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1
Tabaković, Sulejman, and Vanda Božić. "Platform for 'Ending the War Period' on the territory of the Former SFRY by implementing a ratified Agreement on Succession Issues with special reference to Annex 'G'." Bastina, no. 56 (2022): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina32-37309.
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The reason for writing this paper is the (non) application of the Agreement on Succession Issues, especially its Annex G, which refers to private property and acquired rights. The authors analyzed the legal norms from a theoretical point of view, and then, by researching case law and analyzing the decisions made, they pointed out the (non) application of the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues. Respecting the assumed international obligations, valid international law, legality and justice, as well as the credibility of the European Union, it is necessary in practice to ensure more efficient and direct application of Annex "G" of the Agreement on Succession Issues which stipulates that SFRY successor states will protect private property. and acquired rights of citizens and other legal entities. Result of the author's paper is the Platform for "Ending the War Period" on the territory of the former joint state of SFRY by implementing the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues with Annexes of "A - G" with special reference to Annex "G" Private property and acquired rights, as a convalidation enacted laws and their legal consequences. The aim of the paper is for the representatives of the states of the former SFRY to adopt the proposals of the future Declaration on the basis of the mentioned Platform, which the authors presented in the conclusion of the paper.
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Gazizullina, Liliya Zakievna, and Irina Mikhailovna Sboeva. "Legal Nature of the Contract of Succession as a Special Institute of Civil Law of the Russian Federation." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 5 (September 3, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n5p151.
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In this paper, the authors analyse a new institution for the Russian legal system, namely, the contract of succession institution. It is a qualitatively new way to transfer property, which was legislated as a supplement to the existing grounds of succession.
It is noted that one of the advantages of this type of succession is that this type of agreement enables a property owner not only to outline the circle of successors during his/her lifetime but also to stipulate clear conditions for their entry into rights of succession. That is, thanks to this agreement, it becomes possible to determine to whom and what kind of property will be transferred after the death of the owner, and what conditions must be met for this.
In this paper, the authors correlate a contract of succession with mixed categories: they compare (only by some criteria) a contract of succession with a unilateral transaction - a last will and testament.
The authors conclude that the institution of the contract of succession is a symbiosis of succession and contractual legal relations (mixed nature), which may lead to certain problems in the future during the enforcement of the current legislation.
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Repousis, Odysseas G. "State Succession and Devolution Agreements Revisited: A Note on Sanum v. Laos." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 21, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 353–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13894633_021001012.
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In a recent judgment, the Singapore Court of Appeal quashed a prior judgment of the Singapore High Court, which had decided to set aside an arbitration award on the basis that the China–Laos bilateral investment treaty (bit) does not apply to Macao. The judgment of the Court of Appeal is significant inasmuch as it involves a thorough examination of the international law principles governing the law of State succession in respect of part of territory, the relative effect of treaties in the context of devolution agreements, and the relationship between the critical date rule (or intertemporal principle) and the interpretive norm of subsequent agreement or practice. Above all, the dialogue between the Singaporean courts and the arbitral tribunal (whose award was sought to be set aside) raise a number of interesting issues in respect of the territorial application of investment treaties in general and Chinese investment treaties in particular. It also bears noting that this dialogue and its impact on future cases has to be filtered through subsequent developments, most notably a statement issued by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the effect that the Court of Appeal judgment was incorrect.
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ALDIYAROVA, Aidana. "KAZAKHSTAN: A CASE STUDY IN STATE SUCCESSION TO INVESTMENT TREATIES." Public Administration and Civil Service, no. 3-78 (September 29, 2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2021-319.
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Two arbitral cases were initiated against Kazakhstan on the basis of the 1989 Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. The tribunal of the first case (World Wide Minerals v. Republic of Kazakhstan) determined that Kazakhstan was a legal successor to the Canada-USSR BIT and found breaches of fair and equitable treatment. While in the second case (Gold Pool Limited Partnership v. Republic of Kazakhstan) the tribunal rejected the claimant’s argument that the Canada-USSR BIT was applicable to Kazakhstan. Since the decisions in these two cases have not been published, there is currently speculation that investors from other states besides Canada can take advantage of the Soviet Union’s treaties, even if there is no treaty in force with Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this paper is to show the legal framework and practice for treaty-making related to investment in Kazakhstan both pre-and post- collapse of the Soviet Union. In particular, this paper examines the relevant international treaties, diplomatic notes, intergovernmental-level statements regarding the succession to the USSR treaties, and the USSR and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic investment legislations. It also provides recommendations for the future development of state succession and investment treaties.
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Lubaś, Natalia. "Heredamiento – umowa dziedziczenia czy hybryda umowy prawa spadkowego i rodzinnego." Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego 30 (June 12, 2022): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pppm.2022.30.05.
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This article addresses the issues related to heredamiento - an agreement as to succession, characteristic of the Catalan legal system (Spain), the centuries-long functioning of which may be an inspiration for other legislators. The paper first attempts to locate this institution in the context of history and terminology. Further, it explains and describes the functioning of heredamiento in the provisions of Catalan law currently in force. The article then discusses the centuries-old location of this institution at the junction of succession law and family law. The paper also presents issues relating to the conflict of laws rules of private international law and the conflict of law rules of interregional law that are characteristic of the Spanish legal system. Therefore, introducing the reader to the institution of heredamiento, the author suggests that the Polish legislator should not cease looking for legal instruments adjusted and adapted to social realities, which would adequately protect the interests of both future decedents and heirs.
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Lušňáková, Zuzana, Zuzana Juríčková, Mária Šajbidorová, and Silvia Lenčéšová. "Succession as a sustainability factor of family business in Slovakia." Equilibrium 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2019.024.
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Research background: The success of family businesses abroad is not measured by profit, but is judged by the number of generations that have successfully mastered the succession process. This is why family businesses in Slovakia should also focus on long-term existence. Succession in a family business must be prepared with sufficient time in advance, as this is one of the most risky moments of its future.
Purpose of the article: Successful management of the succession process in family businesses requires several years of preparation in different areas. The aim of this paper is to assess the readiness of Slovak family companies to owner generational change in application of selected factors in ensuring the smooth transmission of family businesses to the younger generation.
Methods: The method of research was a questionnaire based on a 5-degree Likert scale, where the respondents expressed the degree of their agreement or disagreement with the particular statement. The questionnaire was filled by sample of 412 respondents — 206 family business owners and their 206 successors (son/ daughter). The statistical relations and correlations between variables were performed by Cronbach alpha, Spearman test, Kruskal-Walis test using EXCEL and SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1. programs.
Findings & Value added: Slovak family companies have already passed or they are in the process of preparing or implementing the first generational change. We cannot be compared yet with family companies in Germany, USA or the Nether-lands because these firms are in the process of the fourth generation change in the ownership. The added value of this paper is the identification of deficiencies and reserves that prolong or expel the process of successful company transfer to a young generation. It is related to human capital — the professional competence of the successor and the willingness of the founder to leave, the absence of important business documents, or the effort to cope with the process itself.
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Tolstykh, V. L., and J. Aasi. "Palestinian citizenship: past, present, future." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2019-4-31-45.
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INTRODUCTION. The article deals with the evolution of the Palestinian citizenship and the possibility of its development under the occupation of the Palestinian territories. Citizenship is a classic institution of public law and is perceived in a similar way in various legal systems. In this case, however, there is a very special phenomenon, the content of which is due to a number of historical, political and international legal factors.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research is based on the analysis of Balfour Declaration 1917, UN Partition Plan for Palestine 1947, Agreement Oslo II 1995, Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States (ILC, 1999), Articles on Diplomatic Protection (ILC, 2006), Israeli law governing the status of Palestinians, nationality laws of the Arab states, political and regulatory acts of Palestinian institutions. The research methods include historical method, methods of formal logic, comparative method and various methods of interpretation. A significant part of the research is a comparison of positions of Israeli and Palestinian lawyers, as well as an analysis of various options for the development of the Palestinian citizenship.RESEARCH RESULTS. Currently, the status of residents of the occupied territories is determined by the Oslo II Agreement of 1995: the administrative powers are delegated to the Palestinian Authority; Israel retains the right of control. The resident status is not equivalent to the status of a citizen and is sui generis. This status implies a number of Israel’s obligations: to end it and provide a citizenship to Palestinians; recognize its international elements; transfer more powers to Palestinian institutions. The lack of regular citizenship makes it difficult for Palestinians to enjoy diplomatic protection from Palestinian institutions.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Presently, there are conditions for the establishment (declaration) of the Palestinian citizenship, which would fix a political connection sui generis, implying the rights of Palestinians to participate in administration of the occupied territories, their membership in a nation striving for self-determination, the right of Palestinian institutions to provide diplomatic and other protection, etc. This citizenship should be provided automatically, since it involves not naturalization, but consideration of existing social and vital ties of Palestinians to their people. The solution of the problem of diplomatic protection may consist in the development of customary law and the search for new tools, for example, protection on the part of international organizations.
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Lock, Tobias. "The ECJ and the ECtHR: The Future Relationship between the Two European Courts." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 8, no. 3 (2009): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156918509x12537882648426.
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AbstractThe current relationship between the two European courts has been discussed in some great detail while the future of that relationship has been widely neglected. This is somewhat surprising as the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and with it of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the EU's succession to the ECHR are probably going to take place before too long. The article first examines Article 52(3) of the Charter, which prescribes that the ECHR be the minimum standard of human rights in the EU. It is argued that Article 52 (3) does not entail a reference to the ECtHR's case law so that the ECJ will not be bound by that case law. After an accession of the EU to the ECHR, it is likely that both courts will assert that they have exclusive jurisdiction over the ECHR in inter-state cases, which creates a jurisdictional conflict for which a solution must be found. In addition, the article explores whether after an accession, the Bosphorus case law will have a future and whether the dictum found in Opinion 1/91 will be applicable, according to which the ECJ is bound by the decisions of courts created by an international agreement to which the EC is a party.
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Kelly, Gerard. "Assessing the Climate Governance Contribution and Future of the Clean Development Mechanism." Nordic Journal of International Law 87, no. 4 (November 17, 2018): 393–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08704001.
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This article assesses the contribution of the clean development mechanism (cdm) to climate governance. The cdm emerged as the key offset mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, but its contribution to climate governance remains contested. This article deconstructs the cdm by evaluating the mechanism’s dominant critiques and offers a synthesised analysis of its core design and operational defects. The implications of the Paris Agreement, particularly the prospect of a successor mechanism to the cdm, are evaluated, and inform this article’s vision of a reconstructed mechanism as an important component in the evolving carbon markets infrastructure. Although such a reconstructed mechanism would continue to build a base of regulatory experience in less developing countries, this article suggests that the framework emerging under the Paris Agreement should more carefully circumscribe the cdm’s future role. Finally, this article concludes by considering the potential climate governance contribution of a reconstructed cdm.
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An, Soon-Il, Jong-Seong Kug, Yoo-Geun Ham, and In-Sik Kang. "Successive Modulation of ENSO to the Future Greenhouse Warming." Journal of Climate 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1500.1.
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Abstract The multidecadal modulation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) due to greenhouse warming has been analyzed herein by means of diagnostics of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) and the eigenanalysis of a simplified version of an intermediate ENSO model. The response of the global-mean troposphere temperature to increasing greenhouse gases is more likely linear, while the amplitude and period of ENSO fluctuates in a multidecadal time scale. The climate system model outputs suggest that the multidecadal modulation of ENSO is related to the delayed response of the subsurface temperature in the tropical Pacific compared to the response time of the sea surface temperature (SST), which would lead a modulation of the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, an eigenanalysis considering only two parameters, the changes in the zonal contrast of the mean background SST and the changes in the vertical contrast between the mean surface and subsurface temperatures in the tropical Pacific, exhibits a good agreement with the CGCM outputs in terms of the multidecadal modulations of the ENSO amplitude and period. In particular, the change in the vertical contrast, that is, change in difference between the subsurface temperature and SST, turns out to be more influential on the ENSO modulation than changes in the mean SST itself.
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Wohlgemuth, Thomas, Peter Brang, Harald Bugmann, Andreas Rigling, and Niklaus E. Zimmermann. "Forschung zu Wald und Klimawandel in Mitteleuropa: eine Werkschau." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0027.
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Research on forests and climate change in Central Europe: state of the art How are trees in Central European forests affected by climate change, yesterday, today and tomorrow? To answer this question, 250 researchers met for the international conference “ClimTree 2013” that took place in Zurich in September 2013. The answers are manifold and confirm that knowledge on this subject is not fully consolidated yet. Nevertheless, there is agreement on the two most important factors causing marked changes: aggravated water shortage during the growing season leading to growth and regeneration changes and inducing mortality, and rising temperatures that accelerate both biotic and abiotic processes, in particular pest outbreaks and forest fires. The question which tree species will dominate under future climatic conditions is lively debated due to novel results from experiments and dendroecological studies that have only partially been considered in forest succession models to date. Thus, the discussion on a next generation of such models has started. The present conference report summarizes the state of the art as well as new research questions in this field.
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Makinson, Keith, David Pearce, Dominic A. Hodgson, Michael J. Bentley, Andrew M. Smith, Martyn Tranter, Mike Rose, et al. "Clean subglacial access: prospects for future deep hot-water drilling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2059 (January 28, 2016): 20140304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0304.
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Accessing and sampling subglacial environments deep beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet presents several challenges to existing drilling technologies. With over half of the ice sheet believed to be resting on a wet bed, drilling down to this environment must conform to international agreements on environmental stewardship and protection, making clean hot-water drilling the most viable option. Such a drill, and its water recovery system, must be capable of accessing significantly greater ice depths than previous hot-water drills, and remain fully operational after connecting with the basal hydrological system. The Subglacial Lake Ellsworth (SLE) project developed a comprehensive plan for deep (greater than 3000 m) subglacial lake research, involving the design and development of a clean deep-ice hot-water drill. However, during fieldwork in December 2012 drilling was halted after a succession of equipment issues culminated in a failure to link with a subsurface cavity and abandonment of the access holes. The lessons learned from this experience are presented here. Combining knowledge gained from these lessons with experience from other hot-water drilling programmes, and recent field testing, we describe the most viable technical options and operational procedures for future clean entry into SLE and other deep subglacial access targets.
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Albrecht, C., H. Vogel, T. Hauffe, and T. Wilke. "Sediment core fossils in ancient Lake Ohrid: testing for faunal change in molluscs since the Last Interglacial period." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 28, 2010): 3969–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-3969-2010.
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Abstract. Ancient Lake Ohrid is probably of early Pleistocene or Pliocene origin and amongst the few lakes in the world harboring an outstanding degree of endemic biodiversity. Although there is a long history of evolutionary research in Lake Ohrid, particularly on molluscs, a mollusc fossil record has been missing up to date. For the first time, gastropod and bivalve fossils are reported from the basal, calcareous part of a 2.6 m long sediment succession (core Co1200) from the north-eastern part of Lake Ohrid. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of mollusc shells from the same stratigraphic level yielded an age of 130±28 ka. Lithofacies III sediments, i.e. a subdivision of the stratigraphic unit comprising the basal succession of core Co1200 between 181.5–263 cm appeared solid, grayish-white, and consisted almost entirely of silt-sized endogenic calcite (CaCO3>70%) and intact and broken mollusc shells. Here we compare the faunal composition of the thanatocoenosis with recent mollusc associations in Lake Ohrid. A total of 13 mollusc species (9 gastropod and 4 bivalve species) could be identified within Lithofacies III sediments. The value of sediment core fossils for reconstructing palaeoenvironmental settings was evaluated. The agreement between sediment and palaeontological proxies was tested. The combined findings of the ecological study and the sediment characteristics suggest deposition in a shallow water environment during the Last Interglacial period. We tested for major faunal changes since the Last Interglacial period and searched for signs of extinction events. The fossil fauna exclusively included species also found in the present fauna, i.e. no extinction events are evident for this site since the Last Interglacial. The thanatocoenosis showed the highest similarity with recent Intermediate Layer (5–25 m) mollusc assemblages. The demonstrated existence of a mollusc fossil record in Lake Ohrid sediment cores also has great significance for future deep drilling projects. It can be hoped that a more far reaching mollusc fossil record will then be obtained, enabling insight into the early evolutionary history of Lake Ohrid.
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Albrecht, C., H. Vogel, T. Hauffe, and T. Wilke. "Sediment core fossils in ancient Lake Ohrid: testing for faunal change since the Last Interglacial." Biogeosciences 7, no. 11 (November 5, 2010): 3435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3435-2010.
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Abstract. Ancient Lake Ohrid is probably of early Pleistocene or Pliocene origin and amongst the few lakes in the world harbouring an outstanding degree of endemic biodiversity. Although there is a long history of evolutionary research in Lake Ohrid, particularly on molluscs, a mollusc fossil record has been missing up to date. For the first time, gastropod and bivalve fossils are reported from the basal, calcareous part of a 2.6 m long sediment succession (core Co1200) from the north-eastern part of Lake Ohrid. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of mollusc shells from the same stratigraphic level yielded an age of 130 ± 28 ka. Lithofacies III sediments, i.e. a stratigraphic subdivision comprising the basal succession of core Co1200 between 181.5–263 cm, appeared solid, greyish-white, and consisted almost entirely of silt-sized endogenic calcite (CaCO3>70%) and intact and broken mollusc shells. Here we compare the faunal composition of the thanatocoenosis with recent mollusc associations in Lake Ohrid. A total of 13 mollusc species (9 gastropod and 4 bivalve species) could be identified within Lithofacies III sediments. The value of sediment core fossils for reconstructing palaeoenvironmental settings was evaluated and the agreement between sediment and palaeontological proxies was tested. The study also aims at investigating major faunal changes since the Last Interglacial and searching for signs of extinction events. The combined findings of the ecological study and the sediment characteristics suggest deposition in a shallow water environment during the Last Interglacial. The fossil fauna exclusively included species also found in the present fauna, i.e. no extinction events are evident for this site since the Last Interglacial. The thanatocoenosis showed the highest similarity with recent Intermediate Layer (5–25 m water depth) mollusc assemblages. The demonstrated existence of a mollusc fossil record in Lake Ohrid sediment cores also has great significance for future deep drilling projects. It can be hoped that a more far reaching mollusc fossil record will then be obtained, enabling insight into the early evolutionary history of Lake Ohrid.
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Williams, Timothy. "The MoA-AD Debacle – An Analysis of Individuals’ Voices, Provincial Propaganda and National Disinterest." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 29, no. 1 (March 2010): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341002900106.
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For nearly forty years a violent conflict has been raging in Mindanao where the Moros are fighting for independence from the Philippine state. On August 5th 2008 the peace negotiation panels of the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front were set to sign a Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MoA-AD), a final stepping stone on the way to a comprehensive peace agreement. However, a well-organised wave of protest swept from Christian settlers in Mindanao to the Supreme Court in Manila which declared the agreement unconstitutional. This paper presents a chronology of events surrounding the debate, analyses the arguments used in support and opposition of the MoA-AD and searches for causes of its demise, before looking at lessons to be learned for the future, especially regarding what President Arroyo can achieve before leaving office this year and what will be left to her successor.
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Marquez Torres, Alba, Giovanni Signorello, Sudeshna Kumar, Greta Adamo, Ferdinando Villa, and Stefano Balbi. "Fire risk modeling: an integrated and data-driven approach applied to Sicily." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 9 (September 6, 2023): 2937–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2937-2023.
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Abstract. Wildfires are key not only to landscape transformation and vegetation succession, but also to socio-ecological values loss. Fire risk mapping can help to manage the most vulnerable and relevant ecosystems impacted by wildfires. However, few studies provide accessible daily dynamic results at different spatio-temporal scales. We develop a fire risk model for Sicily (Italy), an iconic case of the Mediterranean Basin, integrating a fire hazard model with an exposure and vulnerability analysis under present and future conditions. The integrated model is data-driven but can run dynamically at a daily time step, providing spatially and temporally explicit results through the k.LAB (Knowledge Laboratory) software. This software provides an environment for input data integration, combining methods and data such as geographic information systems, remote sensing and Bayesian network algorithms. All data and models are semantically annotated, open and downloadable in agreement with the FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable). The fire risk analysis reveals that 45 % of vulnerable areas of Sicily have a high probability of fire occurrence in 2050. The risk model outputs also include qualitative risk indexes, which can make the results more understandable for non-technical stakeholders. We argue that this approach is well suited to aiding in landscape and fire risk management, under both current and climate change conditions.
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Vai, Gian Battista. "A history of chronostratigraphy." Stratigraphy 4, no. 2-3 (2007): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.04.2.02.
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Chronostratigraphy has a “prehistory" beginning with Leonardo’s and Steno’s twofold relative geologic time division. It developed further with Marsili’s (1728), Lehmann’s (1756), Arduino’s (1759-60) and Werner’s (1787) threefold, fourfold, and fivefold divisions respectively. Meanwhile, the initial steps were being taken in understanding Earth’s chronometry. Geological mapping exponentially increased the number of lithostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic units and forced the need for a common language and practice by international agreement. That objective became feasible with the establishment of the International Geological Congress (IGC), and the bipolar or dual classification of chronostratigraphic and chronologic units was formally established during the 2nd IGC in Bologna in 1881. Chronostratigraphic classification has displayed a remarkable nomenclatural stability, notwithstanding continuously changing criteria of use, correlation, improvement, and redefinition of the standard chronostratigraphic units. The development of chronostratigraphy was by scientific research and the necessary stability was through the IGC, as it appears from this review of the main chronostratigraphic resolutions and recommendations adopted by the IGC sessions from Bologna in 1881 to Sydney in 1976. An hierarchical classification and an historical approach underpin the evolution of chronostratigraphic classification. Five stages of evolution are outlined. Their succession illustrates changing paradigms, ongoing improvement by new tools of correlation, and the stability of names defined and used in a permanent common language. This flexibility should guide future developments in chronostratigraphy.
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Mitchell, S., D. Jacobsohn, K. Thormann, E. Cowen, J. Fall-Dickson, M. Turner, M. Schubert, et al. "Feasibility and Reproducibility of the NIH Consensus Criteria To Evaluate Response in Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (cGvHD)." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 5344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.5344.5344.
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Abstract Background The lack of standardized response criteria is a major obstacle to the development of therapeutic agents for cGvHD. Consensus criteria for evaluating response in cGvHD have been recently published (BBMT, 2006;12:252). We report on 3 pilot trials evaluating the feasibility and reproducibility of these proposed response criteria. Methods Oncology clinicians (n=27) with limited experience with cGvHD, participated in a 2.5 hour training session and received a syllabus and a photo atlas illustrating common manifestations of cGvHD. Feasibility and inter-rater agreement between experts in cGvHD (transplantation, dermatology, oral medicine, and rehabilitation medicine) and novice raters were evaluated using 15 pediatric and adult patients with varying manifestations of cGvHD. Data from each trial were used to strengthen the criteria and the teaching tools, and these materials were then re-tested. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and percent agreement (#Agreements/[#Agreements + #Disagreements] × 100) were used in the analysis. Results Response Criterion Trial 1 (8 novices; 4 adult patients) Trial 2 (10 novices; 6 pediatric patients) Trial 3 (9 novices; 5 adult patients) Oral(Median ICC/Range) .50(−.62–.84) .44(.14–.81) .57(−.06–.74) Erythema(Median ICC/Range) .88(.12–.93) .07(−.01–.97) .47(.08–.82) Movable Sclerosis(Median ICC/Range) .33(−.65–.71) .21(−.38–.81) .60(.11–.91) Non-movable Sclerosis(Median ICC/Range) .23(−.06–.62) .16(−.45–.77) .62(.37–.96) Ulcers(%agreement) 97% 95% 67% Gastrointestinal(%agreement) 83%–100% 57%–93% 68%–100% Functional Performance(% novices within 95% confidence interval of expert) 2 Minute Walk:66%;Grip Strength:75% Not evaluated 2 Minute Walk:60%;Grip Strength:66% Performance Status(novices within +/−20% of expert) 100% 80% 100% The concordance between expert and novices for global ratings of cGvHD severity and disease course was also evaluated. The median time to perform and document the evaluation, which includes a Schirmer test, ranged from 32–36 minutes. In the third trial, the agreement among experts for the dimensions of oral manifestations (ICC=0.7) and skin erythema (ICC=0.54) approached satisfactory values. Overall, interobserver agreement was modest; although in the third trial the median ICCs between novices and experts for movable sclerosis, non-movable sclerosis, and oral findings began to approach the 0.7 level. Conclusions These data provided critical information to guide the successive refinement of the response criteria and training materials resulting in improved reproducibility in specific domains, such as oral and movable and non-movable sclerosis. While these data offer preliminary evidence of feasibility, it was challenging for novices to acquire in a single session the skills necessary to grade these patients reliably. Work is ongoing to refine the training materials, and future efforts will examine whether experienced transplant clinicians who receive this educational program can apply the response criteria with greater reproducibility.
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Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira, and Anthony J. Naro. "Marking in discourse: “Birds of a feather”." Language Variation and Change 3, no. 1 (March 1991): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000430.
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ABSTRACTSubject/verb agreement and subject/predicate adjective agreement in spoken Brazilian Portuguese are subject to a parallel processing effect, such that marking leads to further marking and lack of marking leads to further lack of marking. For example, semantically plural verb tokens preceded by marked plural subjects in the same clause or other marked verb tokens with the same subject in the preceding discourse are more likely to be explicitly marked for plural than similar tokens preceded by unmarked subjects or verbs. This phenomenon is in direct contradiction to the principle of linguistic economy, since marking tends to occur precisely in those contexts in which it is most highly redundant and could therefore be discarded with no loss of information. Furthermore, the marking of successive plural tokens cannot be considered statistically independent events, since the outcome of previous marking decisions effects future marking. We propose that the parallel processing principle is a universal of language use.
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Altmann, Stefan, Rainer Neumann, Sascha Härtel, Alexander Woll, and Martin Buchheit. "Using Submaximal Exercise Heart Rate for Monitoring Cardiorespiratory Fitness Changes in Professional Soccer Players: A Replication Study." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1096–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0554.
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Purpose: To assess the value of monitoring changes in fitness in professional soccer players, using changes in heart rate at submaximal intensity (HR12km/h) over the velocity at a lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L (v4mmol/L). The authors reexamined (1) a range of threshold magnitudes, which may improve detecting substantial individual changes and (2) the agreement between changes in these 2 variables. Methods: On at least 2 occasions during different moments of the season, 97 professional soccer players from Germany (first, second, and fourth division) completed an incremental test to determine HR12km/h and v4mmol/L. Optimal thresholds for changes in HR12km/h and v4mmol/L were assessed, using various methods (eg, smallest worthwhile change + typical error [TE], successive reiterations approach). Agreement between both variable changes was examined for the whole sample (225 comparisons), 4 different subgroups (depending on the moment of the season), and in an individual over 6 years (n = 23 tests). Results: Changes of 4.5% and 6.0% for HR12km/h and v4mmol/L, respectively, were rated as optimal to indicate substantial changes in fitness. Depending on the (sub)groups analyzed, these thresholds yielded 0% to 2% full mismatches, 22% to 38% partial agreements, and 60% to 78% full agreements in terms of fitness change interpretation between both variables. Conclusions: When lactate sampling during incremental tests is not possible, practitioners willing to monitor adult professional soccer players’ (Germany; first, second, and fourth division) training status can confidently implement short, 3-minute submaximal runs, with 4.5% changes in HR12km/h being indicative of true substantial fitness changes, with 60% to 78% accuracy. Future studies should investigate the potential role of confounding factors of HR12km/h to improve changes in fitness prediction.
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Rein, Conrad. "The Prospects for the Future of European Union–African Union Relations in Uncertain Times." European Review 25, no. 4 (September 6, 2017): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000217.
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The importance of Africa for Europe was highlighted in the 1950 Schuman Declaration. Although the overarching framework for relations between the European Union and Africa is embedded in the 2000 Cotonou Agreement, cooperation between the European Union and Africa became increasingly institutionalized through the European Union–Africa Summits of 2000, 2007, 2010 and 2014, during which political leaders from both sides made strong rhetorical commitments to a strategic partnership. Yet, for the wider public, the relationship between the European Union and Africa appears to be both obscure and complex. The fifth European Union–Africa Summit is scheduled to take place in Ivory Coast in November 2017. This article will provide an overview of the development of European Union–Africa relations that coincided with the emergence of the African Union, the successor of the Organisation of African Unity. The so-called ‘strategic partnership’ between the European Union and the African Union represents the most comprehensive partnership the African Union has with any non-African actor. By highlighting current challenges affecting both, such as irregular migration, this article will, however, demonstrate that cooperation between the two is limited and somewhat lacking in strategic direction.
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See, M. Todd. "— Invited Review — Current status and future trends for pork production in the United States of America and Canada." Animal Bioscience 37, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.24.0055.
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Pork production is a significant agricultural enterprise in the United States and Canada. The United States is the third-largest global producer of pork and Canada ranks seventh in pork production. The North American Free Trade Agreement and its successor, the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, have facilitated trade and integration between the two countries. The majority of production systems are modern and intensive, characterized by large vertically integrated farms using advanced technologies. Both nations benefit from their status as major producers of feed grains, with the United States leading in corn and soybeans, while Canada excels in canola and barley production. The regulatory frameworks for food safety, animal welfare, and environmental stewardship differ slightly, with the FDA and USDA overseeing these aspects in the United States, and Health Canada and the Canada Food Inspection Agency in Canada. The United States and Canada also have well-established distribution networks for pork products, relying on both domestic and international markets. Export markets play a crucial role, with the United States being a major importer of Canadian pigs, and both countries exploring opportunities in Asia. Despite a rise in global demand, domestic pork consumption trends differ, with per capita consumption remaining stable in the USA and declining in Canada. Changing consumer preferences, including a demand for ethically raised and locally sourced pork, may influence production practices. Future trends in pig production include a focus on consumer concerns, sustainability, disease prevention, reduction of antimicrobial use, and advancements in technology. The industry is adapting to challenges such as disease outbreaks and changing regulations, with a strong emphasis on animal welfare. Labor and workforce considerations, along with advancements in technology and automation, are expected to shape the efficiency of pork production in the future.
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Flatt, Andrew A., and Michael R. Esco. "Validity of the ithleteTM Smart Phone Application for Determining Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability." Journal of Human Kinetics 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0071.
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Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to cross-validate the ithleteTM heart rate variability smart phone application with an electrocardiograph for determining ultra-short-term root mean square of successive R-R intervals. The root mean square of successive R-R intervals was simultaneously determined via electrocardiograph and ithleteTM at rest in twenty five healthy participants. There were no significant differences between the electrocardiograph and ithleteTM derived root mean square of successive R-R interval values (p > 0.05) and the correlation was near perfect (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). In addition, the ithleteTM revealed a Standard Error of the Estimate of 1.47 and Bland Altman plot showed that the limits of agreement ranged from 2.57 below to 2.63 above the constant error of -0.03. In conclusion, the ithleteTM appeared to provide a suitably accurate measure of root mean square of successive R-R intervals when compared to the electrocardiograph measures obtained in the laboratory within the current sample of healthy adult participants. The current study lays groundwork for future research determining the efficacy of ithleteTM for reflecting athletic training status over a chronic conditioning period.
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Xu, Chunhai, Zhongqin Li, Huilin Li, Feiteng Wang, and Ping Zhou. "Long-range terrestrial laser scanning measurements of annual and intra-annual mass balances for Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China." Cryosphere 13, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 2361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2361-2019.
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Abstract. The direct glaciological method provides in situ observations of annual or seasonal surface mass balance, but can only be implemented through a succession of intensive in situ measurements of field networks of stakes and snow pits. This has contributed to glacier surface mass-balance measurements being sparse and often discontinuous in the Tien Shan. Nevertheless, long-term glacier mass-balance measurements are the basis for understanding climate–glacier interactions and projecting future water availability for glacierized catchments in the Tien Shan. Riegl VZ®-6000 long-range terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), typically using class 3B laser beams, is exceptionally well suited for repeated glacier mapping, and thus determination of annual and seasonal geodetic mass balance. This paper introduces the applied TLS for monitoring summer and annual surface elevation and geodetic mass changes of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 as well as delineating accurate glacier boundaries for 2 consecutive mass-balance years (2015–2017), and discusses the potential of such technology in glaciological applications. Three-dimensional changes of ice and firn–snow bodies and the corresponding densities were considered for the volume-to-mass conversion. The glacier showed pronounced thinning and mass loss for the four investigated periods; glacier-wide geodetic mass balance in the mass-balance year 2015–2016 was slightly more negative than in 2016–2017. Statistical comparison shows that agreement between the glaciological and geodetic mass balances can be considered satisfactory, indicating that the TLS system yields accurate results and has the potential to monitor remote and inaccessible glacier areas where no glaciological measurements are available as the vertical velocity component of the glacier is negligible. For wide applications of the TLS in glaciology, we should use stable scan positions and in-situ-measured densities of snow–firn to establish volume-to-mass conversion.
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Christelle Nadège Guedem, Noumbi. "THE GENEALOGY OF CAMEROON'S COLONIAL DEBT NEGOTIATION." Analele Universităţii din Craiova seria Istorie 28, no. 2 (February 28, 2024): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucsi.2023.2.07.
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Negotiation is a process of communication and exchanges between at least two parties whose object concerns the organization of a relationship or the settlement of a problem between them. During the decolonisation, France and Cameroon decided to share the assets and liabilities located on the territory of Cameroon. This distribution, a consequence of negotiation, started before independence, was the way to peacefully settle questions of the State’s debts. Alexander-Nahum Sack, jurist and specialist of the State’s succession, thinks that negotiation is the appropriate way to peacefully settle financial issues such as infrastructure management and colonial debts during the territorial separation of the former colonial power from the former colony. This historical essay therefore intends to show that, instead of asking for cancellation, France and Cameroon authorities agreed for distribution after several negotiations. So, the imputation of the debt contracted by France in Cameroon on January 1, 1960, is the consequence of an agreement. It is within this framework that on April 16, 1957, the two parties set down in a first document which was to serve as a compass for subsequent meetings, the legal bases relating to the postcolonial management of foreign investments in Cameroon, while laying down the milestones for their future bilateral cooperation. Based on a variety of documentation, the aim is to show that France and Cameroon, after negotiations, have choosen the distribution of the existing assets and liabilities. France, like Cameroon, as well as international creditors, had an interest in agreeing. Cameroon had to negotiate, so as to make a good impression with Foreign Direct Investors and external creditors needed Cameroon's cooperation for the protection of localized investments on its territory. Even though those debts were incurred in the exclusive interest of Cameroon under French administration, it agreed to negotiate.
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Törö, Csaba. "Blueprints and Modalities of Status Arrangements for CSDP Operations and Missions." European Foreign Affairs Review 25, Issue 2 (August 1, 2020): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020022.
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Status agreements for EU crisis management operations and missions represent a necessary legal aspect of their consensual conduct and completion. The adopted Status of Forces (SOFA) and Status of Mission (SOMA) Model Agreements for military and civilian deployments respectively have been implemented regularly in Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) undertakings for the presence and transit of EU-led multinational contingents and assets on land or at sea. Variations and repetition in the application of the ready standard frameworks dominate the spectrum of evolved practice, but casual and adaptive solutions have also indicated the occasional need for specific modalities of status arrangements for CSDP operations and missions. These include the extension of existing SOFA arrangements of an EU member, a UN peacekeeping mission or North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to an EU-led successive, supplementary or reinforcing multinational engagement in the same theatre of operation. With respect to non-standard arrangements for certain civilian CSDP crisis management deployments, their status came to be defined as activities of diplomatic missions due to the particular nature and context of EU undertakings in Bosnia, in Congo or in Kosovo. The available blueprints and tested modalities of status arrangements offer a comprehensive set of examples for the choice of adequate solutions for any future CSDP operation or mission. CSDP, crisis management operation, crisis management mission, status of forces, status of mission, Model Agreement, EU forces, EULEX Kosovo
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Pettenati, M., N. Croiset, G. Picot-Colbeaux, J. Casanova, M. Azaroual, K. Besnard, and N. Rampnoux. "Optimisation of wastewater treatments through combined geomaterials and natural soil filter: modelling tools." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.023.
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The main objective of this study is the establishment of innovative purification systems through the conceptualisation of reactive barriers in soil for artificial recharge of groundwater with treated wastewater. Numerical integration of hydrodynamics and biogeochemical processes controlling the effectiveness of this engineering system is applied to design soil column experiments. This leads to the elaboration of a combined aerobic/anaerobic environment to ensure the successive nitrification of rich ammonium wastewater and the denitrification mechanisms reducing NO3– according to heterotrophic denitrification and pyrite oxidation. A MIN3P reactive flow and transport model is used to reproduce an experimental flow-through column. Calculated concentrations of CH2O and NO3− are consistent with experimental results. Agreement between model and experimental results makes it possible to understand major processes taking place in the column and optimises future treatment experiments.
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Jain, Sanjay K. "Assessing Competitiveness of Indian Garment Export Firms: An Investigation." Paradigm 2, no. 1 (July 1998): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890719980113.
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As per the provisions of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) currently in vogue, various quota restrictions imposed by the developed countries on the textiles and garment exports will be phased out by the year 2005. The phase-out process has already commenced and with the successive removal of quota restrictions, world trade in garments shall become very competitive. Based on a survey of the export firms and opinion of a few experts, the paper delves into a competitiveness analysis of Indian garment export firms. Though the Indian firms hold the perception that they are competitive enough to withstand the emerging competition, they are found to be lacking in respect of all the competitiveness dimensions identified through the use of factor analysis. The paper also provides suggestions for improving the export competitiveness in future.
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Seiler, Christian, Joe R. Melton, Vivek K. Arora, and Libo Wang. "CLASSIC v1.0: the open-source community successor to the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) – Part 2: Global benchmarking." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 2371–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2371-2021.
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Abstract. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme Including Biogeochemical Cycles (CLASSIC) is an open-source community model designed to address research questions that explore the role of the land surface in the global climate system. Here, we evaluate how well CLASSIC reproduces the energy, water, and carbon cycle when forced with quasi-observed meteorological data. Model skill scores summarize how well model output agrees with observation-based reference data across multiple statistical metrics. A lack of agreement may be due to deficiencies in the model, its forcing data, and/or reference data. To address uncertainties in the forcing, we evaluate an ensemble of CLASSIC runs that is based on three meteorological data sets. To account for observational uncertainty, we compute benchmark skill scores that quantify the level of agreement among independent reference data sets. The benchmark scores demonstrate what score values a model may realistically achieve given the uncertainties in the observations. Our results show that uncertainties associated with the forcing and observations are considerably large. For instance, for 10 out of 19 variables assessed in this study, the sign of the bias changes depending on what forcing and reference data are used. Benchmark scores are much lower than expected, implying large observational uncertainties. Model and benchmark score values are mostly similar, indicating that CLASSIC performs well when considering observational uncertainty. Future model development should address (i) a positive albedo bias and resulting shortwave radiation bias in parts of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics and Tibetan Plateau, (ii) an out-of-phase seasonal gross primary productivity cycle in the humid tropics of South America and Africa, (iii) a lacking spatial correlation of annual mean net ecosystem exchange with site-level measurements, (iv) an underestimation of fractional area burned and corresponding emissions in the boreal forests, (v) a negative soil organic carbon bias in high latitudes, and (vi) a time lag in seasonal leaf area index maxima in parts of the NH extratropics. Our results will serve as a baseline for guiding and monitoring future CLASSIC development.
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Ljusic, Rados. "Ilija Garasanin on Serbia's statehood." Balcanica, no. 39 (2008): 131–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0839131l.
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A subject usually neglected in the historical work on Ilija Garasanin?s role as a statesman has been discussed. Attention has been drawn to the legal status of Serbia at the moment Garasanin entered civil service and how it changed during the thirty years of his political career (1837?67). The first part of the paper looks at his views against the background of three vitally important issues for Serbia?s legal status at the time: the constitutional issue, the issue of hereditary succession and the issue of internal independence. His views on the three issues reflect his understanding of the existing status of the Principality of Serbia. The second part of the paper looks at how he envisaged a future Serbian state. Its largest portion is naturally devoted to the ideas put forth in the Nacertanije (1844), the first programme of nineteenth-century Serbia?s national and foreign policy. It also looks at Garasanin?s attempt, made through the Serbian representative at the Porte in the revolutionary year 1848, to achieve the reorganization of the Ottoman Empire into a dual monarchy with the Serbian United States (or a Serbian vice-kingdom) as a constituent state. Finally, attention has been paid to the creation of a Balkan alliance through agreements concluded by Balkan states.
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Lee, Su-Jin. "Important 2023 Civil Procedure Law Cases." Kyung Hee Law Journal 59, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 237–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15539/khlj.59.1.5.
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This paper examines key civil procedure and execution law rulings issued by the Supreme Court in 2023. We analyze seven significant civil procedure precedents, focusing on: 1. Exclusive international jurisdiction agreements, 2. Ratification of objections and compulsory mediation, 3. Lease contract requirements and enforcement, 4. Protection by provisional seizure: Non-existence and cessation of prescription, 5. Causal relationship and burden of proof in medical malpractice, 6. Reconciliation replacement and res judicata in claim objection lawsuits, 7. Preservation of public property and cancellation registration lawsuits. Each precedent is categorized, summarized by facts, rulings of lower courts and the Supreme Court, with analysis of relevant law and the author's perspective. While some rulings involve international private law, civil law, or commercial law aspects, these are addressed only if relevant to civil procedure. The paper also briefly reviews four major rulings on civil execution law: 1. Indirect coercion, incidental obligations, and claim objection, 2. Execution claim seizure after full order service and its effect, 3. Public notice procedure violation and auction effect, 4. Distribution objection and lawsuit succession. Additionally, a section on “Other Civil Procedure Act Precedents” highlights notable rulings due to space constraints. While not exhaustive, this analysis aims to be a valuable resource for future civil procedure research.
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Finžgar, Miha, and Primož Podržaj. "Feasibility of assessing ultra-short-term pulse rate variability from video recordings." PeerJ 8 (January 7, 2020): e8342. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8342.
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Objectives Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is a promising non-contact measurement technique for assessing numerous physiological parameters: pulse rate, pulse rate variability (PRV), respiratory rate, pulse wave velocity, blood saturation, blood pressure, etc. To justify its use in ultra-short-term (UST) PRV analysis, which is of great benefit for several healthcare applications, the agreement between rPPG- and PPG-derived UST-PRV metrics was studied. Approach Three time-domain metrics—standard deviation of normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive NN interval differences (RMSSD), and the percentage of adjacent NN intervals that differ from each other by more than 50 ms (pNN50)—were extracted from 56 video recordings in a publicly available data set. The selected metrics were calculated on the basis of three groups of 10 s recordings and their average, two groups of 30 s recordings and their average, and a group of 60 s recordings taken from the full-length recordings and then compared with metrics derived from the corresponding reference (PPG) pulse waveform signals by using correlation and effect size parameters, and Bland–Altman plots. Main results The results show there is stronger agreement as the recording length increases for SDNN and RMSSD, yet there is no significant change for pNN50. The agreement parameters reach r = 0.841 (p < 0.001), r = 0.529 (p < 0.001), and r = 0.657 (p < 0.001), estimated median bias −1.52, −2.28 ms and −1.95% and a small effect size for SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50 derived from the 60 s recordings, respectively. Significance Remote photoplethysmography-derived UST-PRV metrics manage to capture UST-PRV metrics derived from reference (PPG) recordings well. This feature is highly desirable in numerous applications for the assessment of one’s health and well-being. In future research, the validity of rPPG-derived UST-PRV metrics compared to the gold standard electrocardiography recordings is to be assessed.
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Johnson, William C., Phil L. Forsline, Herb S. Aldwinckle, William C. Johnson, Phil L. Forsline, H. Todd Holleran, Terence L. Robinson, and John J. Norelli. "051 The USDA-ARS/Cornell University Apple Rootstock Breeding and Evaluation Program." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 450A—450. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.450a.
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In 1998, the USDA-ARS and Cornell Univ. instituted a cooperative agreement that mobilized the resources for a jointly managed apple rootstock breeding and evaluation program. The program is a successor to the Cornell rootstock breeding program, formerly managed by Emeritus Professor of Horticultural Sciences James N. Cummins. The agreement broadens the scope of the program from a focus on regional concerns to address the constraints of all the U.S. apple production areas. In the future, the breeding program will continue to develop precocious and productive disease-resistant rootstock varieties with a range of vigor from fully dwarfing to near standard size, but there will be a renewed emphasis on nursery propagability, lodging resistance, tolerance to extreme temperatures, resistance to the soil pathogens of the sub-temperate regions of the U.S., and tolerance to apple replant disorder. The program draws on the expertise available at the Geneva campus through cooperation with plant pathologists, horticulturists, geneticists, biotechnologists, and the curator of the national apple germplasm repository. More than 1000 genotypes of apple rootstocks are currently under evaluation, and four fire blight- (Erwinia amylovora) resistant cultivars have been recently released from the program. As a service to U.S. apple producers, rootstock cultivars from other breeding programs will also be evaluated for productivity, size control, and tolerance to a range of biotic and abiotic stress events. The project will serve as an information source on all commercially available apple rootstock genotypes for nurseries and growers.
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Zhu, Yu, Shuguang Liu, Wende Yan, Deming Deng, Guangyi Zhou, Meifang Zhao, Fei Gao, Liangjun Zhu, Zhao Wang, and Menglu Xie. "Impact of Ice-Storms and Subsequent Salvage Logging on the Productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese Fir) Forests." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020296.
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The impacts of ice-storms on forests have received growing attention in recent years. Although there is a wide agreement that ice-storms significantly affect forest structure and functions, how frequent ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging impact productivity of subtropical coniferous forests in the future still remains poorly understood. In this study, we used the Ecosystem Demography model, Version 2.2 (ED-2.2), to project the impact of salvage logging of ice-storm-damaged trees on the productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata-dominated coniferous forest and C. lanceolata-dominated mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests. The results show that forest productivity recovery is delayed in coniferous forests when there is no shade-tolerant broadleaved species invasion after ice-storms, and C. lanceolata could continue to dominate the canopy in the mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests under high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging. The resistance and resilience of the mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests to high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging were stronger compared to coniferous forests. Although conifers could continue to dominate the canopy under shade-tolerant broadleaved species invasion, we could not rule out the possibility of a future forest community dominated by shade-tolerant broadleaf trees because there were few coniferous saplings and shade-tolerant broadleaf species dominated the understory. Our results highlight that post-disaster forest management should be continued after high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging in C. lanceolata forests to prevent possible shade-tolerant, late successional broadleaf trees from dominating the canopy in the future.
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Smoliński, Marek. "Kilka uwag w sprawie roli politycznej hrabiny szweryńskiej Audacji‑Małogorzaty." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 25 (September 16, 2022): 241–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2022.25.11.
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Appearing in historical sources under two names, Audacja and Małgorzata, the wife of the Count of Schwerin Henryk I (died 1228) has long aroused the interest of historians. Researchers have investigated her Pomeranian origins. They have attempted to give the history of her family: husbands, sons, and several daughters. They have frequently discussed the matter of her rights to Sławno lands, which her daughter Ermengarde brought to her husband Świętopełk, Duke of Gdańsk. In the scholarly literature from the nineteenth century, there are reflections on the large role that the countess played in the history of Połabia at the end of the 1220s and the start of the 1230s, a history determined by Schwerin‑Danish relations. The very marriage of Audacja‑Małgorzata with Henryk is also a subject of interest here. Although the political circumstances of the countess’s marriage with Henryk I occasion doubts in the literature, there is no doubt her public actions were dominated by the conflict with Denmark. The Countess took an active part in this, not just as the wife of Henryk I, who was himself instrumental in shaking the position of Denmark in the area round the Baltic. Thanks to her, the peace treaties also discussed conditions for the return of territory (or payment of appropriate compensation) taken from her mother by Waldemar II. This point emerged during the discussions with the emissaries of the Empire with Count Henryk I and his allies concerning the liberation of Waldemar II and his son Waldemar III in 1223 and 1224. In the agreement between Denmark and Schwerin in 1225, the Countess, together with her husband and children, was mentioned as a party. She was also mentioned in the fief agreement concluded in 1227 between the Duke of Saxony Albrecht I and Count Henryk I.
After 1228, Audacja‑Małgorzata played a special role on her husband’s death. Then the Countess had to conclude an agreement both with Denmark and the Duke of Brunswick, who was supporting her. Her position at that time is clearly reflected in a letter by Pope Gregory IX, calling on the Countess to free prisoners (the sons of Waldemar II and the Duke of Brunswick‑Lüneburg Otto the Child). Audacja‑Małgorzata’s guiding purpose was probably to make it possible for Gunzelin III, her still (in 1228) underage son, to take power in Schwerin. The basic aim of the conflict with Denmark was achieved, that is to remove Mikołaj, Waldemar II’s grandson, from the line of succession in Schwerin. By agreeing to end the conflict, the Schwerin side gave up the entirety of the ransom that Waldemar II was initially meant to pay and settled for half of it. The betrothal and subsequent marriage of Gunzelin III with Małgorzata of Mecklenburg can be seen as an attempt to build local alliances and as showing a willingness to live at peace with her neighbours.
Thus, it appears that the Countess was reasonably successful in securing her son’s future and once he took power in guaranteeing him peace with all his neighbours. From that moment, the Countess gradually began to withdraw from public life and concentrated on devotional activities. This was what she was known for in the period before her death, which probably took place in 1270.
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Kažukauskas, Evaldas, Simas Butkus, Vytautas Jukna, Domas Paipulas, and Valdas Sirutkaitis. "Scanning Algorithm Optimization for Achieving Low-Roughness Surfaces Using Ultrashort Laser Pulses: A Comparative Study." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 30, 2023): 2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072788.
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Femtosecond laser-assisted material surface modification is a rapidly growing field with numerous applications, including tribology, micromechanics, optofluidics, and medical implant treatment. For many of these applications, precise control of surface roughness after laser treatment is crucial, as it directly affects the final properties of the work surface. However, achieving low mean surface roughness values (<100 nm) is challenging due to the fundamental principles of laser light–matter interactions. The complex physical processes that occur during laser material interactions make it difficult to achieve the desired surface roughness, and only advanced scanning methods can potentially solve this issue. In our study, we analyzed laser scanning algorithms to determine the optimal method for producing surfaces with minimal roughness. We investigated how scanning parameters such as the overlap of modifications, the amount of successive line shift, and laser-scanner synchronization impact surface roughness. Using a numerical model, we obtained results that showed good agreement with experimentally acquired data. Our detailed theoretical and experimental analysis of different scanning methods can provide valuable information for the future optimization of minimal-roughness micromachining.
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Tian, Huiling, Jianhua Zhu, Zunji Jian, Qiangxin Ou, Xiao He, Xinyun Chen, Chenyu Li, et al. "The Carbon Neutral Potential of Forests in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050721.
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Prediction of forest carbon sink in the future is important for understanding mechanisms concerning the increase in carbon sinks and emission reduction, and for realizing the climate goals of the Paris Agreement and global carbon neutrality. Based on stand volume data of permanent monitoring plots of the successive national forest inventories from 2004 to 2018, and combined with multiple variables, such as climatic factors, soil properties, stand attributes, and topographic features, the random forest algorithm was used to predict the stand volume growth-loss and then calculated the forest biomass and its carbon sink potential between 2015 to 2060 in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China. From 2015 to 2060, the predicted forest biomass carbon storage and density increased from 3053.27 to 6721.61 Tg C and from 33.75 to 66.12 Mg C hm−2, respectively. The predicted forest biomass carbon sink decreased from 90.58 to 73.98 Tg C yr−1, and the average forest biomass carbon storage and sink were ranked in descending order: Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Zhejiang, Chongqing, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. The forest biomass carbon storage in the Yangtze River Economic Belt will increase by 3.67 Pg C from 2015 to 2060. The proportion of forest C sinks on the regional scale to C emissions on the national scale will increase from 2.9% in 2021–2030 to 4.3% in 2041–2050. These results indicate higher forest carbon sequestration efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in the future. Our results also suggest that improved forest management in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River will help to enhance forest carbon sink in the future.
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Sherman, Sara R., Clifton J. Holmes, Bjoern Hornikel, Hayley V. MacDonald, Michael V. Fedewa, and Michael R. Esco. "Heart-Rate Variability Recording Time and Performance in Collegiate Female Rowers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0587.
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Purpose: To assess the agreement of the root mean square of successive R-R interval (RMSSD) values when recorded immediately upon waking to values recorded later in the morning prior to practice, and to determine the associations of the RMSSD recordings with performance outcomes in female rowers. Methods: A total of 31 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I rowers were monitored for 6 consecutive days. Two seated RMSSD measurements were obtained on at least 3 mornings using a smartphone-based photoplethysmography application. Each 1-minute RMSSD measure was recorded following a 1-minute stabilization period. The first (T1) measurement occurred at the athlete’s home following waking, while the second (T2) transpired upon arrival at the team’s boathouse immediately before practice. From the measures, the RMSSD mean and coefficient of variation were calculated. Two objective performance assessments were conducted on an indoor rowing ergometer on separate days: 2000-m time trial and distance covered in 30 minutes. Interteam rank was determined by the coaches, based on subjective and objective performance markers. Results: The RMSSD mean (intraclass correlation coefficient = .82; 95% CI, .63 to .92) and RMSSD coefficient of variation (intraclass correlation coefficient = .75; 95% CI, .48 to .88) were strongly correlated at T1 and T2, P < .001. The RMSSD mean at T1 and T2 was moderately associated with athlete rank (r = −.55 and r = −.46, respectively), 30-minute distance (r = .40 and r = .41, respectively), and 2000 m at T1 (r = −.37), P < .05. No significant correlations were observed for the RMSSD coefficient of variation. Conclusion: Ultrashort RMSSD measurements taken immediately upon waking show very strong agreement with those taken later in the morning, at the practice facility. Future research should more thoroughly investigate the relationship between specific performance indices and the RMSSD mean and coefficient of variation for female collegiate rowers.
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Bokwa, Krzysztof, and Iwo Jarosz. "Czy na pewno martwa instytucja? Staropolskie i austriackie pactum advitalitium w perspektywie współczesnej." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 25 (September 24, 2018): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.25.7.
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An already defunct institution? Old-Polish and Austrian pactum advitalitium in a contemporary perspectivePactum advitalitium was an early Polish legal institution established through a marital agreement. It was a form of annuity by means of which spouses established a right of usufruct of the entirety of an estate, effective upon the passing of one spouse and existing for the lifetime of the beneficiary. The practical purpose thereof was to secure the material well-being of a widowed spouse, usually the wife, given not only that the legal system did not provide for commune marital property, as well as that there was no statutory spousal succession. Later, after the partitions of Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, the institution discussed herein was adopted by Austrian law and regulated in the newly enacted Austrian Civil Code ABGB, with slight modifications enabling i.a. to encumber not only the whole estate or a part thereof, but also several assets of a future estate. Thus advitalitium had become available within the vast Austrian Empire, yet it did not gain a wide recognition among the nations of the Monarchy, remaining an infrequently used institution, which led to its repeal in 21st century. The very legal character of pactum advitalitium was and is still controversial, leading the academia to suggest multiple explanations of its nature, often varying significantly dependent on the subject of advitalitium in a specific case the entirety of an estate or a part thereof or several assets. The authors aim to examine the origins and history of advitalitium regulation in early Polish and Austrian law in their historical context, later to recount the doctrinal concepts explaining its character. To pursue both there aims, historical and formal-dogmatic methods are employed. The authors then move on to discuss the possibility of reaching results identical or just similar to ones achieved by means of an advitalitium in modern Polish law, applying the formal-dogmatic method, to show that not only no comparable institution exists in Polish law nowadays but, moreover, that similar results cannot be achieved by applying instruments known to Polish law. Such analysis enables the authors to arrive at conclusions regarding the possible application of advitalitium as an instrument of estate planning in the context of modern family relationships, which could lead to the rediscovery thereof in modern legal systems.
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Taylor, Saul, and Howard Youngs. "Leadership Succession: Future-proofing Pipelines." Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 23, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enx037.
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Bang, Joon-sik. "Succession of collective agreement by division of company." Labor Law Forum 23 (February 28, 2018): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46329/llf.2018.02.23.63.
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Kocaman, Selahattin, and Kaan Dal. "A New Experimental Study and SPH Comparison for the Sequential Dam-Break Problem." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110905.
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The floods following the event of a dam collapse can have a significant impact on the downstream environment and ecology. Due to the limited number of real-case data for dam-break floods, laboratory experiments and numerical models are used to understand the complex flow behavior and to analyze the impact of the dam-break wave for different scenarios. In this study, a newly designed experimental campaign was conducted for the sequential dam-break problem in a rectangular channel with a steep slope, and the obtained results were compared against those of a particle-based numerical model. The laboratory tests permitted a better understanding of the physical process, highlighting five successive stages observed in the downstream reservoirs: dam-break wave propagation, overtopping, reflection wave, run-up, and oscillations. Experimental data were acquired using a virtual wave probe based on an image processing technique. A professional camera and a smartphone camera were used to obtain the footage of the experiment to examine the effect of the resolution and frame rate on image processing. The numerical results were obtained through the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method using free DualSPHysics software. The experimental and numerical results were in good agreement generally. Hence, the presented data can be used as a benchmark in future studies to validate the SPH and other Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods.
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Beasley, Sharon F., and Nell Ard. "The future of nursing: Succession planning." Teaching and Learning in Nursing 16, no. 2 (April 2021): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2020.12.003.
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Carter, Norman H. "Guaranteeing Management's Future Through Succession Planning." Journal of Information Systems Management 3, no. 3 (January 1986): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399018608965253.
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Dodd, Katheen, and Carolyn Simons. "Succession Planning— Securing your Organization’s Future." Home Health Care Management & Practice 17, no. 5 (August 2005): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822305275604.
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Kesner, Idalene F., and Terrence C. Sebora. "Executive Succession: Past, Present & Future." Journal of Management 20, no. 2 (April 1994): 327–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639402000204.
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Kesner, I. "Executive succession: Past, present & future." Journal of Management 20, no. 2 (1994): 327–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0149-2063(94)90019-1.
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Roper, D. M., I. Owen, G. D. Padfield, and S. J. Hodge. "Integrating CFD and piloted simulation to quantify ship-helicopter operating limits." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1109 (July 2006): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001329.
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Abstract This paper describes a study which has been concerned with numerical predictions of the airwakes resulting from two simplified ship geometries: the internationally agreed Simple Frigate Shape, SFS1, and its successor, SFS2. Extensive steady-state simulations have been carried out for a wide range of wind conditions using Fluent, a commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The CFD predictions have been partially validated against wind tunnel data produced by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and have shown good agreement. The resulting airwake velocity components have been exported from Fluent, interpolated onto suitable grids and attached to the FLIGHTLAB flight-simulation environment as look-up tables; piloted flight trials were then carried out using the Liverpool full-motion simulator. The pilot workload and helicopter control margins resulting from a range of wind-over-deck conditions have been used to develop the Ship-Helicopter Operating Limits (SHOL) for a Lynx-like helicopter and the SFS2. The workload was compared to the pilot’s experiences on a similar aircraft and a Type 23 Frigate and the simulated SHOL compared with SHOLs derived from sea trials. The results are very encouraging and open up further the long awaited prospect of such simulations being used in the future to reduce at-sea trials, and to provide a safe environment for pilot training.
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Pazdan, Maksymilian. "Sprawy spadkowe w umowie polsko-ukraińskiej z 1993 r." Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego 31 (December 14, 2022): 133–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pppm.2022.31.05.
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The article is dedicated to the matters of succession in the Agreement of 1993 on Legal Aid concluded between Poland and Ukraine. The author touches upon a number of issues. First, he discusses the role of the “general compatibility clause” provided for in Article 97 of the 1993 Agreement. He concludes that the clause does not produce effects with regard to the Regulation (EU) No 650/2012. Under the “general compatibility clause”, in all situations where the 1993 Agreement does not provide for a rule being the equivalent of the rules laid down in the Hague Convention of 1961 determining the law applicable to the form of a testamentary disposition, in Poland, in relations between Poland and Ukraine, the law applicable to the form of a testament is to be determined pursuant to the provisions of the Hague Convention of 1961.Second, the author discusses the conflict-of-laws rules set out in the Agreement which designate, as the applicable law, either Polish or Ukrainian law. He contends that where the deceased is a Polish and Ukrainian national, in order to determine which of those nationalities have to be taken into account for the purposes of Article 37 (1) of the 1993 Agreement, the criterion of the most effective (more closely connected) nationality should be relied on. However, the situations that involve a deceased of Polish or Ukrainian nationality, who is also a third-State national, do not fall within the scope of the 1993 Agreement. The application of the 1993 Agreement is, on the other hand, not barred by the fact that an immovable property in a third State forms part of the estate. Jurisdiction and the law applicable to the succession of such immovable property must be determined, both in Poland and in Ukraine, pursuant to their general conflict-of-laws regulations on matters of succession. The author explains also that the drafters of the 1993 Agreement (in Articles 37 (1) and (2)) ruled out the principle of unity of succession in favour of the principle of scission, employing the connecting factors of nationality and of location of the immovable property. This results in numerous complications in the determination of the applicable law and in its application. However, the law applicable to succession determined on the basis of Article 37 (1) and (2) of the 1993 Agreement of 1993 governs the succession as a whole, with the exception of issues covered by other rules provided for in that agreement (for example, Article 39) and of the issues that do not fall within its scope of the 1993 Agreement. Although Article 39 (1) of the 1993 Agreement expressly mentions only consequences of defective consent, there is no doubt that the said rule also covers the legal requirements for effective declaration of consent.Third, the author addresses the function of Article 38 of the 1993 Agreement, which is a substantive law provision on the estate without a claimant. This provision enjoys priority over Article 33 of the Regulation No 650/2012. Article 38 solely determines the State (Poland or Ukraine) acquiring the estate without a claimant. The concerned State enjoys the competence to designate the entity that will become the subject of rights and obligations forming part of the estate without a claimant.Finally, the author comments on the pending case resulting from the preliminary question posed by the Opole District Court (Sąd Okręgowy, case no II Czz. 438/21). The Opole Court requested from the European Court a ruling on whether a Ukrainian national residing in Poland may, under Article 22 of the Regulation No 650/2012, choose Ukrainian law. The author suggests, that — although not without a doubt — it is tempting to answer this question in the affirmative. The argument here is that the freedom to choose the applicable law in matters of succession falls entirely outside the ambit of the 1993 Agreement and so the Agreement does not preclude the choice.
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Hennerich, Juçara Elza, Clério Plein, Luciana Oliveira de Fariña, Márcia Hanzen, and Flávia Piccinin Paz Gubert. "Succession in family farming: gender and future perspectives." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): e40810313594. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.13594.
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The succession processes in rural properties, in particular, in family farming, has taken priority status among the themes that involve the rural environment. The present study was carried out in the extreme west of the state of Santa Catarina, between the years 2016 and 2017, when 268 farmers were interviewed. In addition to the objective of recording and discussing data related to succession, gender and generational processes, the research was also carried out as a didactic tool for agricultural sciences courses in the region. The study recorded the desire, regardless of gender, of 5.5% of young people to break connection with agriculture in their future and not participate in the succession processes. Result that opposes the point of view of the parents, who express a gender distinction in the succession role, where 72.4% relates the male gender to such, while for the female gender the desire of 94% of fathers and mothers is that the daughters, respectively, get married and / or live in the city. The study points out the importance of actions involving the parents of rural youth in succession and gender issues that are increasingly urgent in the possible future of family farming.