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1
Asim, Hafiz, and Muhammad Akbar. "Sectoral growth linkages of agricultural sector: Implications for food security in Pakistan." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 6 (June 18, 2019): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/314/2017-agricecon.
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Does the growth in non-agricultural sectors spill over to the agricultural sector of an economy? There is limited evidence available on the issue for the developing world, especially for Pakistan which has undergone large structural changes since its independence. This study examined the impact of sectoral growth linkages on agricultural output of Pakistan for the period of 1960–2016. We have estimated an econometric model which incorporates inter-sectoral linkages of Pakistan economy using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Our analysis revealed that the economy of Pakistan has shifted from an agricultural dominant economy to services-based economy during the past six decades. Results of VECM show that the industrial sector has a negative impact on the performance of agricultural output whereas services sector is influencing the output of agriculture sector positively in the long run. Short run results show that industrial sector is affecting the performance of agricultural output positively whereas services sector is influencing the output of agriculture sector negatively. Negative impacts of industry in the long run and services in the short run imply that agricultural sector should be given its due share in public investment and the role of middle man should be minimised at the time of sale of agricultural production in the markets.<br />
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Malik, Sohail Jehangir, Asjad Tariq Sheikh, and Amir Hamza Jilani. "Inclusive Agricultural Growth in Pakistan— Understanding Some Basic Constraints." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2016): 889–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.889-903.
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Inclusive agricultural growth is important for overall economic growth and particularly critical for rural socio-economic stability and poverty reduction in Pakistan. The majority of Pakistan‘s population and 44 percent of the overall labour force are dependent upon agriculture which only accounts for a little over 20 percent of national GDP. The paper highlights some basic constraints that have not been explicitly addressed in the policy research and implementation and have impeded inclusive agriculture growth. A descriptive analysis based on data from the Agriculture Census of Pakistan and the Pakistan Household Income and Economic Survey—both of which were conducted in 2010-11—is used to show how high levels of poverty and its disparity across regions, combined with the declining size of operated holdings and associated fragmentation especially in the smallest size categories which now form over 60 percent of the agricultural holdings in Pakistan, are fundamental constraints. Poverty is both the result as well as the consequence of fragmented markets, weak institutions including governance; and, inadequate policy research and implementation. A better research based policy understanding of some basic constraints, and the variations across regions in such factors such as the declining size and fragmentation of operated farms, rural poverty; and, the levels of market development and institutions is essential along with effective implementation. One size fits all policies have not and will not work. JEL Classification: O40, Q15, I32, P46 Keywords: Inclusive Growth, Land Holding, Land Tenure, Income Distribution, Poverty
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Chaudhary, Mohammad Aslam. "Regional Agricultural Underdevelopment in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.889-898.
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In this study an attempt has been made to analyse regional agricultural growth in Pakistan in the light of the regional spread of the Green Revolution and its impact on productivity and output growth of this sector. The regional inequality in the spread of the Green Revolution can lead to several other inequalities and it may cause social and economic problems, for example, inequality in income, social tension and political unrest. Therefore, its study is important. Our main focus of the study is to identify linkages between the regional spread of the Green Revolution and increase in productivity in the agriculture sector. Such an inequality in the growth of agriculture could also be a source of relative under development of a certain region. To study such events and for comparison, an analysis of all the regions of Pakistan has been carried out. Table 1, shows inequality in the growth of agriculture in Pakistan and in its regions since 1960-61 to 1990-91.
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PATHANIA, Rajni. "Estimating Effects of Agricultural Inputs on Growth of Agricultural Production: A comparative study of India and Pakistan." Journal of Global Economy 12, no. 2 (June 25, 2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v12i2.426.
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Abstract: The present study compares the relationship between agricultural inputs and agricultural production growth in India and Pakistan during the period 1991-92 to 2013-14. In this study we used five variables fertilizer usage, electricity consumption in agricultural sector, irrigation, Public Investment in agricultural sector and agriculture production. The econometric results suggest that fertilizer usages, electricity consumption and public investment have significant on agricultural production in India as well as in Pakistan. Only one independent variable irrigation has insignificant but positive impact on agricultural production in both economies. The distinctive implication for Indian and Pakistan policymakers is that there is need to increase public investment in agriculture sector it may be in area of agriculture research, rural infrastructure, storage and marketing facilities. More public investment should be encouraged in agricultural backward regions of both nations.Keywords: Agricultural inputs, Agricultural Production, Public investment, fertilizer usages, Electricity consumptionJEL classification: Q1, Q12, Q15, Q120, Q110Â
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Hashmat, Afsheen, and Ghulam Ghouse. "The Role of Technological Advancement in Agriculture Sector and Economy of Pakistan." iRASD Journal of Economics 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2019.0101.0002.
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This study is designed to explore the role of technological advancement in agricultural sector in the context of economy of Pakistan. The data set are based on the period from 1972 to 2019. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing employed to identify the short run and long run relationships between the technological advancement in agricultural sector and gross domestic product. The Granger causality also applied to find out the direction of causal relationships. The ARDL cointegration results indicates that there is positive relationship between technological advancement in agricultural sector and gross domestic product in short run and long run. The Granger causality results also indicate that the GDP growth also Granger cause the agriculture technology. And stability tests show that the model CUSUM and CUSUM of squares indicate that models are valid. The results suggest that technological advancement in agricultural sector has positive impact on GDP in case of Pakistan economy. Technological advancement in agricultural sector strengthens the Pakistan’s economy. There is need to pay more attention by the government administration to provide technological facilities in agricultural sector, properly and efficiently to get more benefits which ultimately enhance the agriculture growth and development of Pakistan’s economy.
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Ali, Gulzar, Ghulam Mustafa, and Said Zamin Shah. "Performance of Agriculture Sector in Foreign Trade of Pakistan." I V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(v-i).02.
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The vigorous and dynamic expansion and technical progression of the agriculture productivity pave the way to considerable achievements in providing raw materials to the industrial sector and fulfilling domestic demand. The agriculture sector has an imperative role in poverty reduction, growth, increased employment opportunities and increasing foreign exchange reserves through exportable agricultural products. In short, agriculture is the backbone of economic stability and development in the country. This study is an attempt to investigate the performance of the agriculture sector and its impact on Pakistans foreign trade. The findings of the study revealed the affirmative and noteworthy role of the agriculture sector in the foreign trade of Pakistan during 1980-2017. The policymakers and government of Pakistan should encourage private and public investors for agriculture investment to enhance the production and agricultural exports.
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Ahmad, Shakeel, Muhammad Tariq, Touseef Hussain, Qasir Abbas, Hamidullah Elham, Iqbal Haider, and Xiangmei Li. "Does Chinese FDI, Climate Change, and CO2 Emissions Stimulate Agricultural Productivity? An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 7485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187485.
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Pakistan’s agricultural sector growth is dwindling from the last several years due to insufficient foreign direct investment (FDI) and a drastic climate change-induced raise in temperature, which are severely affecting agricultural production. The FDI has paramount importance for the economy of developing countries as well as the improvement of agricultural production. Based on the time series data from 1984 to 2017, this paper aims to highlight the present situation of the agriculture sector of Pakistan and empirically analyze the short-run and long-run impact of Chinese foreign direct investment (CFDI), climate change, and CO2 emissions on agricultural productivity and causality among the variables. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) model and Granger Causality test were employed to find out the long-run, short-run, and causal relationships among the variables of interest. Furthermore, we have employed the Error Correction Model (ECM) to know the convergence of the equilibrium path. The bound test results verified the existence of a long-run association, and the empirical findings confirmed that Chinese FDI has a significant and positive impact, while climate change and CO2 emissions has negative impact on the agricultural growth of Pakistan both in the short-run and long-run. Granger Causality test results revealed that variables of interest exhibit bi-directional and uni-directional causality. The sector-wise flow of FDI reveals that the agriculture sector of Pakistan has comparatively received a less amount of FDI than other sectors of the economy. Based on the findings, it was suggested to the Government of Pakistan and policymakers to induce more FDI in the agriculture sector. Such policies would be helpful for the progress of the agriculture sector as well as for the economic growth of Pakistan.
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Ali, Shujat. "Total Factor Productivity Growth and Agricultural Research and Extension: An Analysis of Pakistan’s Agriculture, 1960-1996." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.729-746.
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Pakistan’s agriculture has grown rapidly since the 1960s, with an average annual growth of about 4 percent over the four decades till the end of the century. Agricultural growth at this rate was sustained by the technological progress embodied in the high-yielding varieties of grains and cotton, with supporting public investment in irrigation, agricultural research and extension (R&E), and physical infrastructure. This rate of agricultural growth has significantly contributed to the overall economic growth of about 6 percent per year during this period. Sustaining this performance presents a considerable challenge for the public policy framework for agriculture, not the least for the agricultural research and extension system in Pakistan. The central role of technological change in increasing agricultural productivity is well established in the wake of the Green Revolution experience across much of Asia. In the context of Pakistan, it has been estimated that almost 58 percent of the total output growth from 1960 to 1996 was due to technological change [Ali (2000)]. While improvements in the physical and market infrastructure, farmer education, price policies, and weather, all have their place in enhancing agricultural production, R&E investments has been regarded by far the most important contributor to agricultural productivity growth [Evenson and Rosegrant (1993); Byerlee (1994)].
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Haider, Azad, Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain, Wimal Rankaduwa, and Farzana Shaheen. "Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052808.
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This paper analyses the relationship between Nitrous Oxide emissions, agricultural land use, and economic growth in Pakistan. Agriculture largely contributes to Nitrous Oxide emissions. Hence, models of agriculture induced Nitrous Oxide emissions are estimated in addition to models of total Nitrous Oxide emissions. Estimated models accommodate more flexible forms of relationship between economic growth and emissions than those of the widely adopted models in testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and the vector error correction model approach is applied to test the Environmental Kuznets’s Curve hypothesis for Pakistan and to detect the directions of causality among variables using the time series data for the period 1971 to 2012. Results indicate that an N-shaped rather than an inverted U-shaped relationship exists in the case of Pakistan. The tipping values for total Nitrous Oxide emissions and agriculturally induced Nitrous Oxide emissions indicate that Pakistan passes through a phase of increasing environmental degradation. Increases in agricultural land use and per capita energy use will increase the level of Nitrous Oxide emissions. However, controlling Nitrous Oxide emissions from agricultural land use and per capita, energy use without adversely affecting economic development will be a serious policy challenge for Pakistan.
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Balagamwala, Mysbah, Haris Gazdar, and Hussain Bux Mallah. "Synergy or Trade-Off between Agricultural Growth and Nutrition Women’s Work and Care." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 897–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.897-913.
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This paper examines the implications of women‘s work in agriculture and children‘s nutritional outcomes in Pakistan. Agricultural growth is an important element of overall economic growth and poverty reduction. It is generally presumed that growth in agriculture will also lead to better nutrition through the higher availability of nutritious foods and increased incomes for the poor. Growth, however, might also imply changes in the amount of time and effort women expend in agricultural work. This may have positive outcomes for nutrition if women have access to their own income, but might also have negative consequences if women‘s agricultural work diminishes their ability to provide nutrition-related care for themselves and their children. The cotton sector which relies very largely on women‘s labour, particularly in harvesting [Siegmann and Shaheen (2008)], can serve as a key vantage point for observing the link between women‘s agricultural work, care and nutrition outcomes in Pakistan. We first set the context for our research by discussing the problem of under nutrition in Pakistan and why agriculture can play a role in improving nutritional outcomes (Section 2). In Section 3, we introduce the concept of care as it exists in the literature the determinants of nutrition review the existing evidence on the relationship between care and women‘s agricultural work. Empirical findings from qualitative research in a cotton-growing region in Pakistan are reported in Section 4. The paper concludes in Section 5 with discussion on how growth in agriculture can be made more inclusiv
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Chishti, Anwar F., and Waqar Malik. "WTO’s Trade Liberalisation, Agricultural Growth, and Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 1035–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.1035-1052.
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Pakistan is an agrarian based developing country, and like many other developing countries, its agriculture sector is subjected to domestic forces of demand and supply and changes in prices at international level, as well. More specifically, in the late 1990s, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) emerged as one the major players affecting such market changes more vigorously at international arena. The WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture, which was established as a result of the 1986-94 Uraguay Round talks, requires, for both developed and developing countries, to initiate a process of reforms in their agrarian economies with the objective of establishing a fair and market oriented agricultural trading system through multilateral trade negotiations. This Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) specifically asks for major reductions in export subsidies, domestic support and import barriers on agricultural products to achieve this objective, the WTO’s Agreement of Agriculture [WTO (2001)] had set the following quantitative targets for cuts in each of the three specified area, namely import tariffs, domestic supports and export subsidies.
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WAGAN, Zulfiqar Ali, Zhang CHEN, Seelro HAKIMZADI, and Muhammad Sanaullah SHAH. "Assessing the effect of monetary policy on agricultural growth and food prices." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 11 (November 26, 2018): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/295/2017-agricecon.
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Agricultural growth is closely associated with sustainable economic development. This is especially true from the perspective of developing countries, such as India and Pakistan, where significant portions of the labour force are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. This study analysed the impact of macroeconomic policy (i.e. monetary policy) on employment, food inflation, and agricultural growth by analysing to what extent monetary policy is effective in controlling food price inflation, the effect of contractionary monetary policy on the agricultural sector’s employment and productivity, and the extent of monetary policy transmission to money market rates and 10-year interest rates. We did so by applying a factor-augmented vector autoregressive model proposed by Bernanke et al. (2005) to agricultural data from 1995 and 1996 to 2016 for India and Pakistan, respectively. We found that tight monetary policy significantly reduced food inflation and agricultural production while increasing the rural unemployment rate. Short-term and 10-year interest rates increased owing to the contractionary monetary policies pursued by both countries. An inclusive monetary policy whereby policymakers work alongside governments to achieve price stabilisation and reasonable employment rates is recommended.
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Dorosh, Paul, Muhammad Khan Niazi, and Hina Nazli. "Distributional Impacts of Agricultural Growth in Pakistan: A Multiplier Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i3pp.249-275.
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In spite of substantial growth in agricultural GDP in the 1990s, rural poverty rates in Pakistan did not decline. This paper explores the reasons for this lack of correlation between increases in agricultural production and poverty reduction through an analysis of growth linkages using a 2001-02 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM)-based semi-inputoutput model. Model simulations indicate that expansion of traditional crop agriculture can significantly benefit rural poor farmers. However, because of skewed distribution of land and earnings from land, landless agricultural labourers and the rural non-farm poor (who, together, account for 61 percent of the rural poor) do not benefit directly from growth in the crop sector. In the absence of a change in the structure of rural incomes and employment, further measures will likely be needed for rapid poverty reduction in Pakistan, including greater efforts to boost the livestock sector, expansion of the rural non-farm economy (in addition to agricultural growth-induced linkage effects), and targeted interventions to the poorest rural households.
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Siddiqui, Rehana, Ghulam Samad, Muhammad Nasir, and Hafiz Hanzla Jalil. "The Impact of Climate Change on Major Agricultural Crops: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.261-276.
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It is necessary for a country to make its agriculture sector efficient to enhance food security, quality of life and to promote rapid economic growth. The evidence from least developed countries (LDCs) indicates that agriculture sector accounts for a large share in their gross domestic product (GDP). Thus the development of the economy cannot be achieved without improving the agriculture sector. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12) its main natural resource is arable land and agriculture sector’s contribution to the GDP is 21 percent. The agricultural sector absorbs 45 percent of labour force and its share in exports is 18 percent. Given the role of agricultural sector in economic growth and its sensitivity to change in temperature and precipitation it is important to study the impact of climate change on major crops in Pakistan. There are two crops seasons in Pakistan namely, Rabi and Kharif. Rabi crops are grown normally in the months of November to April and Kharif crops are grown from May to October. These two seasons make Pakistan an agricultural economy and its performance depends on the climate during the whole year. Climate change generally affects agriculture through changes in temperature, precipitation.
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Nagy, Joseph G., and M. A. Quddus. "The Pakistan Agricultural Research System: Present Status and Future Agenda." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i2pp.167-187.
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Alarming food supply and demand deficits are projected to the year 2020 and beyond for Pakistan, based on its current low investment/low growth agricultural sector. Evidence suggests that agricultural productivity growth and increases in production may not keep pace with past growth rates. Part of the problem is an underfunded and poorly managed agricultural research system that can not hope to contribute significantly to increasing agricultural productivity now or in the future. The World Bank-assisted Agricultural Research II Project (ARP-II) was initiated to partially overcome some of the funding problems and provide institutional development in the areas of organisation, planning, and management of the research system at both the federal and provincial levels. A National Master Agricultural Research Plan (NMARP) was one of the principal goals of the ARP-II as part of improving research planning and management. The objective of this paper is to review the reasons why the Pakistan agricultural research system needs to be revitalised, review the status and problems of the present agricultural research system, and outline a future agenda for Pakistan’s agricultural research system based on the plan developed for the NMARP.
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Bravo-Ureta, Boris E. "Research, Extension, and Information: Key Inputs in Agricultural Productivity Growth (Distinguished Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4I (December 1, 2002): 443–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4ipp.443-473.
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The objective of this paper is to examine how economists have perceived the contributions of agriculture to the economic development process and then to present the case for the critical role that research, extension, and information can play in agricultural productivity growth and thus in economic development, particularly in low income countries. After a brief presentation of the framework commonly used to examine productivity growth, a distinction is made between technological change and technical efficiency. This distinction is crucial for policy purposes because the major impetus behind technological change are research and development, while education and experience are critical to improving managerial capabilities to make efficient use of a given technology. Empirical findings concerning the returns on agricultural research, with special attention to studies that have focused on Pakistan, are discussed. The paper then offers an overview of alternative methodologies available to measure technical efficiency, summarises the empirical literature, and finally focuses on studies dealing with Pakistani agriculture. Once it is established that improvements in technical efficiency could contribute significantly to increases in farm output and income, the discussion moves to some issues that have implications for the measurement and potential improvement of farm efficiency. An overview of a model of privatised extension services, currently being applied in some Latin American countries and which could have some relevance to conditions in Pakistan and elsewhere, is provided. The paper ends with the contention that significant improvements are needed in the collection and organisation of farm production data if we are to advance our understanding of the drivers of productivity growth at the farm level.
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Ali, A., W. Akhtar, S. Ahmad, and C. Honghua. "REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES OF PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 36, no. 1 (October 12, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2020.36.1.5.
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Since, Pakistan is bound to follow the international agreement drafted by WTO (World Trade Organization) to formulate trade policy which should be based on comparative and competitive advantages in the international economy, therefore the present study was designed to examine the specialization and competitiveness of Pakistan’s major crops. For this purpose, Bela’ Balassa’s (1965) indexes of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) were employed, and moreover, secondary data from reliable sources related to crops from 1980 to 2013 were extensively utilized. The major findings of this research study revealed that Pakistan has a strong comparative and competitive advantage in rice, onion, dates, mango, mangoes- teen and guava during the period ranging from 1980 to 2013. Similarly, Pakistan has higher competitiveness in rice and mango at international level. Results also indicated that Pakistan has been facing disadvantages in potatoes during 1980 to 1997, and banana during 1980 to 2009, however, it was maintained but these vegetables/fruits have no competitiveness in the international market. The present study concludes that Pakistan has an excellent capability (being and agriculturally based economy) of higher growth of these products; therefore, these agricultural items could prove themselves a good source for Pakistan to earn higher foreign exchange.
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Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar, and Zafar Iqbal. "Regional Distribution of Agricultural Incomes in Pakistan : An Intertemporal Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4II (December 1, 1988): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.537-549.
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The stagnant agriculture sector of the Fifties was transformed into a dynamic one in Pakistan by the technological breakthroughs made in the early Sixties. The installation of private tube wells, introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) for various crops, the rising use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides and the mechanization of tillage operations have ensured growth rates of agricultural output unknown in the Indo- Pakistan subcontinent. Although the desirability of these technological changes in terms of growth cannot be doubted, it was argued in many studies that the technology would likely lead to increasing rural income disparities in Pakistan thus thwarting the desired impact of growth on economic development (AlaVi (1976); Falcon (1970); Gotsch (1976); Gotsch (1976a): Griffin (1974); and Hamid (i974))
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Mellor, John W. "Agricultural Price Policy for Growth (The Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4I (December 1, 1994): 497–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4ipp.497-532.
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Superb agricultural resources, substantial investment, and relatively liberal macroeconomic policies have provided Pakistan with a high agricultural growth rate and strong multipliers of that agricultural growth to other sectors of the economy. Those growth rates and the consequent multipliers could have been much greater. More troubling, there are unsustainable elements to the past growth rates that are already showing themselves. Thus, without attention to key policy issues, Pakistan's agricultural and overall growth rates are bound to decline significantly. Indeed, that decline is already underway. Correct pricing, investment, and institutional development policies can reverse that decline and accelerate growth rates well beyond those of the past. Agricultural price policy is of central importance in its own right and plays an important indirect role in each of the other key policy areas. Thus, this paper, while concerned with agricultural growth and its multipliers, wraps the discussion around price policy issues.
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Amjad Chaudhry, Azam. "Total Factor Productivity Growth in Pakistan: An Analysis of the Agricultural and Manufacturing Sectors." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 14, Special Edition (September 1, 2009): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2009.v14.isp.a1.
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This paper uses Cobb-Douglas and translog production functions to calculate total factor productivity (TFP) in Pakistan over the period 1985 – 2005, first for the manufacturing and agricultural sectors individually, then for the economy as a whole. In manufacturing, productivity increased at an average of 2.4% per year with output growth being driven mainly by increases in capital. Despite the limitations of the available agricultural data, we have determined that productivity has grown at an average rate of 1.75% per year in this sector. The major drivers of growth in agriculture have been increases in labor and TFP. These estimates of sectoral TFP put Pakistan at par or above average as compared to other developing countries, but lagging behind the East Asian economies. For the economy as a whole, TFP has increased at an average rate of only 1.1% a year in Pakistan, resulting in almost three quarters of GDP growth attributed to increases in labor and the capital stock.
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Zaheer, Rummana, Saman Hussain, and Muhammad Nadeemullah. "Agricultural Development And The Role Of Women's Self- Employment In Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.118.
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Pakistan aimed to achieve the target of 5.5% of GDP growth for the fiscal year 2015-16, of which 3.9% is expected to catch from the agricultural sector. In the economy, about 42.3% of the total employment is attributed by the agricultural sector, of which about 72.7% is contributed by the 48.96% of the total population, the WOMEN. Female as first-line labor force never receive the consideration of their actual contribution in the development on national basis. Like other developing economies of the world, Pakistan must to focus to expose and utilize the potential of the women labor force in agriculture. The discussion on the agricultural development of Pakistan with reference to women's self-employment is done in this study. Along review of literature and empirical studies, to facilitate the discussion and conclusion, annual time series data from the period of 1985 to 2015 under the regression analysis is taken. The variables taken, to discuss the strength and nature of association with the agricultural development of Pakistan by selfemployment of women, are gross domestic product of agriculture, literacy rate of women, women employed in agriculture and domestic credit disbursement to agriculture sector. The study expects the significant result withal positive association of variables to the development of the economy.
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Ali, Shujat. "Total Factor Productivity Growth in Pakistan’s Agriculture: 1960-1996." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4II (December 1, 2004): 493–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.493-513.
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Nearly one-quarter of Pakistan’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is contributed by the agriculture sector and it employs nearly 44 percent of the labour force. Agricultural exports, directly and indirectly, make up a large proportion of total exports and foreign exchange earnings of the country. Agriculture in Pakistan faces considerable challenge in the 21st century. The present population of about 149 million, growing at about 1ta. 9 percent per year, is expected to double to 298 million in about 40 years. Pakistan’s agriculture has experienced rapid growth since the 1960s. The average annual growth of about 4 percent in the four decades before the onset of the new millennium has exceeded the population growth that touched about 3 percent for a substantial part of this period.1 This rate of growth in agriculture has been sustained by the technological progress embodied in the highyielding varieties of grains and cotton with supporting public investment in irrigation, agricultural research and extension (R&E), and physical infrastructure. Agricultural growth, in turn, has made significant contribution to the overall economic growth of about 6 percent per year during this period. Despite rising per capita income, food demand is likely to grow rapidly given the low level of current per capita income. There is a compelling need for sustained efforts to increase production of essential items (wheat, edible oils, etc.). Faced with limits to further expansion of cultivated land and slowing returns to further input intensification, productivity growth assumes a central role in meeting the challenges of the future.
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Jehangir Malik, Sohail. "Rethinking Development Strategy –The Importance of the Rural Non Farm Economy in Growth and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 13, Special Edition (September 1, 2008): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a11.
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The structural transformation of Pakistan’s economy has not been accompanied by a concomitant decline in the proportion of labor employed in agriculture. While this transformation has resulted in a non-farm sector that is large and growing it has not lead to the rapid absorption of the pool of relatively low productivity labor away from the agriculture sector, as predicted by conventional development theory embodied in the models of the 1960s. Despite the obvious importance of the role of a vibrant rural non-farm economy (RNFE), and in particular, a vibrant non-farm services sector to address the challenges of poverty, food security, agricultural growth and rural development, this sector has received inadequate attention in the debate in Pakistan. Based on a review of literature and data from two large surveys – the Rural Investment Climate Survey of Pakistan 2005 and the Surveys of Domestic Commerce 2007 – this paper attempts to analyze the factors underlying the low level of development of the rural non farm economy and the potential role it can play in Pakistan’s economic development.
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Shahbaz, Muhammad, Muhammad Shahbaz Shabbir, and Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt. "Effect of financial development on agricultural growth in Pakistan." International Journal of Social Economics 40, no. 8 (June 28, 2013): 707–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2012-0002.
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Zaman, Sumia Bint, Muhammad Ishaq, and Muhammad Azam Niazi. "Contribution of Agriculture Sector in Economic Growth of Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis." Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.527.
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There has been controversy in the field of development economics about the significance of the role of agriculture sector in economic growth. Going through the data, it indicates that agriculture sector is significant contributor to the economy of Pakistan as it contributes about 19% in national GDP. This study was designed to statistically test the contribution of agriculture sector in economic growth of Pakistan through estimation of relationship between agriculture sector and Pakistan’s economic growth using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test and Error Correction Model (ECM). Time series data on selected variables was utilized from 1961-2018. Study found that real agricultural value added has a significant positive impact on real GDP per capita in the long-run where one percent increase in real agricultural value added increases the real GDP/capita by 0.35%. This indicated that the promotion of agriculture sector leaves far reaching effects with respect to economic growth of the country. These results advocated for the development of agriculture sector in line with the long-term goals of economic growth and emphasized in investing in agriculture sector. Coefficient of error correction term (ECT) is -0.62 meaning that if there is any disequilibrium, it will restore @ 62 percent in the first period. Results also proved the importance of capital formation both the physical capital and human capital. Finding suggested that we should investment in human health to enhance the economic growth as suggested by exogenous growth theory. Moreover, it can also be suggested to create conducive environment and economic opportunities to reap the benefits of demographic dividends of decreased mortality in the long-run. As per analysis, maintaining stability is critically important for economic growth. Moreover, literature hypothesize the positive effect of TOT for economic growth, but analysis indicated that TOT has not been able to put any significant impact on economic growth. Further, trend analysis also pointed out that TOT has been fluctuating over the time. It can be inferred from the analysis that there is need to stabilize TOT and restructure the exports of the country to generate the significant positive impact.
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Javed, Sumbal, Muhammad Tariq, and Saima Urooge. "The Role of Public Spending and Credit Disbursement in the Agriculture Sector of Pakistan." Global Economics Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(ii-i).04.
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The current study explores the role of public spending and credit disbursement in the agricultural production of Pakistan during the period 2000 to 2016. In this study, Agriculture Production Growth (APG) is the dependent variable while real GDP, government expenditure, labor force participation and agricultural credit are the independent variables. The stationarity of the data has been investigated through the ADF test. Following this, hypotheses were tested through the ordinary least squares method. In addition, the robustness of the results is ascertained by conducting an LM test and CUSUM stability tests. The findings showed that government expenditure and agriculture credit put expansionary effects on agricultural production in Pakistan. It is suggested that the government should increase expenditures in the agriculture sector for the development of agricultural sector production and economic development of the country.
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Rosegrant, Mark W., and Robert E. Evenson. "Agricultural Productivity Growth in Pakistan and India: A Comparative Analysis (Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4I (December 1, 1993): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4ipp.433-451.
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Estimates of partial factor productivity growth for rice and wheat in India and Pakistan have shown relatively rapid growth in yields per hectare since adoption of modem rice and wheat varieties began in the mid-to-Iate 1960s [Byerlee (1990); Rosegrant (1991)]. Yields per hectare for rice and wheat grew slowly prior to the green revolution, then increased dramatically (Table 1). In Pakistan, yield growth from 1965 to 1975 was particularly rapid, but declined sharply after that. Indian yields grew more slowly than in Pakistan in the early green revolution period, but higher yield growth was sustained in India after 1975.
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Ahmadl, Bashir, Munir Ahmad, and Zulfiqar Ahmad Gill. "Restoration of Soil Health for Achieving Sustainable Growth in Agriculture." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 997–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.997-1015.
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Total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.61 million hectares (m.ha.). Area under cultivation is 21.59 m.ha.; of which, only 5.34 m.ha. (i.e., 25 percent) is free from soil limitations and is fit for intensive agriculture [Mian and Mirza (1993)]. The remaining agricultural lands have various types of problems including formation of slow permeability, water logging, salinity and sodicity, and wind and water erosion. Thus, on an average, three out of four hectares of cultivated land in Pakistan are in poor health. This in turn is causing temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land. Therefore, poor soil health is posing serious threat to the sustainable growth of agriculture. The most important on-farm effects of land are summarised in Table 1.
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McCartney, Matthew. "Costs, Capabilities, Conflict and Cash: The Problem of Technology and Sustainable Economic Growth in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 21, Special Edition (September 1, 2016): 65–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2016.v21.isp.a4.
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Growth in Pakistan has been surprisingly sustainable. GDP growth of 5 percent p.a. since independence and no recession since (at least) 1960 according to World Bank data represents a creditable performance when compared to all but the most successful developing countries. Pakistan has significantly transformed the structure of its economy during these same decades; in 1950 99 percent of its exports were agricultural goods and by the 1990s exports were largely manufactured goods. This very success indicates a growing constraint on sustaining growth into the future or the concern that Pakistan may be headed for a Middle Income Trap. Although there does exist scope for continued growth based on further structural changes - in particular the large number of people still employed in agriculture or the women not currently engaged in the labor force - for growth to be sustained a more intensive or productivity-oriented growth will be necessary. This paper first outlines the importance of productivity growth for sustaining GDP growth in Pakistan, then examines the historical and comparative productivity performance of Pakistan, and explores a number of case studies of successful technological change, particularly in South Asia, and finally attempts to draw some lessons for contemporary Pakistan.
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Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar. "Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs. Report of Prime Minister's Task Force on Agriculture. Islamabad. December 1993. 68 pp." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i2pp.194-199.
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In consonance with her commitment to the enhanced welfare of the masses, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, shortly after assuming the office, set up a "Task Force on Agriculture" to look into the problems of agriculture in general and issues of agricultural taxation including Ushr in particular and to submit a report in six weeks. The task force worked day and night to comply with the Prime Minister's directive and submitted its report within the stipulated time. As must be clear from the terms of reference, the task force was to define the major problems of agriculture and to recommend solutions that are practical and acceptable to all concerned. Before going into the specific problems and justifiable recommendations, the report presents an overview of the state of the art in agriculture and pinpoints the facts that agriculture is still the major sector of the Pakistani economy in many ways, and that its growth performance, though laudable, has progressively fallen in the Eighties with signs of stagnating agricultural production in the Nineties. These trends, coupled with the rapid growth of population, have resulted in mounting import bills of basic foods against scarce foreign exchange earnings.
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Faruqee, Rashid. "Strategic Reforms for Accelerated Agricultural Growth in Pakistan (Distinguished Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4I (December 1, 1999): 537–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4ipp.537-572.
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Agricultural growth rates in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s show that strong growth during the 1960s was driven by several factors, including greater certainty in the use of irrigation water (as a result of an agreement with India), the introduction of productivityenhancing fertiliser-seed packages, the introduction of tubewells and the electrification of rural areas, and policy changes that improved the profitability of farming. Growth during the 1970s dropped to 2.3 percent as a result of the uncertainty created by land reforms in 1972 and 1977, severe climatic shocks, a cotton virus that depressed production for most of the decade, and political instability. The recovery in the 1980s and early 1990s can be attributed to the introduction of new cotton varieties and improved management techniques, as well as to a gradual improvement in economic incentives. Closer inspection of the nature and sources of this growth raises concerns about its sustainability and casts doubt on the ability of the sector to grow by more than 3-4 percent a year in the future. Many of the past sources of agricultural growth in Pakistan appear to have been fully exploited. Strategy for the future must effectively address the followings. Allowing the market to Operate, policy reforms that support the ongoing structural adjustment should be given top priority. To address the crisis in irrigation management market-determined incentives must be allowed to determine resource allocation within the irrigation system. Reform in extension should include establishing closer links with research institutions and reducing the number of front-line extension workers and replacing them with fewer, bettertrained workers who are more responsive to the needs of farming systems. Full-fledged land reform is difficult to enact and can be considered only after a comprehensive study of costs and benefits. Some important measures can be implemented immediately, however. Foremost is providing security of tenure to many farmers, especially tenants-at-will, thereby improving responsiveness to incentives and creating better incentives for long-term investments.
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Faridi, Muhammad Zahir, and Ghulam Murtaza. "Disaggregate Energy Consumption, Agricultural Output and Economic Growth in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (December 1, 2013): 493–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.493-516.
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The performance of an economy is generally measured by sustained rise in GDP growth over the period of time. The economic growth is the major goal of macroeconomics. According to neo-classical growth theory, the core factors of growth are labour and capital. In addition to these factors; technological progress, human capital development etc. are the most efficient factors of production. Development of technology and use of mechanisation in production process require energy at massive scale. So, energy has become a crucial factor of economic growth indirectly. Energy is widely regarded as a propelling force behind any economic activity and indeed plays a vital role in enhancing production. Therefore, highly important resources of energy will enhance the technology impact manifold. Quality energy resources can act as facilitator of technology while less worthy resources can dampen the power of new technology. Ojinnaka (1998) argued that the consumption of energy tracks with the national product. Hence, the scale of energy consumption per capita is an important indicator of economic modernisation. In general countries that have higher per capita energy consumption are more developed than those with low level of consumption.
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Mahmood, Khalid, and Shehla Munir. "Agricultural exports and economic growth in Pakistan: an econometric reassessment." Quality & Quantity 52, no. 4 (July 31, 2017): 1561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0534-3.
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Irfan, Muhammad. "Poverty and Natural Resource Management in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 691–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.691-708.
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Pakistan is a country of contrasts, with diversified relief having majestic high mountain ranges snow-covered peaks, eternal glaciers, and the inter-mountain valleys in the north. Irrigated plains in the Indus basin contrast with stark deserts and rugged rocky plateaus in southwest Balochistan. The country is arid and semi-arid with substantial variation in temperature depending upon the topography and characterised by continental type of climate. Over the years since independence the natural resources of the country (land and water) have been harnessed which in turn made it possible to feed the growing population which more than quadrupled during the past sixty years. Construction of Tarbela and Mangla Dam facilitated the growth of irrigated agriculture and led the cropping intensity to peak. Sectors other than the agriculture also developed because of the backward and forward linkage of the agricultural growth thereby having an economy diversified and much less dependent on agriculture.
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Malik, Sohail J. "Rural Poverty in Pakistan: Some Recent Evidence." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 975–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.975-995.
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Pakistan's growth record over the past two and a half decades has been impressive. Real income per person has almost doubled. This growth has been spurred on by a vigorous manufacturing sector, sustained by an innovative agricultural sector, and aided in the 1970s by large-scale remittances from Pakistanis in the Middle East. This is no me~ record considering the high 3 percent per annum growth in population. Open unemployment has remained low. Furthermore, increasing real wagerates, brought on by the expanding domestic economy, the strong demand for agricultural labour following the green revolution in the earlier years, and migration of rural workers to the Middle East in the 1970s have managed to spread the gains from this growth. There is a consensus of opinion that this growth has translated into declining levels of poverty especially since the late 1970s [see, for example, de Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985); Malik (1988), Ahmad and Ludlow (1989) and Ercelawn (1989)]. Most studies on poverty in Pakistan are limited to estimating the head-count ratios for single years based on the available Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES); the most recent studies use the 19S4-85 data set. The earlier studies were additioinally limited by the grouped nature of the published data from these surveys and by the somewhat arbitrary basis on which poverty lines were set. Only recently, with the easier access to the original household level data tapes and the improving quality of the data sets, has more detailed work been undertaken.
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Malik, Naveed, Fahad Asmi, Madad Ali, and Md Mashiur Rahman. "Major Factors Leading Rapid Urbanization in China and Pakistan: A Comparative Study." Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v5i1.11710.
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The current document analyzed the statistical data for the year 2015 to make a comparative analysis in the case of China and Pakistan. The results conclude the migration and the refugee related challenge in Pakistan is the most critical factor to be observed and demands high level of attention. On the other side, the strengthening infrastructure in china is the massive pull factor to increase urbanization and economic growth. Moreover, the future lessons learnt from the China’s progressive growth can improve the pace of urbanization in the neighboring region like Pakistan. However, the china’s economic growth is dominating by the industrialization trend as china can be labeled as World’s factory. However, Pakistan’s agricultural dependency on the economic growth makes both economic developmental approaches distinct. It can be also concluded that the urbanization as a phenomenon requires multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary view to improve and understand urbanization trends.
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Siyal, A. L., T. G. Mahesar, F. Sufyan, F. K. Siyal, T. Jatt, F. H. Mangi, I. H. Burdi, and A. Hossain. "Climate Change: Impacts on the Production of Cotton in Pakistan." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.3.306.
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Climatic changes seriously threaten Agriculture globally year to year, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Agricultural productivity directly influenced by Climatic factor i.e., increase in high temperature, heavy rainwater, precipitation, flood and deficiency of irrigation etc. Climate patterns reduce global temperatures by 2.9 to 5.5 degrees Celsius by 2060, and crop yields are at high risk of these trends. Extreme temperatures negatively regulate crop phenology, leading to significant reductions in crop yields. Temperatures and changes in the rainy season affect the cotton growth and make threats the stability of cotton production and quality in Pakistan. Cultivation of Cotton is especially targeted on its thread, but its oil extensively uses as an incoming vegetable oil and make an essential contribution to the oil industry across the country. Pakistani farmers survey and prepare to get quality fiber and lint yield, Pakistan also meets 18.8 percent demands of oil from cotton seeds. Additionally, there is strong need from industry to strengthen cotton oil so it can be used directly as vegetable cooking oil. This research provides approaching into the climatic conditions of Pakistan and their effect on the production of better cotton.
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Imran, Muhammad, and Javeria Niazi. "Infrastructure and Growth." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.355-364.
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Physical Infrastructure stocks in Pakistan since the last two decades have been growing at a very low pace which resulted in increasing unemployment and very low economic growth in the last four years. The paper analyses the link between infrastructure, productivity and growth in Pakistan by applying two distinct methodologies—growth accounting and growth regressions. We find out that infrastructure stock has significantly positive impact on productivity and economic growth. At the individual level, electricity generation, agricultural water availability and telecommunications impact the economic growth positively and significantly, while, roads development have no impact. This is an indication of over investment in roads, especially highways. Based on model findings, we recommended that Pakistan will have to increase the allocation of PSDP to above 1.5 percent of the GDP if the problem of shortage of electricity is to be addressed on a priority basis so as to raise the growth rate of the economy.
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Khan, Mahmood Hasan. "Agricultural 'Crisis' in Pakistan: Some Explanations and Policy Options (The Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 4I (December 1, 1997): 419–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i4ipp.419-466.
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This paper is about public policy and agricultural growth in Pakistan. The author takes the position that, in a historical perspective, public policy has been a large part of the erratic, maybe unsustainable, growth of agriculture in Pakistan. The most important policy issue, therefore, is to radically restructure the existing bureaucratic, patronage-ridden, rent-seeking, and wasteful system of institutions and services. Governments have been far too active in some areas and far too inactive in others, affecting perversely farm productivity and farmers' economic well-being. The flaws in public policy reflect two important aspects of governments: (i) their inability-reflecting both inadequate will and administrative capacity-to implement what needs to be done and (ii) their wrong diagnosis of, hence prescription for, the problems.
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Deolallkar, Anil B., and Stephen A. Vosti. "The Demand for Inputs and the Supply of Output in Pakistan: Estimating a Fixedeffects, Distributed-lag Model for Wheat Farmers." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 751–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.751-769.
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Agricultural growth in Pakistan over the past 3 decades has been very impressive, averaging 3.3 percent annually over the period 1965-80, and accelerating to 4.3 percent per year over the period 1980-90. But as impressive as these numbers are, questions arise regarding the success of the agricultural sector in terms of meeting food and employment needs, the potential for continuing or increasing growth rates in the future, the likely sources of future agricultural growth, and the technologies, policies, and institutional arrangements necessary to achieve that growth. The truth is that agriculture in general, and food production in particular, have been working hard to just to keep pace with other sectors and with the food needs of the domestic population. Agriculture was the slowest growing sector in Pakistan over the past 30 years, with general economic expansion moving along at an average of 5.2 percent annually over the 1965-80 period, and of 6.3 percent per year over the decade of the 1980s. In addition, in spite of very . substantial production and productivity gains for most major crops, the average index of food production per capita remained constant over the 1980-90 period, while the total volume of cereal imports nearly doubled to over 2,048,000 metric tons [World Development Report (1992)].
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Ali, Liu, Shah, Tariq, Ali Chandio, and Ali. "Analysis of the Nexus of CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Land under Cereal Crops and Agriculture Value-Added in Pakistan Using an ARDL Approach." Energies 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 4590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234590.
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The present study attempts to explore the correlation between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 e), gross domestic product (GDP), land under cereal crops (LCC) and agriculture value-added (AVA) in Pakistan. The study exploits time-series data from 1961 to 2014 and further applies descriptive statistical analysis, unit root test, Johansen co-integration test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and pairwise Granger causality test. The study employes augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Phillips–Perron (PP) tests to check the stationarity of the variables. The results of the analysis reveal that there is both short- and long-run association between agricultural production, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the country. The long-run results estimate that there is a positive and insignificant association between carbon dioxide emissions, land under cereal crops, and agriculture value-added. The results of the short-run analysis point out that there is a negative and statistically insignificant association between carbon dioxide emissions and gross domestic product. It is very important for the Government of Pakistan’s policymakers to build up agricultural policies, strategies and planning in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, the country should promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices in order to strengthen its efforts to achieve sustainable agriculture.
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Saleem, Shaikh Muhammad, Muhammad Asif Shamim, Sayma Zia, and Syed Waqar-ul-Hassan. "AGRICULTURE EXPORT STIMULANT TO THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PAK." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9253.
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Purpose: The study examines how agricultural exports boost the economic growth of Pakistan in the long run and suggest policy implications during 1995-2018 using time series data.
Methodology: Principal Component Analysis is used to construct an agricultural export index consisting of rice, raw cotton, fruits, and vegetables as variables. This quantitative study checked the structural stability of the model with cumulative-sum & cumulative-sum of the square. Rolling window analysis highlights the long-run yearly effect of the coefficient of the model. The result of variance decomposition method proof bidirectional causality where robust result proof using Fully modified ordinary least square and Dynamic ordinary least square techniques. Unit root at first difference proof stationery whereas cointegration has a long-run relationship between agricultural export and economic growth.
Main Finding: The statistical estimation proofs the positive long-run association of agricultural exports with economic growth. Results explored a 26 percent increase in the economy of Pakistan by exporting agricultural goods.
Application of this Study: This study helps to develop the economies if they face problems of low agricultural productivity. The agricultural export is sensitive to domestic indicators, and domestic policy can promote agricultural export, and create new potential markets.
The originality of the Study: The study is suggested the agriculture techniques and their performance in developing economies.
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Melwor, John W. "Agricultural Links to Nonagricultural Growth: Urbanization, Employment, Poverty (The Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4I (December 1, 1991): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4ipp.439-456.
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I am presenting some thoughts and numbers on what I think: is one of the most important policy issues in Pakistan, namely, mobilizing additional resources by direct taxes/rom the agriculture sector. Since the issue, topical though it may be, is hotly contested, let me quickly add two points. First, I support all reasonable efforts at mobilizing resources from other major sectors or industries in the country. Second, I support equally the use of price and non-price incentives to producers to increase productivity, particularly in the agriculture sector. It is absolutely essential to maintain a favourable macroeconomic environment for agricultural producers if we want additional resources for investment in physical and social infrastructure to help improve the living standards of those whose incomes and jobs depend on agriculture. In making these points, I am saying· that I am opposed to policies that penalize agricultural productivity, including perverse policies on output and input prices, exchange rates, regulation and control of internal and international trade, farm credit, and investment in physical infrastructure, research and extension services.
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Ahmad, Nisar, and Tila Muhammad. "Fertiliser, Plant Nutrient Management, and Self-reliance in Agriculture." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.217-233.
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The importance of agriculture in the economy of Pakistan is well established. Agricultural plays an important role both directly and indirectly in generating economic activity, growth and development. Agriculture has strong backward and forward linkages and is vital to the food security of the country. Fertilisers have played an important role in Pakistan agriculture particularly in meeting the growing demand for food grains, fibre, fuel and fodder. Fertiliser consumption has increased during the last four decades to 2.6 million tonnes by 1997-98. The use level is, however, not only sub optimal but also imbalanced. Better plant nutrient management is, therefore, necessary for achieving self reliance in agriculture.
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Ahmad, Munir. "Agricultural Productivity Growth Differential in Punjab, Pakistan: A District-level Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i1pp.1-25.
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The results of this paper show that the crop output increased at the rate of 2.6 percent per annum, dominated by the share of TFP growth. Wide variation exists among cropping systems as well as within the system both in TFP growth and output growth. The mungbean zone emerged as a leader in TFP growth with 3.6 percent per annum, followed by barani (3.2 percent), cotton (1.9 percent), mixed (1.1 percent), and rice (1.0 percent) zones. Rice, mixed, and cotton zones show a negative trend in efficiency, and the respective causes appear to be the dominant factor of land degradation sourced by the existence of nutrient-exhaustive cropping pattern, increasing problem of waterlogging and salinity, and the use of brackish underground water, plus the prevalence of curl leaf virus disease in the cotton zone during the 1990s. The other reasons could be the low literacy rate among the farmers in most of the districts of the latter two cropping systems. Besides, the majority of them are also characterised as having very low status in development ranking. The data also show that the area under rice and sugarcane, a highly water-intensive crop, had increased in most of the districts of mixed and cotton zones, during the 1990s instrumented by high instability in cotton output growth as compared to rice and sugarcane. The sources of instability include high volatility in prices, vulnerability of the crop to disease and insect attack, consistently rising production cost, incapacity of the farming communities to deal with the dynamism of technology in cotton production, and increasing waterlogging and salinity problem.
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Chandio, Abbas Ali, Yuansheng Jiang, and Abdul Rehman. "Energy consumption and agricultural economic growth in Pakistan: is there a nexus?" International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-08-2018-0009.
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Purpose This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between energy consumption and agricultural economic growth in Pakistan over the period from 1984 to 2016. Design/methodology/approach This study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration to investigate the long-run and short-run determinants of agricultural economic growth in Pakistan. Findings The results of the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration revealed that long-run linkage exists among the study variables. The findings of this paper showed that agricultural economic growth is positively affected by gas consumption and electricity consumption both in the long-run and short run. The long-run and short-run coefficients of gas consumption and electricity consumption were estimated to be 0.906, 0.421, 0.595 and 0.276, respectively. The estimated equation remains stable during the period from 1984 to 2016 as analyzed by the stability tests. Originality/value This study considers the relationship between energy consumption and agricultural economic growth in Pakistan by using an ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration. The study has three contributions to economic literature:this study used different unit root tests to test stationarity of the variables such as ADF unit root test by Dicky and Fuller and P-P unit root test by Philip and Perron; the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration is applied to test the existence of long-run analysis between energy consumption and agricultural economic growth; and to check the robustness, the authors used the Johansen cointegration test to examine the long-run relationship between dependent and independent variables.
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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan, and Akhtiar H. Shah. "A Critical Review of Rural Credit Policy in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 781–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.781-801.
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Lack of liquidity which acts as a constraint for agricultural development has provided a rationale for rapid growth in formal agricultural credit in Pakistan since the early 1960s. Between 1959-60 and 1991-92 institutional credit for the sector had registered an annual growth rate of 31 percent in nominal terms and 20 percent in real terms. The explosive increase in agricultural credit was accompanied by a creation of new financial institutions, the strengthening of already existing institutions and the adoption of credit policies to increase the flow of credit for the sector in general and for small farmers in particular. In this paper, an attempt is made to review farm credit policy in Pakistan in relation to its impact on agricultural growth and equity and to assess the strength of the credit institutions to keep contributi~g effectively to the provision of credit in the rural sector.
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Kock, Udo, and Yan Sun. "Remittances in Pakistan: Why They Have Gone Up and Why They Are Not Coming Down." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i3pp.189-208.
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The flow of workers’ remittances to Pakistan has more than quadrupled in the last eight years and shows no sign of slowing down, despite the economic downturn in the Gulf Cooperation Council and other important host countries for Pakistani workers. This paper analyses the forces that have driven remittance flows to Pakistan in recent years. A methodological innovation is that we study the behaviour of per capita remittances and draw a close link between remittances and remitters’ earning capacity, in the belief that higher earning power leads to more remittances. Our main conclusions are that (i) the growth in the inflow of workers’ remittances to Pakistan is in large part due to an increase in worker migration, (ii) the higher skill levels of migrating workers has helped boost remittances, and (iii) other imporant determinants of remittances to Pakistan are agricultural output and the relative yield on investments in the host and home countries. JEL classification: F22, F24 Keywords: Workers’ Remittances, Migration, Pakistan
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Turab Hussain, S. M., and Mohammad Ishfaq. "Dynamics of Agricultural Productivity and Poverty in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1998.v3.i1.a1.
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This paper addresses two topics which essentially compliment each other. The first is the empirical investigation of the relationship between aggregate agricultural productivity and poverty in Pakistan through the course of time. The second is the estimation of the central inputs or determinants of agricultural production, again on an aggregate level and through time. The main empirical findings of this research suggest that increases in agricultural productivity have alleviated poverty in Pakistan but not to the extent to which the negative forces of a high population growth and increasing food prices have worsened its incidence. In the case of the determinants of agricultural productivity, the results show that accompanied with the size of the cropped area, fertiliser off-take has played the most significant and powerful role in increasing agricultural productivity through time in Pakistan, especially at the onset of the Green Revolution __ the introduction of High Yield Variety crops and seeds in the late sixties.
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Ahmad, Mumtaz, and Joseph G. Nagy. "Private Sector Investment in Agricultural Research in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i3pp.269-292.
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Private sector investment in agricultural research in Pakistan, although growing in importance, is limited at present and with a few exceptions, has not had a significant impact on agricultural production and productivity. The publicly funded agricultural research system has made the major contribution to increases in production and productivity growth. However the impressive gains of the past cannot be achieved with the current underfunded public research system which makes it all the more important for private sector investment in agricultural research to achieve its full potential in areas of its comparative advantage. This paper identifies the magnitude of private sector agricultural research investment in Pakistan and discusses some of the current policy constraints that hamper its scope. Information was gathered through informal and formal surveys of multinational and national firms conducting agricultural research in Pakistan in the areas of inputs and product processing. Although private sector investment in agricultural research has more than doubled in the past ten years, uncertainty persists surrounding privatisation issues, unresolved intellectual property rights regulation, and the enforcement of seed certification and truth-in-labelling rules and regulations.