Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural cooperative credit institutions'
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1
Kropivko, M., and D. Mykytyuk. "Functioning of credit cooperation: foreign experience and challenges for Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(151) (December 16, 2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-151-2-89-95.
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It is established that the existing banking system is aimed primarily at lending to highly concentrated agricultural enterprises and is not adapted to the needs of small rural businesses. Therefore, the creation of an effective mechanism for lending to small and medium-sized agricultural entities through a credit cooperative system is of particular relevance. Rural credit co-operation is a parallel to banks, an alternative financial system that has begun to firmly occupy a niche in the country's credit and financial system. Its line of business is financial services for small and medium-sized entrepreneurs and villagers who cannot be serviced by banks in rural areas. It is proved that the effective activity of credit cooperation is conditioned by the creation of appropriate prerequisites. This is, first of all, voluntary establishment of credit cooperative institutions and accumulation of funds of individuals and legal entities; the purpose of the credit cooperative to ensure the mode of greatest assistance to its participants in credit, settlement, consulting, and other types of services; recognition of the variety of organizational forms of credit cooperative institutions; the direction of use of accumulated financial resources mainly for production purposes; providing financial support to the credit cooperative and legal and consulting assistance from the state. It is determined that the economic essence of credit cooperation is largely determined not by the type and nature of the participants' activity, but by the specifics of the actions and functions that they cooperate with. The involvement of unions of temporarily free funds of all categories of the population will allow to use its income in the areas of residence, in particular to direct them to the development of the agricultural sector. The creation of credit unions should be seen as encouraging the development of small businesses, including: promoting the development of production and processing of agricultural products in personal peasant and small farms, as well as the development of other small forms of farming in the agricultural sector and processing industry (including the promotion of the creation of agricultural service providers cooperatives); expanding the availability of credit resources for private farms and farms, as well as for cooperative units for the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products and services. Keywords: credit cooperation, credit union, population, personal peasant economy, farming, state.
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Burhansyah, Rusli. "KINERJA, KENDALA, DAN STRATEGI PROGRAM KREDIT USAHA RAKYAT SEKTOR PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 39, no. 1 (October 6, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v39n1.2021.73-87.
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<p class="A04-abstrak2">Agricultural funding institutions need capital business. The challenge of the Agriculture Sector Public Credit Program is to increase reach program, institutional regulations, empowerment, and synergy. Some of the problems of the Agriculture Sector Public Program include low absorption rates, schemes, program coverage, assistance, and institutions. Policy recommendations among others; increase people business credit proposals agricultural, provide the people business credit scheme with a base and groups like the farmer's group, involving Agribusiness Micro Finance Institution and cooperatives, extending branch of the bank and the of a companion. Recommendations empowerment and synergies between other; addition and strengthening the role of Independent Smallholder Financing Facilitator, special programs the agricultural sector (people plantation and holder livestock) with the ceiling adjusted to the proposal, joint responsibility, business partner, Independent Smallholder Financing Facilitator in Sector Public Credit Program special enough important. Cooperation with the Field Agriculture Extension necessary for the socialization is at the farmer's group and gapoktan. The technical team's provincial and district role is to performance monitoring Independent Smallholder Financing Facilitator.</p>
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Nesterchuk, Iu O., R. P. Mudrak, V. P. Bechko, and O. A. Nepochatenko. "The influence of cooperation on the development of the credit resources market for agricultural business entities." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 97 (December 28, 2020): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2020-97-2-263-275.
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The article considers the problems of the influence of cooperation on the development of credit resources market for agricultural sector. The analysis of activity of agricultural goods producers of Cherkasy region on capacity of farmland, majority of which are small-scale, has been carried out. Due to limited access to credit resources on credit resources market in general and preferential lending, growth of tax burden in particular, small-scale agricultural companies are in a difficult financial situation, which makes it impossible for them to operate on the principles of self-financing and self-sufficiency. The solution to this problem is possible through the creation of production, service and credit cooperatives and on their basis – the Agrarian Bank. The basic principles of functioning of agricultural cooperatives have been studied. It has been determined that the development of credit cooperation in this sector of the economy is mainly through the prism of lending, while leveling other important functions that can contribute to the sustainable development of small-scale agrarian sector. The peculiarities of the development of agrarian cooperation in Ukraine have been revealed, and functioning of the information-consulting center for consulting farmers has been singled out in the structure of the rural cooperative. It has been found that cooperation is one of the key institutions that will improve the efficiency of agricultural economy. The development of the cooperative movement in Ukraine can be a driving force for qualitative change not only in the agricultural sector but also in the country as a whole. But this requires the combined efforts of villagers, NGOs and government officials. The relevant laws need to be updated, and the very idea of cooperation needs more coverage and discussion. According to the world experience in a market economy, cooperatives are a third force or alternative to public and private enterprise.
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Shadrack AKPORAWO, Peter Otunaruke Emaziye, and Onyeidu Samuel Osemedua. "Effect of agricultural credits on production among smallholder crop farmers in delta state." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1196.
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The study analysed the effect of agricultural credits on production among smallholder crop farmers in Delta State. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of 210 respondents. Data were collected from primary sources through the use of structured questionnaires and analysed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result showed that most of the respondents were in the age range of 41years to 50 years who were married with secondary school education. Majority were engaged in farming as their primary occupation having mean family size of 8 persons and an average annual income of N250,000. Majority obtained their credit from personal savings and cooperative societies. The major determinants of access to credit in the area were interest rate, type of enterprise, and farm size. The major constraints to obtaining credit were lending policies of credit institutions, lack of knowledge of rules and regulations and provision of collateral security. It is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to form farmers’ cooperative societies to improve access to credits.
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Hutorov, Andrii O., and Olena O. Hutorova. "The Theoretical and Methodological Principles of Elaborating the Agricultural Cooperation as a Part of the Development of the Agrarian System of Ukraine." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 3, no. 53 (2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2022-3-27-34.
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The purpose of the article is to generalize, systematize and deepen the theoretical and methodological principles of the elaboration of agricultural cooperation in the development of the agrarian system of Ukraine. The role and place of cooperation in the system of social organization of labor is researched. It is displayed that cooperation is an objective prerequisite for integration, and the division of labor itself causes its necessity. In institutional theory, the choice between free market transactions and full vertical coordination for economic agents is caused by market conditions, allocative efficiency of resource allocation and their minimum cost. The dynamics and state of development of agricultural cooperation in Ukraine are analyzed. An approximate three-level scheme of the national agricultural cooperative system is developed. At the first level of the hierarchy, agricultural cooperatives and cooperative associations should be located, at the second – regional unions (associations) of agricultural cooperatives, at the third – the All-Ukrainian Association of Agricultural Cooperatives. Under such a cooperative system, the principles of centralized and decentralized management are optimally combined, the self-government of cooperatives and compliance with the principles of cooperation are ensured. Based on the three-level scheme of the national agricultural cooperative system, the conceptual principles for the development of cooperative relations in agriculture at the regional level are substantiated. At this, management functions are retained by the cooperative association, which includes agricultural enterprises, farms and households belonging to the country’s residents, consulting services and support are provided by the regional advisory service, and the distribution of funds is carried out by a credit union founded by members of this cooperative association. A model of elaborating the cooperative relations in the agricultural sector of the economy with the participation of households and small commodity producers is proposed, which provides for the creation of a consumer agricultural cooperative. In case of deepening the integration of a consumer cooperative with another production, processing or sales enterprise of the agricultural sector of the economy, the cooperative model is transformed into a cooperative-integrated one, while maintaining the advantages of cooperation and receiving additional organizational and economic benefits from integration.
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Yin, Zhuyao, and Tingli Wu. "A comparative study on the reform of rural credit cooperatives under the strategy of rural revitalization." SHS Web of Conferences 153 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315301003.
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Rural credit cooperatives are the main force serving “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” in China. Zhejiang and Shaanxi are the first pilot provinces of the rural credit cooperative reform in China. The research on the reform of rural credit cooperatives in Jiaxing, Zhejiang and Yan 'an, Shaanxi shows that there are significant regional differences in the reform and development of rural credit cooperatives. Yan'an rural credit institutions play a more prominent role in supporting agriculture, but Jiaxing rural credit institutions have comparative advantages in overall operational efficiency, anti-risk ability, profit model and other aspects. On this basis, it is proposed to follow the principle of “six insistence” in promoting the reform of rural credit cooperatives, continuously improve the operating capacity of rural credit cooperatives, and promote the supply side structural reform of rural finance.
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A. B, Odinwa, Johnny B, Ekeogu C.O, and Chukuigwe O. "Challenges of Accessing Agricultural Credits by Farmers for Increased Food Production in Delta State, Nigeria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE 8, no. 2 (July 2, 2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v8.no2.2022.pg10.21.
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The study investigated the challenges of accessing agricultural credits by farmers for increased food production in Delta State, Nigeria, the specific objectives were to: examine the level of awareness of the sources of agricultural credits to farmers in the study area, ascertain the extent of accessibility of such agricultural credits to farmers, and identify the challenges facing farmers in accessing agricultural credits in Delta State. Descriptive survey design was adopted to assess the farmers. Purposive sampling technique was used to select three LGAs and a total of nine (9) communities while 32 respondents from each of the 9 communities were randomly selected given a total of two hundred and eighty-eight (288) respondents and used for the study. Weighted mean scores derived from the Likert type rating scale was used to analyze the data collated for the study, while the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was engaged for test of significance at 0.05% level of significance. The findings showed that the farmers were highly aware of Personal savings (GM = 2.49), Cooperative societies (GM = 2.47), Government bodies (GM = 2.28), Micro Finance bank (GM = 2.28) and Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (GM = 2.18) among others as sources of agricultural credits in Delta State. It indicated that Personal savings, Loan from Cooperative societies, Bank of Agriculture (BOA), Micro Finance Bank and the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme among other formal and informal sources of agricultural credits were highly accessible to farmers in the area. Finally, it showed in the degree of seriousness that: Lack of trust by the lending institutions (GM = 3.32), Poor leadership vision in agriculture (GM = 3.25), Lack of awareness of available agro credits (GM = 3.22), Low perception of farming enterprise by the people (GM = 3.20), High interest rate (GM = 3.05), Not having the required savings with the lending institution (GM = 3.02), beside others were the most serious challenges confronting farmers in accessing agricultural credits in Delta State. All the test results (ANOVA) showed no significant difference among the three LGAs at P > 0.05 significant level. The study therefore, recommended that: Extension Services should be beefed up in the State to cover the gaps of unawareness of agro credit sources and teach farmers how to access them, Extension agents should be encouraged to supervise and recoup government agricultural loans from farmers to facilitate the flow of agricultural credits in the State, State Government should show concern and make policies that would relax the collateral security to enable the poor farmers access to credits as at when due, and A drastic measure should be put in place by government to punish defaulters who bridge the revolving loans from circulation in the State.
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Wysocka, Ewa. "Ewolucja regulacji prawnych w bankowości spółdzielczej w Polsce." Studia Iuridica 72 (April 17, 2018): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7646.
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Cooperative banking in Poland has more than 150 years of tradition, going back to the period of Partitions. The first Polish credit associations and cooperatives were established in Greater Poland in the years 1861–1862, in the fashion of credit cooperatives for farmers established by Friedrich Raiffeisen and the so-called cooperative “people’s banks” associating craftsmen, that were founded by Franz Schultze. In 1899, on the territory of the Austrian Partition, small credit institutions, the so-called “Stefczyk Savings Unions” (“Kasy Stefczyka”), were created, associating mainly farmers, In the period of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Polish Agricultural Bank (Polski Bank Rolny) was established in Warsaw (1919). The bank’s task was to provide financial backing for agriculture, and in 1921 it was transformed into State Agricultural Bank (Państwowy Bank Rolny), only to become Agricultural Bank (Bank Rolny) in 1948. It was replaced by Food Economy Bank (Bank Gospodarki Żywnościowej), called into being in 1975 as a financial head office for cooperative banks which originated from saving and loan cooperatives. In the period of the Polish People’s Republic (1952–1989), state-cooperative banking was in place. The system and economy transformations that took place after 1989 caused crisis and the necessity of state intervention in the Polish cooperative banking. In the years 1990–1994 efforts were made to fix the cooperative banking system through implementation of the Act of June 24, 1994 on restructuring of cooperative banks and Food Economy Bank and on amendments to certain acts. Food Economy Bank was transformed into a joint-stock company as a bank of the National Association of cooperative banks. Besides, nine regional associations were established in the form of a joint-stock company of cooperative banks, which became shareholders of the national bank. The system and functioning of cooperative banks are currently governed by: Banking Law Act of August 29, 1997, Cooperative Law Act of September 16, 1982 and the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks. The structure of cooperative banking was based on the division into cooperative banks and associating banks. Two associations of cooperative banks are currently operating in Poland: Bank of the Polish Cooperative Movement (Bank Polskiej Spółdzielczości S.A.) with its seat in Warsaw and Cooperative Banking Group – Bank (Spółdzielcza Grupa Bankowa – Bank S.A.) with its seat in Poznań. All the cooperative banks are covered by the Bank Guarantee Fund and under supervision of the Financial Supervision Authority. In 2015 the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks was amended due to the changes implemented in the European Union Law (the so-called CRD IV/CRR package). Financial security of cooperative banks was increased through establishment of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS). Cooperative banks are an important element for development of the entire Polish banking system. Therefore, the financial supervision over the entire system of banking and Cooperative Savings and Credit Unions (SKOK) should be conducted in appropriate manner.
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Zheng, Yangyang, Jianhong Lou, Linfeng Mei, and Yushuang Lin. "Research on Digital Credit Behavior of Farmers’ Cooperatives—A Grounded Theory Analysis Based on the “6C” Family Model." Agriculture 13, no. 8 (August 12, 2023): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13081597.
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As the main demand side of rural financial services, farmers’ cooperatives are an important part of China’s rural finance. However, due to the lack of effective collateral, farmers’ cooperatives have problems such as difficulty in obtaining loans or expensive loans, which not only hinder the high-quality development of farmers’ cooperatives, but also limit the development of regional rural finance. Digital credit as a new financing model can effectively alleviate the problems of difficult and expensive loans and has received wide attention from the government and academia. Based on this, this paper analyzes the digital credit behavior of farmers’ cooperatives in detail by applying the “6C” family model to the grounded theory, and constructs a theoretical analysis model of farmers’ cooperatives’ digital credit behavior. The findings are as follows: The motivation for the digital credit of farmers’ cooperatives is that the credit procedures are simple, the loan period is short, and the loan interest rate is low; the condition is the farmers’ cooperative reputation advantage and government policy support,; the main form is the participation of cooperatives in short- and long-cycle digital credit; and the consequence is reflected in increasing the income of cooperative members, improving the availability of cooperative loans, promoting cooperative credit building, and achieving sustainable agricultural development. Different participation motivations have different effects on the form of credit. When motivated by simple credit procedures and short loan periods, farmers’ cooperatives choose “Huinong e-loan”; when motivated by simple procedures and low loan interest rates, farmers’ cooperatives choose “Funong Loan”. Different forms of credit will produce different performances. Farmers’ cooperatives choosing “Huinong e-loan” will produce economic performance; farmers’ cooperatives choosing “Funong Loan” will produce economic performance and social performance. In order to deal with the problem of digital credit of farmers’ cooperatives, the government needs to improve the relevant policies and regulations, reduce credit risks, and establish a sound credit system to provide credit guarantees for cooperatives and farmers. Financial institutions need to improve their financial services and innovate financial products and services to meet the multi-level credit needs of cooperatives.
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A., Okidim I., E. C. Chukuigwe, Okuduwor A. A., and Ezihuo N. "Determinants of Agricultural Credit Acquisition Amongst Poultry and Fish Farmers in Selected LGA’s of Rivers State, Nigeria." International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science 8, no. 7 (August 30, 2023): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v8.no7.2022.pg17.27.
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The study analyzed the determinants of agricultural credit acquisition by poultry and fish farmers in Obio/Akpor and Port Harcourt Local Government Area, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 farmers from 10 communities in the study area. The objective of the studies are to, describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identify the sources of credits available to the farmers, determine factors influencing credit acquisition in the and analyse the constraints influencing farmers access to agricultural credit in the study area. The research instruments employed in the study were descriptive statistics, Likert scale and regression analysis. Research result for Obio/Akpor LGA, we used the double log model, said to be the best fit because it had the highest F ratio, 228.431, the highest number of significance variables, a significant Prob > F value of 0.000, an R- squared of 0.97- and an Adj R-squared of 0.965. Membership to cooperative and delay in credit disbursement was found to be significant factors. For respondents in Port Harcourt LGA. The semi- log model is said to be the best fit because it had the highest F ratio, the highest number of significance variables, a significant Prob > F value of 0.000, an R- squared of 0.964 and an Adj R-squared of 0.959. at 5%. Farmers are encouraged to join cooperatives to enable them acquire credits. Interest rate and delay in credit disbursement was found to be significant. The researcher recommends that credit and financial institutions review the conditions for credit acquisition by farmers, so that more persons will be able to benefit from credit disbursement especially with respect to high interest rate, collateral security and proximity to the farmers. Efforts should be made to creat e more awareness about the existence of formal agricultural credits.
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KOSTYRKO, Igor, Iryna HUMENIUK, Andriy BUTOV, Stepan MAKARUKHA, and Oleksandr ILIN. "DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORM." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-1-18.
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Based on the analysis of the current state of existing agricultural cooperatives within the country and their features in Lviv region, main problems of development of this organizational and legal form have been identified. It is established that the functioning of agricultural cooperatives in Lviv region is still in its infancy due to imperfect institutional environment and their production and economic results do not have a significant impact on the overall economic condition of the agricultural sector and the welfare of the rural citizens. Dynamics of registered cooperatives in Ukraine is compared with the actual ones. It is shown that the development of cooperative process is made due to changes to general socio-economic situation in the industry, which is facilitated by state authorities, as well as development of the latest forms and methods of organizing economic activity in rural areas, implemented on a project basis. Conclusions are made that creation and functioning of cooperatives is the result of institutional changes, and cooperative organizational forms can be considered as a certain social capital. It is established that the main problems of agricultural cooperation development in Ukraine are: incomplete restructuring of the agricultural sector, weak material and technical base of cooperatives, especially in capital-intensive areas of agricultural production, unavailability of loans and weak financial support of agricultural cooperation by the state. It is shown that the state policy should be aimed at creating conditions for the development of agricultural cooperatives, intensification of cooperatives, state support and legal protection of cooperatives, optimization of tax policy by differentiating tax rates and facilitating access to credit for agricultural cooperatives. rural households. It is recommended in further research to pay attention to the elimination of identified obstacles, primarily of an institutional nature, in accelerating the development of agricultural cooperatives as an organizational and legal form that has significant potential for its development. Keywords: agricultural cooperatives, organizational and economic form, cooperative movement, production cooperatives, service cooperative.
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Fabusoro, Eniola, M. MARUYAMA, H. Y. FU, and C. I. ALARIMA. "HELPING PEASANT FARMERS IN NIGERIA THROUGH AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES: LESSONS FROM JAPAN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE MODEL." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v17i1.1785.
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Japan agricultural cooperative known as JA in Japan is the citadel of small farmers’ livelihoods. For almost 60 years, JA was the driving force behind small farmer-supportive policy in Japan. The reverse is the case in Nigeria where agricultural cooperatives are not tailored towards organized support; therefore Nigerian farmers face the brunt of the market, policy and economy. While there are emerging challenges for JA, its relevance remains undaunted in marketing, farm guidance, credit, insurance, and subsidy among others. The paper examines the need for adapting the JA agricultural cooperative model in Nigeria and the needed institutional contexts. Alleviating rural poverty in Nigeria requires building farmers capacity through cohesive farmers’ organizations that will act as channels for introducing agricultural technologies for production and processing, gaining access to quality inputs, credit and technology, reduce farm gate losses and enhance harmers access to market and generally improving their capacity for negotiating better deals in the political system and gaining more control over their socioeconomic position in the Nigerian social system. The JA model of agricultural cooperatives is a relevant case study to building an organization that would meet farmers’ needs and help in agricultural development.
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P, SHIVASWAMY G., RAGHAVENDRA K. J, ANUJA A. R, K. N. SINGH, RAJESH T, and HARISH KUMAR H. V. "Impact of institutional credit on agricultural productivity in India: A time series analysis." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i2.99033.
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The institutional credit has always been perceived as a critical factor for agricultural development in India through complementing working capital, easing liquidity and investment constraints. The present study has examined the trends and regional variations in institutional credit flow to agriculture in India for the period 1991–92 to 2016–17 using compound annual growth rate. Further, impact of institutional credit on agricultural productivity was also assessed using panel data regression. The study is based on the secondary data collected from various published sources. Results indicated that institutional credit to agriculture in real terms has registered a significant positive growth during the past four decades and the highest annual growth was observed during 2001–02 to 2010–11. Scheduled commercial banks have emerged as the dominant source of agricultural credit. However, cooperative banks are still the major sources of production credit. Regional analysis showed that southern states had access to highest production and investment credit per hectare, while eastern and northeastern states had the least credit outreach per hectare. Panel data regression model testified that institutional credit has a significant and positive impact on agricultural productivity. Therefore, the study has suggested for better access to credit of smallholders especially in eastern, western and north eastern states through simplification of procedures.
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Singh, Anshu, and Sagar Kisan Wadkar. "Andhra Pradesh State Cooperative Bank: credit beyond convention." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 13, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2023-0182.
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Learning outcomes After reading and analysing the case study, the students would be able to understand the various challenges in terms of credit expansion for a rural co-operative bank, discuss the role of an apex co-operative bank within the three-tier credit structure, understand the co-operative banks’ product offerings in the agribusiness space and understand the various styles of leadership and change management models within a rural bank. Case overview/synopsis This case study exemplified the enabling role played by a co-operative credit institution, Andhra Pradesh State Co-Operative Bank (APCOB). It discussed the issues and challenges APCOB faced in mainstreaming an unconventional lending process through its lower tiers. Although the three-tier credit structure played a significant role in the disbursal of short-term loan to farmers, the managing director strongly felt the need to reach out to farmer institutions like farmer producers organization through suitable product offering and right processes. Complexity academic level This case study could serve as an introduction to rural credit co-operatives in MBA courses such as bank management, agricultural finance and rural credit and organizational behaviour. The case study could also be administered as a part of training programmes for state co-operative banks, district central co-operative banks and urban co-operative bank that are involved in planning and execution of development strategies in the area of co-operative banking and agribusiness development. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only Subject code CSS: 1: Accounting and Finance.
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Exaud, Nelson, and Cairo Mwaitete. "Assessment of Financial Institutions Credits on Agriculture Sector Development In Tanzania: A Case Of Arumeru District." Accountancy and Business Review 14, no. 1 (September 4, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.59645/abr.v14i1.58.
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The study is about the assessment of financial institutions credits on agriculture sector development in Tanzania. The study used descriptive research design. The study was conducted in Arumeru district. Quantitative technique was employed in this study. A total sample of 50 respondents was used and simple random sampling technique was deployed. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analyzing the data with the help of SPSS. It was found that interest rate offered led to agriculture sector development where by farmers always choose bank with lowest interest rate. It was indicated that there is significant positive relationship between financial institution credits and agriculture development. It has also revealed that financial institution credits affects agriculture development. Furthermore, it was found that there is significant positive relationship between loans interest rate and agriculture development. The research advises farmers and cooperative stakeholders to insist farmers form self-help groups similar to cooperative institutions as a compatible source of agricultural finance in the rural area.
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Mustafa, Khalid, Zulfiqar Ahmad Gill, and Rashid Naeem. "Rural Institutions and Planned Change in Agriculture: A Comparative Perspective in Two Punjabs." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 1155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.1155-1176.
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Agricultural change in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs has been brought about by their respective governments through formal organisations—cooperatives, credit banks, agriculture departments and/or special interest groups at the local level. The changes produced during 1960s and in subsequent period were dramatic but unsettling. Many have argued that the achievement of agricultural change in the region has depended to an important extent on the effectiveness of rural institutions in executing their role as agents of planned change.1 The present paper seeks to review the debate on the role of rural institutions in producing social and economic changes in the agrarian sectors of the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs and present some of the data which have stimulated this debate. The paper commences with an overview of the agrarian change in the two Punjabs. Then the programmes of planned change in the two regions are described, and the particular institution of change—cooperatives, credit banks, agricultural departments etc. are discussed in detail. At the specific level, the study aims at delineating the role played by rural institutions in initiating, stimulating, sustaining or retarding change in agriculture sectors of the two Punjabs. The role of rural institutions as a policy instrument for the promotion of agricultural expansion is examined. And finally the paper points out the implications of the past experience for the future role of rural institutions in the two Punjabs.
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Syahrial, Ramon. "STUDI META-ANALISIS: KREDIT USAHA TANI DAN KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI." JEA17: Jurnal Ekonomi Akuntansi 7, no. 01 (May 17, 2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/jea17.v7i01.6554.
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This study aims to determine the extent to which the influence of credit to improve farmers' welfare. This study uses a meta-analysis approach from international and national journals published from 2018 to 2021. The results of several journal articles show that credit is very helpful in the agricultural process and can improve welfare for farmers, especially for farmers. Family Family, this is because by getting credit farmers will be able to carry out their agricultural business to improve agricultural yields which means it also increases income. With credit given by farmers, both from cooperatives and formal banking institutions, can also prevent farmers from getting credit or loans from non-formal credit institutions. On the other hand, the role of banking institutions greatly affects farmers in obtaining and obtaining credit for their agricultural capital.
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Thirunavukkarasu, Dr R., and Dr S. Thirunavukkarasu. "Inclusive Growth through SHG-An Expost Study." Journal of Development Economics and Management Research Studies 09, no. 14 (2022): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53422/jdms.2022.91405.
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SHGs is for accelerating the economic growth with equity by way of access to credit requirement to vulnerable groups. The NABARD implemented such programmes favouring SHGs in the country. SHGBLP requires coordinated efforts by all stake-holders to tackle the issues of heavy concentration, stagnation in growth, multiple membership, lower bank linkage both in number and quantum, and also for the rising of non-performing assets in the country. The cooperative institutions like District Cooperative Central Banks and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies have a long history and also helped the beneficiaries tremendously in our country. It is noted that the SHGs has grown over the years in various parts of the country but 26 per cent of them have been brought under the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme. In addition, a huge amount of regional variation in both credit deepening and credit widening has been observed in the country.
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Hu, Yue, Siwei Lu, Huiyuan Zhang, Guibo Liu, and Jiangang Peng. "Empirical Analysis on the Performance of Rural Credit Cooperative’s Shareholding Reform Based on the Rationale of Isomorphic Incentive Compatibility." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052844.
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Rural economic development helps reduce the income inequality in China. Existing studies show the positive effects of rural reforms, however, whether the rural credit cooperative’s shareholding reform promotes rural economic development and whether effects are exerted through the synergism between agricultural producers and rural financial institutions remain unclear yet. Employing the rationale of isomorphic incentive compatibility from system science, we analyze the necessity and influencing conduit of rural credit cooperative’s shareholding reform theoretically. Analysis shows that only the financial services from rural commercial banks can promote the modernized production, and thus the synergism between them drives rural economic development. Then we make empirical analysis on the effect with a Chinese provincial sample. Comparing to provinces with lower reform progress, the provinces with greater reform progress are influenced more prominently by this reform. Applying coupling coordination degree model, the coordination between agricultural production and rural banking development shows obvious increase, especially after the formal implementation of shareholding reform on rural credit cooperative. Empirical results indicate that this synergism plays positive roles in promoting agricultural growth and reducing the urban–rural income gap. In addition, these effects are more pronounced after the formal implementation of shareholding reform.
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Ninsiima R, R., R. Bulyaba, and D. Makosa. "Determinants of participation in agricultural group guarantee loans: A case of smallholder farmers in Eastern Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, no. 04 (April 28, 2023): 23039–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.119.22365.
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This paper establishes that agricultural group guarantee loans (AGGLs) are indeed an innovative tool used by Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) to extend credit to resource-disadvantaged smallholder farmers regarded as not credit-worthy by traditional lenders. It disproves popular literature that one requires assets to access formal credit and that extremely poor farmers are segregated from borrowing citing a lack of collateral to pledge to both group members and to the lender. This paper indicates that efforts to get smallholder farmers out of destitution should be redirected to addressing other group credit aspects other than increasing participation. Multi-stage sampling obtained 161 agricultural loan borrowers of Promotion of Rural Initiative Development Enterprises (PRIDE) microfinance, a formal Tier III credit institution in Uganda. Both borrowers of the group (AGGLs) and Individual (Individual Loan borrowers, IL) loans were selected for comparison purposes. Semi-structured interviews and in-depth discussions with farmer groups (focus group discussions, FGDs) collected both quantitative and qualitative data for the study. Descriptive statistics analysis presented the socioeconomic characteristics of the borrowers while the binary logistic regression model determined the factors that influence participation in AGGLs. The findings indicated that IL borrowers were better off in socioeconomic aspects such as income than AGGL borrowers. The study results revealed that the probability of participating in AGGLs decreases with an increase in the number of asset ownership and an increase in household expenses, particularly education. This implies that AGGLs are socially perceived to be a “facility for the poor”, supporting the motives of MFIs. Agricultural group guarantee loans are associated with smaller loan amounts due to fear of default. These smaller amounts limit investment and consequent income improvement. This is the first paper to study participation in AGGLs offered by a formal credit institution in Uganda. Other group loans offered in Uganda do not target agriculture, those that do, are offered by savings and credit cooperative organizations (SACCOs) informally started by farmers. Key words: Agricultural lending, Smallholder farmers, Collective action, Group participation, Uganda
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C, Dhanalakshmi. "A Study on Non-Performing Asset at Co-Operative Societies in India." South Asian Research Journal of Business and Management 6, no. 01 (February 10, 2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjbm.2024.v06i01.001.
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The performance of a country's financial system reflects in a country's growth. India is striving to be one of the developed countries. Our country is going through many changes as it strives to be at the top of the world. The financial system is the mainstay of any country in India and the banking system plays an important role in the financial system. In a country like India, where 70% of the population lives in rural areas agriculture is a main occupation, which accounts for more than 30% of GDP. Banks and cooperatives in the public and private sectors play an important role in accelerating credit services to rural areas. India has 12 public sector banks, 22 private sector banks, 42 foreign banks, 56 regional rural banks, 1485 urban cooperative banks 96000 rural cooperative banks in addition to Credit Cooperative Bank. The obstacle for cooperative societies and banking institutions is NPA non-performing assets. The focus of this paper is to study NPA in Indian cooperatives and the impact of NPA on the profitability of cooperatives, the remedies for NPA problems to improve the performance of cooperatives.
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Ankrah Twumasi, Martinson, Yuansheng Jiang, Bismark Addai, Zhao Ding, Abbas Ali Chandio, Prince Fosu, Dennis Asante, et al. "The Impact of Cooperative Membership on Fish Farm Households’ Income: The Case of Ghana." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031059.
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The emergence of agricultural cooperatives is extensively viewed as a necessary institutional arrangement that can help farmers in developing countries overcome the constraints that impede them from improving sustainable agricultural production and acquiring new marketing opportunities. Therefore, this study examines the determinants of cooperative membership and its impact on fish farm household income, using data collected from two regions in Ghana. An endogenous switching regression (ESR) model is utilized to address the potential sample selection bias issue. The results show that household heads’ decisions to join cooperatives are affected by their access to credit, off-farm work, education level, and peer influence. Cooperative membership can increase both household and farm income by 28.54% and 34.75%, respectively. Moreover, we show that different groups of households’ cooperative impacts on farm and household income are heterogeneous. Our findings highlight the importance of cooperative patronization and provide implications that can improve households’ welfare.
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Upadhyay, Namdev, Samaya Gairhe, Yogendra Acharya, Yuga Nath Ghimire, Krishna Prasad Timsina, and Ashok Acharya. "Credit’s use performance and its determinants on farm household: A case of Chitwan district of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i2.32493.
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Credit has been considered to play a pivotal role in the agricultural development of Nepal. A large number of institutions are involved in the disbursement of credit to agriculture. In this backdrop, the present study has examined the performance of agricultural credit and has identified the determinants of increased use of credit at the farm household level in Nepal. The study was based on survey data consisting of 107 samples collected randomly from the Chitwan district. The study has revealed that the quantum of credit availed by the farming households is affected by several socio-demographic factors which include caste, economically active population, food sufficiency, and membership in an organization. The research revealed that if the household is Brahmin/ Chettri, the probability of borrowing loans decreased by 32% as compared to other castes. Similarly, if the household’s economically active population increased by one unit, the probability of taking a loan increased by 16%. The results also show that, if household food sufficiency increased by one month the probability of taking loans decreased by 4 % but if the household head is a member of an organization, the probability of taking a loan increased by 28%. The congenial environment to increase the involvement of the household head to an organization like cooperative and farmers group, increasing the food self-sufficiency through productivity enhancement program and creating awareness on credit utilization helps to increase credit use performance in Agriculture.
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Albrecht, Catherine. "Rural Banks and Czech Nationalism in Bohemia, 1848–1914." Agricultural History 78, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-78.3.317.
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Abstract Rural credit in the Bohemian crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy became available on a wide scale only after the abolition of serfdom in 1848. Although organized to serve municipal interests, savings banks and Schulze-Delitzsch credit cooperatives initially provided rural credit, primarily in the form of mortgage loans. Such local financial institutions embraced a social mission of aiding the poor and promoting small producers, while seeking to encourage economic modernization and Czech national revival. Strengthening the economic position of small agricultural producers fit in with both the socioeconomic and national motives of local financial institutions in the 1860s and 1870s. With the agricultural depression of the 1880s, however, agrarian leaders criticized credit cooperatives and savings banks for promoting urban interests over those of their rural customers, and new financial institutions, particularly Raiffeisen-type cooperatives, were founded in the 1890s and 1900s to better meet the credit needs of small farmers. These new cooperatives contributed to the growing political and economic integration of the peasantry into the Czech national life.
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Yu, Jingbo, and Hongwei Cui. "Rural Financial Decision Support System Based on Database and Genetic Algorithm." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9662953.
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With the development of society and economy, the rural financial institution system mainly includes cooperatives and political and commercial rural financial institutions, and they are supplemented by agricultural insurance, guarantee, securities and other nonfinancial organizations to improve their own functions. Rural credit cooperatives have higher investment and operation risks than other financial institutions. New-type rural financial institutions are more sensitive to the market environment, asset quality and profitability, and risk-taking ability. Internal and external risks continue to accumulate, and their potential is low. These risks pose serious obstacles to the development and growth of financial institutions such as rural banks and microfinance companies, and pose major challenges to the security and stability of rural areas and agriculture. Using database and genetic algorithm to study rural credit risk, profitability, and liquidity, in order to track the impact of each explanatory variable in the system on the explained variable, the impulse response function is used to analyze the impact of nonperforming loan ratio on asset profitability. The data are all close to 0, indicating that the influence between the two is more obvious. The intelligent decision-making system support system evaluates the market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, and risk management and risk acceptance of rural financial institutions and explores effective countermeasures for their sustainable development.
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Tomashuk, Inna, and Iryna Tomashuk. "THEORETICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE MECHANISM OF LENDING TO AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES." Economic discourse, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2021): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2021-2-7.
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Introduction. Bank lending to farmers remain one of the most important issues that need in-depth research and improvement, as the problem of lack of working capital and relatively low efficiency of production and economic activities of agricultural enterprises is only exacerbated. An effective system of bank lending is able to solve this problem. Methods. In the process of research a number of methods were used: abstract and logical - to determine the essence of the concept, structure and elemental composition of the credit mechanism of agriculture; methods of comparative analysis and synthesis - for study modern aspects of the organization of bank lending to agricultural enterprises; monographic - for identifying and systematizing specific features of the organization of the credit process in the agricultural sector of the economy; structural-functional approach – to form a conceptual vision of the credit mechanism of the agro-industrial complex and its institutional support; graphic - to illustrate and systematize the results of the study; method of analysis of hierarchies - to substantiate the criterion hierarchical system of choice by the borrower of a banking institution. Results. Theoretical views on the essence, structure and elemental composition of the credit mechanism of agro-industrial complex are systematized. The author's vision of the essence of the credit mechanism of agro-industrial complex is formulated, the structuring of its priority elemental components is offered. The algorithm of relations and interactions between the lender and the borrower as subjects of crediting is systematized. The specifics of the bank's credit policy in relation to agricultural enterprises are identified and the range of credit products for financing their working capital and investment is analysed. The directions of increase of efficiency of cooperation of banks with agrarians in the field of crediting are offered. Discussion. The obtained results of the research can be used by the bodies of branch management of the agrarian sector of the economy, as well as by banking institutions in the development of measures and directions for optimization and improvement of lending to agricultural enterprises. Prospects for further research are systematization and refinement of methodological aspects of assessing the impact of bank lending on agricultural security of the state, as well as testing methods of economic and mathematical modelling to assess the impact of bank lending to agricultural enterprises on the gross product of the agricultural sector and GDP. Keywords: credit mechanism; credit process; credit relations; bank credit; risk; creditor; the borrower; credit product; state support.
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Klymova, Kateryna. "INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF INNOVATIVE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT." ECONOMIC BULLETIN OF THE DNIPROVSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 1(4) (September 28, 2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2709-2879.2022iss1(4).264511pp14-21.
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The vectors of global transformations of the global economy and the directions of modernization transformations national economy in context of the implementation of innovation development and the dissemination of innovative business forms are determined. Focused on systematic issues of institutional development of the innovation development of the national economy: ineffectiveness of the established institutions and institutions of innovation and regulatory policy, unfavorable to innovation of the economic environment, underdevelopment of innovation infrastructure, limited tools for institutional development, credit and investment support of commodity producers.
The importance of forming a systematic basis for supporting innovation dynamics in the national economy and its industries based on institutional regulation instruments, stimulating demand and supply of innovations, infrastructure, informational, communicative provision of innovation growth. The objective character of social reproduction is accented, deepening processes of division of labor, the dissemination of the production form of cooperation and specialization in conditions of globalization changes.
The well-founded innovative advantages of agribusiness development, the importance of distribution of agrinnovations in technological processes, products, marketing and labor organization, which will allow to preserve export positions and increase the value added as a result of providing a higher level of technological. Argumentated evolutionary and institutional restrictions on the formation of an effective institute of agrinnovations.
Described advantages and disadvantages of institutional design tools: transplantation of institutes; entering new institutions, correction of existing routine. The introduction of elements of institutional design in agribusiness and the implementation of the strategy of "intermediate institutes", which envisages the formation of the Optimal Economic Institute, through the implementation of transitional forms or the creation of a set of intermediate institutions, which are gradually changing and displaced by each other when administering or adjusting institution
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Giagnocavo, Cynthia. "The Development of the Cooperative Movement and Civil Society in Almeria, Spain: Something from Nothing?" Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239820.
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Cooperatives fulfilled a broad and central role not only in the economic development, but also in the creation of civil society, in a population decimated and fragmented by the politics and culture of the Franco dictatorship. The province of Almeria, Spain, is an example of smallholding rapid development due to the expansion of intensive greenhouse horticulture. It was the poorest Spanish province per capita in 1955, semi-arid, drought-ridden, and devoid of significant infrastructure. Its undereducated population held little promise for economic growth and a massive migration out of the province left it depopulated. Subsequent economic and social development of Almeria was closely tied to the establishment of both credit and agricultural cooperatives, which supported a new greenhouse agriculture for small plot family farmers organized around cooperatives. This paper focuses on how cooperatives were fundamental in constructing civil society for the benefit of poor rural people, even in the presence of significant negative social capital and undemocratic institutions during the Franco dictatorship. As the sector has modernized and matured, cooperatives have led the sustainable transformation of the business ecosystem. However, current shortcomings in the Almeria cooperative movement and civil society and challenges yet to be met are also raised.
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Oleynikova, Irina, Tatyana Chernova, Tatyana Reshetilo, and Irina Yankina. "Urgent issues of estimation of problems and financial mechanisms of development of russian agrarian complex." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 13018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017513018.
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The key problems of development of agrarian business were analyzed. Low dynamic potential of renewal of production process, lowering of employment in agricultural business, people abandoning rural localities, and inefficient system of agricultural pattern are mostly those problems. Authors established that among financial instruments intended to solve those problems are the system of budget program special purpose funding and bank credit products and they are the target to implement project decisions in the field of agribusiness. Agricultural credit cooperation will allow solving effectively the problems of small-scale agricultural industries and farming. The dynamics of the financial institutions within the specified field was analyzed and measures to activate the development of agricultural credit cooperation areadvised.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Munir Ahmad, and Kalbe Abbas. "The Impact of Institutional Credit on Agricultural Production in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 469–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.469-485.
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Three main factors that contribute to agricultural growth are the increased use of agricultural inputs, technological change and technical efficiency. Technological change is the result of research and development efforts, while technical efficiency with which new technology is adopted and used more rationally is affected by the flow of information, better infrastructure, availability of funds and farmers’ managerial capabilities. Higher use and better mix of inputs also requires funds at the disposal of farmers. These funds could come either from farmers’ own savings or through borrowings. In less developed countries like Pakistan where savings are negligible especially among the small farmers, agricultural credit appears to be an essential input along with modern technology for higher productivity. Credit requirements of the farming sector have increased rapidly over the past few decades resulting from the rise in use of fertiliser, biocides, improved seeds and mechanisation, and hike in their prices. The agricultural credit system of Pakistan consists of informal and formal sources of credit supply. The informal sources include friends, relatives, commission agents, traders and private moneylenders etc. Presently, the formal credit sources are comprised of financial institutions like Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL)—formerly known as Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP), Commercial Banks, and Federal Bank for Cooperatives. Recently, some non-government organisations (NGOs) are also advancing agricultural credit to the rural communities.
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Suleymanova, Arzu Rahim. "THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF CREDIT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS: SUPPORTING AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." AUDIT 2023, no. 4 (October 20, 2023): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.59610/bbu4.2023.4.6.
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The purpose of the research is to explore and highlight the critical role of credit in the advancement of agro-industrial systems, with a focus on how it supports agricultural growth and contributes to wider economic development. The methodology of the research - the study uses a comprehensive review of existing literature, case study analysis, and synthesis of data from government policies, financial institutions, and agricultural cooperatives to examine the multifaceted impact of credit in an agro-industrial context. The practical importance of the research - the findings of this study offer practical insights for policy makers, financial institutions and stakeholders in the agricultural sector and provide them with valuable guidance on how to promote credit availability and optimize its impact on agro-industrial development. The results of the research - the findings of this study highlight critical strategies for enhancing competitiveness in non-oil industries. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - the study offers an original perspective on the multifaceted and interconnected benefits of credit in agro-industrial systems, highlighting the importance of sustainable practices and financial inclusion, thus contributing to scientific innovation in understanding the vital role of credit in promoting agricultural growth and economic development.
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Lu, Yung-Hsiang, Meng-Hsuan Wu, and Shang-Ho Yang. "Management outputs efficiency comparison: the credit departments within farmer associations in Taiwan and Japan." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0043.
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Farmer associations (FAs) in Taiwan and Japan Agricultural (JA) Cooperatives in Japan play an important role in agricultural development. Both have experienced dramatic changes in the macroeconomic environment, and have faced similar management issues. This study focuses on the comparison of operational management efficiency and productivity between the two agricultural institutions in two different countries, focusing on their respective credit departments. Using financial data covered from 2010 to 2014, a Stochastic Metafrontier Regression Model is adopted to explore how operating performances have influenced the productivity of such institutions. Environmental variables such as number of regional financial institutions, regional location, scale of fixed assets, and population density affect inefficiency. With an overall higher number of input and output variables, results show that the average efficiency of credit department within JA Cooperatives when producing output is at 97%, while that of FAs is lower at 90%. Therefore, FAs have more room for efficiency improvement and technological progress.
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Le Kim Thanh, Bui Van Trinh, and Nguyen Quoc Nghi. "Factors impacting formal credit access: A case study of Cau Duc pineapple farmers in Hau Giang province." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 7, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.7.1.0217.
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This study aims to determine factors affecting pineapple farmers’ accessibility to formal credit in Hau Giang Province. Data of the study were collected by direct interviews of 152 pineapple farmers. By logit regression, the authors have indicated the factors beneficially affecting farmers' formal credit access are agricultural land area, production experience, education, cooperation, and familiarity with credit institutions. In particular, credit familiarity plays the most crucial role in farmers' ability to access formal credit.
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Andreev, Yanislav. "FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.062.
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Market transformations and developments over the last decade in the Bulgarian economy have mainly affected the financing system for the agrarian sector. The formation and development of financial and credit relations in rural areas has revived the processes of credit cooperation between farmers. The market environment sets out the general rules for the production and exchange of goods and services: it depends on the costing framework and the choice of how they are organized. In essence, agri-industry producers act primarily as consumers of financial and credit institutions, which on the one hand attract temporary free funds to shareholders and other financial institutions; on the other hand, they meet the different financial needs of the members of the farmers with these funds raised. The study of the theoretical and practical features of reporting to farmers in the agrarian sector shows that this is a little studied area. It is mainly in almost complete isolation from the realities of the market economy, which puts new tasks for financial co-operation. The inadequacy of accounting in the agrarian sector is becoming more obvious with the entry of Bulgaria into the European Union and the common agricultural policy.
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Lemishko, Оlena, and Natalie Shevchenko. "Lending in the agricultural sector of Ukraine: challenges and solutions." Economic Annals-ХХI 192, no. 7-8(2) (September 21, 2021): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v192-07.
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The promotion of efficient development of productive resources, specific geographic areas, and branches of the economy is the fundamental reference point of the financial and credit policy of the state. In particular, the agricultural sector has certain features of capital formation within the financial system of the state. This is reflected in the requirements and approaches to the development of financial policy by the state and in the corresponding mechanism for its implementation. Being an important tool within this mechanism, lending is aimed at ensuring the economic growth of the agricultural sector. State support facilitated the system of subsidizing loans by providing funds to reduce the cost of loans for farmers in Ukraine, thus encouraging increased productivity in the agricultural sector at the initial stage. However, gradually, this caused a debt agricultural economy that became dependent on the state and started negatively affecting the elimination of structural, intersectoral, and territorial disparities in the agricultural sector. Therefore, the article is relevant, with mentioned issues requiring immediate examination of state credit support to the agricultural sector as well as justification of financial and credit policy of the state with the view of mutually beneficial cooperation between banking institutions and Ukraine’s agricultural sector for stable and efficient development of the latter. The article analyzes the market of bank lending to agricultural enterprises. It also reveals the influence of bank lending on the development of the agricultural sector in Ukraine. The study identifies subjective factors considered as biggest сhallenges for lending to the agricultural sector in Ukraine. The core problems of lending to the agricultural sector in Ukraine are identified in our study, namely: increasing inflation risks; ineffectiveness of economic promotion programs, tightening of the NBU’s monetary policy, underdevelopment of the non-banking financial market, unfavorable conditions in the foreign financial markets. Measures are suggested to solve the problems of lending to the agricultural sector, the essence of which comes down to the development of partnership mechanisms between the state, agricultural enterprises, and banking institutions. А unified regulatory and methodological framework for lending secured by agricultural land should be established. The paper covers European land mortgage lending practices. In Ukraine, they might be adopted by directly raising public funds not only through an authorized state credit institution but also through private credit institutions operating in a market environment.
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Poletaeva, V. M., and G. S. Bektenova. "Concerning the need to implement the program of banking-state partnership in the credit-investment sphere." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-5-47-53.
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The article analyzes the key problems of Russian economy development at today’s stage. It is pointed out that the most important way to resolve these problems is the general development of credit-investment activity of business entities. Advantages of banking credits in comparison with other sources of financing investment in economy were demonstrated. The article shows that due to certain reasons banks are not ready to increase the volume of their credit portfolio on key industries, which include manufacturing industry and agriculture. The authors put forward the approach to organization of real sector enterprises’ financing, which is based of cooperation between banks and state institutions of development. Taking into account the fact that manufacturing and agricultural companies usually need big credits for long periods of time with relatively low interest rate (because of limited profitability of such industries) the approach based on banking-state financing is rather promising. Besides, it envisages catering for interests of all three parties of the deal: the enterprise, the bank and state. Principles ideas of the banking-state partnership were formulated as a promising alternative for bank credits, which on the one hand can promote the development of Russian economy and, on the other hand can improve finance results of credit organizations’ functioning.
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Кулов, А. Р. "Conceptual directions for the formation and development of agricultural and credit cooperation as institutions for increasing employment in the Republic of South Ossetia." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 11(124) (December 23, 2020): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2020.124.11.062.
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В статье рассматриваются теоретические и практические аспекты формирования и развития сельскохозяйственной и кредитной кооперации в Республике Южная Осетия. Неоднозначность протекающих процессов в аграрной сфере экономики, среди которых высокий уровень незанятого населения в сельской местности, снижение миграционного притока и низкий уровень вовлеченности в оборот сельскохозяйственных угодий требует новых подходов к формированию кооперации, в том числе, кредитной, и механизму его реализации. Предлагаются меры и направления формирования единой системы сельскохозяйственной и кредитной кооперации в Республике Южная Осетия. The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the formation and development of agricultural credit cooperation in the Republic of South Ossetia. The ambiguity of the ongoing processes in the agricultural sector of the economy, including a high level of unemployed population in rural areas and a low level of involvement in the turnover of agricultural land, requires new approaches to the formation of cooperation, including credit, and the mechanism of its implementation. A set of measures and directions for the formation of a unified system of agricultural credit cooperation of the Republic of South Ossetia is proposed.
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Vandi, Ndzaruwa, Shuaibu Mshelia, Amurtiya Michael, and Bitrus Kwaji. "Analysis of women crop farmers' access and utilisation of agricultural credit in Yola South Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.52493/j.jaab.2022.1.21.
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Accessing financial resources is critical for achieving improved productivity in the farming business. The objectives of the study were to describe women farmers’ socio-economic characteristics; identify agricultural credit sources, and examine how such funds were utilised by the participants. The multistage sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 148 women crop farmers in 12 communities in the study area using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents were relatively young (with an average age of 41 years) and most (59.1%) were married with an average household size of 7 persons. Similarly, the majority of the participants were small-scale farmers with an average farm size of 1.7 hectares, rely (64%) on informal credit sources and the credit accessed was expended on the purchase of farm inputs, while some portion was used to meet family needs. This study recommended, among others, that formal financial institutions should implement policies that will boost the capacities of informal sources (like cooperative societies and other associations) to access a large volume of credit that they can distribute to their members.
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Maniriho, Aristide, Edouard Musabanganji, and Philippe Lebailly. "Factors Affecting Farm Performance among Small-Scale Farmers in the Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda: What is the Role of Institutions?" Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 11, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2021.114.262.268.
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This study attempted to examine the role of institutions in boosting rural and agricultural development in the region of the Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from a random sample of 401 small-scale farmers through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a weighted least-squares method to account for heteroscedasticity, a common issue in cross-sectional studies. Results from crop output function reveal a positive and significant effect of cooperative membership, a negative but significant effect of extension services, and a negative non-significant effect of land tenure, credit access, and market access on farm production, respectively. In terms of net farm income function, the results demonstrate that farmer cooperation, land tenure, extension services, and access to output markets have a positive, non-significant influence, but that access to finance has a negative non-significant effect. Results also point to a positive and significant effect of some household characteristics, namely family size, farming experience, land size, and farm yield, on farm production. As for net farm income, education of the head, family size, farm experience, land size, farm yield, selling price, and cattle proved to be among primary determinants. It was therefore suggested that agricultural sector programs and activities should be readapted and strengthened in order to leverage rural and agricultural development in Rwanda.
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Biradar, Asha, Prabhuling Tevari, G. B. Lokesh, Devendra Beeraladinni, and Shivanand Kammar. "An Economic Analysis of Credit Utilization Pattern and Credit Gap for Grape Cultivation and Value Addition (Raisin Making) in Vijayapura District of Karnataka, India." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 8 (July 22, 2024): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i82702.
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Credit is an important factor triggering agricultural growth when it is utilized properly. The present study aims to analyze the credit utilization pattern and credit gap for grape cultivation and value addition (raisin making) in Vijayapura district, which is having the highest area under grape cultivation in Karnataka state. As the grape requires high maintenance expenses, its economic analysis is of great importance in its present status. The primary data was collected from 90 respondent grape farmers in the study area. The finding of the study revealed that the sample farmers borrowed an average of ₹ 1,46,883 from all the institutional sources for grape cultivation, and the utilization of borrowed institutional credit for grape production was ₹ 1,09,376 (74.5%), and ₹ 37,507 (25.5%) of borrowed institutional credit was diverted for raisin production. For raisin making the sample farmers borrowed a total of ₹ 1,67,372 in credit from non-institutional sources in the study area. ₹ 138,440 (82.72%) of borrowed non-institutional credit was utilized for raisin making and ₹ 28,932 (17.28%) of borrowed credit was diverted other purposes by the sample farmers. The total credit gap was found to be 58.49, 59.97, and 59.12 per cent from commercial banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative bank/societies respectively. The findings also indicated that the sample farmers used the borrowed institutional and non-institutional credit more effectively to increase their revenue, diverting it less often for other uses. Many farmers do not receive institutional credit in an adequate quantity, at the appropriate time, or at a reasonable cost. Therefore, there is a need to focus on existing access and the quantum of formal credit used for agricultural purposes by different farmers in rural areas of Vijayapura district.
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Getachew, Zewdu, Fekadu Beyene, Jema Haji, and Tesfaye Lemma. "Impact of Membership to Certified Coffee Marketing Cooperatives on the Income of Smallholder Farmers in Jimma Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Economics 8, no. 1 (July 27, 2023): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijecon.2047.
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Purpose: Coffee is one of the most important agricultural commodities with a significant contribution to the growth and well-functioning of Ethiopia’s economy, and to the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers and laborers. Despite its importance, smallholder coffee production and marketing performance have been unsatisfactory due to various reasons. The introduction of voluntary coffee certification schemes such as Fairtrade (FT) and Organic (Org) certification schemes through cooperatives are viewed as mechanisms to overcome the constraints smallholder farmers face in accessing high value coffee markets and earn better income. However, the impacts of these schemes on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers were not analyzed yet. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of joining (FT, Org or dual FT-Org) certified coffee cooperatives on gross annual incomes earned by member farmers.
Methodology: The study employed cross-sectional data collected from randomly selected sample smallholder coffee farmers through a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and simple inferential statistical tests (e.g., frequency, percentage, mean, t-and chi2-tests), and PSM methods were employed to analyze the data.
Findings: Results of the descriptive statistics depict that 234 (62.07%) of the total 377 samples farmers were members of certified coffee marketing cooperatives. Among the cooperative members, 83 (35.47%), 84 (35.90%) and 67 (28.63%) were members of FT, Org and dual FT-Org certified coffee marketing cooperatives, respectively. The results of the binary probit model however show that the decisions to join certified coffee marketing cooperatives was significantly influenced by sex, marital status, total livestock holding size, total coffee land size (ha), log total quantity of coffee produced (kg), credit access, and walking distances to development agent’s office, coffee marketing center and all-weather road in minutes, respectively. The PSM analysis results show that membership to certified coffee marketing cooperatives has a positive and significant impact on average annual gross income (ETB) earned. The average gross annual income earned by coop member farmers was ETB 14639.15, which is by 36.51% higher than their counterpart non-coop member farmers. The difference is statistically significant at 1% probability level.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that Cooperatives should be encouraged to establish credit and saving units in their internal structure and/or work in collaboration with other saving and credit providing institutions (such as Cooperative Bank of Oromia) to be able to provide demand-driven credit services to member farmers.
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Jonathan, UMEH Onyebuchi, UDE Kingsley David, and EGBUNU Daniel. "Determinants of Credit Access By Small Scale Cassava Farmers in Awka North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. V (2023): 967–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70577.
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The study examined the determinant of access to credit by small scale cassava farmers in Awka North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study identified the major sources of credit among the small-scale cassava farmers; estimated the determinants of farmers’ access to formal credit; compared the income of the farmers who have access to formal credit and those who had not; and identified constraints to farmer’s access to credit. A simple random sampling method was used in the selection of 240 respondents (120 who had access to credit and 120 who did not). The data for the study was from primary source through the use of structured questionnaire designed in line with the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics, binary logistics regression model, t-test and mean score from a three-point Likert type of scale were used to achieve the stated objectives. The result on determinants influencing credit access among cassava farmers indicated coefficients of membership of cooperative society (4.971) to significantly determine the probability of small scale cassava farmer’s access to credit at 1% while the coefficients of experience (2.134), farm size (2.772), extension contact (2.669) and distance to credit source (2.333) significantly determine the probability of small scale cassava farmer’s access to credit at 5%. The Independent t test result indicates that farmers who had access to credit had better farm income (374, 627.90) compared to their counter parts in who had no access to credit (250, 129.87) which implied a significant difference (P<0.05). The major constraints of cassava farmers in credit access from formal and informal credit institution is inadequate collateral security (2.9) and high interest rate (2.6) respectively. The study recommended among others that Financial institutions such as Agricultural and microfinance banks, should be established in the rural areas and the procedures for securing loans should also be streamlined in order to make it simple for the farmers.
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Kumar, Soam Sudhir. "Agri-Inputs Consumption Patterns, Access, and Delivery Mechanism in India." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2023/apr_jun/6-15.
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The Government of India has initiated several programs to provide timely inputs to farmers with special subsidies on regular inputs such as seed material, fertilizers, irrigation, animal purchase, etc. These inputs are supplied through various mechanisms such as government departments, agricultural universities, KVKs, NGOs, local shop owners, producer's associations etc. Studying the agri-inputs available and their supplying mechanisms in India provides clarity on the status of farmers and the number of farmers who benefi ted from diff erent services provided by GOI. A survey questionnaire was developed to collect data from the 14 states with a sample size of 409 farmer respondents and was administered to the Foundation course for Agricultural Research Service (FOCARS)-82 batch, who were undergoing fi eld experience training (FET) at ICAR-NAARM, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State. The survey revealed that most farmers felt satisfi ed with the quality of seed, followed by agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers. Among all the assets, farmers spent the most money on purchasing animal feed (INR 46047.05) followed by planting material- saplings (INR 34445.07) and adult draught animals (INR 31805.07). The maximum number of respondents specifi ed that storage facility for grains, electricity, and byproducts were suffi ciently available. More money is spent on purchasing the recurrent associated input, i.e., irrigation sprinkler/drip, followed by irrigation wells. The Maximum number of farmers has access to Common Property Resources (CPRs) such as pasture land, irrigation sources, threshing fl oors, water harvesting structures, producer's associations, selfhelp groups, and primary cooperative society. About 269 farmers availed credit facilities; among them, 103 farmers took a credit of >10,000-50,000, which was majorly used for input purchase (240 farmers responded). About 132 farmers said they receive subsidies on seed/propagating material, fertilizer/agrochemicals, and irrigation. Most farmers received quality seed/propagating material from the local shop owners, followed by neighboring farmers, govt. departments and private companies. Very few are using/visiting Agricultural Universities, KVKs, cooperatives, NGOs, Agri-clinics, producers' associations, and village panchayats for seed purposes. In terms of credit suppliers, farmers listed public sector banks fi rst, followed by cooperative society credit cards and moneylender. Farmers with medium-sized land holdings have a better chance of availing subsidies compared to small-category farmers. Most small landholders need more opportunities to access agricultural credit. An adequate supply of timely inputs and support of low-cost credit from institutional sources is of great importance to small and marginal, farmers who contribute almost 60 per cent of total food grain production in India. The output of this study would become a benchmark for future assessments and decision-making in the fi eld of agri-inputs.
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Hladii, Mykhailo, and Yurii Luzan. "Lending in the system of agrarian transformations of Ukraine." Ekonomika APK 310, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202008031.
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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for further development of the lending system for agricultural producers in Ukraine, determine the feasibility of creating agricultural cooperative banks, the development of land mortgage lending and other instruments of financial and credit support, taking into account the best world experience and the specifics of the functioning of the agricultural sector of the economy. Research methods. A dialectical method of scientific knowledge has been used, as well as a systematic research approach using the experience of lending in other countries, taking into account the results of scientific research by domestic scientists and reasonable assessments of the current state of credit services for agricultural producers, a set of methods for processing statistical data characterizing the dynamics and corresponding trends. Research results. The ways of further development of the system of financial and credit support of agricultural producers as an important component of agrarian transformations are determined, the best world experience is summarized, the assessment of the current state of lending to the agricultural economy is given. Scientific novelty. The further improvement of the credit support system for the needs of participants in the agricultural market in modern conditions was substantiated, as an important component of the comprehensive institutional support of the reform processes in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the study can be taken into account in the practical activities of government bodies, by participants in the agricultural market and the banking system, in the deepening of scientific research, in the educational process. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 17.
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Cheng, Enjiang, and Abdullahi D. Ahmed. "The demand for credit, credit rationing and the role of microfinance." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2012-0076.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the demand for credit and credit rationing conducted by formal, informal and emerging microfinance lenders in the four poor counties of China. Design/methodology/approach – This paper extends the existing studies on credit rationing in rural China by comparing the determinants of credit rationing by three different lenders, the formal lenders rural credit cooperatives (RCCs), the informal lenders and the new microfinance institutions (MFIs). Findings – MFIs are capable of reaching out to the even poorer households if they develop the loan products based on the income and expenditure flows of these households. Research limitations/implications – The determinants of credit rationing by three types of institutions are estimated separately. Practical implications – RCCs in China shall change their policy of discrimination against female-headed households. RCCs shall also simplify the loan application procedures and assess the clients based on their repayment capacities rather than the age or assets alone. RCCs could learn from MFIs to use incomes from migrant workers as a criterion to assess the loan applicants. Social implications – gender equity for loan access. Originality/value – This paper extends the existing studies on credit rationing in rural China by comparing the determinants of credit rationing by three different lenders, the formal lenders (RCCs), the informal lenders and the new MFIs.
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Becić, Ivan, and Dejan Antić. "Niš Credit Bank between the two world wars." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 53, no. 2 (2023): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp53-40828.
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In order to provide its shareholders with the necessary funds to carry on with their business operation with the help of the necessary share capital, the Niš Inn and Tavern Cooperative was founded in 1919. The planned operations did not give a satisfactory result, so starting from 1922, the new bank's management turned more to crediting, and its main business activities were slightly neglected. The business policy of the administration gave favourable results and the Inn and Tavern Cooperative could distribute the dividend to shareholders, although it was not large because most of the earnings were set aside to buy land at an attractive location in the city, build a bank, and also increase the funds that provided stable bank operation. From 1926, the Inn and Tavern Cooperative only engaged in crediting operations, it acted like a true financial institution, and for those reasons, from the middle of 1928, it adopted the name Niš Credit Bank. Until the outbreak of the financial crisis in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in September 1931, this institution brought a solid dividend to its shareholders and had the reputation of a stable monetary institution among the banks in Niš . The moves taken by the Yugoslav government during the 1930s in economic terms were primarily aimed at protecting agricultural workers as the most numerous part of the population who, due to the situation on the world market, ended up fighting for survival. The enactment of the Law on the Protection of Farmers in 1932 meant that banks were unable to collect receivables from the most numerous client group, the farmers, which, with the constant pressure by savers who wished to withdraw money, put many banks in a position to be active but not liquid. The Niš Credit Bank was one of the few banks that did not have disturbances of that kind, but the situation in Yugoslav banking prevented normal bank operations. Private banking in Yugoslavia was then faced with the outbreak of World War II, when almost all banks formally ceased to operate.
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Trusova, Nataliya, and Nataliia Radchenko. "Tools of Financial Support for Agriculture Lending in Ukraine." Accounting and Finance, no. 4(90) (2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2020-4(90)-59-67.
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In the course of their activities, almost every business entity faces the problem of lack of own funds. This problem is especially acute in the agricultural sector. The constraining factor in the development of bank lending to agricultural enterprises, as always, is the high cost of credit resources and significant collateral requirements, which are often not enough to cover the credit obligations of borrowers. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of lending to agricultural enterprises in Ukraine and to substantiate the modern instruments of financial support of crediting of agrarian sphere. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the efficiency of agricultural enterprises, depending on their size; the structure of financial resources is analyzed and the dependence on external sources of financing is proved; an assessment of the dynamics of the volume of credit investments in the agricultural sector. Study results show that the price factor has a negative impact on the formation of credit relations of agricultural enterprises with banking institutions. According to the authors, the promising instruments of financial support for lending to agricultural enterprises include programs of cooperation with international financial organizations, including the European Investment Bank and the German-Ukrainian Fund. It was established that in Ukraine agricultural enterprises are given ample opportunities to attract credit resources. In order to intensify the lending process, it is important to continue the process of improving the mechanism of forming the value of credit resources and to start work on solving the problematic issues of securing credit obligations by agricultural enterprises. On the other hand, agricultural enterprises must work to increase their own investment attractiveness – to form a positive image; to maintain the financial stability of enterprises at the appropriate level; to develop the organizational and financial culture of the enterprise; increase production efficiency; to improve methodological approaches to drawing up business plans taking into account the requirements of international financial organizations, etc.
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Acheampong, George. "Financial institution ties and survival of small commercial poultry farms (SCPFs) in Ghana." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 10, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-08-2017-0061.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to understand the usefulness of financial institution class ties in small commercial poultry farms’ (SCPFs’) survival in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses data from a network survey with associated attribute data on poultry small- and medium-sized enterprises. The data were collected in two waves between January 2014 and March 2015. Survival is estimated using a lagged probit model.FindingsIt was found that the survival rate of SCPFs is influenced by ties to universal banks and cooperative credit unions that have a positive effect while those with ties to savings and loans companies have a reduced survival probability.Originality/valueThe findings of the study make a significant contribution to the agricultural enterprise financing literature showing the relevance of the different financial institution types in the continued survival of agricultural SCPFs.
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Zhaybalieva, Luzia T. "Credit Policy in the Southern Urals at the Beginning of the XX Century." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 12, no. 5 (2022): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2022-12-5-159-167.
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Relevance. The experience of state regulation of Russia's credit policy is of great practical importance for the modern economic and political development of the country. Currently, current forms of management are being devel-oped, which include credit cooperation. The purpose – analysis of the government's credit policy in the Southern Urals at the beginning of the XX century. Objectives: to determine the forms and main activities of credit cooperation; to study the regional aspects of credit policy in rural areas, to show the features of its implementation in the Southern Urals. Metodology. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methodo-logical basis of the research is a systematic approach. The chronological method and the method of comparative historical analysis are used. Results. At the beginning of the XX century, credit institutions – savings and loan partnerships, most of which functioned in rural areas, became widespread in the Southern Urals. In addition to the main purpose – lending to the small peasant, they were engaged in the sale of bread and other types of agricultural products. Restraining factors for the development of small-scale credit in rural areas were a low level of commodity-money relations on the one hand; legal and class isolation on the other, since there were restrictions on the disposal of peasant property, both allotment land and movable property. Conclusion. Credit policy was one of the results of the development of commodity relations, contributed to providing the most favorable conditions for the development of agriculture in general, had an important impact on the socio-economic development of the South Ural region in the early twentieth century.
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Kahramanoğlu, Ali. "Tarım Üreticilerinin Bankacılık Sistemi Bağlamında Kredi Kullanımı ve Üretimin Finansmanı Analizi: Bafra Örneği." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i3.615-620.4157.
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The main channels used in financing agriculture are Agricultural Credit Cooperatives, Public Banks, Private Banks and the manufacturer’s environment. Producers choose financing channels; they vary depending on their work experience, traditional behaviour, education level, openness to innovations, following economic developments and taking out agricultural insurance. In this study, face-to-face interviews were held with 153 agricultural manufacturers operating in Bafra, and data were collected through interviews and open-ended questions. As a result of the analysis, a significant relationship was found between the increase in the ratio of manufacturers’ education, being open to innovations and following economic developments towards private banks other than public institutions. In terms of using financing resources other than public institutions, manufacturers; While a significant relationship was determined between social security status and agricultural insurance usage levels; on the other hand, when age is evaluated with traditional behaviours, the relationship turns out to be meaningless. As the work experience of the manufacturer increases, the tendency to obtain funds from the unorganized environment increases. Effective communication channels should be established for the manufacturer to be aware of and implement innovations and to have the infrastructure to determine the financing method suitable for them. In order to ensure effective communication, agricultural enterprises should be cleansed from wrong financing practices and their financial structures should be preserved, especially by increasing public support and publications and activities.