Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural household mode'
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1
Sun, Yan Hua, Xiang Hui Liu, and Fa Ming Zhou. "Institutional Innovation：Guarantee of Agricultural Industrialization Operating Performance - Take the “Lihua Mode” as an Example." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 1380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.1380.
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How to ensure the operating performance of farmer in the agricultural industrial production process is very important. This paper take the unique institutional innovation pattern of agricultural industrialization such as “company +cooperative+peasant household”as a example，and analyzes the motivation of why to Create the mode、 highlight of institutional innovation and operation performance. The results showed that the mode ensures the households' main position through institutional innovation in the agricultural industrial production process，and it is feasible to coordinate the interest conflict between the company and the peasant household through cooperative，and if the main position of cooperative can be really implemented that the effects of institutional innovation will be more good.
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Abdelhamid, Amira, Houcine Jeder, and Ahmed Salah. "Agriculture Adaptation Strategies of Tunisian Oasis Households to Climate Change." Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 9, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/aesr.v9i1.3758.
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Climate change should have impacts on Tunisian arid regions oasis households are likely to bear the most significant negative impacts, the case of the oasis of "Metouia" in the governorate of "Gabes". This research is based on an econometric analysis through cross-sectional probit models involving 50 oasis households. The binary probit models showed that certain factors contribute significantly to the adaptation strategies identified, such as: the age of the agricultural household head, agriculture as a main activity, the agricultural production system adopted the mode of ownership of agricultural land, extension for farmers. All actions aimed at improving the resilience of Tunisian oasis agricultural households to climate change focus mainly on the strategies adopted by farmers in terms of water management, the technical choices and the production systems adopted combined with the experience and local know-how.
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Alabi, Afusat A., Kayode P. Orimafo, Modupe K. Idris-Adeniyi, and Olatooke O. Oke. "Determinants of Land Access and Utilization for Agricultural Activities among Farming Households in Surulere Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria." Pan African Journal of Life Sciences 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/pajols/0202/40(0210).
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Background: Land is the most important asset necessary for agriculture and factor of production for households in Nigeria. 85% of rural residents in the country depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The present study therefore analyse the determinants of land access and utilization for agricultural activities among farming households in Surulere Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria Methods: Population under the present study comprises of all peasant farmers in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State. The sampling procedure employed was multistage random sampling technique leading to the selection of 90 farmers. Data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaire while the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tool such as logistic regression model. Results: Majority (85.6%) of the respondents w er e m ale, had a mean age of 43 years, were married (74.4%) and have an average household size of 8 members. Most (86.7%) of the respondents engaged primarily in farming with an average experience of 19 years and cultivated an average farm size of 2.4ha. Family inheritance (61.1%) was the major mode of land access. Majority (63.3%) of the respondents used their land for agricultural purposes alone. The average land size was between 1.80-10.50ha with an average distance of 1.11km-5.0km from homestead. Result of probit regression model showed that income level (Z = 2.71) and farming experience (Z = 1.80) were significantly related to land access. Also, household size (Z = 2.39), farm right (Z = 2.10) and scale of production (Z= 4.06) were significantly related to land utilization Conclusion: Income level and farming experience influenced land access for agricultural activities while household size, farm land right and scale of production are determinants of land utilization
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Guo, Jianxin, Songqing Jin, Lei Chen, and Jichun Zhao. "Impacts of Distance Education on Agricultural Performance and Household Income: Micro-Evidence from Peri-Urban Districts in Beijing." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 3945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113945.
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Information communication technology (ICT) has changed the traditional agricultural extension service mode worldwide. This paper examines the effects of the Rural Distance Education Project (RDEP) on the household income, agricultural productivity, and off-farm employment of farmers in peri-urban areas in Beijing. Using the survey data of 783 randomly selected farm households from 54 villages in three Beijing peri-urban districts in 2014, and the propensity score matching method (PSM), we find that the RDEP has a significant and positive effect on agricultural productivity and input use. Meanwhile, the program’s effects are heterogeneous across districts and households. For example, the RDEP has significant impacts on several outcome indicators, such as agricultural labor productivity (at a 5% level of significance), agricultural land productivity (at a 10% level), and input use intensity (at a 1% level) in Tongzhou (an agriculturally more important district, with a more intensive RDEP usage), but none of these effects is significant in Pinggu district. Furthermore, the RDEP is found to have bigger, and statistically more significant effects, for households with junior high school education than for those with either lower or higher than junior high school education. Furthermore, the RDEP is more effective for households with more assets than those with fewer assets. These results point toward the importance of using a rural distance education program as an effective extension service, and the need to take community and individual characteristics into account in the implementation and design of future programs.
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Qu, Song, Nico Heerink, Ying Xia, and Junping Guo. "Farmers’ satisfaction with compensations for farmland expropriation in China." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 572–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2016-0094.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the compensation amount as well as the mode through which compensations are paid on farmers’ satisfaction with the compensation received for farmland expropriation in China. Design/methodology/approach Using rural household survey data collected among 450 households in three provinces, located in eastern, central and western China, this paper estimates the impacts of compensation payments, compensation modes, household characteristics and other control variables on farmers’ satisfaction applying an ordinal probit model. Findings The major findings are: farmers’ satisfaction with the compensation depends not only on the size of the compensation but also on the gap between the compensation and the market value of the expropriated land; and the compensation amount positively affects farmers’ satisfaction when the social security compensation mode is used, but does not significantly affect farmers’ satisfaction when other modes are used. Originality/value First, it contributes to the literature on farmland expropriation by providing empirical evidence of the direct impact of the compensation amount and other factors on the degree of farmers’ satisfaction with farmland compensations. Second, potential interactions between compensation amount and compensation mode are taken into account in estimating factors affecting farmers’ satisfaction.
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Qu, Yi, Xiao Lyu, Wenlong Peng, and Zongfei Xin. "How to Evaluate the Green Utilization Efficiency of Cultivated Land in a Farming Household? A Case Study of Shandong Province, China." Land 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080789.
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The behavior of farming households is the most direct factor involved in the transition of cultivated land utilization from high-input/high-output to green and sustainable utilization mode. Improving farming households’ green utilization efficiency of cultivated land (GUECL) is of great significance in facilitating agricultural green development in China. However, there are few studies on GUECL based on the micro-perspective of farming households that cover the comprehensive benefits to the economy, ecology, and society. This paper builds a theoretical analysis framework of farming households’ green utilization of cultivated land and uses the super-efficiency EBM model and a questionnaire to conduct an empirical analysis of 952 farming households in Shandong Province to evaluate the green utilization efficiency of cultivated land. The results show that the GUECL of the farming households is generally not high, with an average value of 0.67, and can be further improved. The higher the GUECL, the lower the input and undesired output per unit yield and per unit output value. Tobit regression results show that a farming household’s per capita income is significantly positively correlated with the GUECL, while agricultural insurance, agricultural subsidies, cultivated land scale, cultivated land fragmentation, and regional economic level are significantly negatively correlated with the GUECL. In addition, recommendations can be made on promoting and innovating agricultural green development technology, popularizing and publicizing farming households’ thoughts on the green utilization of cultivated land, and ensuring and improving rural green life so as to provide a reference for promoting green transition of cultivated land utilization with diversified coordination and multiple measures.
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Ren, Shixin, Erling Li, Qingqing Deng, Haishan He, and Sijie Li. "Analysis of the Impact of Rural Households’ Behaviors on Heavy Metal Pollution of Arable Soil: Taking Lankao County as an Example." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 4368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124368.
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As heavy metal pollution of arable soil is a significant issue concerning the quality of agricultural products and human health, the rural households’ behaviors have a direct impact on heavy metal content in arable soil and its pollution level, but only a few researches have been done at such microscopic scale. Based on 101 field questionnaires of rural households in Lankao County and the monitoring data on heavy metal of arable soil of each rural household, the kind of rural households’ behaviors which impose obvious influence on heavy metal content of arable soil are investigated via single-factor pollution index, Nemerow pollution index and econometric model in this study. The results show that, rural households’ land utilization mode affects heavy metal content in soil, e.g., the degree of heavy metal pollution of soil for intensive planting is higher than that of traditional planting, viz. vegetable greenhouse > garlic land > traditional crop farmland. The management of cultivated land with due scale is beneficial to reducing heavy metal content in soil, that is, the land fragmentation degree is in direct proportion to heavy metal content in soil, so rural households are encouraged to carry out land circulation and combine the patch into a large one. Excess application of fertilizer, pesticide and organic fertilizer will lead to heavy metal pollution of soil, while agricultural technical training organized by government department and the foundation of agricultural cooperative can promote the technical level and degree of organization of rural households and enable them to be more scientific and rational in agrochemicals selection and application, hence reducing or avoiding heavy metal pollution of soil. Single factor pollution level of heavy metal in the soil for planting various crops is different, so it is recommended to prepare various pollution reduction programs for different land types and pollution levels for the harmony and unity of human-nature system.
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Srivastava, Amita, Sharda Shah Peshin, Thomas Kaleekal, and Suresh Kumar Gupta. "An epidemiological study of poisoning cases reported to the National Poisons Information Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi." Human & Experimental Toxicology 24, no. 6 (June 2005): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht527oa.
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A retrospective analysis of poisoning calls received by the National Poisons Information Centre showed a total of 2719 calls over a period of three years (April 1999-March 2002). The queries were made on poisoning management (92%) and information (8%) about various products and functioning of the centre. The data were analysed with respect to age, sex, mode and type of poisoning. The agents belonged to various groups: household products, agricultural pesticides, industrial chemicals, drugs, plants, animal bites and stings, miscellaneous and unknown groups respectively. The age ranged from less than 1 to 70 years, with the highest incidence in the range of 14-40 years, with males (57%) outnumbering females (43%). The most common mode of poisoning was suicidal (53%), followed by accidental (47%). The route of exposure was mainly oral (88%). Dermal (5%), inhalation and ocular exposure contributed 7% to the total. The highest incidence of poisoning was due to household agents (44.1%) followed by drugs (18.8%), agricultural pesticides (12.8%), industrial chemicals (8.9%), animals bites and stings (4.7%), plants (1.7%), unknown (2.9%) and miscellaneous groups (5.6%). Household products mainly comprised of pyrethroids, rodenticides, carbamates, phenyl, detergents, corrosives etc. Drugs implicated included benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, analgesics, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, thyroid hormones and oral contraceptives. Among the agricultural pesticides, aluminium phosphide was the most commonly consumed followed by organochlorines, organophosphates, ethylene dibromide, herbicides and fungicides. Copper sulphate and nitrobenzene were common among industrial chemicals. The bites and stings group comprised of snake bites, scorpion, wasp and bee stings. Poisoning due to plants was low, but datura was the most commonly ingested. An alarming feature of the study was the high incidence of poisoning in children (36.5%). The age ranged from less than 1 to 18 years and the most vulnerable age group included children from less than 1 year to 6 years. Accidental mode was the most common (79.7%). Intentional attempts were also noticed (20.2%) in the age group above 12 years. The present data may not give an exact picture of the incidence of poisoning in India, but represents a trend in our country. The Poisons Information Centre plays a vital role in providing timely management guidelines including the supply of necessary antidotes from the recently established National Antidote Bank, thereby helping to save precious lives.
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Xiao, Dongyang, Haipeng Niu, Liangxin Fan, Suxia Zhao, and Hongxuan Yan. "Farmers’ Satisfaction and its Influencing Factors in the Policy of Economic Compensation for Cultivated Land Protection: A Case Study in Chengdu, China." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 5787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205787.
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With the rapid progress of urbanization, the loss of cultivated land has attracted great attention worldwide, and economic compensation is one of the incentives commonly used by the governments to enhance farmers’ enthusiasm in protecting cultivated land. In recent years, although various economic compensation modes have been implemented by the Chinese government, such modes are still experimental and exploratory. Thus, designing and implementing a national economic compensation mode is urgent to effectively protect the quantity and quality of cultivated land. This study focuses on the mode of cultivated land protection fund (CLPF) in Chengdu, which is the earliest mode of the implementation of economic compensation in China in 2008. First, we analyzed the farmers’ satisfaction with the CLPF through a face-to-face interview with 296 farmers in Chengdu. Then, we used the path analysis method to identify the influencing factors of farmers’ satisfaction from the characteristics of farmers and the policy. Results show that the CLPF was generally supported by farmers. Nevertheless, room for improvement still exists. Particularly, farmers’ satisfaction was low in the design of the government’s supervision management of the CLPF. Farmers’ satisfaction with compensation standard, funding use requirement, and the government’s supervision management were remarkably affected by factors, including farmers’ educational level, cultivated land area, total annual agricultural income, farmers’ knowledge of the CLPF, farmers’ recognition of the value of the CLPF, and farmers’ perception of the changes in household economics. Particularly, the direct influence of farmers’ perception of the changes in household economics was the most important. Finally, we proposed the recommendations for constructing a national economic compensation mode for cultivated land protection. Our results have certain guiding significance for promoting the sustainable development of cultivated land protection policies by means of economic incentives in China and other countries.
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Yotopoulos, Pan A., and Yoshimi Kuroda. "A Subjective Equilibrium Approach to the Value of Children in the Agricultural Household." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 229–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i3pp.229-276.
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A Philippine sample of agricultural households is studied by I subjective equilibrium model which also accounts for the household's demographic structure. The model becomes a potent tool for integrating the economic and demographic behaviour of the household, since issues such as the value of children can be approached in a reality maximization framework and furthermore, such values call be causally rellted to the variance in measured fertility among different households (or Socioeconomic groups). For example, the low marginal productivity contribution of children in tenant (and small farm-size) households, along with the low fertility control that prevails there, has been combined In conforming the inverse fertility-endowments hypothesis, which in this instance is based on labour market failure in periods of peak agricultural labour demand. On the consumption side, on the other hand, the demand for leisure and for other commodities is consistent with the higher valuation of children, and thus higher fertility, in tenant (and small farm-size) households, as compared to owner (and large farm-size) households. The policy implications of such findings from a household equilibrium model are rich.
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Huang, Wei, Peiqi Hu, Fu-Sheng Tsai, Yinke Liu, and Yu Huang. "Smart Sales Empower Small Farmers: An Integrated Matching Method between Suppliers and Consumers Based on the Information Axiom." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 16937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416937.
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Small farmers’ sustainable development has important significance for narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas and hastening the promotion of general prosperity in China. Currently, China still has 240 million small farmers. The sale of agricultural products is an important source of their income. Constrained by their small scale, lack of capital, and technology, small farmers often have to adopt a household operation mode. This decentralized agricultural production and operation mode results in significant difficulties for small farmers to benefit from planting and selling agricultural products. Many efforts have been made to help them, such as establishing agricultural product information platforms that can provide supply and demand information to facilitate small farmers’ sales. However, imbalances between suppliers and consumers and cross-regional transaction difficulties still exist. To promote the sustainable development of small farmers, this study develops an intelligent matching method for the transaction of agricultural products between suppliers and consumers. Firstly, a unique attribute set for agricultural products was established. Because most agricultural products are fresh, perishable, and not easily preserved, the general attributes (brand, logistics distance, product grade, and price) of commodities and the specific attributes (freshness, maturity, product certification, seasonal products, place of origin, and product safety) of agricultural products were taken into account. Secondly, by combining fuzzy mathematics with the information axiom, improved amount of information calculation methods for both quantitative and qualitative attributes were put forward. Thirdly, based on the amount of information about all attributes and with the goal of maximizing the transaction-matching degree for both the supplier and consumer, a multiobjective optimization model was proposed. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the method were verified through a case study. In order to solve the dilemma of small farmers, this study proposes an integrated matching method for agricultural product transactions based on the information axiom. Through case verification, this method has good feasibility and effectiveness. It has broad application prospects which can be applied to information portals, e-commerce platforms, and other fields. The application of this method can empower small farmers’ capabilities, facilitate agricultural product sales, and promote small farmers’ sustainable development.
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Han, Joohun, and Chanjin Chung. "Impact of Aging and Underemployment on Income Disparity between Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Households." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 24, 2021): 11737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111737.
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This paper examines how aging and underemployment affect household income and household income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Our study uses household panel data from South Korea for the period 2009–2016, which include, on average, 6721 representative households each year. A three-step regression analysis was conducted to estimate the aging and underemployment effects on household income and the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural households. First, we estimate aging and underemployment effects on household income from all households using a year fixed-effect longitudinal model. Second, our study investigates whether the marginal effect of aging and underemployment on household income differs between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Finally, we simulate the estimated model to illustrate how government policies could help reduce the income disparity. Our results show that aging and underemployment affect household income negatively overall. The negative marginal effect of the two factors was greater in the agricultural sector than in the non-agricultural sector. Results from policy simulations suggest that the implementation of proper government policies to address aging and underemployment problems in agricultural households could significantly reduce the income disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
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Blank, Steven C., Kenneth W. Erickson, Richard Nehring, and Charles Hallahan. "Agricultural Profits and Farm Household Wealth: A Farm-level Analysis Using Repeated Cross Sections." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, no. 1 (April 2009): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800002649.
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This study examines the relationship between agricultural profits and farm household wealth across locations and farm sizes in U.S. agriculture. A multiperiod household model is used to develop hypotheses for testing. Results indicate that farmland has out-performed nonfarm investments over the past decade. Thus, households may want to keep their farmland to build wealth, even if it requires them to earn off-farm income. The analysis implies that decision will be made based on farm household wealth factors having little to do with agriculture.
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Xu, Lijuan, Abbas Ali Chandio, Jingyi Wang, and Yuansheng Jiang. "Does Farmland Tenancy Improve Household Asset Allocation? Evidence from Rural China." Land 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010098.
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In an agricultural society, the farmland is a major form of national wealth and an increase in farmland holding is a sign of wealth accumulation; whereas in an industrial society, the question of whether a rise in farmland holding also increases the wealth accumulation of farmers with the possible choice of being migrant workers is worth theoretical discussion and empirically testing. This article explores the issue of whether farmland tenancy affects household asset allocation in a rapid industrialization period. Using a sample of China’s rural households with land contract rights, we employed propensity score matching (PSM) with a difference-in-difference (DID) approach to explore and estimate the impact of farmland tenancy on tenant household asset allocation and test the mechanism of farmland tenancy affecting household asset allocation. Four conclusions are drawn from our study. (1) There is a ‘herd effect’ in the household decision-making in participation in the farmland rental market and the tenancy of farmland. (2) Household asset choice behavior is adjusted in response to the farmland tenancy for the tenants, increasing the investment in durable goods assets. (3) There is heterogeneity in the effects on asset allocation between tenant households with different intensities in farmland tenancy, presenting relatively more substantial impacts on the change of asset allocation for tenant households with high intensity in the farmland rental market. The tenancy of farmland with high intensity has not only boosted tenants’ wealth accumulation but has also increased the investment in agricultural assets and risky asset holdings (both incidence and the share of risky financial assets), while the tenancy of farmland with low intensity has not. Tenancy of farmland does not necessarily bring about an increase in the household’s agricultural machinery investment, and only when the area of farmland tenancy reaches a certain scale threshold will households increase their investment in agricultural machinery. (4) The tenancy of farmland has had impact on household asset allocation through a substitution effect instead of an income effect. In general, even though agriculture is not so profitable compared to industry in China, the wealth effect of farmland holding remains significant. This study contributes to the research on household asset allocation from the perspective of farm operation model transition caused by farmland market participation, which helps enhance income and accumulate wealth of rural households in China as well as other developing countries.
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Hoogeveen, Hans, and Remco Oostendorp. "On the use of cost-benefit analysis for the evaluation of farm household investments in natural resource conservation." Environment and Development Economics 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2003): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0300172.
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Farm households in developing countries are generally credit constrained. This forces them to simultaneously take production and consumption decisions. In this paper, a two-period lifecycle model of the farm household is constructed and the household's investment response to changes in land and agricultural output prices are derived theoretically. It is shown that in the absence of credit markets household responses to exogenous price changes may differ from the predictions of cost–benefit analysis. Farm household responses are also derived for the case where price increases for land and agricultural output are accompanied by the introduction of a credit market. For this case the results show that farm household reactions are in accordance with predictions made by cost–benefit analysis. An empirical case study from Bénin underscores the relevance of considering access to credit in establishing whether investments in soil conservation are beneficial to farm households.
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Fitriani, Fitriani, Sutarni Sutarni, Evi Yuniarti, Hanung Ismono, Dyah Aring Hapiana Lestari, and Dwi Haryono. "Lampung Macroeconomy: A Model of Social Accounting Matrix." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v22i2.14154.
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Indonesia’s economics contribute dominantly to the agriculture sector. Its also represented in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The main goal of the research was to design an agricultural development model. The method is approached by Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model. SAM Lampung was designed as a macro model with an 8 x 8 matrix. Secondary data of Input-Output Lampung 2010 as basic data. Data sources get from Lampung Statistic Board and agriculture agency, industrial and trade agency, and Indonesia monetary authorization. The result revealed that based on the total multiplier, the agriculture sector is still dominant in Lampung’s economic structure. Unfortunately, agriculture’s household multiplier was the lowest compared with trade and industry, and services. This fact indicates that agriculture development is not adequate yet enhancing the farmer’s income. Agriculture development needs to address farmer’s households. Stimulation on agriculture exogenous balance is necessary to enhance farmers’ household income.
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Sienso, G., C. Lyford, and W. Oldewage-Theron. "Using instrumental variables to establish the relationship between household production diversity and household dietary diversity in northern Ghana." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 112 (October 5, 2022): 21036–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.112.20255.
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Despite the potential for agricultural diversification to improve nutrition, little scientific evidence exists in low- and middle-income countries on how the linkages between agriculture and nutrition work. In order to develop effective policies to address the nutrition-agricultural linkages in Ghana, it is important to understand and analyze the relationship between these variables. Agricultural production influences dietary quality because many rural households primarily depend on the food they produce. Households’ access to a diverse diet could enhance nutrition security as well as reduce mortality related to malnutrition. Thus, if households adopt a nutrition-sensitive approach in their production process, this may provide the necessary ingredients for diverse diets. However, over the years agricultural interventions in many developing countries have focused mainly on selected crops, particularly cereals, which may not meet household nutritional requirements. While these efforts have contributed to the reduction in hunger, over 800 million people in developing countries still suffer from hunger and micronutrient deficiencies. These effects show that eradicating hunger alone is not enough to ensure nutrition security. However, a potential solution comes from the agricultural sector through farm production diversity. A survey of rural farm households in Northern Ghana was conducted in the major and minor production seasons. Data were collected from six districts using a semi-structured questionnaire. The head of household (main decision maker) (n=505) and a woman mainly in charge of food preparation in the house were the main respondents in the surveys. Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) was measured as the number of counts of 12 food groups eaten by households within 24 hours prior to the interview and household production diversity score (HPDS) was measured as the total number of counts of crops and animals produced by the household in the last twelve months based on the same twelve food groups used in HDDS. A two stage least square with instrumental variables model was developed and estimated. After correcting for endogeneity, increased HPDS increased HDDS while increased distance to the nearest market, household size, proportion of produce sold, income, and price of maize decreased HDDS. Households are encouraged to diversify production but with caution because diversifying production may be unreliable due to the heavy reliance on rainfall in the area which is often unpredictable. Key words: production diversity, dietary diversity, nutrition-sensitive agriculture, instrumental variables, nutrition
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Eshete, Zerayehu Sime, Dawit Woubishet Mulatu, and Tsegaye Ginbo Gatiso. "CO2 emissions, agricultural productivity and welfare in Ethiopia." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 5 (September 28, 2020): 687–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2019-0046.
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Purpose Climate change has become one of the most important development challenges worldwide. It affects various sectors, with agriculture the most vulnerable. In Ethiopia, climate change impacts are exacerbated due to the economy’s heavy dependence on agriculture. The Ethiopian Government has started to implement its climate-resilient green economy (CRGE) strategy and reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of CO2 emission on agricultural productivity and household welfare. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to fill these significant research and knowledge gaps using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model to investigate CO2 emissions’ impact on agricultural performance and household welfare. Findings The results indicate that CO2 emissions negatively affect agricultural productivity and household welfare. Compared to the baseline, real agricultural gross domestic product is projected to be 4.5% lower in the 2020s under a no-CRGE scenario. Specifically, CO2 emissions lead to a decrease in the production of traded and non-traded crops, but not livestock. Emissions also worsen the welfare of all segments of households, where the most vulnerable groups are the rural-poor households. Originality/value The debate in the area is not derived from a rigorous analysis and holistic economy-wide approach. Therefore, the paper fills this gap and is original by value and examines these issues methodically.
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Alleluyanatha, Esther, and Lilian Treasure. "Effect of Youths Remittances on Rural Livelihoods in South Eastern Nigeria." Remittances Review 6, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v6i2.1581.
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This study evaluated the effect of remittances on crop productivity and household welfare in Southeastern, Nigeria. Anambra and Imo states were purposively selected for their high rate in youth migration; and 714 households were used for the study. Data was analyzed using Endogenous treatment effect model. Wealth Index Score was used as a proxy for household welfare. The results of the study showed that employment status, sex of migrant, and age of migrant, sending remittance for buying of agricultural implements as well as paying for school were the major factors that influenced sending of remittances by the youths to the originating households in the study area. Also, the average treatment effect (ATE) of remittances on household welfare was insignificant, implying that there was no significant difference between remittance and non-remittance households. However, the ATE of remittances on crop productivity was significant in the pooled states but not significant in the states. Youths should be encouraged to move into agriculture by removing the bottlenecks associated to agricultural production.
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Kambaye, Mamadou, Ngor Ndour, and Maurice Dasylva. "Contribution de la production anacardière aux moyens de subsistance des ménages Balantes de Mansoa (région d’Oio, Guinée-Bissau)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.11.
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L’agriculture Bissau-guinéenne est actuellement dominée par la production anacardière. Cette dernière, bien que peu étudiée, participe à l'amélioration du cadre de vie et de l’économie locale. Dans le but de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des impacts du système de production anacardière sur les ménages, l’étude a porté sur 77 ménages répartis dans trois villages Balantes. Sur la base d’enquêtes agro-socioéconomiques, l’étude montre que l’héritage (73,2%) est le mode d’accès aux terres gérées que par des hommes. Le semis direct (77%) et les plants produits en pépinière (33%) constituent les modes de plantation des anacardiers. Les sous-produits de l’anacardier jouent un rôle alimentaire et commercial pour les ménages. Les noix brutes sont destinées à la vente (100%) et celles grillées sont utilisées dans l’alimentation familiale (100%). Le jus de cajou est exclusivement réservé à la consommation familiale alors que le vin est réservé pour une grande part à la vente (52,65%). Le bois mort est utilisé comme combustible (52,3%) et/ou pour la carbonisation destinée à la vente (47,7%). D’au final, les revenus tirés du cajou destinés principalement à l’achat du riz (15,75%), du matériel agricole (14,7%) et au paiement de main d’oeuvre rizicole (14,6%) sont en moyenne estimés à 286 770 FCFA/ménage/an. Les revenus engendrés par la culture de l’anacarde permettent aux producteurs de subvenir à leurs besoins, d’améliorer leurs conditions et cadre de vie.Mots clés : Agriculture, plantation, Cajou, impacts.
English Title: Contribution of cashew nut production to the livelihoods of Balante households in Mansoa (Oío region, Guinea-Bissau)
Agriculture in Guinea-Bissau is currently dominated by cashew nut production. The latter, although little studied, contributes to the improvement of the living environment and the local economy. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of this production system, the study covered 77 households in three Balante's villages. On the basis of agro-socio-economic surveys, the study shows that inheritance (73.2%) is the only mode of access to land managed by men. Direct seeding (77%) and nursery grown plants (33%) are the most common methods of planting cashew trees. Cashew by-products play a food and commercial role for households. The raw nuts are intended for sale (100%) and roasted nuts are used in family food (100%). Cashew juice is exclusively reserved at the family consumption while wine is reserved for a large part for sale (52.65%). Dead wood is used as fuel (52.3%) and/or for carbonization for sale (47.7%). In the end, the income from cashew mainly used to buy rice (15.75%), agricultural equipment (14.7%) and to pay for rice labor (14.6%) is on overage, they are estimated at 286 770 F CFA/Household/year. The income generated by cashew nut cultivation allows producers to meet their needs, improve their living conditions and environment.Keywords : Agriculture, plantation, Cashew, impacts.
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Tavarov, Saidjon Sheralievich, and Aleksandr Ivanovich Sidorov. "Improving Energy Efficiency by Household Consumers in the Republic of Tajikistan Based on the Developed Forecasting Method." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 15, no. 6 (December 26, 2020): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150608.
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The work is devoted to the assessment of energy efficiency in electricity consumption by household consumers in the city of the Republic of Tajikistan. Methods of forecasting taking into account factor dependencies are proposed. According to the data obtained from the readings of electricity metering devices for groups of household consumers with different climates, meteorological conditions of the area and geographic area, comparisons of the actual power consumption with standard values were made. A non-standard excess of the actual specific loads in winter about the standard values was established, leading to a violation of the operating mode. The applied methods for calculating the proposed average monthly loads of all consumers and the average values of the electrical loads of the cities under consideration. It is substantiated that the proposed method makes it possible to increase the energy efficiency of urban electrical networks of 10 / 0.4 kV without violating the standard values.
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Hounnou, Femi E., Houinsou Dedehouanou, Afio Zannou, Johanes Agbahey, and Gauthier Biaou. "Economy-Wide Effects of Climate Change in Benin: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 21, 2019): 6569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236569.
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This research analyzes the economic effects of climate change-induced crop yield losses in Benin. As agriculture is a large sector in Benin, the climate change-induced crop yield losses are expected to affect the entire economy as well as household welfare in both rural and urban areas. The paper applies a dynamic general equilibrium model and simulates productivity shocks in the agricultural sector derived from climate change scenarios for Benin. The findings show that climate change-induced crop yield losses reduce domestic agricultural outputs by 4.4% and the nonagricultural output by 0.9% on average by 2025. While export supply decrease by 25.5%, import demand increases by 4.9% on average by 2025. As price of labour and capital decline, household income drop for all household groups by 2.5% on average. Ultimately, household welfare decline for all household groups by 2.7% on average. Rural and particularly poor households are projected to experience the worst adverse effects of climate change-induced crop yield losses. The results show that without adaptive strategies to cope with climate change, economic growth and household welfare will decline even further by 2035 and 2045. Subsequently, the paper suggests that adaptation strategies are needed not only at the national level to overcome the projected negative effects on macroeconomic indicators, but also at household level to enhance the adaptative capacity of households, especially the poor households living in rural areas.
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Yunita, Desi, Nunung Nurwati, and Wahju Gunawan. "Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Desa Akibat Penggunaan Sumber Air Bersama Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM)." JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo) 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2020.4.1.4272.
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The water source in the Perhutani forest area is the main water source for the village community in Sumedang Regency West Java. At present, the same source is also used by the Sumedang Regency water company to meet the water needs of urban communities. This article describes the social changes that have occurred in rural communities as a result of the shared use of water resources from the Perhutani Forest. This article is based on qualitative research with a case study approach. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and questionnaires. It was found that there have been social changes in forest-edge communities. The change is clearly seen in the changing pattern of planting and community agricultural commodities. Furthermore, it was found that changes also occurred in the mode of production (infrastructure) which was marked by the shift of control of the water source to the water company (PDAM), the changes in the mode of production directly affect changes in the structure of the forest village community which is mainly seen from changes in community livelihoods due to changes in agricultural patterns and systems in the community. Changes to the structure can also be seen from the formation of the existing water user structure at the RW level to regulate household water allocation and distribution.
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Nkang, Nkang, Bolarin Omonona, Suleiman Yusuf, and Omobowale Oni. "Simulating the Impact of Exogenous Food Price Shock on Agriculture and the Poor in Nigeria: Results from a Computable General Equilibrium Model." Sustainable Agriculture Research 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2012): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n2p141.
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<p>Motivated by the recent global economic crisis, this paper simulated the impact of a rise in the price of imported food on agriculture and household poverty in Nigeria using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) class of decomposable poverty measures on the 2006 social accounting matrix (SAM) of Nigeria and the updated 2004 Nigeria Living Standards Survey (NLSS) data. Results show that a rise in import price of food increased domestic output of food, but reduced the domestic supply of other agricultural commodities as well as food and other agricultural composites. Furthermore, a rise in the import price of food increased poverty nationally and among all household groups, with rural-north households being the least affected by the shock, while their rural-south counterparts were the most affected. A major policy implication drawn from this paper is that high import prices in import competing sectors like agriculture tend to favour the sector but exacerbate poverty in households. Thus, efforts geared at addressing the impact of this shock should strive to balance welfare and efficiency issues.</p>
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Hai, Le Dinh, and Nguyen Lan Huong. "THE FACTORS INFLUENCING MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY OF HOUSEHOLDS: A CASE STUDY FROM BAC KAN PROVINCE." Journal of Forestry Science and Technology, no. 13 (2022): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55250/jo.vnuf.2022.13.118-130.
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Multidimensional poverty is a novel approach that has been put into use in Vietnam in the period 2016-2020. This is a new basis for poverty assessment, prevailing the limitations of measuring by income. The study aims to determine key factors influencing multidimensional poverty and propose solutions to reduce multidimensional poverty for households in Luong Thuong commune, Na Ri district, Bac Kan province. By conducting a survey from 150 households in the study area and using Binary Logistic Regression model for data analysis, the study identifies five key factors significantly affecting multidimensional poverty of households in the study area, including: (1) land area of the household; (2) ability to access information by households; (3) participation in agriculture extension activities; (4) ethnicity of household head; and (5) number of dependant in the household. Based on that, four solutions were proposed to help households in study area escape from multidimensional poverty, including (i) increasing the land area for the poor household; (ii) improving access information for households; (iii) renovating agricultural extension; (iv) reducing the number of dependants in the household. These solutions can be used as valuable reference materials for developing policies of sustainable poverty reduction for households in the study area in particular and in whole country in general.
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Chen, Zhe, Apurbo Sarkar, Md Shakhawat Hossain, Xiaojing Li, and Xianli Xia. "Household Labour Migration and Farmers’ Access to Productive Agricultural Services: A Case Study from Chinese Provinces." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100976.
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Household labour migration experiences may have a staggering impact within developing countries, especially in dynamic societies like China, where labour migration is obvious. The present study’s objective is to investigate whether household labour migration contributes to the probability of farmers’ access to productive agricultural services. The study’s empirical setup is comprised of household survey data of 541 farmers in Shaanxi, Henan, and Sichuan provinces. The study proposes a counterfactual model to evaluate the average processing effect of an urban migrant with the help of the endogenous transformation of the Probit model. The results show that labour migration for work directly affects farmers’ access to productive agricultural services and indirectly affects farmers’ access to productive agricultural services through three channels: labour input, land transfers, and planting structure adjustments. The study further confirms that labour migration for work has a significant heterogeneity in the probability of obtaining productive agricultural services for farmers with or without non-agricultural income. Simultaneously, the labour migration area for work has significant heterogeneity in the probability of farmer households’ access to productive agricultural services. The government should extend support towards productive agriculture services. Agricultural demonstration services and on-hand training of migrant labour should be highlighted.
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Madigele, Patricia Kefilwe. "Analysis of the Economic Benefits of Tourism in Contra-Distinction to Agriculture in Rural Boteti, Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p80.
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<p>Despite numerous efforts to improve agricultural production as an alternative source of employment, the high poverty headcount is still a source for concern in rural Boteti. On average, agriculture contributes to less than 20% to household economies in rural Boteti. To date, no research has been done to assess and determine the factors that affect livelihood diversification among households in Boteti. This study, among other methods, adopts the Household Economy Analysis, Household Income Estimation and the Tobit regression model in order to determine how the economic benefits of tourism industry compare with those of the agricultural sector in Khumaga and Moreomaoto in Boteti sub-district, Botswana. This study argues that notwithstanding the livelihood diversification efforts displayed in the study area, agriculture continues to be a significant contributor of total household income. The improved performance of agriculture is crucial in the attainment of food security. This paper is aimed at making an assessment of the contribution of tourism in the selected areas Boteti sub-district in comparison to agriculture. There is a strategic need to educate the local communities in the study area on the importance of tourism and how they could use it effectively as a livelihood activity.</p>
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Omotesho, Kemi, Azeez Muhammad-Lawal, and Damilare Ismaila. "Assessment of hired labour use and food security among rural farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, no. 3 (2014): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1403353o.
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This study examined the relationship between hired labour use and food security among rural farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. It determined the food security status of rural farming households and investigated the determinants of hired labour use. A four-stage random sampling technique was used to select 135 rural farming households from which data were collected with the use of a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and the Tobit regression model were the analytical tools used for the study. The study revealed that only about half of the households (51.1%) were food secure and that there is a positive correlation between the hired labour use and their food security status. Dependency ratio, age and educational qualification of the household head, total household size, and household income significantly influenced hired labour use (p<0.01). The study recommends the need for agricultural credit schemes in Nigeria to accord higher priority to older farmers and poor rural households. In addition, extension education which emphasizes agriculture as a business rather than a mere way of life should be promoted among farmers.
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Porgo, Mohamed, John K. M. Kuwornu, Pam Zahonogo, John Baptist D. Jatoe, and Irene S. Egyir. "Credit constraints and labour allocation decisions in rural Burkina Faso." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2016-0047.
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Purpose Credit is central in labour allocation decisions in smallholder agriculture in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of credit constraints on farm households’ labour allocation decisions in rural Burkina Faso. Design/methodology/approach The study used a direct elicitation approach of credit constraints and applied a farm household model to categorize households into four labour market participation regimes. A joint estimation of both the multinomial logit model and probit model was applied on survey data from Burkina Faso to assess the effect of credit constraint on the probability of choosing one of the four alternatives. Findings The results of the probit model showed that households’ endowment of livestock, access to news, and membership to an farmer-based organization were factors lowering the probability of being credit constrained in rural Burkina Faso. The multinomial logit model results showed that credit constraints negatively influenced the likelihood of a farm household to use hired labour in agricultural production and perhaps more importantly it induces farm households to hire out labour off farm. The results also showed that the other components of household characteristics and farm attributes are important factors determining the relative probability of selecting a particular labour market participation regime. Social implications Facilitating access to credit in rural Burkina Faso can encourage farm households to use hired labour in agricultural production and thereby positively impacting farm productivity and relieving unemployment pressures. Originality/value In order to identify the effect of credit constraints on farm households’ labour decisions, this study examined farm households’ decisions of hiring on-farm labour, supplying labour off-farm or simultaneously hiring on-farm labour and supplying family labour off-farm under credit constraints using the direct elicitation approach of credit constraints. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine this problem in Burkina Faso.
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Dodd, Warren, Marvin Gómez Cerna, Paola Orellena, Sally Humphries, Margaux L. Sadoine, David Zombré, Kate Zinszer, Amy Kipp, and Donald C. Cole. "Factors Associated with Seasonal Food Insecurity among Small-Scale Subsistence Farming Households in Rural Honduras." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030706.
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In the context of climate change, a nutritional transition, and increased pressures to migrate internally and internationally, this study examined the relationship between seasonal food insecurity and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors among small-scale subsistence farmers in rural northern Honduras. Anchored by a partnership with the Fundación para la Investigación Participativa con Agricultores de Honduras (FIPAH) and the Yorito Municipal Health Centre, a cross-sectional household survey was administered in Yorito, Honduras, in July 2014. The study population included 1263 individuals from 248 households across 22 rural communities. A multivariate mixed effects negative binomial regression model was built to investigate the relationship between the self-reported number of months without food availability and access from subsistence agriculture in the previous year (August 2013–July 2014) and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production variables. This study found a lengthier ‘lean season’ among surveyed household than previously documented in Honduras. Overall, 62.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): [59.52, 64.87]) of individuals experienced at least four months of insufficient food in the previous year. Individuals from poorer and larger households were more likely to experience insufficient food compared to individuals from wealthier and smaller households. Additionally, individuals from households that produced both maize and beans were less likely to have insufficient food compared to individuals from households that did not grow these staple crops (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.83; 95% CI: [0.69, 0.99]). Receiving remittances from a migrant family member did not significantly reduce the prevalence of having insufficient food. As unpredictable crop yields linked to climate change and extreme weather events are projected to negatively influence the food security and nutrition outcomes of rural populations, it is important to understand how demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors may modify the ability of individuals and households engaged in small-scale subsistence agriculture to respond to adverse shocks.
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Joshi, GR, and NB Joshi. "Determinants of household food security in the eastern region of Nepal." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 174–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i2.31257.
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Using the agricultural census data of 2011/12, this paper has attempted to identify the determinants of household level food security in the eastern region of Nepal. Being the censored type sample population, tobit model has been used. On an average, the households experienced no food shortages for 8.5 months, the cultivated land per household was 0.85 hectare and around 34 percent of the cultivated land was irrigated. The results showed that the size of the land holding, nearness to the market, male headed household, households members with agriculture and allied occupation and the educational level of household head were positive and significant variables while household size was negative and significant variable to food security. It was also revealed that the hills and the mountains were more food insecure than Terai region. Hence, investment in human capital, creation of off-farm employment opportunities, increasing physical access through markets and roads development and access to land and augmenting their quality are needed to further improve the food security situation. Similarly, special programs should be implemented targeting female headed households as they are more food insecure than male headed households.SAARC J. Agri., 14(2): 174-188 (2016)
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Tione, Sarah Ephrida. "Agricultural Resources and Trade Strategies: Response to Falling Land-to-Labor Ratios in Malawi." Land 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120512.
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This study assesses how growing land scarcity relative to family labor is influencing farm household decisions to trade in agricultural land and labor markets to improve their livelihood. Using the farm household model, I analyze decisions to rent-in land or hire out labor among smallholders in Malawi. I use data from two rounds of a nationally representative balanced-household panel and apply a systems approach to jointly estimate land rental and labor market decisions while controlling for simultaneity and unobserved heterogeneity. The results indicate that the falling owned-land-to-labor-endowment ratio can push households to participate in either land rental or seasonal agricultural labor markets. However, the probability of hiring out labor for casual work and short-term gains decreases when potential tenant households rent-in land. Based on asset-wealth-to-labor-endowment ratios, wealthier households are more likely to rent-in land while poorer households, including most smallholder households, are more likely to hire out labor. These results suggest higher friction in the land rental market compared to the agricultural labor markets and liquidity constraints dictating what is necessary to support agricultural operations and household needs. Accordingly, agricultural policy in Malawi should aim to reduce friction in factor markets.
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Yahaya, Iddrisu, Krishna P. Pokharel, Abdul-Fatahi Alidu, and Fred Amofa Yamoah. "Sustainable agricultural intensification practices and rural food security." British Food Journal 120, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2017-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of participation in sustainable agricultural intensification practices (SAIPs) on household food security status in Northwestern Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study utilised the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) indicator for the measurement of food access data from 168 households in ten communities from the Northwestern region of Ghana for the analyses. Households were categorised into participating households (treatment) and non-participating households (control). The endogenous treatment effects model was employed to evaluate the impact of participation in SAIPs training on food insecurity access scale. Findings The results show that participation in SAIPs training lowers, on average, the household food insecurity access by 2.95 points, approximately an 11 per cent reduction in HFIAS score. Other significant factors found to influence household food insecurity access scale are age of household head, experience in farming, total acres owned by household, income level of the household and occupation of the head of the household. Research limitations/implications The training programme of participation in SAIPs has massive implications for food security, rural economy and farmers’ livelihoods. However, due to the unique conditions prevailing in Northwestern Ghana, the findings of this research are limited in terms of their generalisability. Future research direction in the area of SAIPs trainings and impact study replications in all qualifying rural food production areas in Ghana, which are susceptible to household food insecurity, will provide a national picture of the efficacy of SAIPs trainings on household food insecurity. Practical implications A proven means to decrease natural resource degradation, increase crops yields, and increase subsistence farmers’ income, and food security is an important intervention to resolve the seasonal food shortage, which last for five months in a typical year for agro-food-dependent farming communities in Northwestern Ghana. Social implications Ensuring household food security improvement and environmental sustainability will help improve living standards of food producers and reduce the adverse social challenges associated with food insecure communities such as health problems due to food deficiencies, social inequalities, environmental pollution and natural resource degradation in Northwestern Ghana. Originality/value The contribution of this paper is the novel thought and approach to examine the impact of the SAIPs trainings on household food security in Northwestern Ghana using the household food insecurity access scale indicator. The study also examined the factors that affect household food security using the endogenous treatment model, which also evaluates the impact of the training programme on the outcome variable.
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Shongwe, Phindile, Micah B. Masuku, and Absalom M. Manyatsi. "Factors Influencing the Choice of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies by Households: A Case of Mpolonjeni Area Development Programme (ADP) in Swaziland." Journal of Agricultural Studies 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2014): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v2i1.4890.
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The increased involvement of food relief agencies nearly on an annual basis is a clear indication that agricultural production continues to decline as a result of climate change. In order to mitigate the negative effect of climate change, households engage on adaptation strategies. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends mostly on the level of adaptation in response to climate change. The main objectives of the study were to identify the adaptation strategies employed by households and to analyse factors influencing the choice of adaptation strategies by households using personal interviews. The study used data from a random sample of 350 households. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression model were used to analyse the data. The results showed that adaptation strategies employed were; drought tolerant varieties, switching crops, irrigation, crop rotation, mulching, minimum tillage, early planting, late planting and intercropping. The results showed that the choice of adaptation strategies by households was significantly (p <0.05) influenced by; age of household head, occupation of household head, being a member of a social group, land category, access to credit, access to extension services and training, high incidences of crop pest and disease, high input prices, high food prices, perceptions of households towards climate change. Moreover, the analysis showed that perceptions of households towards climate change significantly influence all adaptation strategies. However, sex and education level of the household head were insignificant in influencing household choice when adapting to climate change. It is recommended that there is need to educate households about the negative impact of climate change on cropping systems. The study also recommends that agriculture extension services should be strengthened, agriculture financial institutions should accommodate subsistence farmers on communal land and rural micro-finance institutions should be developed, in order to facilitate farmers to choose effective adaptation strategies.
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Sisay, Goitom. "Determinants of Household Dietary Diversity of Peri-Urban Modern Small-Scale Irrigation Project Beneficiary Female-Headed Households in Kobo Town, Ethiopia." Sumerianz Journal of Biotechnology, no. 52 (May 25, 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjb.52.34.42.
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Background: Dietary diversity as a complex and multi-dimensional issue is accredited to a range of interconnected factors. The general objective of this study was to identify determinants of Household Dietary Diversity of peri-urban modern small-scale irrigation project beneficiary female-headed households. Methodology: To achieve this objective, a cross-sectional survey method was used on 333 randomly selected households. Descriptive, inferential, as well as econometrics techniques, were employed to analyse the data. Accordingly, the binary Logit model was used to identify the determinants of Household Dietary diversity. Result: The model output publicized that household dietary diversity was significantly and positively determined by households’ active family labour force, aggregate per capita agricultural produces, bank saving account and access to remittance. On the contrary, the family size was significantly and inversely associated with household dietary diversity. To improve diversified dietary feeding practices, intervention in controlling family size, improving agricultural production and productivity, and diversifying households’ income ought to be strengthened.
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Schneider, Laura, and Jacqueline Geoghegan. "Land Abandonment in an Agricultural Frontier After a Plant Invasion: The Case of Bracken Fern in Southern Yucatán, Mexico." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 35, no. 1 (April 2006): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500010133.
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Plant invasions and their impact on land use pose difficult research questions, due to the complex relationships between the ecological nature of the invasion and the human responses to the invasion. This paper focuses on the linkages between an invasion of bracken fern and land use decisions in an agricultural frontier in southern Mexico. Agriculture in this region is practiced on an extensive basis, using traditional slash-and-burn techniques of temporary cultivation and continuous rotation through forest fallow. We investigate the factors that affect the decision of a subsistence farmer to either continue cultivating an invaded agricultural plot or permanently abandon the plot and cultivate elsewhere. We develop an agricultural household model of land use choices, where households maximize utility subject to constraints on land, labor, and income. We subsequently test the hypotheses raised, using data from a small household survey performed in the region in 2002.
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Wu, Lei, and Chengsi Wang. "Research on Rural Environmental Pollution Control Path Under Administrative Intervention Mechanism." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2022-0028.
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Abstract With the continuous development of urbanisation, the economic level of rural areas has improved greatly. However, due to the development of industry and the leap in the economy, the rural environment has suffered unprecedented damage. Taking Zhejiang Province as an example, this paper explores the rural environmental pollution control path under the government intervention mechanism. Firstly, it analyses the functions of the government in rural environmental pollution control. Then, taking Huzhou as an example, this paper empirically evaluates the willingness to pay for the treatment of living environment pollution in rural areas of Huzhou based on the CVM (Contingent Valuation Method) and analyses the decentralised domestic sewage treatment mode, multi household domestic sewage treatment mode, and waste collaborative treatment mode from the perspective of treatment technology and policy system. Finally, it is proposed that to speed up the governance of the rural environment, and we must strengthen the administrative intervention of the government in rural environmental governance. The government should improve the environmental protection awareness of leaders at all levels and the masses and enrich farmers’ environmental governance knowledge and technical training. Based on the theory of environmental economics, agricultural economics, and decision-making behaviour, this paper analyses the influence mechanism of farmers’ decision-making behaviour and government intervention in rural non-point source pollution control.
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Su, Weiliang, Chengfang Liu, Linxiu Zhang, Renfu Luo, and Hongmei YI. "Household-level linkages between off-farm employment and agricultural fixed assets in rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 7, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2014-0075.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of off-farm employment on agricultural fixed assets among households in rural China. Design/methodology/approach – The authors drew on panel data from two rounds of household-level surveys of more than 2,000 households in rural China. The two surveys were conducted in 2008 and 2012 in five provinces. The authors used instrumental-variable Tobit model to test whether the current value of agricultural fixed assets differ between households with different levels off-farm employment. Findings – The authors observe that off-farm employment has a negative effect on the current value of agricultural fixed assets at the household level in rural China. Originality/value – The authors believe that the results will contribute positively to the assessment of the effect of off-farm employment on the investment in agricultural fixed assets at the household level in the context of China.
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Moahid, Masaood, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Formal and Informal Credit: Evidence from Rural Afghanistan." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031268.
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Adequate access to credit is necessary for the sustainable development of agriculture. This study uses a double hurdle model to investigate what affects farming households’ credit participation and amount, and a Probit model to find out credit constraints. For this purpose, the data from a survey of 292 farming households in Afghanistan was utilized. The study finds that households obtain credit for their agricultural activities from various formal and informal sources. The results of the double hurdle model reveal that the financial activities of the households were positively determined by crop diversity, education, number of adults in a household, size of land, and access to extension. Non-agricultural income decreases the likelihood of participation. The results of the analysis of credit constraints indicate that formal credit did not help small-scale and remoter farming households; however, these households relied on informal credit, especially when they faced income shock. Furthermore, religious belief increased the chances of avoiding formal credit but not informal credit. It is suggested that formal credit should be expanded to rural areas, especially to small-scale farming households. Policy makers should also consider increasing access to extension. Formal financial institutions should provide Sharia-compliant credit, which increases the confidence level of households in using formal credit in Afghanistan.
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meena, D. C. "Role of Livestock Sector in Sustainable Livelihood Security in Yamuna Ravine Area of Uttar Pradesh." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/jul_sep/10-17.
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Livestock has been an integral part of human life since civilization started. It provides enormous opportunities to bring required growth in agriculture and households income, especially in remote and poor endowed regions. Ravines are the worst forms of land degradation caused by water erosion. The households those residents within ravine areas have low socio-economical status compared to residents of outside ravine areas. The present study explored the role of livestock in agriculture and households income in Yamuna ravine areas using both primary and secondary data. Further, this study also attempted for economic analysis of livestock and to identify signifi cant factors that infl uence the households' decision to rear livestock. The livestock (particularly buff alo) contributed substantially to the household's income. Hence crop-livestock mixed farming could produce worthy results for farmers and the growth of the agriculture sector. The small ruminants per household were found less in the study areas. However, these ruminants have tremendous potential to enhance farmers' income, particularly landless, marginal, and women farmers in ravine areas. Hence rearing of small ruminants should encourage. The milk productivity of animals was low in study areas compared to country levels. The results of the logit econometric model show that household age, family size, land holdings, irrigated area, and own ravine land were signifi cant factors for the household's decision to rear livestock. Therefore, supportive technical, institutional, and policy initiatives for improvement in breeds, animal health care, quality feed & fodder availability, and veterinary extension services are required for improving the productivity of the animal.
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Fitawek, Wegayehu, and Sheryl Hendriks. "Evaluating the Impact of Large-Scale Agricultural Investments on Household Food Security Using an Endogenous Switching Regression Model." Land 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030323.
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This study set out to estimate the effects of large-scale agricultural investments (LSAIs) on household food security in one community each in Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique. An endogenous switching regression model was adopted to control for a possible selection bias due to unobserved factors. It was found that households with members employed by large-scale agricultural investment companies were more likely larger households headed by younger migrant males holding smaller plots and fewer livestock than non-engaged households. The endogenous switching regression results confirmed the presence of both a positive and negative selection bias. In general, the results showed that households with a member employed by an LSAI enjoyed better household food security, higher dietary diversity, better food consumption scores and more adequate household food provisioning. Households without employed members could also enjoy these benefits should the LSAIs employ their members. However, the seasonal nature and low wages paid by LSAI may only support the purchase of food and not facilitate savings and investments to significantly improve food security.
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Kajela, Mabiratu Dangia, and D. Prem Kumar Dara. "LINKAGE BETWEEN INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AND ASSET OWNERSHIP IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS OF YAYU WOREDA AND HURUMU WOREDA, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i1.2019.1035.
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Rural households are engage in a variety of farm and non-farm activities based on initial assets endowments to diversify their income and cope with the risk of agricultural loss. This study was designed to assess linkage between income diversification and asset ownership among rural households in study area. Mult-stage sampling techniques were used to collect primary data from 237 farm households using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Tobit model was used to pinpoint factors that affect intensity of household income diversification and principal component analysis was used to index asset owned by households. The study shows that farm activities are the most important source of income for rural households in the study area contributing 90.92% of total households income with the remaining 9.08% originating from non-farm activities. A mean of income diversification index is 0.414(41.4%). Factors that affect intensity of household income diversification were: aggregate index of human capital, aggregate financial capital index and extension contact positively and membership in agricultural cooperative, sex of household heads and access to training negatively. In the study area generally, household asset ownership positively and significantly affected intensity of households income diversification and it has served as means for income diversification. Asset endowment needs to be considered by policy makers in the planning of agricultural and non-agricultural initiatives in the study area.
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Fumey, Abel, Solomon Yaw Agyeman-Boaten, and Sheriff Bediako Norman. "Impact evaluation of households participation in agriculture on welfare in Ghana." African Social Science and Humanities Journal 3, no. 3 (April 8, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/asshj.v3i3.123.
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The role of agriculture in Ghana’s economic development cannot be overstated as it is a major contributor to GDP and employs more people in the rural areas thereby improving on their welfare. However, the sector’s performance in recent time has declined as poverty incidence has remained high among rural agriculture households. This study, therefore, examines how participation in agriculture activities impact households’ welfare in Ghana using the seventh edition of Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS) dataset conducted in 2016/2017. The Heckman probit model is applied to determine the drivers of households' probability of engaging in agriculture. The propensity scores matching technique is used to match the farming households to their replica non-farming households as counterfactuals to ascertain the welfare impact of the households. The result shows that the welfare of households in agriculture is multidimensionally deprived than non-agriculture households. In addition, factors such as size of household, sex and age of household head, age at first marriage, location, ethnicity, and educational level of household heads have the likelihood of influencing agriculture participation in Ghana. Therefore, by modernising agriculture to enhance value addition through technology, irrigation, financing and marketing to boost agribusinesses would enhance the welfare in the agriculture households.
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Koopman, Jeanne. "Neoclassical Household Models and Modes of Household Production: Problems in the Analysis of African Agricultural Households." Review of Radical Political Economics 23, no. 3-4 (September 1991): 148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661349102300309.
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Wu, Juan, Wenjing Yu, Xiaobing Liu, and Yali Wen. "Analysis of Influencing Factors and Income Effect of Heterogeneous Agricultural Households’ Forestland Transfer." Land 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091520.
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After the collective forest tenure reform, the forestland transfer behavior choices did not reach the policy expectations. In order to explore the factors influencing the behavior of farmers’ forestland transfer and the income effect of forestland transfer, this paper constructs a binary logistic regression model and a propensity score matching (PSM) model and uses the data obtained from a questionnaire survey of 500 farmers from 10 counties in Liaoning Province for quantitative analysis. Considering the heterogeneity, agricultural households are divided into three categories, namely, pure agricultural households, part-time agricultural households and non-agricultural households. The study found that the influencing factors of different types of agricultural households’ forestland transfer behavior choices were not exactly the same and the degree of influence by the same variable was also different. Forestland transfer can effectively promote the increase of agricultural and forestry income and total household income of pure agricultural households, part-time agricultural households and non-agricultural households, among which the promotion effect on pure agricultural households is the largest.
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Dmytryk, О. "Strategic perspectives of rural households development in Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-101-108.
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The article studies the peculiarities of functioning of rural households, the substantiation of strategic scenarios for their development and the development of an effective mechanism for strengthening their role in the formation of agri-food resources of Ukraine. Taking into account the current state of the agricultural sector and real conditions of rural households existence, several alternative ways of their development are defned: individual (independent) development; integration of rural households with agricultural and processing enterprises; cooperation with other rural households and with small businesses. The analysis of the structure of agricultural production in terms of rural households that can be consumer oriented, consumer – production oriented and production oriented allows us to conclude that a long-term development of rural households will lead to a change in their commodity proposal. The results of the design analysis of the average growth rates of all three resource components showed: the average annual growth rate of labour remuneration - 24.3%; average annual growth rate of fnancial assistance - 21.5%; average annual growth rate of rural household income - 14.6%; the average annual growth rate of total revenues (resources) - 18.7%. Having used the statistical package "STATGRAPHICS",we analyzed the tendencies of decrease of incomes share of rural households from own labor and capital; as well as growth of incomes from hired labor. Having used the ARIMA model, we made a forecast until 2025, and found that the share of population incomes from rural households will decrease to 20.2%. However, the decrease in income from own labor and capital should be offset by an increase in income from remuneration of labor received in the real sector of the economy. In addition, the share of gross output of households in the total gross output of agriculture is calculated. The Brown model (exponential smoothing model) with the parameter alpha = 0.3639 was used for the forecast. According to the results of calculations, it can be concluded that in the future the share of gross agricultural output will decrease and may reach 35.7% by 2025. Today it is also obvious that production oriented rural household, in conditions of increase of marketability level and effective mechanisms for the sale of manufactured products, can be the base for the development of entrepreneurship in agricultural production. This can be created through the organization of a system of purchasing manufactured products from the population, or through the organization of a system of consumer cooperation. Based on this, we believe that the development of land mortgage lending is important to meet fnancial resources needs of small agricultural producers in Ukraine, to achieve maximum economic effect from the realization of land potential, and as a result, to reduce risks in agricultural production. The mechanism for solving this problem, to our opinion, is the creation of mortgage funds of entity at the state level or at the level of united territorial communities. Key words: rural household, incomes of rural households, family farms, rural territories, mortgage lending, cooperation.
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Asmare, Fissha, Hailemariam Teklewold, and Alemu Mekonnen. "The effect of climate change adaptation strategy on farm households welfare in the Nile basin of Ethiopia." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 518–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-10-2017-0192.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of crop diversification (CD), as a climate change adaptation strategy, on farm household’s welfare in terms of farm income and demand for labor. It explores whether adoption of CD is a win-win strategy on household income and demand for on-farm labor. It also examines the determinants of rural household’s net farm income and family labor demand. Design/methodology/approach A household-plot level data were collected in 2015 from 929 rural farm households and 4,778 plots in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. The data comprise farm and household characteristics accompanied by geo-referenced climate data such as long-term average temperature and amount and variability of growing season rainfall. The authors estimate an endogenous switching regression model to measure the effect of CD on the farm household’s welfare, using net farm income and household labor demand as a welfare indicator. Findings The results indicate heterogeneous effects of climate variables on farm income between adopters and non-adopters of CD. The study also confirms the win-win effect of adoption of CD with a positive and significant effect on farm income and a reduction in demand for on-farm labor. The results suggest that adoption of CD helps improve the well-being of farm households and build a resilient agricultural system. Research limitations/implications As the study used a cross-sectional data, it is limited to show the time effect of practicing CD on the household’s welfare. Originality/value First, the authors investigate, to their knowledge for the first time, the existence of synergy or tradeoff in the effect of CD on two dimensions of rural households’ welfare (net farm income and labor demand). Second, they investigate the heterogeneous effect of climate change adaptation strategies on the farm household’s welfare between adopters and non-adopters. This is unlike previous studies that consider climate change adaptation strategies as having a homogeneous effect. However, this approach is inappropriate since the effect of adaptation strategies is different for adopters and non-adopters.
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Mohammed, Fatima, Michael J. Barrowclough, Michelle L. Kibler, and Maria A. Boerngen. "Measuring usage of formal financial services as a proxy for financial inclusion." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 4 (March 6, 2020): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-09-2019-0096.
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PurposeFinancial inclusion is an issue of importance and increasing concern worldwide, particularly to policymakers across Africa and the rest of the developing world. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the level of usage of formal financial services among Ghanaian agricultural households as well as factors influencing these levels.Design/methodology/approachFinancial inclusion indicators associated with the usage of formal financial services are selected from the 2017 Ghana Living Standard Survey. Using these indicators, an index measuring the level of usage of formal financial services is developed. A multinomial logistic regression model is implemented to analyze the possible effect that farm and household characteristics have on index measures.FindingsUsage of formal financial services is very low among agricultural households, with many households using no financial products or services. Household expenditure, education, religion, geographic location, and the use of informal financial services were found to be consistent factors impacting household financial inclusion levels.Practical implicationsFindings may assist policymakers in designing policy schemes aimed at improving access to and usage of financial services for Ghanaian agricultural households. This may lead to a more inclusive financial system with the potential to improve the livelihood of agricultural households and contribute to Ghana's overall economic development.Originality/valueA household-level index measuring usage of formal financial services was developed and characteristics influencing said index measures were examined, providing a more holistic view and understanding of factors influencing usage decisions.
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Francks, Penelope. "Rural Industry, Growth Linkages, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Japan." Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 1 (February 2002): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700188.
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In recent years, a considerable change has taken place in the way in which analysts of economic development have come to understand the nature of the growth process in rural areas and the relations between agricultural and nonagricultural activity as industrialization takes place. Growing awareness of the significance of nonagricultural activities in rural areas, of rural industrialization, and of the “livelihood diversification strategies” adopted by rural households has prompted this shift in understanding (Ellis 1998, 1–2). The strict agriculture/industry divide of standard dual-economy models has been broken down, and scholars have recognized the implications, both theoretical and policy-related, of the existence and development of the “pluriactive” rural household that derives its income from a variety of sources alongside agriculture. Various ways of analyzing the nature and implications of agriculture/industry interaction within rural areas, and the economic activities of rural households that underlie them, have been developed, but central to much of the work on the issue has been a model of the “growth linkages” between agricultural and nonagricultural activity. This model seeks to demonstrate how backward and forward linkages between growth in agricultural output and the expansion of manufacturing activity in rural areas operate to produce a “virtuous circle” of expanding employment opportunities, rising and often quite equally distributed rural incomes, and improving standards of living.
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Nguyen, Thi Minh Khue, Thi Dien Nguyen, and Philippe Lebailly. "Multiple Pathway for Agricultural Labour Adaptation in a Vietnamese Village under the Context of Revonation." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n1p97.
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The revival of family farming with rural out migration has undisputable contribution for household livelihoods. This paper aimed to figure out the relationship between migration and agricultural labour adaptation in Vietnamese rural areas. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis, this study showed that migration had complicated impacts on labour management intra-household for sustaining agricultural activities, there is no remarkable agricultural labour deficit created due to internal migration in the meso level. In contrast with reported trend on de-agrarianization due to productive migrants, this paper argued that rural households manage to have multiple pathways to maintain farming. Their strategy is the combination of changing agricultural scheme, renting labour or develop the multi-spacial household rural households in response with this new context of labour loss for migration. The strong commitments and obligations between family members show that the multi-spacial household model is well-functioning with mutual support divided across space.