coletadas em lavouras de soja nos municípios de Rio Verde (GO) e Luís Eduardo Magalhães (BA) e criadas em laboratório até a décima geração antes do início dos bioensaios. Os formulados utilizados foram Dipel® PM (B. thuringiensis var kurstaki), Xentari® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai) e Agree® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai GC91 transconjugado com B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki), com a aplicação de 50 μL da suspensão do produto biológico, na concentração de 107 esporos viáveis/mL, sobre a superfície da dieta acondicionada em recipientes esféricos de plástico (2 cm de diâmetro x 3 cm de altura). Em cada recipiente foi inserida uma lagarta, de cada instar larval, em um total de 100 lagartas por tratamento distribuídas em 10 repetições. As avaliações referentes à mortalidade foram efetuadas a cada 24 horas, até o sétimo dia após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Os fungos B. bassiana e M. anisopliae foram obtidos a partir dos produtos comerciais biológicos Boveril® PM e Metarril® PM, respectivamente, enquanto que M. rileyi foi isolado de cadáveres de H. armigera, sendo padronizados na concentração de 108 conídios viáveis/mL. Como unidade experimental foram utilizados recipientes de plástico (2 cm de diâmetro x 3 cm de altura), com dieta artificial na qual uma alíquota de 50 μL do fungo foi misturada ou aplicada na superfície. Em cada recipiente foi inserida uma lagarta de primeiro instar, com menos de 24 h de vida, totalizando 100 lagartas por tratamento distribuídas em 10 repetições. A mortalidade foi avaliada a cada 24 h, até o décimo dia após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Lagartas de primeiro instar de H. armigera, de ambas ...
Abstract: The research aimed to assess the suscetibility of two distinct Brazilian populations of Helicoverpa armigera to commercial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides and isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium rileyi.The pest populations were collected in soybean fields located in Rio Verde (GO) and Luís Eduardo Magalhães (BA), taken to laboratory and reared until the tenth generation on artificial diet, to be used in the experiment.The bioassays were performed using spherical plastic receptacles (2-cm diameter x 3- cm height) containing artificial diet until complete the half volume. The formulated products used were Dipel® WP (B. thuringiensis var kurstaki), Xentari® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai) and Agree® WG (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai GC91 with B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki), spraying 50 μL of biological product solution at 107 viable spores/mL, on the surface of the diet. One caterpillar was inserted in each receptacle, related with larval instar, totaling 100 caterpillars per treatment and each group containing 10 caterpillars were considered a replication. Mortality were assessed each 24h, until the seventh day after the beginning of the bioassay. To perform the bioassays with entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were obtained from the bio-insecticides Boveril® WP and Metarril® WP, respectively and M. rileyi was isolated from H. armigera cadavers at concentration of 108 viable conidia/mL. The bioassays were performed using spherical plastic receptacles (2-cmdiameter x 3-cm height) containing artificial diet until complete the half volume. After this step, a solution of 50 μL containing the entomopathogenic fungi was sprayed on the diet surface. One caterpillar was inserted in each receptacle, with less than 24 h after hatch, totaling 100 caterpillars per treatment. Each group containing 10 caterpillars were considered a replication. Mortality were assessed each 24h, until ...
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Onzi, Angélica Carla. "Efeito de terpenóides e extratos vegetais sobre carnorhabditis elegans." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2013. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/913.
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Viana, Daniela de Lima [UNESP]. "Efeitos de cultivares de algodoeiro que expressam as proteínas Cry1Ac e Cry1F nos parâmetros biológicos de Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, 1857) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111049.
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000792755.pdf: 750838 bytes, checksum: 83fdb291a29e45f08d982392852e5724 (MD5)O algodão Gossypium hirsutum (L.) é uma Malvaceae cultivada em várias regiões do Brasil e do mundo, devido à versatilidade da sua produção, sendo a principal matéria-prima para a indústria têxtil, devido às características e utilidades de sua fibra, sendo utilizado também para a produção de óleo e outros subprodutos. A importância econômica do algodão atrela-se à questão do controle de insetos-praga como sendo um dos fatores que traz a maior parcela de custos na produção dessa cultura. A lagarta falsa-medideira, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, 1857) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), de maior ocorrência na cultura da soja até a década passada, vem causando sérios danos nas regiões produtoras de algodão. Entre os principias avanços para o controle de pragas, pode-se citar a disponibilidade de cultivares de algodoeiro geneticamente modificadas com genes oriundos da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis, onde essas plantas transgênicas expressam cristais proteicos com efeito inseticida, com a finalidade de controlar lepidópteros pragas que possam vir a ser prejudiciais à cultura. Os eventos de algodão Bt que expressam as proteínas Cry1Ac (Bollgard I®) e Cry1Ac mais Cry1F (WideStrike®) são ferramentas atuais e disponíveis para o manejo desse inseto-praga, afim de subsidiar o Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de cultivares transgênicas de algodoeiro que expressam a proteína Cry1Ac e que expressam as proteínas Cry1Ac mais Cry1F, nos parâmetros biológicos de C. includens e visando determinar a sobrevivência da espécie. O estudo foi realizado em laboratório, sob condições controladas, utilizando lagartas neonatas que foram alimentadas durante toda a fase larval com folhas das cultivares transgênicas NuOPAL (Bollgard I®) e FM 975 (WideStrike®) e suas respectivas isolinhas convencionais, DeltaOPAL e FM 993. Em cada ...
The cotton Gossypium hirsutum (L.) is a Malvaceae cultivated in various regions of Brazil and the world, due to the versatility of its production. The cotton is the main raw material for the textile industry, due to the characteristics and utility of its fiber; it is being also used for the production of oil and other sub products. The socioeconomic importance of cotton is located in the control of insect pests as a factor that brings the greatest costs in the production of this crop. The soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, 1857) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of greater occurrence in the soybean crop until the last decade, is causing serious damages in the cotton regions. Among the main advances, in control of pests, could cite the availability of genetically modified cotton cultivars with gens coming of the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, where this transgenic plants express protein crystals with insecticide effects to control Lepidoptera pests that can become prejudicial to cotton. The events of cotton expressing Cry1Ac and, Cry1Ac and Cry1F proteins which are current and available tools to the management of this insect pest, in order to subsidize the integrated pest management. In this way, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of transgenic cotton cultivars expressing the Cry1Ac and, Cry1Ac and Cry1F proteins, in the biological parameters of C. includens and aiming at to determine the survivor of the species. This study was developed in the laboratory, in controlled conditions, it was used neonate larvae that were fed over the entirely larval phase with leaves of the transgenic cultivars, NuOPAL (Bollgard I®) and FM 975 (WideStrike®), and their respective conventional isolines, DeltaOPAL and FM 993. In each cultivar, the biological parameters observed were average duration and viability of larval phase, average duration and viability of the pupal phase, average ...