Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural Afghanistan Kunduz River Basin'
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1
Akhundzadah, Noor Ahmad, Salim Soltani, and Valentin Aich. "Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan." Climate 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8100102.
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The Kunduz River is one of the main tributaries of the Amu Darya Basin in North Afghanistan. Many communities live in the Kunduz River Basin (KRB), and its water resources have been the basis of their livelihoods for many generations. This study investigates climate change impacts on the KRB catchment. Rare station data are, for the first time, used to analyze systematic trends in temperature, precipitation, and river discharge over the past few decades, while using Mann–Kendall and Theil–Sen trend statistics. The trends show that the hydrology of the basin changed significantly over the last decades. A comparison of landcover data of the river basin from 1992 and 2019 shows significant changes that have additional impact on the basin hydrology, which are used to interpret the trend analysis. There is considerable uncertainty due to the data scarcity and gaps in the data, but all results indicate a strong tendency towards drier conditions. An extreme warming trend, partly above 2 °C since the 1960s in combination with a dramatic precipitation decrease by more than −30% lead to a strong decrease in river discharge. The increasing glacier melt compensates the decreases and leads to an increase in runoff only in the highland parts of the upper catchment. The reduction of water availability and the additional stress on the land leads to a strong increase of barren land and a reduction of vegetation cover. The detected trends and changes in the basin hydrology demand an active management of the already scarce water resources in order to sustain water supply for agriculture and ecosystems in the KRB.
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HASSANYAR, Mohammad Hassan, Jun-ichiro Giorgos TSUTSUMI, Ryo NAKAMATSU, and Shir Mohammad OMID. "THE ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL VARIABILITY, TREND OF PRECIPITATION AND RIVER DISCHARGE OF KUNDUZ RIVER BASIN, AFGHANISTAN." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i4.2018.210.
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The aim of this study is to analyze the trend and variability of precipitation and streamflow in Kunduz River Basin which is located to north-eastern part of Afghanistan. The Mann Kendall and Sen’s Slope statistical test were applied to understand the precipitation variability for 19612010 and about one-decade recorded streamflow respectively. However, the monthly precipitation illustrated significant downward trend in spring months and upward trend in summer season, the calculated annual precipitation represented decreasing trend in the river basin. The statistical analysis of monthly and annual river flow depicted dropping values of stream discharge as well which prove the correlation of both important variables. Therefore, the calculated time series of both hydro-climate elements showed decreasing, the basin experienced drying, the decisionmakers must consider proper water resource management project to reduce the negative implication of the change and boost the temporal water resource governance as well.
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Hassanyar, Mohammad Hassan, and June-ichiroGiorgos Tsutsumi. "Multi-model Ensemble Climate Change Projection for Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan under Representative Concentration Pathways." Modern Environmental Science and Engineering 03, no. 05 (May 3, 2017): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/05.03.2017/001.
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Moorthy, Ravichandran, and Sumayya Bibi. "Water Security and Cross-Border Water Management in the Kabul River Basin." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010792.
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This paper investigates the collaborative and benefit-sharing approaches to conflict management in the management of cross-border water resources for the sustainable development of the Kabul River Basin riparian states of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The study offers an understanding of water management strategies concerning peace, progress and development, and sustainability. Using an interpretative social science approach, this paper investigates the impacts of water scarcity and stress, hydro-politics, water diplomacy, and water issues among co-riparian countries. It also investigates how cross-border river management impacts river water sustainability and sustainable cross-border water management strategies. The paper finds that the most significant factor in resolving and managing cross-border water disputes is to employ a collective and combined method of water management based on cooperation and benefit-sharing. This is in addition to providing an immediate cost-effective benefit of improving water supply, hydroelectric generation, and agricultural production, as well as future communal and monetary benefits for the public who reside and work the river basin. The paper proposes establishing a combined cross-border basin authority for both Afghanistan and Pakistan in order to effectively realize the benefits of the Kabul River Basin.
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Baig, Muhammad Hasan Ali, Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Roman Khan, Wenzhe Jiao, Muhammad Amin, and Shahzada Adnan. "Assessing Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in Chitral Kabul River Basin Using Multiple Drought Indices." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091417.
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Drought is a complex and poorly understood natural hazard in complex terrain and plains lie in foothills of Hindukush-Himalaya-Karakoram region of Central and South Asia. Few research studied climate change scenarios in the transboundary Chitral Kabul River Basin (CKRB) despite its vulnerability to global warming and importance as a region inhabited with more than 10 million people where no treaty on use of water exists between Afghanistan and Pakistan. This study examines the meteorological and agricultural drought between 2000 and 2018 and their future trends from 2020 to 2030 in the CKRB. To study meteorological and agricultural drought comprehensively, various single drought indices such as Precipitation Condition Index (PCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Soil Moisture Condition Index (SMCI) and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and combined drought indices such as Scaled Drought Condition Index (SDCI) and Microwave Integrated Drought Index (MIDI) were utilized. As non-microwave data were used in MIDI, this index was given a new name as Non-Microwave Integrated Drought Index (NMIDI). Our research has found that 2000 was the driest year in the monsoon season followed by 2004 that experienced both meteorological and agricultural drought between 2000 and 2018. Results also indicate that though there exists spatial variation in the agricultural and meteorological drought, but temporally there has been a decreasing trend observed from 2000 to 2018 for both types of droughts. This trend is projected to continue in the future drought projections between 2020 and 2030. The overall study results indicate that drought can be properly assessed by integration of different data sources and therefore management plans can be developed to address the risk and signing new treaties.
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Taraky, Yar M., Edward McBean, Yongbo Liu, Prasad Daggupati, Narayan Kumar Shrestha, Albert Jiang, and Bahram Gharabaghi. "The Role of Large Dams in a Transboundary Drought Management Co-Operation Framework—Case Study of the Kabul River Basin." Water 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 2628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192628.
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Hydrologic drought is a frequent phenomenon in the transboundary Kabul River Basin (KRB), the vital resource shared between the two nations of Afghanistan and Pakistan. While the KRB has vast water resources, these resources are subject to extreme hydrologic events and, as a result, are not adequately managed to deal with the stress during drought conditions in the transboundary setting with no formal agreement or treaty. Rapid population growth and increases in agricultural land will require balanced water distribution to meet the array of needs. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to evaluate distribution options for flow frequencies under existing and proposed large dams in the headwaters of the KRB. The calibrated SWAT streamflow results are employed for statistical analyses of the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) and Annual Cumulative Deficit Volume (ACDV) to investigate hydrologic drought time series and identify the role of proposed dams to be used for drought mitigation. Based on the SSI, proposed dams can provide additional storage that will partially address hydrologic droughts in the future. At the same time, restrictions on agricultural land expansion and water intakes are other measures to facilitate balanced water resource availability. This study discusses the intricacies of transboundary conflict and cooperation, water rights, and drought risk management; as well, recommendations for a KRB transboundary Drought Task Force (DTF) between Afghanistan and Pakistan are provided, to develop a science-based policy for using the stored waters in large dams for drought relief, fairly and transparency.
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Hajihosseini, Mohammadreza, Hamidreza Hajihosseini, Saeed Morid, Majid Delavar, and Martijn J. Booij. "Impacts of land use changes and climate variability on transboundary Hirmand River using SWAT." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 1695–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.100.
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Abstract Many river basins are facing a reduction of flows which might be attributed to changes in climate and human activities. This issue is very important in transboundary river basins, where already existing conflicts about shared water resources between riparian countries can easily escalate. The decrease of streamflow in the transboundary Hirmand (Helmand) River is one of the main challenges for water resources management in Iran and Afghanistan. This research aims to quantify the causes of this problem which has a direct impact on the dryness of the Hamoun wetlands being an international Ramsar site. To achieve this, the land use changes in the Middle Helmand Basin (MHB) in Afghanistan were evaluated for three time periods between 1990 and 2011 using remote sensing data and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model for understanding watershed response to environmental changes. It was concluded that the total irrigated area in the region has increased from 103,000 ha in 1990 to 122,000 ha in 2001 and 167,000 ha in 2011 (62% increase). According to the results, the average annual discharge when adapting the land use during the simulations was 4,787 million cubic meters (MCM)/year and while employing the land use of 1990 from the beginning of the simulations, the average annual discharge was 5,133 MCM/year. Therefore, the agricultural developments in the Helmand basin decreased the discharge with about 346 MCM/year accompanying an increase of 64,000 ha in an irrigated area in MHB after 1990. Notably, the impact of land use change increases significantly for more recent periods and causes a reduction of 810 MCM in annual streamflow for the MHB. The amount of water depletion (i.e. actual evapotranspiration) per hectare has increased from 5,690 in 1985 to 7,320 m3 in 2012. The applied methodology of this study is useful to cope with such a data scarcity region. It can help quantify the impact of land use change on the region and formulates strategies that can improve the situation between Iran and Afghanistan.
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Saeed, Muhammad, Huan Li, Sami Ullah, Atta-ur Rahman, Amjad Ali, Rehan Khan, Waqas Hassan, Iqra Munir, and Shuaib Alam. "Flood Hazard Zonation Using an Artificial Neural Network Model: A Case Study of Kabul River Basin, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 13953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413953.
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Floods are the most frequent and destructive natural disasters causing damages to human lives and their properties every year around the world. Pakistan in general and the Peshawar Vale, in particular, is vulnerable to recurrent floods due to its unique physiography. Peshawar Vale is drained by River Kabul and its major tributaries namely, River Swat, River Jindi, River Kalpani, River Budhni and River Bara. Kabul River has a length of approximately 700 km, out of which 560 km is in Afghanistan and the rest falls in Pakistan. Looking at the physiography and prevailing flood characteristics, the development of a flood hazard model is required to provide feedback to decision-makers for the sustainability of the livelihoods of the inhabitants. Peshawar Vale is a flood-prone area, where recurrent flood events have caused damages to standing crops, agricultural land, sources of livelihood earnings and infrastructure. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the ANN algorithm in the determination of flood inundated areas. The ANN algorithm was implemented in C# for the prediction of inundated areas using nine flood causative factors, that is, drainage network, river discharge, rainfall, slope, flow accumulation, soil, surface geology, flood depth and land use. For the preparation of spatial geodatabases, thematic layers of the drainage network, river discharge, rainfall, slope, flow accumulation, soil, surface geology, flood depth and land use were generated in the GIS environment. A Neural Network of nine, six and one neurons for the first, second and output layers, respectively, were designed and subsequently developed. The output and the resultant product of the Neural Network approach include flood hazard mapping and zonation of the study area. Parallel to this, the performance of the model was evaluated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Correlation coefficient (R2). This study has further highlighted the applicability and capability of the ANN in flood hazard mapping and zonation. The analysis revealed that the proposed model is an effective and viable approach for flood hazard analysis and zonation.
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Tariq, Muhammad, Nick van de Giesen, Shahmir Janjua, Muhammad Shahid, and Rashid Farooq. "An Engineering Perspective of Water Sharing Issues in Pakistan." Water 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020477.
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Water sharing within the states/provinces of a country and cross-border is unavoidable. Conflicts between the sharing entities might turn more severe due to additional dependency on water, growing population, and reduced availability as a result of climate change at many locations. Pakistan, being an agricultural country, is severely water stressed and heading toward a worsening situation in the near future. Pakistan is heading toward water scarcity as water availability in the Indus basin is becoming critical. Being a downstream riparian of India and Afghanistan in the Indus basin, water availability depends on the releases of water from both countries. The Indus Water Treaty is governing the water distribution rights between India and Pakistan. However, there exists no proper agreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan and the construction of new dams on the Kabul River is another threat to water availability to Pakistan. Correct implementation of the Indus Water Treaty with India is required, together with an effective agreement with Afghanistan about the water sharing. In addition to water shortage, poor management of water resources, inequitable sharing of water, lack of a systematic approach, old-fashioned irrigation practices, and growing agricultural products with large water footprints are all exacerbating the problem. The water shortage is now increasingly countered by the use of groundwater. This sudden high extraction of groundwater is causing depletion of the groundwater table and groundwater quality issues. This water shortage is exacerbating the provincial conflicts over water, such as those between Punjab and Sindh provinces. At one end, a uniform nationwide water allocation policy is required. At the same time, modern irrigation techniques and low-water-footprint agricultural products should be promoted. A fair water-pricing mechanism of surface water and groundwater could be an effective measure, whereas a strict policy on groundwater usage is equally important. Political will and determination to address the water issues are required. The solutions must be based on transparency and equity, by using engineering approaches, combined with comprehensive social support. To develop a comprehensive water strategy, a dedicated technopolitical institute to strengthen the capabilities of nationwide expertise and address the issues on a regular basis is required to overcome the complex and multidimensional water-related problems of the country.
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Hussainzada, Wahidullah, and Han Soo Lee. "Hydrological Modelling for Water Resource Management in a Semi-Arid Mountainous Region Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool: A Case Study in Northern Afghanistan." Hydrology 8, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010016.
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To address the issues of water shortages and the loss of agricultural products at harvest in northern Afghanistan, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied for agricultural water resource management by simulating surface runoff in the Balkhab River basin (BRB) on a monthly basis from 2013 to 2018. Elevation, slope, land cover data, soil maps, and climate data such as temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation were used as inputs in the SWAT modelling. During the dry season from July to September, the water resources downstream were basically attributed to baseflow from groundwater. In the calibration, the groundwater baseflow was estimated by analyzing station-recorded discharges for 190 springs. With the estimated baseflow, the SWAT results were markedly improved, with R2 values of 0.70, 0.86, 0.67, and 0.80, Nash-Sutcliff efficiency (NSE) values of 0.52, 0.83, 0.40, and 0.57, and percent bias (PBIAS) values of 23.4, −8.5, 23.4, and 17.5 in the four different subbasins. In the validation, the statistics also indicated satisfactory results. The output of this study can be used in agricultural water resource management with irrigation practices and further in the assessment of climate change effects on the water resources in the BRB.
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Roodari, Artemis, Markus Hrachowitz, Farzad Hassanpour, and Mostafa Yaghoobzadeh. "Signatures of human intervention – or not? Downstream intensification of hydrological drought along a large Central Asian river: the individual roles of climate variability and land use change." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 1943–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1943-2021.
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Abstract. The transboundary Helmand River basin (HRB) is the main drainage system for large parts of Afghanistan and the Sistan region of Iran. Due to the reliance of this arid region on water from the Helmand River, a better understanding of hydrological-drought pattern and the underlying drivers in the region is critically required for effective management of the available water. The objective of this paper is therefore to analyze and quantify spatiotemporal pattern of drought and the underlying processes in the study region. More specifically we test for the Helmand River basin the following hypotheses for the 1970–2006 period: (1) drought characteristics, including frequency and severity, systematically changed over the study period; (2) the spatial pattern and processes of drought propagation through the Helmand River basin also changed; and (3) the relative roles of climate variability and human influence on changes in hydrological droughts can be quantified. It was found that drought characteristics varied throughout the study period but largely showed no systematic trends. The same was observed for the time series of drought indices SPI (standard precipitation index) and SPEI (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index), which exhibited considerable spatial coherence and synchronicity throughout the basin, indicating that, overall, droughts similarly affect the entire HRB with few regional or local differences. In contrast, analysis of the SDI (streamflow drought index) exhibited significant negative trends in the lower parts of the basin, indicating an intensification of hydrological droughts. It could be shown that with a mean annual precipitation of ∼ 250 mm yr−1, streamflow deficits and thus hydrological drought throughout the HRB are largely controlled by precipitation deficits, whose annual anomalies on average account for ±50 mm yr−1, or ∼ 20 % of the water balance of the HRB, while anomalies of total evaporative fluxes on average only account for ±20 mm yr−1. Assuming no changes in the reservoir management practices over the study period, the results suggest that the two reservoirs in the HRB only played a minor role for the downstream propagation of streamflow deficits, as indicated by the mean difference between inflow and outflow during drought periods, which did not exceed ∼ 0.5 % of the water balance of the HRB. Irrigation water abstraction had a similarly limited effect on the magnitude of streamflow deficits, accounting for ∼ 10 % of the water balance of the HRB. However, the downstream parts of the HRB moderated the further propagation of streamflow deficits and associated droughts because of the minor effects of reservoir operation and very limited agricultural water in the early decades of the study period. This drought moderation function of the lower basin was gradually and systematically inverted by the end of the study period, when the lower basin eventually amplified the downstream propagation of flow deficits and droughts. Our results provide plausible evidence that this shift from drought moderation to drought amplification in the lower basin is likely a consequence of increased agricultural activity and the associated increases in irrigation water demand, from ∼ 13 mm yr−1 at the beginning of the study period to ∼ 23 mm yr−1 at the end, and thus in spite of being only a minor fraction of the water balance. Overall the results of this study illustrate that flow deficits and the associated droughts in the HRB clearly reflect the dynamic interplay between temporally varying regional differences in hydro-meteorological variables together with subtle and temporally varying effects linked to direct human intervention.
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Nobakht, Mohamad, Maria Shahgedanova, and Kevin White. "New inventory of dust sources in Central Asia derived from the daily MODIS imagery." E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199901001.
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This paper presents the first inventory of dust emission sources in Central Asia and western China (35-50°N, 50-100°E) derived from the twice daily MODIS imagery from 2003-2012. The high-resolution (1 km) dust enhancement product was generated and used to produce maps of dust point sources and gridded data sets of dust emission frequencies. The most active dust emissions were observed in the eastern part of the Tarim basin (Lop Nur salt lake) followed by the Aralkum. A high frequency of dust emissions was recorded in the regions which were not reported in literature to date: the upper Amudarya region in northern Afghanistan and the Pre-Aral region (from the Ustyurt Plateau to the Betpak Dala desert). Dust emissions were associated mainly with the fluvial features (dry river beds and lakes), agricultural activities and fire damage to vegetation. In the eastern and northern parts of the study region and in the Aralkum, dust emissions peaked in spring while in the western and southern parts, they peaked in summer. The Aralkum exhibited a consistent growth in the frequency and intensity of dust emissions and similar but weaker trends were observed in the Karakum and Kyzylkum.
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Sherzad, Safiullah, and Tharavathy N.C. "Morphometric Analysis of Baghlan Province for Amu River Basin in Afghanistan using Remote Sensing and GIS." Ecology, Environment and Conservation, June 17, 2022, 964–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i02.059.
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Baghlan province is located in north of Kabul and surrounded by Bamyan, Kunduz,Parwan, Takhar, and Samangan provinces. It lies on the core route to the north and North-eastern regions of Afghanistan, which in terms of geographical location (coordinates) 29 degrees and 31 minutes north latitude and 58 degrees and 48 minutes east longitude, it is located 230 km from Kabul along the Kabul-Mazar highway; In the past, this province had 12 districts, which has now been raised to 15 districts, but in our current study, it will discuss 12 districts, which are the same 15 districts; 15 districts were canceled because there were no changes in the calculations of morphometric analysis. The different morphometric analysis explains the physical appearance of the watershed, which are suitable for the areas of land development, soil protection, topography rise, and soil erosion (Horton, 1945). This study discloses that DEM and GIS method in calculating morphometric drainage parameters and their effect on hydrological features at the watershed level is suitable than the conservative methods. The complete basin means bifurcation ratio (Rb) is 2.43, which shows that the drainage pattern is partial by geographical structure. Doshi and Khinjan districts have a high elongation ratio (Re), Ruggedness number (Rn), basin relief (Bh). It shows that peak discharges and erosion are high in these basins. This study is very beneficial for applying rainfall aggregation and watershed management.
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Mirzaei-Nodoushan, Fahimeh, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, and Hugo A. Loáiciga. "Evaluation of cooperative and non-cooperative game theoretic approaches for water allocation of transboundary rivers." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (March 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07971-1.
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AbstractEfficient water allocation in a transboundary river basin is a complex issue in water resources management. This work develops a framework for the allocation of transboundary river water between the countries located in the river basin to evaluate the characteristics of allocation approaches. The allocation of river water is obtained based on initial-water conditions, cooperative, and non-cooperative game-theoretic approaches. The initial-conditions water allocation approach assigns 34, 40, and 26% of the Harirud River flow to Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, respectively. The game-theoretic cooperative approach assigns 36, 42, and 22% of the river flow to Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, respectively. The non-cooperative game-theoretic approach establishes that the most stable water allocation was 42, 38, and 20% of the Harirud River flow for Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, respectively. Human and agricultural water-stress criteria are used to evaluate the water allocations in the Harirud River basin. The criterion of human water stress has the largest influence in Iran, and the criterion of agricultural water stress has the smallest influence in Afghanistan. This work’s results indicate the initial-conditions water allocation approach favors Turkmenistan, whereas the cooperative and the non-cooperative game-theoretic approaches favors Iran and Afghanistan, respectively. The results show that the priorities of each country governs water allocation, and cooperation is shown to be necessary to achieve sustainable development.
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Hussainzada, Wahidullah, and Han Soo Lee. "Effect of an improved agricultural irrigation scheme with a hydraulic structure for crop cultivation in arid northern Afghanistan using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (March 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09318-2.
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AbstractThe current study focuses on water scarcity, water shortages, and inequal water allocation for downstream water users in the Balkhab River basin (BRB) in northern Afghanistan. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was utilized to determine the hydrological process in the watershed and assess the water resource capacity. The model was calibrated and validated to ensure proper model setup for the entire watershed. The analysis of the current water management and allocation scheme indicated inadequate water distributions for the downstream irrigation canals. The current water allocation approach was modified based on crop water requirements and the available agricultural lands. A new irrigation scheme was proposed and included in the SWAT model that does not decrease upstream water allocation. The annual streamflow in the Balkhab River can supply the extra allocated water downstream without influencing the upstream water. Notably, a dam was proposed in the middle stream to store water during the winter and early spring seasons, as well as floodwater. The model outcomes showed that the existing annual streamflow in the river can fully support the irrigation of currently available land and an extra 18,470.6 ha of agricultural lands in the BRB. The results of this study can contribute to scientific evidence-based policy and decision-making processes for sustainable agricultural water resource management and flood control in the study region.