Academic literature on the topic 'Agregation state'

Research on bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and its derivatives had been conducted to determine the coordination state and the aggregation process in acetone-water and methanol-water. The results showed that there were mainly two absorption peaks in BChl a and its derivatives, namely: Qx and Qy that were very sensitive to coordination state and aggregation process. The coordination state of pigment could be determined based on Qx absorption peak that was influenced by solvents. In addition, the donor number (DN) and taft parameters (β and π*) from each sovents could also be used to determine the coordination state. One or two of axial coordination toward center metal of BChl a and its derivatives have to be filled by donor electron as a foreign nucleophile. Mg-BChl was exist as five-coordinate complexes in acetone but as six-coordinate complexes in methanol. Five-coordinate complexes of Zn-BChl was occurred either in acetone or methanol. Cu-BChl was exist as four-coordinate complexes in acetone but altered to five-coordinate complexes in methanol. The agregation process was influenced by the existence of water added in pigment solution. The order of Mg-BChl a and its derivatives abilities to form new aggregate in acetone-water and methanol-water, in regard of water-addition percentage was as follow: Cu-BChl > Zn-BChl > Mg-BChl. Methanol was the solvent that could form aggregate of Mg-BChl and its derivatives at lower water-addition percentage compared to acetone. Keywords: aggregation, bacteriochlorophyll & its derivatives, coordination state.

Hemorrhagic complications in patients after hybrid interventions including percutaneous coronary intervention and carotid endarterectomy are analyzed. Demonstrate a new method of hemostasis and wound drainage after carotid endarterectomy. It was found that at the preoperative stage, the coagulogram parameters were within the normal range, but the aggregatogram showed hypoagregation for two of the four inducers in all 84 operated patients. After the completion of the second stage of revascularization, the absolute partial thrombosed time in all patients was five to six times higher than normal in the coagulogram parameters. According to the aggregatogram, there was a total hypo-aggregation. All acute hematomas after carotid endarterectomy requiring revision were formed in patients with the traditional method of hemostasis and wound drainage after carotid endarterectomy (p = 0.038), which was associated with more frequent damage to the cranial nerves (p = 0.0002). Thus, the combined endpoint, including the indicator of cranial nerve damage + acute hematoma in patients with the traditional method of hemostasis and wound drainage after carotid endarterectomy, significantly exceeded it in patients who used a new tactic (local hemostatics with minimal electrocoagulation and installation of two drains in the paravasal and clitoral space) (p 0.0001). There were no cases of wound complications in the area of carotid endarterectomy. Thus, the new technique of hemostasis and wound drainage after carotid endarterectomy against the background of hypocoagulation and hypoagregation has shown its effectiveness and preventive role in the prevention of hemorrhagic complications, damage to the cranial nerves.

Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. Among cardiovascular risk factors, some are linked to the stages of hemostasis : primary haemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. There is a growing interest on the potential beneficial effects of some nutritional components on cardiovascular health, in particular in the field of thrombosis. Dark chocolate is associated with a one-third reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Cocoa is particularly rich in a flavonoid subclass called flavan-3-ol which includes epicatechin. Epicatechin is a micronutrient found mainly in chocolate, green tea and grape. It has already been proven that epicatechin impacts platelet functions but there are only poor data on the role of epicatechin on coagulation and fibrinolysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of epicatechin in vitro on the different stages of hemostasis. Patients and methods The study was performed on 10 major healthy subjects. Exclusion criteria were antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy intake, clinical history of thrombosis or bleeding, thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 G/L) and abnormal coagulation profile (fibrinogen < 1.8 g/L, Prothrombin time > 13 s, and activated partial thromboplastin time > 39 s). Platelets agregometry were performed according the ISTH recommendations with (final concentrations) : ADP (2 µmol/L), epinephrin (5 mmol/L), collagen (2 µg/ml), arachidonic acid (1 mmol/L) (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, USA), thromboxan A2 analog, U46619 (1 mmol/L) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), Thrombin Receptor Activating peptide (TRAP, 10 µmol/L) (Roche Rotkreuz, Switzerland). Area under curve at 4 minutes and maximal agregation were the main parametres analysed. Thrombin generation assays (TGA) were performed with PPP reagent low (phospholipids (4 µmol/L) and tissue factor (TF, 1 pmol/L); Stago, Asnières sur Seine, France) on platelet free plasma (PFP). The platelets procoagulant activity was evaluated with PRP reagent (TF 1 pmol/L) (Stago) on platelets rich plasma (PRP) and microparticles procoagulant activity with PRP reagent on plasma rich in microparticles (without platelets). After activation by Ca ionophore ?? Fibrinolysis was evaluated by a clot lysis assay determined by measurements of optical densitometry at 405 nm overtime. Coagulation was initiated by PPP reagent (Stago) sensibilised by an activator of plasminogen (t-PA, actylise®, Boehringer, France ; 200 ng/mL, final concentration). The plasma fibrinolytic potential was assessed by the clot lysis time (CTL), defined as the time from the midpoint of the baseline to maximum turbid transition, to the final plateau phase. In each of the experiments plasmas were used pure or supplemented with a range of (-)-epicatechin (Extrasynthese; Lyon, France) concentration (final concentrations of 0, 1, 10 and 100 mM). All ethical considerations were obtained. Results and discussion 5 women and 5 men were included in this study, with a median age of 33 years (Q1 - Q3) (28-38). Epicatechin 100 µmol/L inhibits platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen with maximal agregation of 45 % versus 73 % in control (p< 0.001) and 67 % versus 79 % in control (p < 0.05) respectively. Epicatechin 10 µmol/L impact coagulation and decrease the TGA parameters such as peak or endogenous thrombin potential with 1345 (1161 - 1563) nM.min versus 1503 (1262 - 1728) nM.min (p<0.05) in control. Epicatechin did not seem to interact significantly on the platelet procoagulant activity. No impact of epicatechin was found in microparticles procoagulant activity assessed by TGA. Epicatechin play a profibrinolytic role as evaluated by a clot lysis assay : the CLT with epicatechin 100 µmol/L was significantly lower than without epicatechin with 11,0 (8,0 - 16,0) min versus 15,0 (9,5 - 20,8) min in control (p < 0.01). Conclusion Epicatechin seems to play a role in each stage of haemostasis. The impact on platelets functions is highlighted by lower maximal agregation induced by ADP and collagen. The coagulation is slightly decreased as shown by TGA on PFP. Epicatechin also impairs fibrinolysis evaluated with a clot lysis assay. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm these results. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Este artigo tem por finalidade mostrar os impactos ambientais causados pelas principais atividades econômicas do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Nesse contexto, os estudos prospectivos irão demonstrar, identificar estratégias para o desenvolvimento de Mato Grosso do Sul para os estudos setoriais e regionais, que subsidiem o aprimoramento de políticas públicas auxiliando na elaboração de programas estratégicos de Governo, que levam em consideração as questões da sustentabilidade ambiental e indicadores de impacto. Dentro desse enfoque, a possibilidade a construção de indicadores para mensurar os impactos da atividade econômica sobre o meio ambiente e sobre a sociedade como um todo se torna relevante na discussão das políticas públicas. Além disso, os diagnósticos gerados pela construção de indicadores sintéticos permitem aos tomadores de decisão cenários prospectivos a respeito da sustentabilidade subsidiando o aprimoramento a avaliação e o monitoramento das políticas públicas e programas governamentais. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma abordagem de indicador agregativo para mensuração da sustentabilidade, que avaliou os resultados para os 79 municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul revelando quais as principais similaridades e pontos de atenção em relação à sustentabilidade.Palavras-chave: Impactos Ambientais. Indicadores. Sustentabilidade Ambiental.AbstractThis article is intended to show the environmental impacts caused by the main economic activities of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In this context, the prospective studies will demonstrate, identify strategies for the Mato Grosso do Sul development to the sectoral and regional studies that support the public policy improvement by assisting in the preparation of strategic government programs which take into consideration the issues of environmental sustainability and impact indicators. Within this approach, the possibility of the construction of indicators for measuring the economic activity impacts on the environment and on society as a whole becomes relevant in the public policy discussion. In addition, the Diagnostics generated by the construction of synthetic indicators enable decision makers prospective scenarios regarding sustainability subsidizing the improvement to the evaluation and monitoring of public policies and government programs. To this end, an aggregative indicator was developed for measuring sustainability approach which evaluated the results for the 79 municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul revealing what the main similarities and points of attention are in relation to sustainability.Keywords: Environmental Impacts. Indicators. Environmental Sustainability.

<p>Government of Indonesia has allocated food sovereignty’s budget through the 2016 state budget (APBN) which places the cooperation of Ministry of Cooperatives and SME’s with Ministry of Agriculture, when developing the farmer cooperatives’ corporatization. Global food sovereignty is contested by: (1) civil society in which one of the actors is cooperatives, (2) the government which is part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO), and (3) the global private sector which is part of the World Trade Organization (WTO).This paper analyzes Karya Nugraha Jaya Multipurpose Cooperative in Kuningan (KSU KNJ)’s partnership which supplies 90% of good quality raw milk from its members to PT Ultra Jaya Milk (54%) and Diamond Milk (36%), two business actors who has implemented the WTO’s and FAO’s Codex Alimentarius for the sake of fulfilling food safety standards for worldwide food trade. These international institutions forced to revoke the word ‘mandatory’ and the article on ‘sanctions’ from Indonesia’s Ministry of Agriculture’s regulation if business actors do not enter into partnerships with farmers &amp; cooperatives. This study shows that KSU KNJ, which is one of 9,703 Indonesian agricultural cooperatives, is an aggregator of the milk produced by its members. A strategy is needed to increase the partnership of dairy cooperatives with private companies. The possible seven strategies are: (1) Wait and see first group; (2) Driving group; (3) Chain integration group, (4) Cooperation specialist group; (5) Free specialist group; (6) Diversification cooperation group; and (7) Free cooperation group.</p><p>Keywords: Food sovereignty, codex alimentarius, dairy, cooperatives, partnership</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong>KEMITRAAN KOPERASI DENGAN PERUSAHAAN SUSU BERDASARKAN </strong><strong>CODEX ALIMENTARIUS DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEDAULATAN </strong><strong>PANGAN DI INDONESIA</strong></p><p>Pada tahun 2016 Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengalokasikan anggaran kedaulatan pangan melalui APBN yang memposisikan Kemenkop UKM harus bekerjasama dengan Kementerian Pertanian dalam mengembangkan korporatisasi koperasi petani. Kedaulatan pangan telah menjadi isu global karena diperebutkan oleh tiga aktor: (1) Masyarakat sipil yang mana salah satu aktornya adalah koperasi, (2) Pemerintah yang tergabung pada Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian PBB (UN FAO), dan (3) Swasta global yang tergabung dalam Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO). Tulisan ini menelaah dan menganalisis kemitraan pada Koperasi Serba Usaha Karya Nugraha Jaya (KSU KNJ) di Kuningan yang memasok 90% susu segar berkualitas dari para anggotanya ke PT Ultra Jaya Milk (54%) dan Diamond Milk (36%), dua pelaku usaha yang sudah menerapkan Codex Alimentarius versi WTO dan FAO demi memenuhi standar keamanan pangan untuk perdagangan dunia. Institusi internasional ini menjadi salah satu acuan bagi Indonesia dalam membuat Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No 33 tahun 2018 yang mencabut kata ‘wajib’ dan pasal ‘sanksi’ jika pelaku usaha tidak melakukan kemitraan dalam dua aturan sebelumnya. Hasil telaah dan analisis menunjukan KSU KNJ yang merupakan salah satu dari 9.703 koperasi pertanian Indonesia telah berperan sebagai agregator produksi susu anggotanya. Diperlukan strategi guna meningkatkan kemitraan koperasi susu dengan perusahaan swasta. Terdapat tujuh strategi tersebut mencakup: (1) Kelompok menunggu dan lihat-lihat dahulu; (2) Kelompok penggerak; (3) Kelompok pengintegrasi rantai, (4) Kelompok spesialis kerja sama; (5) Kelompok spesialis bebas; (6) Kelompok kerja sama diversifikasi; dan (7) Kelompok kerja sama bebas.</p><p>Kata kunci: Kedaulatan pangan, codex alimentarius, susu, koperasi, kemitraan</p>

На примере фотоэмульсионных микрокристаллов галогенидов серебра математически описана зависимость коалесценции атомов серебра под действием неоднородного электрического поля от температуры окружающей среды и концентрации содержащихся в микрокристаллах примесей анионов йода. Показана корреляция экспериментальных данных по электрополевой чувствительности на примере промышленно выпускаемых фотоматериалов и специально изготовленных с результатами физико-математического моделирования коалесцентно-электрополевого процесса. Установлено, что при малом изменении температуры в 6 K (относительно стандартной в 298 K) и естественном влагосодержании желатины ~7.5 % происходит быстрый рост поверхностных атомов Ag. Такой же эффект достигается путем замещения в микрокристаллах AgBr доли анионных примесей йода до величины порядка 5 % от доли ионов брома при температуре 298 К REFERENCES Kravcov A. E., Reznikov M. A., Pipa V.I., Fok M. V. 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Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar aspectos produtivos e de comercialização do pinhão, semente da árvore conhecida vulgarmente como Pinheiro do Paraná (Araucária angustifolia (Bert.) O Kuntze). Esta espécie vegetal de porte arbóreo ocorre na região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, principalmente nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná. Do ponto de vista metodológico foi primeiramente realizado um levantamento de dados econômicos sobre este produto nas instituições públicas do Estado do Paraná. A partir destes dados foram calculadas a Margem Bruta e o Markup de Comercialização. Também foi construído o fluxograma que apresenta os diversos elos que compõe a cadeia extrativa deste Produto Florestal Não Madeirável. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a maior parte da lucratividade no interior desta cadeia é apropriada pelos intermediários. Técnicas de conservação e industrialização devem ser desenvolvidas para promover a comercialização e uso do pinhão em outras épocas do ano, além da estação de produção. Isto tornaria o preço de mercado mais atraente incentivando a sua extração e comercialização. PRODUCTIVE AND COMMERCIAL ASPECT OF PINHÃO IN PARANA STATE Abstract This paper intends to give a marketing prime in the study of the pinhão, an edible seed from Parana-pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O Kuntze).This species occurs in Southern Brazil, mainly along the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Parana.This study concentrated firstly in the agregation of data from publics institucions of Parana State. Secondly, it carries out the calculus of the index of gross commercialization margins and markup of commercialization. It also builds a flow concerning the various levels composing the marketing chain. Results obtained point out that the majority of rentability is apropriate for intermediary also the industralization techniques should be developed in order to promote the commercialization and use of pinhão in other periods of the year, besides the season of production. Addicionaly, there should be better prices for de producers to incentive the activity

Bolezn' Parkinsona (BP) — hronicheskoe nejrodegenerativnoe zabolevanie s harakternymi nevrologicheskimi rasstrojstvami u pacientov, porazhayushchee preimushchestvenno dofaminergicheskie nejrony chernoj substancii s nakopleniem v telah nejronov nejrotoksichnyh doz agregatov belka α-sinukleina. V stat'e predstavlen vzglyad avtorov na otdel'nye patohimicheskie i biohimicheskie aspekty razvitiya bolezni Parkinsona vo vzaimosvyazi putej obmena katekholaminov i pigmentov, v chastnosti vozmozhnogo puti sinteza nejromelanina v telah nejronov i ego znachenie v zhizni kletki. Dana ocenka opredelennym, imeyushchim pryamoe patognomonichnoe znachenie, biomarkeram nejrodegenerativnoj patologii v laboratornoj diagnostike etogo zabolevaniya. Predlozheno ispol'zovat' poluchennye rezul'taty v sfere glubokogo ponimaniya biohimicheskih processov, lezhashchih v osnove nejronal'noj smerti, dlya rannej diagnostiki BP v raznyh vozrastnyh gruppah i dal'nejshego izucheniya patogeneza na osnove fundamental'noj biohimii i patobiohimii processov, protekayushchih v kletke.

Les recherches présentées dans ce manuscrit de thèse se divisent en deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié la dégradation photocatalysée du N-méthoxy-N-(triméthylsilylméthyl)benzaldéhyde en présence de rose bengale dans l’acétonitrile. Les expériences de RMN 1D, la RMN 1H photo-CIDNP, ainsi que les analyses 2D 1H-13C HSQC et HMBC, combinées à une illumination in situ et ex situ, ont permis d'élucider la structure de plusieurs intermédiaires et produits formés durant cette réaction. L'illumination ex situ, réalisée à l'aide d'un système de flux continu, a été particulièrement utile pour compléter les résultats obtenus in situ et pour établir des comparaisons avec ceux obtenus par synthèse, soulignant ainsi l'importance de l'illumination ex situ dans l'étude des réactions en photochimie. Par ailleurs, les expériences de RMN 1H photo-CIDNP ont clairement démontré que la dégradation de l'éther de l’hémiaminal en présence de rose bengale passe par la formation d'un radical cation, sans engendrer de formation de 1,3-dipôle.Dans la seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la mécanistique de la réaction d’alkylation photo-induite via un complexe EDA (sel de Katritzky/DIPEA), en utilisant la RMN couplée à l’illumination in situ. Grâce aux expériences de RMN 1H photo-CIDNP, nous avons mis en évidence la présence de deux complexes EDA distincts dans le milieu réactionnel : un complexe 1:1 et un complexe 1:2 (sel de Katritzky : DIPEA), absorbant respectivement à λ = 450 nm et à λ = 520 nm. Les études de RMN 1D 1H et 1H photo-CIDNP ont révélé l'absence de diffusion du groupe partant du sel de Katritzky, prouvant ainsi que la réaction d’alkylation s'effectue dans la sphère de solvatation du complexe EDA. Ces observations, combinées aux données extraites des expériences de RMN 1H DOSY, ont permis d'identifier la nature des agrégats (complexe EDA/substrat) impliqués dans la réactivité aux deux longueurs d'onde, démontrant clairement le lien étroit entre la proportion de ces agrégats dans le milieu réactionnel et le rendement de la réaction d’alkylation photo-induite
The research presented in this thesis manuscript is organized into two main sections. The first section investigates the photocatalytic degradation of N-methoxy-N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)benzaldehyde in the presence of rose Bengal in acetonitrile. We utilized various techniques, including 1D NMR experiments, 1H photo-CIDNP, and 2D 1H-13C HSQC and HMBC analyses, alongside both in situ and ex situ illumination. These methods enabled us to elucidate the structures of several intermediates and products formed during the reaction. Notably, ex situ illumination, executed through a continuous flow system, proved particularly beneficial for complementing our in situ results and making comparisons with synthesized products, underscoring the significant role of ex situ illumination in the study of photochemical reactions. Moreover, the 1H photo-CIDNP experiments clearly indicated that the degradation of the hemiaminal ether in the presence of rose Bengal occurs via the formation of a cation radical, without the generation of any 1,3-dipole intermediates.In the second section, we shifted our focus to the mechanism of the photo-induced alkylation reaction via an EDA complex (Katritzky salt/DIPEA), employing NMR in conjunction with in situ illumination. 1H photo-CIDNP experiments revealed the presence of two distinct EDA complexes in the reaction medium: a 1:1 complex and a 1:2 complex (Katritzky salt: DIPEA), which absorb at λ = 450 nm and λ = 520 nm, respectively. Additional 1D 1H NMR and 1H photo-CIDNP studies demonstrated the absence of leaving group diffusion from the Katritzky salt, confirming that the alkylation reaction occurs within the solvation sphere of the EDA complex. These findings, along with data obtained from 1H DOSY NMR experiments, allowed us to ascertain the nature of the aggregates (EDA complex/substrate) participating in reactivity at both wavelengths. This clearly illustrates the close relationship between the proportion of these aggregates in the reaction medium and the yield of the photo-induced alkylation reaction

Darbe nagrinėjamas realiojo laiko sistemų, specifikuotų agregatiniu metodu, verifikavimo uždavinys. Sprendžiant šį uždavinį, naudojama pasiekiamų būsenų grafo sudarymo metodika, leidžianti įvertinti laiko intervalus, kuriais įvyksta sistemoje apibrėžti įvykiai. Darbe nagrinėjami pasiekiamų būsenų grafo sudarymo algoritmai ir pateikta prototipinėse programose naudojama duomenų struktūra. Suformuluoti ir įrodyti teiginiai apie pasiekiamų būsenų grafo sudarymo algoritmo sudėtingumą (maksimalaus vienos būsenos galimų perėjimų skaičiaus; grafo viršūnių skaičiaus augimo priklausomybės nuo įvykių skaičiaus; maksimalaus įvykių skaičiaus elgsenoje laiko intervale; maksimalaus viršūnių skaičiaus laiko intervale.) Pateikta trijų testinių sistemų grafų automatizuoto sudarymo analizė. Parodyta, kad Simplekso optimizavimo procedūra laiko momentų palyginimui gali būti naudojama tik atskirais atvejais.
The work deals with a verification task of real time system specified by aggregate method. While solving the task, a technique for creation a reachable state graph is used. The technique permits to evaluate intervals of time when the defined system events occur. Reachable state graph creation algorithms are analysed in the work. A data structure used in prototype software is presented in the work too. Assertions about a complexity of algorithm for reachable state graph creation are formulated and proved. These assertions concern maximum number of transitions from single state, dependency of number of graph verteles growth on a number of events, maximum number of events in a behaviour during time interval, and maximum number of vertexes during time interval. Analysis of automated creation of graphs for three test systems is presented. It is shown that Simplex optimisation procedure for comparison of time intervals can be used only in certain cases.

Upconversion pumping of rare earth doped materials has been extensively studied over the two past decades. Most of mechanisms for converting infrared radiation to short wavelength output are quite well known and relative strengths of these processes have already been reported in bulk materials [1]. However, due to length of interaction of laser ligth with luminescent centers in a fiber, Excited State Absorption (E.S.A.) can dominate the Addition of Photons by Energy Transfer (so-called A.P.T.E.). This is mainly true because of low doping of fibers. Such low concentration is required to prevent from clustering or agregation which causes losses along the fiber.