Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agressores e não envolvidos'
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Silva, Juliana Cecília Freitas. "Genes envolvidos na determinação da esquizofrenia." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5244.
Full textA esquizofrenia, face à sua complexidade, é vista como uma perturbação intrigante (Kay, 1991) sendo descrita como uma doença “heterogénea e multifatorial”, isto é pode estar associada a diversos fatores (Matos et al., 2003). Esta perturbação neuropsiquiátrica é caracterizada pela presença de um comportamento psicótico, de pensamento irrealista e desorganizado, além de uma marcada disfunção social. Os relacionamentos interpessoais estão comprometidos e alterados e a autoestima diminuída. A maioria dos indivíduos com esquizofrenia não chega a casar e uma grande percentagem mantém contatos sociais limitados (Matos et al., 2003). A esquizofrenia manifesta-se comummente na adolescência ou no início da idade adulta (Kaplan e Sadock, 1999). Quando a manifestação é precoce, as características clínicas são, em regra, menos graves do que as observadas quando esta ocorre na fase adulta. As manifestações clínicas apresentadas em crianças com esquizofrenia incluem alucinações visuais e nos casos de manifestação tardia da doença (por exemplo, após os 45 anos) a sintomatologia clínica apresenta delírios e alucinações paranoides. Nos casos com idade de início mais avançada (acima dos 60 anos), o paciente apresenta diminuição das capacidades sensoriais, tais como perda auditiva. A esquizofrenia afeta cerca de 1% da população mundial (Kasai et al., 2002) apresentando um elevado impacto a nível familiar (Johnson, 1990) e enormes gastos em saúde pública (Uhl e Grow, 2004). A influência genética nesta patologia está bem caracterizada, no entanto, a natureza exata do modo de transmissão ainda não é clara (Chowdari e Nimgaonkar, 1999; Woolf, 1997; Maier e Schwab, 1998; Portin e Alanen, 1997; Schulz e Andreasen, 1999). Os dados disponíveis são compatíveis com a hipótese de que, na maioria dos casos, a componente genética consiste de múltiplos genes agindo de forma aditiva, sendo que o genótipo predisponente à esquizofrenia só se manifesta quando o número de genes e de fatores não-genéticos presentes for maior do que um determinado número limiar.
Due to its complexity, schizophrenia is seen as an intriguing disorder (Kay 1991) being described as a "heterogeneous and multifactorial" disorder, i.e. it can be associated with several factors (Matos et al., 2003). This neuropsychiatric disorder is characterized by the presence of a psychotic behavior, unrealistic and disorganized thinking, and a marked social dysfunction. Patients show altered and compromised interpersonal relationships and diminished self-esteem. Most individuals with schizophrenia do not get married and a large percentage keeps limited social contacts (Matos et al., 2003). Symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear during adolescence or early adulthood (Kaplan and Sadock, 1999). In early manifestations, clinical features are usually less severe than those seen when this occurs in adulthood. Clinical symptoms in children with schizophrenia include visual hallucinations and in cases of late-onset disease (eg, after 45 years) the clinical symptomatology includes paranoid delusions and hallucinations. In cases with more advanced age onset (over 60 years), patients have decreased sensorial abilities, such as hearing loss. Schizophrenia affects around 1% of world population (Kasai et al., 2002) presenting a high impact at family level (Johnson, 1990) and huge expenditure on public health (Uhl and Grow, 2004). The genetic influence in this pathology is well characterized, however, the exact nature of the type of transmission is not yet clear (Chowdari and Nimgaonkar, 1999; Woolf, 1997; Schwab and Maier, 1998; Portin and Alanen, 1997; Schulz and Andreasen, 1999). Available data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in most cases, the genetic component consists of multiple genes acting additively, being the genotype expressed only when the number of genes and non-genetic factors present is above a threshold number.
Zaniboni, Gabriel Francisco. "Implementação de abordagens computacionais para identificação de RNAs longos não codificadores envolvidos na diferenciação neural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/95/95131/tde-02022016-150323/.
Full textIncreasingly, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) emerge as important regulators of cell biology, especially in differentiation processes during development. The interest in the study of functions and mechanisms of action of this class of transcripts during these processes is growing, and shows quite relevant in the neural differentiation process by which neurons and glia are generated. The P19 cell line, pluripotent cells arising from a type of murine embryonal carcinoma, is well established as an in vitro model of neural differentiation. After treatment with retinoic acid, it is capable of differentiating into neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). In search of evidence that indicate the action of lncRNAs during the neural differentiation process, our group conducted experiments using microarrays to assess gene expression levels of lncRNAs and protein coding genes (mRNAs) during differentiation of P19 cells into neurons (mainly after 10 days of differentiation) and glial cells (mainly after 14 days of differentiation). At first was performed the reannotation of the probes relating to these microarrays lncRNAs, as the information provided in the annotation files were very scarce or outdated. LncRNAs and mRNAs records were obtained from public databases for this purpose, and at the end of this stage approximately 25.0% of the probes without annotation were reannotated with identifiers arising from these databases. From the expression data, we identified all lncRNAs and mRNAs that showed differential expression between the different studied conditions. The information of differentially expressed mRNAs were then used to perform Gene Ontology enrichment, in the ontologies biological process and molecular function. From the reannotated probes, coexpression analyses were performed for lncRNAs and mRNAs. From the crosscheck of information obtained, we selected those lncRNAs that by the principles of guilt by association proved likely to play a regulatory role in neural differentiation. Thus, the information generated in this study will serve as a basis for future studies of functional validation of these lncRNAs.
Ferreira, Susanne Carolinne Penha. "Detecção de estruturas renais reconhecidas por anticorpos não-HLA envolvidos na rejeição humoral em pacientes transplantados renais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-23012009-121037/.
Full textThe transplant of organs is today an option of treatment to several terminal diseases. In spite of all the progress in the field of the transplants, the rejection remains a problem to be solved. The main target molecules for the allogenic response and subsequent allograft rejection are the human leukocyte antigens (HLA). However, there are growing evidences that non-HLA antibodies are associated with transplant rejection. In this study it was investigated the presence of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in 11 patients who had early lost their transplanted kidney by irreversible humoral rejection and in 2 ones from renal venal thrombosis. The absence of anti-HLA antibodies against the donor was verified by the negativity of crossmatches performed using the most sensitive assays, at the transplant, at the rejection, and before and after the transplantectomy Antibodies from 9 eluates bound to EAHy.926. Positive and negatives eluates were tested against frozen sections from 6 normal kidneys in order to define the structures to which they were reactive. The reactivity was identified by indirect immunofluorescence method. From 13 eluates evaluated, 4 (isotipe IgG) and 5 (isotipe IgM) reacted to the glomerulus and renal arterial endothelium with intense fluorescence but they did not react to the Bowmans capsule and tubular epithelium. No polymorphism was observed in eluates reactivity. In conclusion, we have shown that non-HLA antibodies may represent a cause of the humoral rejection. These antibodies are probably recognizing antigens of a nonpolymorphic system in endothelial cells present, mainly, in the glomerular capillaries.
Granjeiro, Érica Maria. "Mecanismos nitrérgicos envolvidos na neurotransmissão dos componentes autonômicos e respiratório do quimiorreflexo no NTS caudal de ratos não-anestesiados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17134/tde-16072009-155930/.
Full textThe nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is an integrative area in the central nervous system (CNS) involved with the ventilatory and autonomic control. Several studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) in the NTS plays an important role in the modulation of the cardiovascular and ventilatory reflexes. In addition, there is evidence indicating a possible interaction of NO and ATP in the CNS. Considering these findings, in the present study, we evaluated the possible role of NO on the modulation of the basal cardiorespiratory parameters as well as on the processing of the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses elicited by chemoreflex activation in the caudal NTS of awake rats. In addition, the possible role of NO produced by neuronal nitric oxide sintase (nNOS) on the cardiovascular and respiratory responses produced by unilateral microinjection of ATP into the caudal NTS was also evaluated. For this purpose, rats received bilateral guide cannulae in direction of the caudal NTS and femoral artery and vein were cannulated. The ventilatory measurements were obtained by whole-body pletismograph method. Our data showed that bilateral microinjections of L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, into the caudal NTS, produced a significant increase in basaline mean arterial pressure, suggesting a modulatory role of NO in the neural pathways of the baroreflex. However, bilateral microinjections of N-PLA, a selective nNOS inhibitor, into the caudal NTS, produced no significant changes in the baseline mean arterial pressure, suggesting that NO produced by nNOS is not involved in the basal autonomic control in the caudal NTS. With respect to chemoreflex responses, bilateral microinjections of L-NAME or NPLA, into the caudal, produced a significant attenuation in the increase in respiratory frequency (fR) produced by chemoreflex activation, suggesting that NO produced by nNOS is involved in the modulation of the respiratory component of the chemoreflex. However, the pressor and bradicardic responses elicited by chemoreflex actiovation Abstract xv were not affected by microinjections of L-NAME or N-PLA, suggesting that NO is not involved in the modulation of the cardiovascular responses. With respect to ATP microinjection responses, the data showed that unilateral microinjection of ATP into the caudal NTS produced increase in arterial pressure, fR and minute ventilation, which were significantly attenuated by N-PLA, suggesting that NO produced by nNOS is involved in the modulation of the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to ATP microinjection into the caudal NTS. In conclusion, the data of present study indicate that in the caudal NTS: 1) NO, produced probably by endothelial NOS, plays an important modulatory role on the neural pathways of the baroreflex; 2) the neurotransmission of the increase in respiratory frequency to chemoreflex activation involve NO production by nNOS. 3) NO is not involved in modulation of the autonomic components of chemoreflex; 4) the cardiovascular and ventillatory responses produced by ATP micronjection are, at least in part, mediated by NO produced by nNOS.
D'Epiro, Gláucia Fernanda Rocha. "Efeito da clorofilina na expressão de genes envolvidos na apoptose e ciclo celular em células de mama não tumorais (HB4a)." UEL. IAPAR. EMBRAPA. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, 2012. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000175478.
Full textThe molecule of chlorophyllin has been the subject of the scientific community by presenting, among others, chemopreventive, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of this compound remain unclear. Thus, the study of genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle in non-tumor cells treated with chlorophyllin can provide important information about the mechanisms that protect or trigger damaging processes in these cells, aiding in the development of therapies and treatments. In this context, we evaluated the effect of cytotoxic potential of chlorophyllin and its effect on the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (anti and pro-apoptotic: BCL-2, BCL-XL, BAX and BAK, the family of Caspases: CASP3, CASP7, CASP8 and CASP9) and cell cycle (BIRC5, TP53, APC, β-catenin and CCNA2) on cultured non-tumor breast cells (HB4a). In the cytotoxicity assay chlorophyllin was cytotoxic 48 and 72 h at all concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µg/mL) used when compared to control. The study of gene expression was performed by qRT-PCR assay. HB4a cells were exposed to 100 and 200 µg/mL of chlorophyllin at 24, 48 and 72 h. The reduced levels of BIRC5 related to the processes of apoptosis and cell cycle was dose dependent, the gene was downregulated with 200 µg/mL of chlorophyllin at 24, 48 and 72 h. The CCNA2 gene was downregulated at 24, 48 and 72 h with 200 µg/mL of chlorophyllin, and at 72 h with 100 µg/mL of exposure. In relation to the pro-apoptotic genes, it was observed a significant increase in expression of BAX at 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure at 200 µg/mL of chlorophyllin, and 72 h of exposure at 100 µg/mL. BAK was not significant change when compared with control. It was also observed increased expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and Bcl-XL. The gene BCL-XL showed increased expression in three times tested with 200 µg/mL of chlorophyllin, and exposure to 100 µg/mL led to increased expression in 24 h. Since the BCL-2 gene had an increase of expression only in 72 hours with 200 µg/mL of chlorophyllin. The other genes analyzed did not show significant change. Inhibition on the genes expression involved in cell cycle suggests an effect due to the cytotoxicity of chlorophyllin, and the increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes, while the increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes suggests inhibiting apoptosis and protection from death induced cellular chlorophyllin.
Martins, Leila Chalub. "Entre o plantar e o colher : representações e saberes envolvidos na extensão rural." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279946.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Doutorado
Silva, Karina Heck da. "Distribuição de agrupamentos gênicos envolvidos na biossíntese de substâncias bioativas no genoma da Fischerella sp. CENA161." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-05012016-105937/.
Full textFischerella is a cyanobacterial genus that occurs in several subaerophytic environments and presents ecological, evolutive, biogeochemical, biotechnologic and ecotoxicologic importance. The study of the genome can leads to the better compreension about its metabolism and its ability to produce cyanotoxins and other bioactive molecules. The Fischerella sp. strain CENA161 was isolated from a spring water in Piracicaba, and it was identified microcystin peptide hepatotoxic producer. That was the first report about the production of the toxin by this cyanobacterial genus. The aim of this study was to sequence the genome of the cyanobacteria Fischerella sp. strain CENA161 and perform the assembly and annotation of the genes involved in its secondary metabolism. For this, the strain was previously treated with 0,5 % sodium hypochlorite to remove the heterothrophic bacteria, followed with exhaustion from the short filaments in Petri plates, searching isolate the strain. The deoxirribonucleic acid was extracted from the CENA161 cells cultivated in Erlenmeyers with BG-110 liquid media. The genomic library was performed by MiSeq sequencing, and the ab initio assembly was performed with the reads obtained from the sequencing. The gene annotation and prediction were performed with the antiSMASH tool, for the secondary metabolites screening, and the nucleotides sequences alignment was performed using known genes present in other cyanobacteria producers and the CENA161 genome, using the BLASTN tool. The bioactive compounds produced by the strain were investigated with bioassays against bacteria and fungi, and also using high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The results revealed the Fischerella sp. strain CENA161 presents the microcystins gene cluster in its genome, with the ten genes that were described in the first time (mcyA-mcyJ), and showed high identity in your sequences with the Fischerella sp. PCC 9339 sequences, although the synteny is very close to Nostoc sp. strain 152 microcystin gene cluster. We also found the ambiguine gene cluster (amb), that showed 25 genes out of 32 genes of total from the Fischerella sp. strain UTEX 1903, with high identity (98 %) among the nucleotide sequences. We found six genes out of eight that compose the nostopeptolide gene cluster (nos) described for Nostoc sp. strain GSV224, but presenting differentiated synteny for the CENA161. The chemical analyses by mass spectrometry showed the production of seven microcystin variants (MC-LR, MC-LL, MC-LA, MC-LM, MC-FR, MCLAba and [D-Asp3]Mc-LL), the last two ones being rarely described by literature. The bioassays showed bioactivity from the polar and nonpolar intracellular extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Burkholderia cepacia, Xanthomonas campestris and Candida albicans. The collect of the peaks from the nonpolar extract in HPLC revealed bioactivity in three different acquisition times. The peaks collected from the polar extract did not show bioactivity, but the running in HPLC showed the peak corresponding to microcystin, produced by axenic CENA161 strain. Our results revealed the presence of some gene clusters involved in the bioactive molecules synthesis and the ability for the Fischerella sp. strain CENA161 to produce different bioactive compounds, synthesized by ribosomal and nonribosomal pathway, in non-axenic and axenic condictions.
Muro, Marilena A. de. "Bacillus cereus : caracterização bioquimica e sorologica e avaliação da toxicidade de cepas isoladas de alimentos envolvidos ou não em casos de intoxicação alimentar." [s.n.], 1988. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256583.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Bacilus cereus foram isolados em MYP-ágar, a partir de alimentos envolvidos ou não em casos de intoxicação alimentar, sendo as colônias presuntivas identificadas pela determinação das seguintes propriedades; características morfológicas da célula vegetativa e esporângio; não formação de cristal de toxina para-esporal; motilidade; crescimento não-risóide, e atividade hemolítica, importantes na diferenciação entre os membros do grupo I dos Bacillus. Os testes bioquímicos, que apresentaram maior porcentagem de variação: fermentação de salicina (70,6%), hidrolise de ami do (76,5%), e outras propriedades (como produção de amilases e proteases), não mostraram correlação direta com os resultados dos ensaios de toxicidade, como inoculação intraperitoníal em camundongos e inoculação intradérmica em coelhos e camundongos. Na superfície das células da cepa 4/1 foram encontradas estruturas finas filamentosas, presentes em grande quantidade, como urna rede, que pareceram desempenhar algum papel na ativi dade biológica dessa cepa
Abstract: Bacillus cereus were isolated in MYP-agar medium, from food products, some of them suspected to be implicated in food borne intoxication cases, and the presumptive colonies identified by the following properties: morphological characteristics of vegetative and sporulating cells; absence of intracellular protein crystal; motility; absence of rhizoid growth, and ' hemolitic activity, important in the differentiation between members of Group I Bacillus. Biochemical tests such as-salicin fermentation and starch hidrolysis, with percentagem variation of 70,6% and 76.5% respective, as well as another properties like amilase and protease activities, did not show a direct correlation with the results of the toxicity tests: intraperitonial injection of mice and intradermic injection in rabbits and mices. Filamentous structures were found on the cell surface of strain 4/1, that may contribute to the biological activity of this strain
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
Bertoja, Ângela Ehlers. "Estudo de alelos do lócus TGFA envolvidos na etiologia das fissuras labiopalatinas em amostra de pacientes não-sindrômicos do Rio Grande do Sul." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/485.
Full textCleft lip and palate (CLP) are the most commom craniofacial anomalies among humans. This etiology is complex, involving genetic and environmental factors. Non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NS-CLP) seem to have a distinct etiology of the CLP associated to some syndrome. Since the late 1980’s, researches have been carried with the objective to identify genes that act in the etiology of the NSCLP, amongst them the TGFA (transforming growth factor alpha). The objective of this study was to test the TGFA/Taq I polymorphism in patients with NS-CLP, and to compare the results with those gotten in a control sample constituted by individuals without CLP, aiming to identify the inquiring the existence of mutations in this locus. A comparison was carried between enters gotten by the techniques of DNA extraction of buccal swab and peripherical blood. Extration of DNA by buccal swab showed itself efficient for the determination genotypical TGFA locus and propicia for the collection in population with CLP. Mutations in TGFA gene are not associated to NS-CLP in the population of Rio Grande do Sul studied, therefore it is not possible to conclude which would be the role of the TGFA in the NS-CLP expression.
As fissuras labiopalatinas (FLP) são as malformações craniofaciais mais comuns em seres humanos. Sua etiologia é complexa, envolvendo tanto fatores genéticos quanto ambientais. As fissuras labiopalatinas em pacientes não-sindrômicos (FLP-NS) parecem ter uma etiologia distinta das FLP associadas a alguma síndrome. Desde o final da década de 1980, são realizadas pesquisas com o objetivo de testar genes que atuem na etiologia das FLP-NS, entre eles o TGFA (fator transformador de crescimento epitelial alfa). O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o polimorfismo TGFA/Taq I em pacientes portadores de FLP-NS, comparando os resultados obtidos com uma amostra controle de indivíduos sem fissuras para averiguar a ausência ou a presença da mutação gênica nesse lócus. Além disso, foi feita a comparação entre as técnicas de extração de DNA obtidas através de sangue periférico e swab bucal. A extração de DNA a partir de swab bucal se mostrou eficaz na determinação genotípica do lócus TGFA e propícia para a coleta em populações com FLP. Mutações no gene TGFA não estão associadas à FLP-NS na amostra da população do Rio Grande do Sul estudada não sendo, então, possível concluir qual seria o papel do TGFA na expressão da FLP-NS.
Moya, Maria Lisseth Eguiluz. "Identificação e caracterização de pequenos RNAs não codificantes e genes alvos envolvidos em estresse abiótico (seca e salinidade) em Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180745.
Full textPlants being sessile organisms, persistently face adverse environmental perturbations termed as abiotic stresses, most important being drought, soil salinity, extreme temperatures, and heavy metals. They developed several strategies such as tolerance, resistance, and avoidance to minimize stress influence, thus require short-term strategies to quickly and efficiently readapt their metabolism. In this sense, small non coding RNAs are strong candidates to do this kind of fine tune regulation. Next generation sequencing technologies have revealed the key role of these sncRNAs in the transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene-expression regulation. Among the myriad of new sncRNAs, miRNAs are the most known ones and the fragments derived from tRNAs (tRFs) are the newest but with high perspective ones. The miRNAs are endogenous small RNAs that play essential regulatory roles in plant growth, development and stress response. In the case of tRFs, they are mainly involved in stress response. Eugenia uniflora L., ‘pitanga’ or Brazilian cherry is a fruit tree native to South America that belongs to Myrtaceae family. It grows in several different harsh environments, including forests, restingas, near the beach, and arid and semiarid environments in the Brazilian northeast. This species is very versatile in terms of adaptability and plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of the shrubby coastal vegetation. However, this species is best-known because its medicinal properties that are attributed to specialized metabolites with known biological activities present in their leaves and fruits. E. uniflora is a fascinating reservoir of germplasm biodiversity and has great potential as a source of genes for plant breeding. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms conferring stress tolerance will be very useful. In this sense, the objective of this work is to identify sncRNAs (miRNAs and tRFs) by bioinformatic tools and to analyze their expression pattern under stress conditions as well as the genes involved in that response. In chapter 1, DNA, small RNA (sRNA) and RNAseq libraries from leaves were used to identify pre-miRNAs, mature miRNAs and potential targets of these miRNAs, respectively. De novo assembly of the genome identified 38 conserved miRNAs and 28 novel miRNAs. After evaluating their expression pattern, 11 11 conserved miRNAs, including miR156 and miR170, showed significant variation in the natural (restinga habitat) and PEG induced stress. Most of them were previously reported in stress processes. 14 novel miRNAs were evaluated in different tissues of pitanga showing significant variation in the expression pattern. The targets of the last miRNAs were predicted and validated by RT-qPCR. They were transcription factor genes and other genes such as transferases or ATPases and showed the expected opposite pattern to miRNA expression. In Chapter 2, the same libraries were used to identify conserved tRFs in the Myrtaceae family. To do this, the tRNAs of Eucalyptus grandis and E. uniflora were annotated and sRNAs mapped into them. 479 tRFs were identified in pitanga with predominance of those with 18 nucleotide length. 11 conserved tRFs in both species, as well as their targets, were evaluated under saline and drought stress conditions showing significant differences depending on the stress type. The targets were genes previously involved in saline and drought stress for other species. The present work shows strong evidences of the involvement of the miRNAs in the development and stress, as well as the tRFs in the tolerance to drought and saline stress of E. uniflora. In addition, the data could be used in more detailed functional studies that will serve to corroborate and better understand the mechanism of tolerance present in this important plant.
Teixeira, Silvania da Silva. "Mecanismos envolvidos na ação não genômica do hormônio tireoidiano sobre a expressão e translocação da isoforma 4 do transportador de glicose (GLUT4): estudo no tecido muscular esquelético e adiposo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42137/tde-13122010-103411/.
Full textThe thyroid hormone (TH) participates in the control of essential functions of the organism. Most of its effects are mediated by modulation of gene transcription and take place over a long enough period of time to allow the transcription of specific genes. On the other hand, evidence that TH also promotes the effects that occur in a short period of time and which manifest even in the presence of inhibitors of gene transcription have been increasingly found in literature. GLUT4 is the main transporter of glucose in skeletal muscle, the heart and adipose tissue. Its translocation and insertion in the plasma membrane result from the activation of signaling pathways triggered by the interaction of insulin with membrane receptors. In skeletal muscle and the heart, a second pathway that activates the mechanism of GLUT4 translocation involves the activation of AMPK, a process triggered by muscle contraction. This study aimed at evaluating: (i) in the in vivo model (Wistar rats), if T3 and T4 acutely cause translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, (ii) in the in vitro model (L6 muscle cells and adipocytes 3T3 -L1), if T3 and T4 cause the effect described above; and (iii) whether this effect occurs by activation of the signaling pathways of insulin and/or muscle contraction. Our in vivo studies demonstrate that administration of T3 rapidly increased the amount of GLUT4 in the fraction corresponding to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. However, this action did not depend on the activation of PI3-K and AMPK. In vitro studies showed that T3 quickly increases the glucose uptake in L6 cells, but without changing the amount of GLUT4 present in the membrane. These results suggest that this action of T3 occurs due to activation of GLUT4 already present in the membrane or due to some process which does not depend on this protein. Our results demonstrate that other than its known genomic actions, TH acts through nongenomic mechanisms regulating GLUT4 translocation. In addition, they strongly suggest that T3 participates, also through non-genomic mechanisms, in the activation process of GLUT4 already inserted in the membrane.
Graciano, Fernando Felipe. "Por que os pacientes não seguem adequadamente as orientações Médicas? Estudo dos fatores envolvidos com a má-adesão à profilaxia secundária da febre reumática com a penicilina-G-benzatina." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ECJS-73AHWD.
Full text1.INTRODUÇÃO:Sabe-se que que a profilaxia secundária feita de forma irregular determina um pior prognóstico da febre reumática. Poucos estudos objetivos foram realizados sobre os possíveis fatores envolvidos com a má-adesão à profilaxia secundária, através da penicilina-G-benzatina.2.OBJETIVOS: Analisar os possíveis fatores envolvidos com a má-adesão à profilaxia Secundária. 3. METODOLOGIA: Estudo do tipo transversal, no qual uma amostra de 189 pacientes acompanhados no Ambulatório de Febre Reumática AFR/HC UFMG) foram submetidos a entrevista, utilizando-se questionário padronizado, e análise dos cartões de controle das injeções e dos prontuários médicos de cada paciente. Foram estudadas 32 variáveis, possivelmente associadas com a má-adesão à profilaxia secundária com a penicilina-G-benzatina. Os pacientes foram considerados não-aderentes quando tiveram pelo menos dois atrasos de mais de sete dias na aplicação da penicilina, em relação às datas assinaladas no cartão de controle das injeções. As variáveis associadas à má-adesão, que apresentaram, na análise univariada, p<0,25, foram testadas na análise multivariada, através da regressão logística.Os cálculos foram realizados através do programa Epi-Info. O nível de significância foi estabelecido para valores de p<0,05.4.RESULTADOS: sete variáveis associadas à má-adesão na análise univariada (gênero feminino, controle da data de aplicação da penicilina, faltas às consultas, tempo de profilaxia, idade, nota para a dor da injeção, nível de informação sobre a FR)foram testadas pela análise multivariada. Destas, três mostraram-se como fatores de risco para a má-adesão: a) o gênero feminino(OR=2,20); b) maior número de faltas às consultas(OR=2,47); c) a nota para a dor da injeção(OR=1,16). A associação entre máadesão e a dor da injeção parece ser um achado inédito. Além disso, o acréscimo de anestésico ao frasco da penicilina parece reduzir a dor provocada pela injeção(p=0,007) A variável informação sobre a febre reumática, mostrou-se como fator de proteção contra a má-adesão(OR=0,74, IC=0,59-0,93). Em média, os pacientes não-aderentes tiveram uma chance 2,14 vezes maior de desenvolver recidiva, quando comparados com os aderentes (razão de prevalência=2,14, IC=1,27-3,59). 5.CONCLUSÕES:Além do gênero e idade, as crenças, percepções e atitudes, são os principais fatores associados à má-adesão.Os fatores socioeconômicos aparentemente tiveram menor importância, na amostra analisada. As recidivas e hospitalizações, mais freqüentes entre os não-aderentes, provavelmente são conseqüências da profilaxia irregular.
Pires, Virgínia Maria Rico. "Estrutura e função de módulos não catalíticos envolvidos na degradação da parede celular vegetal: o efeito de enzimas exógenas na valorização nutritiva de dietas à base de lupinus albus para leitões." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/226.
Full textAs glicósido hidrolases modulares, que atacam polissacáridos estruturais, possuem módulos não catalíticos de ligação a hidratos de carbono (CBMs) que desempenham uma função crucial na acção destas enzimas por possibilitarem um contacto prolongado da enzima com o substrato. Neste trabalho descrevem-se as características bioquímicas e estruturais de dois CBMs: o módulo C-terminal da Cel5B do Cellvibrio mixtus, o CmCBM6-2, e um CBM da família 11 do Clostridium thermocellum, o CtCBM11. Os resultados indicam que o CmCBM6-2 pode ligar-se a glucanos de ligações β-1,4 ou β-1,3 na fenda A e na fenda B, e que ambas as fendas são necessárias para a ligação à celulose insolúvel. Contudo, apenas a fenda B interage com as regiões internas dos glucanos de ligações β-1,3-1,4, suportando a hipótese de que a variação da especificidade em membros da família CBM6 reflecte a funcionalidade diferenciada das duas fendas de ligação. O CtCBM11 possui uma preferência específica para glucanos de ligações mistas β-1,3-1,4 e revelou possuir uma única fenda de ligação que pode acomodar glucanos contendo ligações tanto mistas β-1,3-β-1,4 como ligações exclusivas β-1,4. No C. thermocellum, tal como noutros microrganismos anaeróbios, o celulossoma consiste num complexo multi-enzimático de celulases e hemicelulases que é organizado pela interacção do módulo coesina com os módulos doquerina presentes nas subunidades catalíticas. Neste trabalho apresenta-se a estrutura tridimensional da coesina do tipo II da SdbA do C. thermocellum, que possui uma elevada homologia com as coesinas do tipo I. Propõe-se que o local de ligação à doquerina está conservado em ambas as proteínas. Finalmente, estudou-se o efeito da suplementação enzimática de uma dieta à base de Lupinus albus para leitões. A suplementação enzimática não apresentou efeitos significativos na digestibilidade ileal aparente da proteína bruta e na digestibilidade ileal verdadeira dos aminoácidos, mas a digestibilidade ileal da fracção fibra neutro detergente aumentou, o que sugere uma actividade residual das hemicelulases presentes nos preparados de alfagalactosidases utilizados.
ABSTRACT: Modular glycoside hydrolases that attack recalcitrant polymers generally contain noncatalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), which play a critical role in the action of these enzymes by directing the appended catalytic domains onto the surface of their substrates. Here we report the biochemical and structural properties of two CBMs. The CmCBM6-2, located at the C-terminus of Cellvibrio mixtus endoglucanase 5B was shown to contain two binding sites that display differences in ligand specificity, supporting the view that distinct binding clefts with different specificities can contribute to the variation in ligand recognition displayed by family 6 CBMs. In addition, the family 11 CBM (CtCBM11) from Clostridium thermocellum bifunctional lichenase-celulase enzyme Lic26A-Cel5E, demonstrated a preference for mixed linked glucans and contains a single ligand-binding site that displays affinity for both β-1,4- and β-1,3-1,4- mixed linked glucans. This enzyme is part of the cellulosome which represents an efficient multi-enzyme complex of cellulases and hemicellulases for the hydrolysis of cellulose. Cellulosome assembly results from the interaction of cohesin with dockerin modules present in the catalytic units. Here we report the crystal structure of the Type II cohesin (CohII) from C. thermocellum cell surface anchoring protein SdbA. The structure of CohII is very similar to the Type I cohesin and the dockerin binding site is likely to be conserved in the two proteins. Finally, in this study the effect of supplementing a lupin based diet for piglets with α-galactosidases was evaluated. Enzyme supplementation had no significant effect on the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and true ileal digestibility of amino acids, but the ileal digestibility of NDF (neutral detergent fibre) was increased, which suggests a residual hemicellulase activity in the α-galactosidases used.
A candidata foi financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, através do programa POCI, no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio, comparticipado pelo Fundo Social Europeu e por fundos nacionais do MCTES, referência: SFRH/BD/12562/2003
SFRH/BD/12562/2003
Pinto, Paula Ramos. "Treinamento físico aeróbio em camundongos selvagens e transgênicos para CETP não altera a remoção de colesterol celular e a expressão de genes envolvidos no fluxo de lípides em macrófagos e arco aórtico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-23092015-110341/.
Full textRegular physical exercise prevents and reduces atherosclerosis mainly by improving lipid profile and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT is an antiatherogenic system that promotes excess cholesterol removal from macrophages by apo A-I and HDL and its transport to the liver. Then, cholesterol can be secreted into bile and excreted in feces. In wild type and cholesteryl ester transfer protein transgenic (CETP-tg) mice exercise training increased the transfer of 14C-cholesterol from macrophages to plasma, liver and feces and elevated SR-BI and B-E receptor content in the liver. In leucocytes, hepatocytes and enterocytes, physical exercise increased mRNA of HDL receptor, ABCA-1. Nonetheless, it is not clear if exercise can modulate lipid flux in macrophages that can be important for the first phase of the RCT. It was analyzed in wild type and CETP-tg mice the effect of aerobic exercise training in: 1) the expression of genes involved in lipid flux, inflammation, oxidation and vasodilation: Pparg (PPAR?), Nr1h3 (LXRalfa), Nr1h2 (LXRbeta), Abca1 (ABCA-1), Abcg1 (ABCG-1), Scarb1 (SR-BI), Cd36 (CD-36), Olr1 (LOX-1), Ccl2 (MCP-1), Tnf (TNFalfa), Il6 (IL-6), Il10 (IL10), Nos3 (eNOS) and Cat (Catalase) in arterial wall and peritoneal macrophages; 2) the apo A-I and HDL2-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages and 3) the uptake of 3H-cholesteryl oleoyl ether- acetylated LDL (3H-COE-LDL) by macrophages. Twelve week old male mice fed a chow diet and water ad libitum were randomly assigned to sedentary and trained groups. Exercise training was performed in a treadmill (15m/min, 30 min/day, 5 times/week, during 6 weeks). Aortic arch and peritoneal macrophages were isolated from sedentary and trained animals immediately (time 0) and 48 h after the last exercise session. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR and cholesterol efflux mediated by apo A-I or HDL2 after macrophage overloading with acetylated LDL and 14C-cholesterol. LDL uptake by macrophages was determined by incubation with 3H-COE-acetylated LDL. There were no systematic changes in the expression of macrophages and aortic genes comparing sedentary and trained wild type or CETP-tg mice. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol efflux and LDL uptake by macrophages. In conclusion, it was not found alteration in gene expression and cholesterol flux in macrophages and arterial wall that can contribute to the RCT in experimental model of non-dyslipidemic mice without pharmacological or dietary interventions. Therefore, the benefits of aerobic training in improving RCT, observed in previews studies, should be consequent to its systemic action on mediators of this transport and on the expression of hepatic and intestinal receptors
Marques, Fábio. "Bullying em contexto escolar:." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/36816.
Full textSousa, Ana Catarina Barbosa de. "Traços calosos/não-emocionais em jovens agressores institucionalizados." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/7676.
Full textEste estudo teve como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de uma relação entre os traços calosos/não-emocionais e a agressão física, e em que medida esta relação é mediada pela procura de sensações por parte do agressor. Pressupôs-se que os traços calosos/não-emocionais influenciam positivamente a agressão física, e que a relação entre os dois é mediada pela procura de sensações. As hipóteses foram testadas através da aplicação de três instrumentos – Questionário de Agressão de Buss-Perry – Versão Reduzida (BPAQ-SF), Inventário de Traços Calosos/Não-Emocionais (ICU) e Escala Abreviada de Procura de Sensações (BSSS) – a uma amostra de 160 jovens agressores, com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos, institucionalizados em centros de reclusão juvenil sob tutela do Ministério da Justiça de Portugal. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma relação positiva significativa entre os traços calosos/não-emocionais e comportamentos de agressão física e, de igual modo, confirmam a existência de uma mediação parcial da procura de sensações na relação entre os traços calosos/não-emocionais e a agressão física.
This study investigates the possibility of a relationship between a callous-unemotional traits and physical aggression, and to what extent the relationship is mediated by sensation seeking when it comes to the offender. It was assumed that the callous-unemotional traits influences in a positive way physical aggression, and that the relationship between them is mediated by sensation seeking. These hypotheses were tested through the application of three instruments – Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Short-Form (BQAP-SF), Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU), and Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) – to a sample of 160 young offenders, aged between 12 and 18 years, institutionalized in juvenile detention centers under the custody of the Portuguese Ministry of Justice. The results obtained suggest a significant positive relationship between the callous-unemotional traits and behaviors of physical aggression and, in the same way, confirmed the existence of a parcial mediation of sensation seeking in the relationship between the callous-unemotional traits and physical aggression.
Bastos, Maria Inês Feijão. "“O Prazer de não sentir”: Experiência vivida pelos agressores sexuais." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/5110.
Full textObjetivo: Este estudo pretende compreender as motivações intrínsecas dos agressores sexuais, tendo em conta, os comportamentos e os significados psicológicos associados ao ato sexual. Deste modo, a procura de uma estrutura psicológica comum contribui para um esclarecimento deste fenómeno ao nível do agressor. Método: Num primeiro momento foram recolhidos 4 textos escritos, pelos sujeitos, onde é pretendido a elaboração das suas experiências de vida. Seguidamente, são elaborados 4 relatos com foco na experiência de abusador sexual, designadamente, emoções e sentimentos sentidos no ato sexual. A análise dos dados é efetuada através do método qualitativo e fenomelógico, IPA. Resultados: os resultados em comum dos 4 participantes permitiram criar uma estrutura psicológica similar, revelando banalização do ato, incapacidade de sentir, abstração da realidade vivida com um modus operandi a reger-se pela agressividade. Conclusões: apesar destes sujeitos apresentarem apenas uma experiencia de abuso sexual como agentes da ação, é percetível que o meio envolvente predispõe os seus comportamentos agressivos, fomentando-os.
ABSTRACT: Objective: This study aims to understand the intrinsic motivations of sex offenders, taking into account the behavior and psychological meanings associated with the sexual act. This way, the search for a common psychological structure contributes to an explanation of this phenomenon to the aggressor level. Method: At first they were collected 4 written texts, by subject, which is intended to preparation of their life experiences. They are then prepared four reports focusing on sexual abuser experience in particular emotions and feelings felt in the sexual act. Data analysis is performer using the qualitative method and fenomelógico, IPA. Results: The results in common of 4 participants have created a similar psychological structure, revealing banality of the act, inability to feel, the reality of abstraction lived with a modus operandi to be governed by aggression. Conclusions: Although these subjects submit only one experience of sexual abuse as agents of action, it is noticeable that the surrounding environment predisposes their aggressive behavior, encouraging them.
Tavares, Marina Miranda. "Psicopatologia, frieza emocional e comportamento sexual em agressores sexuais e não sexuais." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/7388.
Full textA agressão sexual começou a ganhar maior visibilidade nos últimos anos, tendo surgido várias investigações com vista a uma melhor compreensão do problema. O presente estudo incide sobre o mundo dos agressores pretendendo comparar a presença de psicopatologia e de traços de frieza emocional em três grupos: agressores sexuais, agressores não sexuais e não agressores. A amostra é composta por 113 sujeitos e foi recolhida em dois contextos distintos: em contexto prisional e na comunidade. Para o efeito foi utilizada uma grelha de recolha de dados processuais, um questionário sociodemográfico, o Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos (BSI), o Inventário de Traços Calosos/Não-emocionais (ICU) e a Escala de Respostas Socialmente Desejáveis (SDRS). Os resultados indicaram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos para as variáveis de psicopatologia e para a não-emocionalidade. No entanto, o mesmo não se verificou para a variável de frieza emocional. Desta forma pode concluir-se que, no presente estudo, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos no que diz respeito às variáveis de ansiedade, de depressão e de não-emocionalidade.
The sexual agression started to gain a bigger visibility in the last couple of years, having emerged several investigations aiming to a better understanding of the issue. The present study focuses on the offenders aiming to compare the presence of psychopathology and unemotional traits in three groups: sexual offenders, non-sexual offenders and non-offenders. The sample is constituted by 113 individuals and was gathered in two distinct contexts: in prisons and in the community. The instruments used for this effect were a grate for collecting process data, a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI), the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) and the Social Desirability Response Scale (SDRS). The results indicated the existence of statistically significant differences between the groups for the psychopathology and the unemotional variables. However, the same was not verified for the callousness variable. Thus, in the present study, we can conclude that were found significant differences between the groups regarding the variables of anxiety, depression and unemotionality.
Piqueira, Carminda. "Bullying-não...isso magoa." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/29449.
Full textPinto, Joana Ferreira. "A percepção da relação com a família nos jovens envolvidos e não envolvidos em situações de bullying." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/4911.
Full textPretende-se averiguar qual a percepção da relação com a família em sujeitos envolvidos e não envolvidos em situações de bullying. Propõe-se também analisar as eventuais diferenciações entre os grupos quanto à família e à relação que com ela têm estabelecida. Associado a estes objectivos, acresce o estudo das diferenças significativas entre variáveis de caracterização sócio-demográfica, quanto à percepção da família. A amostra é constituída por 158 alunos que frequentam o 5º, 6º e 7º anos de escolaridade, com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 16 anos. O questionário de caracterização sócio-demográfica, o questionário de Prevenção do Bullying na Escola de Carvalhosa do ano 2006 e a Escala de Percepção da Relação com a Família de Peixoto (1999) são os instrumentos utilizados. Verificamos que os sujeitos envolvidos no bullying, em comparação com aqueles que afirmam nunca intervir neste fenómeno, apresentam uma percepção da relação com a família negativa no que toca a determinadas dimensões da E.P.R.F., nomeadamente Autonomia e Suporte afectivo. Constatamos, também, que os sujeitos que vivem com ambas as figuras parentais (com ou sem família alargada) apresentam uma percepção da relação com a família muito positiva, comparativamente àqueles que vivem apenas com uma das figuras parentais e/ou outros familiares.
The aim of this study is to investigate the perception of the family relationship in individuals involved and not involved in situations of bullying. It also examines the possible differences between groups in relation to the perception of the family relationship. Associated with these goals, we added the study of differences between variables of socio-demographic characteristics, about the perception of the family. The sample consists of 158 students attending the 5th, 6th and 7th grade, aged between 10 and 16 years. The instruments used are the questionnaire of socio-demographic characteristics, the questionnaire of the Prevention of Bullying at School by Carvalhosa in the year of 2006 and the scale of the Perception of the Family Relationship by Peixoto (1999). We found that the subjects involved in bullying, compared with those who weren’t involved in this phenomenon, have a negative perception about the relationship with their family concerning to certain aspects of EPRF, including Autonomy and Emotional Support. We also found that the subjects who live with both parental figures (with or without extended family) have a very positive perception of the relationship with the family compared to those living with only one of the parents and/or other relatives.
Lemos, Andréia Regina Boff. "Fatores genéticos e ambientais envolvidos no desenvolvimento das fendas palatinas/lábio leporino em pacientes não sindrómicos." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/9104.
Full textCleft lip and palate are the most common congenital malformations at birth. They result from a failure in the normal craniofacial development process, which requires the coordination of a complex series of events. From the embryological point of view, the cleft lip and palate is a consequence of the failure of the first superior branchial arch to complete fusion with the frontonasal process during pregnancy. These birth defects are believed to result from the complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Clinically, orofacial clefts are classified as syndromic and non-syndromic. In syndromic forms, they are associated with other phenotypes, such as heart disease. On the other hand, non-syndromic forms have no other related symptoms. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on cleft lip and palate in non-syndromic patients, highlighting the genetic and environmental aspects. In the critical analysis of the articles, it was observed that the cleft lip and palate has origins that favor the multifactorial model and numerous future investigations are needed.
Gante, Sílvia Leonor Ferreira. "A Maternidade de Substituição Problema ou solução? A maternidade de substituição é hoje um método de procriação medicamente assistida e possibilita a pessoas que não podem levar uma gravidez avante que tenham o tão desejado filho. No entanto, a sua legalização implica a difícil compatibilização dos direitos dos envolvidos. Observando a génese histórica e a atualidade, deparamo-nos com a exploração de mulheres e tráfico de crianças. A tentativa de legalização da maternidade de substituição pelo legislador português abriu caminho para que se torne lícita em Portugal." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85696.
Full textA maternidade de substituição é hoje um método de procriação medicamente assistida e possibilita a pessoas que não podem levar uma gravidez avante que tenham o tão desejado filho. No entanto, a sua legalização implica a difícil compatibilização dos interesses dos envolvidos.A recente alteração legislativa provocada na lei da procriação medicamente assistida, tentou legalizar o acesso a este instituto e definiu-o como " qualquer situação em que a mulher se disponha a suportar uma gravidez em nome de outrem e a entregar a criança após o parto, renunciando ao poderes e deveres próprios da maternidade".Foram investigados os direitos das pessoas envolvidas, especialmente do nascituro e averiguou-se se a maternidade de substituição viola o princípio da dignidade humana. Elencaram-se os argumentos a favor e contra. O regime do estabelecimento da filiação no Código Civil foi analisado e verificou-se a preocupação do legislador em assegurar o superior interesse da criança.Foi feita uma breve análise à lei 25/2016 de 22 de agosto, e anteciparam-se alguns problemas.Finalmente, o Tribunal Constitucional declarou a inconstitucionalidade de algumas normas do diploma regulador da gestação de substituição, travando assim os contratos de gestação em Portugal.Observando a génese histórica e a atualidade, deparamo-nos com a exploração de mulheres e o tráfico de crianças.A tentativa de legalização abriu o caminho para a sua legalização em Portugal.Em conclusão, devido aos perigos que encerra, considero a legalização da maternidade de substituição ou gestação de substituição um retrocesso civilizacional, mesmo na vertente altruista.
Nowadays, surrogate motherhood is a medically assisted procreation method which allows people who are unable to carry a pregnancy to have their own childrean. It's dificult to reconcile the rights of the ones involved, however. The recente adjustment on the medical assisted procreation law tried to legalize this institut and has defined it as "any situation were a woman carries a pregnancy for another and delivers the child after the birth, giving up her parental responsabilities". The rights of the people involved were investigated, specially the ones of the unborn child. Was also investigated if surrogate motherhood abuses the human dignity principle. The arguments in favor and against were listed. The establishment of filiation at the Civil Code was analised and the legislator concern about the welfare of the child was obvious. The law 25/2016, of August 22nd was analised and some problems were antecipated. Finaly, the portuguese Constitutional Court has declared unconstitucional some rules of the mencioned law and surrogacy contracts were stoped in Portugal. Looking at the historical genesis and the current situation, we came across the exploitation of women end the traffic of childrean. The attempt of legalization of surrogate motherhood by the portuguese legislator opened up the way to it becoming legal in Portugal. In conclusion, because of the danger concernig women and childrean, I consider the legalization of surrogate motherhood a step back in civilization, even in the altruistic modality.