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1
Wechsler, Stephen. "Agreement Features." Language and Linguistics Compass 3, no. 1 (January 2009): 384–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00100.x.
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Ouhalla, Jamal. "Agreement Features, Agreement and Antiagreement." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 23, no. 3 (August 2005): 655–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-004-5927-z.
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고성란. "φ-features and Discourse-agreement features." Studies in English Language & Literature 39, no. 2 (May 2013): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21559/aellk.2013.39.2.007.
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Kang, Namkil. "Quantifiers, Binding, and Agreement." Studies in English Language Teaching 9, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): p33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v9n3p33.
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The main goal of this paper is to argue that Korean pronouns must be phi-feature-compatible with their antecedents, whereas Korean reflexives are not. It is worth pointing out that Korean pronouns are sensitive to the number feature, whereas Korean anaphors are not. A major point to note is that every-type QPs have a Q feature that is plural in its number, whereas which-type QPs have an optional Q-feature that is singular or plural in number. A further point to note is that Korean pronouns are sensitive to phi-features, which is in accordance with Safir’s (2014) hypothesis that “D-bound anaphora must be feature-compatible with its antecedent”. With respect to Korean pronouns, it is worth noting that Safir’s hypothesis does not work for Korean pronouns since they induce a bound variable reading through the phi-feature agreement. Finally, it is significant to note that Korean anaphors are not feature-compatible with antecedents and that they yield a bound variable reading regardless of their phi-features.
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Reynolds, Karl H., and Carol M. Eastman. "Morphologically based agreement in Swahili." Studies in African Linguistics 20, no. 1 (April 1, 1989): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v20i1.107456.
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In this paper we argue that to a great extent noun class agreement in Swahili is based on inflectional features. Yet where inflectional features are not present, a derivational feature of inherent noun class controls agreement. Swahili, then, is seen as having a dual noun class system in which agreement is controlled by a hierarchical set of features ranging from inflectional to derivational. The evidence from Swahili indicates that Anderson's [1982] claim that inflectional morphology alone is relevant to syntax may be too strong and supports a weaker version admitting some interaction of derivational morphology with syntax.
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Borkovska, I. P. "STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT." "Scientific notes of V. I. Vernadsky Taurida National University", Series: "Philology. Journalism" 2, no. 1 (2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2710-4656/2021.1-2/08.
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Mel’čuk, Igor. "Agreement, Government, Congruence." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 307–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.17.2.04mel.
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Rigorous definitions are proposed for three important syntactic-morphological concepts: agreement, government and congruence. They are defined as particular cases of morphological dependency between wordforms of an utterance (distinguished from semantic and syntactic dependencies between wordforms). Definitions are based on the intermediate concepts of agreement class and related inflectional categories, as well as on the concepts of inflectional category, grammeme, syntactics feature and syntactics feature value. AGREEMENT is defined (roughly speaking) as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is not a substitute pronoun, is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of a related category of the controller, or 2) upon its agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number (syntactics features), or else 3) upon some of its semantic properties. GOVERNMENT is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of an unrelated category of the controller or 2) upon one of its syntactics features, which is not agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number. CONGRUENCE is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is a substitute pronoun replacing an occurrence of the controller, is selected depending upon any property of the controller. Numerous examples of agreement, government and congruence are cited and analyzed, a comparison of agreement and government is presented, and relationships between these concepts and other types of dependencies are examined.
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Kibrik, Andrej A. "Rethinking agreement: Cognition-to-form mapping." Cognitive Linguistics 30, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 37–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0035.
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AbstractThe prevailing assumption is that anResearch underlying this study was conducted with support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant #17-06-00460.agreement feature originates in one linguistic element, that is a controller, and is copied onto another one, a target. This form-to-form approach encounters massive difficulties when confronted with data, such as missing controllers or feature mismatches. A cognition-to-form mapping approach is proposed instead, suggesting that agreement features, such as person, number, and gender, are associated with referents in the cognitive representation. They serve to specify referents on either notional or conventional grounds, and are thus referential features. Referential features are mapped onto various sites in linguistic structure, including inflections. Parallel agreement between various sites is observed, as a side effect of mappings from the same cognitive source. Languages differ in which and how many sites for marking referential features they require. Analysis of Russian evidence suggests that the cognition-to-form mapping approach has a much greater explanatory force than the traditional form-to-form approach. There are only peripheral classes of instances in which form-to-form agreement may be needed as a supplementary factor. In general, the roots of agreement lie in cognitively motivated discourse processes associated with reference.
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Lyutikova, E., and P. Grashchenkov. "On the syntax of person agreement in Tatar." Rhema, no. 3, 2019 (2019): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2019-3-53-73.
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In this paper, we analyse the intricate agreement pattern attested with inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors in Tatar. These nominals can trigger not only a default 3rd person agreement, but also the marked person agreement reflecting the features of their restrictor or binder. We propose that in these constructions, inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors bear the features the agreement reveals, and propose a mechanism allowing inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors to aquire the features of the restrictor or binder. We build on the idea that agreeing inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors contain a minimal pronoun equipped with a set of unvalued interpretable features, and that this feature set gets valued via feature sharing.
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Hudson, Richard. "Subject–verb agreement in English." English Language and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (November 1999): 173–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674399000210.
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The paper rejects the standard view according to which every tensed verb in English agrees with its subject in person and number. It argues that person is irrelevant to all verbs except BE, and that past-tense verbs and modals (other than BE) have no number agreement features. It discusses agreement mismatches which reflect the subject's meaning, but rejects the idea that subject–verb agreement may be a semantic rule; it proposes instead a new feature ‘agreement-number’. This extra number feature applies only to the subject of a tensed verb and by default has the same value as the subject's ordinary number, while also allowing various kinds of mismatch (for I and you, and for cases of ‘semantic’ agreement). It also offers analyses of agreement with non-nominal subjects and dummy there, and shows how the analysis for Standard English generalizes easily to a range of variations found in nonstandard dialects. The theoretical basis for the analysis is Word Grammar, whose main advantage is that features are free to be assigned by rule because they are not used in classification.
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Nadon, V. V. "Civil legal aspect of distinction of loan agreement from other types of agreements (loan, gift, rental of vehicle, housing, rental agreement, commercial concession)." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.11.
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Contracts aimed at the transfer of property for use are diverse. Each of the incoming contract types has its own specifics due to certain systemic features (free use - a sign of gratuitousness, renting housing - subject and subjective features of legal relations, commercial concession – a sign of the subject). Accordingly, the internal classification of contracts aimed at the transfer of civil rights to temporary use can be made consistently on several grounds. All contracts on the basis of subject can be divided into contracts aimed at the temporary use of property (rent (lease) of a vehicle, housing, rental, loan), and contracts aimed at the temporary use of objects of exclusive rights (commercial concession). Within the framework of agreements aimed at the transfer of property for use, on the basis of payment are paid (rent (lease), rental, rental of housing, vehicle) and free (loan agreement).
The author concludes that gratuitousness is an essential feature for a loan agreement, as well as for a gift agreement. It is determined that the sign of gratuitousness may follow from the essence of the relationship between the parties. In particular, it is expressed in certain actions, especially if previously such actions were free of charge. Speaking of gratuitousness, however, it cannot be concluded that this agreement has no property interest for the lender. Sometimes this is true, and sometimes property interest still takes place.
It is proved that the loan agreement is combined with those types of lease, the systemic features of which do not contradict the factor of gratuitousness (vehicle loan, home loan, capital construction).
It is proposed to make corrections to Part 3 of Art. 827 of the Civil Code of Ukraine on the possibility of applying the provisions of Chapter 58 of the Civil Code of Ukraine (Lease Agreement), as well as proposed additional Article 837-1 of the Civil Code on liability under the loan agreement.
With the analysis of the outlined problem, it is concluded that for the loan agreement the sign of gratuitousness is decisive, which gives grounds to distinguish the loan from other types of civil law agreements.
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Preminger, Omer. "Breaking Agreements: Distinguishing Agreement and Clitic Doubling by Their Failures." Linguistic Inquiry 40, no. 4 (October 2009): 619–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2009.40.4.619.
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In this article, I propose a novel way to distinguish between agreement and clitic doubling. The innovation lies in examining what happens when the relation between the relevant agreement morphology and the full noun phrase fails to obtain: whether the agreement morpheme still shows up, bearing default φ-features, or disappears altogether. The workings of the proposed diagnostic are demonstrated using a family of constructions in “substandard” Basque (Etxepare 2006). Besides supporting the proposed diagnostic, the analysis of Basque provides a new perspective on the typological status of the Basque agreement system, as well as evidence against the traditional analysis of unergatives in Basque as being underlyingly transitive.
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Machado Rocha, Ricardo, and Jania Martins Ramos. "Clitic doubling and pure agreement person features." Revista de Estudos da Linguagem 24, no. 2 (March 18, 2016): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.24.2.378-416.
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Haliia, Chanysheva. "GENERAL AGREEMENT: CONCEPTS, FEATURES AND LEGAL NATURE." Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law 9 (2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2019.9.13.
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Bobaljik, Jonathan David, Andrew Nevins, and Uli Sauerland. "Preface: on the morphosemantics of agreement features." Morphology 21, no. 2 (May 22, 2010): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-010-9155-4.
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Kharkina, K. V. "A Cross-Border Corporate Agreement: Features of a Foreign Element." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 9 (October 24, 2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.130.9.082-090.
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The development of cross-border commercial relations results in increasing the number of legal entities with foreign participation. To ensure effective management of such companies, founders increasingly conclude cross-border corporate agreements. If disputes arise on the basis of this agreement, questions concerning their qualification may appear, in particular, regarding the determination of whether a particular corporate agreement is cross-border in nature. The range of applicable sources of law for resolving the dispute will depend on the determination. A unified approach to determining the characteristics that affect the recognition of a corporate agreement as cross-border have been developed neither at the legislative level nor in judicial practice or the doctrine. In this regard, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the impact of each foreign element (subject, object, legal fact) on the recognition of a corporate agreement as a cross-border agreement. The author analyzes the existing judicial practice and doctrine, simulates situations that may arise in connection with the conclusion and execution of a cross-border corporate agreement, on the basis of which the author comes to a reasonable conclusion that the only practically applicable criterion for identifying the cross-border nature of a corporate agreement is its subject, while neither the object of the relationship nor the fact of the conclusion and/or execution of a corporate agreement in a foreign jurisdiction affect the fact that a corporate agreement is recognized as cross-border.
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Poduzova, E. B. "A User Agreement, a Confidentiality Agreement: Content Features in the context of the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies." Actual Problems of Russian Law 18, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2023.147.2.071-078.
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Artificial Intelligence technologies have a wide scope of application, in particular, they are used to process large amounts of information; these technologies constitute one of the elements of Big Data. In the information environment, conclusion and execution of a user agreement and confidentiality agreement are of particular importance. These agreements form a reliable means of regulating the information interaction between their parties. There is no solution either in the doctrine or in jurisprudence to a number of problems related to these agreements, in particular the problems of their legal characterization, constitutive features and content, including formulation of a number of conditions. The paper provides recommendations for solving these problems, in particular, it determines constitutive features, legal characterization of the user agreement and confidentiality agreement, suggests the wording of separate conditions for the agreements under consideration. When writing the article, the author relied on the effective legislation, civil doctrine, judicial and business practice.
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Bedir, Seyyit Talha. "Unorthodox Agreement in Turkish Copular Sentences." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 6, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 5058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v6i1.5058.
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Turkish verbs agree with the subject in almost all cases. The same goes for the copular adjectival or nominal structures. However, if a nominal predicate is 2nd or 1st person whereas the subject is 3rd person the agreement, the agreement takes place with the predicate instead of the subject. Some features had been proposed in order to account for the different behavior of the persons, most famous of which being Harley & Ritter’s (2002) three-way feature system. I will try to develop an economical argument using solely one feature: [ref]. It correctly explains some phenomena that previous feature-dependent accounts come short explaining. I will mostly build up on work of Ince & Aygen & Aydın (2015), spotting problems in their proposal and offering solutions.
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Kharkina, K. V. "Features of characterization of a crossborder corporate agreement." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 3 (June 14, 2021): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.79.3.228-234.
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Silva-Pereyra, Juan F., and Manuel Carreiras. "An ERP study of agreement features in Spanish." Brain Research 1185 (December 2007): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.029.
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Akdoğan, Dilara, Duygu Karaoğlan Altop, and Albert Levi. "Secure key agreement based on ordered biometric features." Computer Networks 163 (November 2019): 106885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2019.106885.
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Rimarchuk, Rimma, and Svitlana Soroka. "Some features of regulation of consumer loan agreement." Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 2018, no. 894 (May 22, 2018): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/law2018.894.091.
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Lyutikova, Ekaterina. "Agreeing inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors as derived personal pronouns: Evidence from Tatar." Word Structure 15, no. 3 (November 2022): 380–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2022.0215.
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In this paper, I analyse the intricate agreement pattern attested with inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors in Tatar, which can trigger not only a default 3rd person agreement, but also the marked person agreement reflecting the features of their restrictor or binder. I claim that in these constructions, inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors bear the features the agreement reveals, and propose a mechanism allowing them to acquire the features of their restrictor or binder. I build on the idea that agreeing inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors contain a minimal pronoun equipped with a set of unvalued interpretable features, and that this feature set gets valued via agreement.
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Jarrah, Marwan, Abdel Rahman M. Altakhaineh, and Eisa Al-Rasheedi. "ɸ-agreement within Construct State in Jordanian Arabic." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 73, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0025.
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AbstractThis paper shows that the head noun of the Construct State may ɸ-agree (in Number and Gender) with the accompanying DP associate in Jordanian Arabic. When it occurs, this agreement is, however, only invoked when the DP associate is referential (e.g., galam ʔil-walad ‘the boy’s pen’>galamuhi ʔil-waladi, but barbiiʃ ʔil-ʁaaz ‘the gas pipe’>*barbiiʃ-uhi ʔil-ʁaazi). The paper provides a syntactic account of this observation which clearly demonstrates that Construct States do not constitute a homogenous group. We specifically argue that the head D° of the Construct State is endowed with a bundle of uninterpretable, unvalued ɸ-features which are valued via Agree by the DP associate of the Construct State. The outcome of this valuation, when it occurs, may surface as an inflectional suffix that appears on the head noun occupying this position, i.e. D°, in PF. For why D°-related uninterpretable ɸ-features are only valued by referential DPs, we propose that this follows from the assumption that such DPs carry a [person] feature, hence ɸ-complete, unlike nonreferential DPs which lack a [person] feature, and hence ɸ-incomplete. ɸ-incompleteness makes non-referential DPs incapable of valuing uninterpretable ɸ-features carried by c-commanding heads in Jordanian Arabic.
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Castillo, Concha. "Phi-Agreement in Past Participle Constructions." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 29 (November 15, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2016.29.02.
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I argue in this paper that agreeing past participles are merged externally in the derivation in V endorsed with a feature [+resultative], whereas non-agreeing past participles are bound to value a feature [+perfective] against the have-auxiliary. Phi-agreement on the former kind of participle occurs since the meaning [+resultative] denotes a property of the logical object, which happens to merge in the position of sister to V-en. As postulated in standard frameworks, phi-agreement consists in that the V-en form values uninterpretable phi-features against the DP object. In contrast with agreeing past participles, non-agreeing past participles are merged externally in the form of V and they get their –en suffix in v valued against the have-auxiliary once the latter enters the derivation. The meaning or interpretation of this –en suffix is [+perfective] or [+anterior]. No phi-agreement occurs between these V-en forms marked [+perfective] and their logical object (whenever they select for one) since [+perfective] is a property of the event or situation as a whole, and not of the object. It is further suggested that the specific Agree relation that is phi-agreement appears not to be subject to configurations of asymmetric c-command, but to just occur on external Merge of the DP that bears the corresponding valued, interpretable phi-features.
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Lochbihler, Bethany, and Eric Mathieu. "Wh-agreement in Ojibwe relative clauses: Evidence for CP Structure." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 58, no. 2 (July 2013): 293–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003042.
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AbstractThis article discusses the morphological and syntactic structure of relative clauses in Ojibwe (Algonquian), in particular their status as wh-constructions. Relatives in this language are full clauses that bear special morphology, show evidence of A′-movement of a wh-operator, and consequently exhibit wh-agreement also found in interrogatives and certain types of focus constructions. Ojibwe shows the possibility of wh-agreement realized on T (in addition to C and v for other languages), as it appears on tense prefixes. We account for the realization of wh-agreement on T in Ojibwe via the mechanism of feature inheritance. We propose that while declarative matrix clauses are canonical in that C introduces φ-features in Ojibwe, the role of C in embedded or wh-contexts is to introduce δ-features (discourse features), such as [uwh], rather than φ-features. These δ-features can be introduced by C, but are transferred down to T where they spell out as wh-agreement.
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Nizamieva, O. N. "Features of Implementation of the Regulatory Function of Family Law Agreements." Lex Russica 73, no. 10 (October 23, 2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.167.10.032-040.
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The paper analyzes the peculiarities of implementation of the regulatory function of family law agreements, identifies the factors influencing this process. The use of a functional approach in legal research is very traditional and justifiable because it allows to understand more about the meaning of a legal matter, to identify the essential characteristics (properties) of legal phenomena, as well as internal and external interrelations of the legal objects under consideration. The doctrine presents a functional analysis of agreements as a whole, provides scientific developments concerning certain contractual functions, as well as the functional characteristics of certain types and categories of agreements. However, a manifestation of a function may vary depending on the scope of application of the agreement, its legal nature, type, category and other parameters: some functions may be strongly expressed, and others demonstrate weaker manifistations. Such a balance shift in the system of functions of agreements acts as an expression of its direct instrumental nature.The author concludes that the regulatory function is inherent in all family law agreements, the result of which is an individually-defined model of behavior of the parties, fixed by the terms of the family law agreements. The regulatory function manifistation in contracts depends on such interrelated factors as: 1) the balance between private and public components in certain contractual constructions in the are of family law (the greater the public nature in the contractual legal relationship, the stronger contractual freedom depends on regulatory prescriptions); (2) the degree of detail of the normative regulation of the contractal relationship, the existence of legal gaps or intentional non-interference of the legislator in the strictly personal private sphere of the family (the less detailed the relations between the parties to the family agreement are regulated by regulatory legal acts, the more manifested the regulatory function of family law agreement is).
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ZAWISZEWSKI, ADAM, MIKEL SANTESTEBAN, and ITZIAR LAKA. "Phi-features reloaded: An event-related potential study on person and number agreement processing." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641500017x.
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ABSTRACTLinguistic analysis claims that verb agreement is composed of distinct phi-features such as person and number, but are these different phi-features processed distinctly or similarly? We used a sentence grammaticality task to explore the electrophysiological responses of Basque speakers when processing subject–verb person and number phi-feature agreement violations. We generated grammatical structures (grammatical control) and ungrammatical structures in which the verb disagreed with the subject in person (person violation), in number (number violation), or in both person and number features (person+number violation). Behavioral data revealed that, overall, participants were faster and more accurate detecting person and person+number violations than violations involving only number. Event-related potential responses revealed a N400–P600 pattern for all violation types. Person and person+number violations elicited larger P600 effects than number violations. These findings reveal different costs related to the processing of person and number phi-feature agreement and indicate that these features are distinct components of agreement computation.
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KING, TRACY HOLLOWAY, and MARY DALRYMPLE. "Determiner agreement and noun conjunction." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 1 (March 2004): 69–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226703002330.
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Determiner-noun agreement in English and many other languages appears to be straightforwardly describable; singular determiners go with singular nouns, and plural determiners go with plural nouns. The situation is more complicated with coordinated nouns, however, since unexpected agreement patterns often result. Our theory makes the correct predictions for English and other languages by combining two crucial insights: the dual nature of agreement features inside the noun phrase (Kathol 1999; Sadler 1999, 2003; Wechsler & Zlatić 2000, 2003) and the distinction between distributive and nondistributive features in coordination (Dalrymple & Kaplan 2000).
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Dali, Myriam, and Eric Mathieu. "Broken plurals and (mis)matching of ɸ-features in Tunisian Arabic." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (November 4, 2020): 164–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01202005.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to explain an unusual agreement pattern that arises between Tunisian Arabic broken plurals and their targets. For example, a verb may agree with a plural subject in all ɸ-features or, rather oddly, in singular/feminine, even when the subject (the controller) is masculine plural. Developing an idea first briefly sketched—but ultimately not adopted—by Zabbal (2002), we argue that broken plurals are hybrid nouns. Hybrid nouns have been the topic of much recent research (Corbett, 2000, 2015; den Dikken, 2001; Wechsler and Zlatić, 2003; Danon, 2011, 2013; Matushansky, 2013; Landau, 2015; Smith, 2015): either their syntactic or semantic features can be the target of agreement, creating the possibility of an agreement mismatch. Using Harbour’s (2011, 2014) theory of number, coupled with some innovations, we provide the featural make-up of Tunisian Arabic broken plurals and contrast it with that of collectives, on the one hand, and sound plurals, on the other. We propose that the feminine agreement seen with broken plurals is associated with a [+ group] feature, one that is exponed as -a. In the course of the discussion, we will argue that all gender features are visible at LF (Hammerly, 2018) and that semantic agreement is routinely possible with nouns that are low on the Animacy Hierarchy.
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Veselovská, Ludmila. "Czech analytic agreement and the characteristics of little pro." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 65, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 194–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2020-0011.
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AbstractThis study deals with subject predicate agreement in Czech and the structure of a null subject. First, it introduces the concept of Null Subject Languages as it has been used in a generative framework. Then it shows the complex feature content of the Czech subject-predicate agreement morphology, arguing that the data repeatedly signal a division of the agreement features into two clear cut feature sets and two distinct agreement domains: (a) the lower, lexical domain inside vP containing the nominal n[±φ] feature set (Gender and N-Number), and (b) the higher, functional domain on the T head, which contains the functional D[±φ] feature set (Person and D-Number). The study relates the analysis to the present day microparametric concept of a Null Subject Parameter as in, e. g., the studies in Biberauer (2010), accepting the hypothesis of the checking of the subject-predicate agreement with two levels of predicate (separate heads v and T). It proposes that with pronominal subjects, the φ feature values can be re-set with respect to the speech act information located in the Aboutness Topic. Given the several levels of agreement, each of which can be licensed by a zero morpheme, the study proposes that pro is a complex entity consisting of two separate parts, each endowed with a distinct set of φ features.
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Popov, Viktor, and Viktoriya Slyvnaya. "Features of civil law nature of legal assistance agreement." Law and innovations, no. 2 (30) (June 2, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-2(30)-7.
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Problem setting. Today, the conclusion of a legal assistance agreement is directly regulated by the Law of Ukraine “On the Bar and Legal Practice”. But for effective and lawful implementation the parties should also be guided by the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine. Therefore, it is necessary and relevant to determine which provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine fall under this agreement and the relations arising from its conclusion. Target research. The aim of the work is to analyze the provisions of civil law on the differences between work and services, to determine which category of contracts is a legal assistance agreement and which rules of the Civil Code of Ukraine regulate advocacy and this agreement. Analysis of recent research and publication. The issue of delimitation of works and services is debatable among scientists. In particular, such authors as Gnatiuk G.I, Barinov N.O., Shablova O.G., Pushkin O.A., Ponomarenko O.M., Voronyak A.S., Braginsky M.I., Luts V.V. paid attention to this question. The works of such authors as Gavrilyuk M.O., Sviatotska V.I., Tubelets O.K., Rafilska I.S., Yanovska O.G., Biryukova A.M. are devoted to the question of research of features of legal regulation and realization of advocacy activity in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the legal characteristics and features of the legal assistance agreement, the discussion issues regarding the regulation of these relations by acts of civil law are considered. In addition, the article analyzes the legal content of such phenomena as work and services and the main differences between the service agreement and the work contract to determine the category of relations of the legal assistance agreement. Conclusions and prospect of development. Thus, the characteristics of the legal structure of the agreement between the lawyer and the client are important for the protection of the interests of both parties. Also, having studied all the features of this agreement and various reasoned opinions of scientists on this issue, we can say that advocacy is multifaceted and can take many forms and types, but the legal analysis of these actions still includes it to services.
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Lukashov, R. S. "Concepts And Features Of The Corporate Contract." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 49 (April 3, 2019): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.49.121-134.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal analyses of the place of a corporate agreement in the system of civil contracts. The article identifies the key factors that justify a separate place of the corporate agreement among existing contractual structures of civil law.
The article deals with scientific views on the concept and legal nature of the corporate agreement, outlines the subject of the corporate agreement, which is concluded between the participants of the legal entity of corporate type, as well as analyzed the latest legislation on the definition of the concept, subject and content of the corporate agreement, which is concluded between the members of the limited liability company.
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Тобота, Ю. А. "ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ГАЛУЗЕВОЇ НАЛЕЖНОСТІ ДОГОВОРУ АУТСТАФІНГУ." Збірник наукових праць ХНПУ імені Г. С. Сковороди "Право", no. 31 (February 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/23121661.2020.31.10.
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In the article an author made an attempt to research branch belonging of the outstaffing agreement which is new legal institution for national judicial system and enforcement practices. Making the research the author used developments made by another national scientists whose scientific interests connected with outstaffing agreement. By the author’s point of view this type of agreements containes private and public elements and is complex agreement. An attempt of determining juridical nature of this agreement is made. Common features and differences between outstaffing agreement, civil and labour agreements were determined and some recommendations about legislative modifications were proposed.
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Smouse, Mantoa Rose. "Uninterpretable features in comprehension: Subject-verb agreement in isiXhosa." South African Journal of African Languages 33, no. 1 (March 2013): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/02572117.2013.793942.
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Slobodianiuk, Viktoria Pavlivna. "FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF AGENCY AGREEMENT IN UKRAINE." Expert: Paradigm of Law and Public Administration 9, no. 3 (2020): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.32689/2617-9660-2020-3(9)-196-205.
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Berg, Anne T., Mitchell Steinschneider, Harriet Kang, and Shlomo Shinnar. "Classification of Complex Features of Febrile Seizures: Interrater Agreement." Epilepsia 33, no. 4 (July 1992): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02344.x.
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Coppock, Elizabeth, and Stephen Wechsler. "The objective conjugation in Hungarian: agreement without phi-features." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 30, no. 3 (March 8, 2012): 699–740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-012-9165-5.
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Gilles, Floyd H., C. Jane Tavaré, E. Becker Laurence, Peter C. Burger, Allan J. Yates, Ian F. Pollack, and Jonathan L. Finlay. "Pathologist Interobserver Variability of Histologic Features in Childhood Brain Tumors: Results from the CCG-945 Study." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 11, no. 2 (March 2008): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2350/07-06-0303.1.
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In the Children's Cancer Group–945 trial, study design allowed estimation of overall interpathologist observational agreement for 6 histologic features frequently used in brain tumor diagnoses. We evaluated agreement between pairs of 5 experienced neuropathologists, who had knowledge of the general diagnoses prior to slide readings. We performed this study in an attempt to further improve pathologist interinstitutional agreement. The features mitosis, necrosis, and giant cells had “fair” overall kappa estimates of reproducibility of around 0.5, while endothelial proliferation had only a “poor” overall kappa of 0.35. The Rogot reproducibility index averaged 0.5 for pleomorphism and hyperchromia. The upper bounds for the 10 pair summary agreement estimates were at best 0.65 (“good”) for all 6 features. These relatively low-reproducibility estimates for the very small number of histologic features being assessed in tumors institutionally diagnosed as high-grade gliomas indicate that neuropathologists either used different operational definitions or interpreted them differently. We found that we could rank the histologic features from best to worst agreement among study pathologists as necrosis, giant cells, mitosis, endothelial proliferation, hyperchromic nuclei, and pleomorphic cells. We suggest that neuropathologists involved in multi-institutional studies of putative therapies not discard these traditional histologic features, but rather develop standardized operational definitions and measure their variability before beginning the studies. Only after such histologic feature variability studies are conducted will we have the data to identify specific histologic features of value to clinicians and researchers. Agreement and strict adherence to improved nonsubjective diagnostic criteria would improve histologic feature reliability and, consequently, their usefulness in studies.
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Keller, Harald, Tina Shek, Brandon Driscoll, Yiwen Xu, Brian Nghiem, Sadek Nehmeh, Milan Grkovski, et al. "Noise-Based Image Harmonization Significantly Increases Repeatability and Reproducibility of Radiomics Features in PET Images: A Phantom Study." Tomography 8, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 1113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography8020091.
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For multicenter clinical studies, characterizing the robustness of image-derived radiomics features is essential. Features calculated on PET images have been shown to be very sensitive to image noise. The purpose of this work was to investigate the efficacy of a relatively simple harmonization strategy on feature robustness and agreement. A purpose-built texture pattern phantom was scanned on 10 different PET scanners in 7 institutions with various different image acquisition and reconstruction protocols. An image harmonization technique based on equalizing a contrast-to-noise ratio was employed to generate a “harmonized” alongside a “standard” dataset for a reproducibility study. In addition, a repeatability study was performed with images from a single PET scanner of variable image noise, varying the binning time of the reconstruction. Feature agreement was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In the repeatability study, 81/93 features had a lower ICC on the images with the highest image noise as compared to the images with the lowest image noise. Using the harmonized dataset significantly improved the feature agreement for five of the six investigated feature classes over the standard dataset. For three feature classes, high feature agreement corresponded with higher sensitivity to the different patterns, suggesting a way to select suitable features for predictive models.
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Murdalov, Deni Ruslanovich. "Comparative analysis of an option to conclude an agreement and an option agreement." Юридические исследования, no. 3 (March 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2022.3.37590.
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In this paper, an option to conclude a contract and an option contract are considered in a comparative aspect. The object of the study is an option relationship or a relationship that develops as a result of the application of the norms of civil legislation on options. The subject of the study is the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation governing the conclusion of an agreement on the granting of an option to conclude a contract and an option contract. The main purpose of the work is to compare the option to conclude an agreement and an option agreement, to identify common and distinctive features of the mechanisms under Articles 429.2 and 429.3 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. В В В The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that in this paper a comparative analysis of the option to conclude a contract and an option contract is carried out. The norms governing the options constructions under consideration have been subjected to a detailed study and analysis. The results of the study, which reflect the scientific novelty of the work, are manifested in the differentiation of two adjacent options as common constructions. The paper considers the option to conclude a contract and an option contract in a comparative aspect, highlights the adjacent and distinctive features of both designs, concludes about the common purpose of option designs, about the features of mechanisms, as well as the need to improve Articles 429.2 and 429.3 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
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Haegeman, Liliane, and Marjo van Koppen. "Complementizer Agreement and the Relation between C0 and T0." Linguistic Inquiry 43, no. 3 (July 2012): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00096.
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Several proposals suggest a φ-feature dependency between C0 and T0 (see, e.g., Zwart 1993 , Chomsky 2008 ). In most (if not all) of these proposals, the core piece of empirical evidence is complementizer agreement (CA). On the basis of two sets of CA data, CA with coordinated subjects and CA with external possessors, we conclude that there is no φ-feature dependency between C0 and T0; instead, C0 and T0 must each be endowed with a discrete set of φ-features.
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LETOVA, NATALIA. "ALIMONY OBLIGATIONS: ESSENCE, MATERIAL AND PROCEDURAL FEATURES." Sociopolitical Sciences 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2021-11-3-133-140.
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His article discusses the issues of the legal nature of the agreement on the payment of alimony, defines the procedural aspects of the consideration of cases on the recovery of alimony in the courts. Based on the analysis of legal norms, scientific doctrine and materials of judicial practice, the author came to the conclusion that the essence of the agreement on the payment of alimony is heterogeneous, the content and structure of the alimony obligation is complex, court decisions on the recovery of alimony differ in specifics. When writing the article, the following methods were used: synthesis, analysis, the method of comparative law, etc. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the agreement on the payment of alimony refers to a special kind of enforcement document, the presence of which allows the parties to settle their relations outside of the judicial process. At the same time, in cases when the parties go to court, the consideration of such cases is peculiar, which is due to the ambiguous legal essence of such agreements, in particular, claims for the recovery of alimony, as a rule, arise within the framework of divorce proceedings, deprivation of parental rights or in the case of establishing paternity. Such requirements are interrelated, the legal basis for combining claims is the content of procedural norms, their consideration in one judicial process eliminates the possibility of making contradictory court decisions. As a result of the research, the author determined the relationship and interdependence of the norms of family, civil and procedural type, which allows in practice to identify the specifics and additional opportunities, new ways of proper execution of court decisions on alimony.
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Rojas, Jennifer Markovits. "Morphosyntactic Features Versus Morphophonological Features in L2 Gender Acquisition: A Cross-Language Perspective." Languages 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020142.
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This paper aims to demonstrate the reliability of morphosyntactic versus morphophonological features in the acquisition of L2 gender of inanimate nouns across languages. Based on Anna Kibort study “Towards a typology of grammatical features”(2010), the current research proposes that the presence of a gendered determiner is more reliable than gendered noun-final morphemes in the process of adjective agreement within the Determiner Phrase (DP) across two gender transparency system languages. To test this hypothesis, the current research compares English second-language (L2) learners of Hebrew and Spanish. Both languages have a binary gender system for nouns; however, Hebrew lacks a determiner with gender value, but provides a plural ending morpheme that encodes both number and gender. In contrast, Spanish has a gendered article that facilitates gender acquisition, but lacks a plural ending morpheme that indicates gender. Thirty-two L1 English–L2 Spanish learners and thirty-two L1 English–L2 Hebrew learners with different proficiency levels completed an adjective-agreement forced-choice task and an adjective-agreement elicited-production task—in their respective target languages. The tasks contained Spanish opaque plural nouns and Hebrew plural transparent nouns, highlighting the role of the determiner in Spanish and the role of transparency plural-ending morphemes in Hebrew. The results revealed that Spanish L2 learners performed better on the tasks than L2 Hebrew learners, offering evidence for the relevance of syntactic agreement knowledge over phonological cues in gender acquisition.
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Hryniak, Andrii B., and Oleg B. Hryniak. "Contractual grounds for the emergence of housing ownership." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.115-127.
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The study provides the theoretical analysis of such secondary grounds for the emergence of housing ownership as civil law contracts. It is established that a civil law contract constitutes the most common basis, which delineates the general will of the contracting parties in a single expression of will, aimed at the transfer of housing ownership. There is a good reason that the contract constitutes a legal fact, a form of legal relations, a document that consolidates the rights and obligations of the parties, and the regulator of the relationship of transfer of housing. The study analysed and proposed to supplement the current system of civil law contracts as grounds for the housing ownership by such contractual forms as a pledge agreement (mortgage), donation agreement, a hire-purchase agreement, inheritance agreement, and marital agreement. In addition, the study established the differences between the housing barter contract and the housing exchange contract. The authors emphasised the imperfections of the current legislation in this regard and concluded that these contractual structures have different legal nature, because the barter agreement serves as the basis for the housing ownership, and the exchange agreement serves only as the basis for the right of use. Distinguishing the gift agreement as the basis for the ownership of housing and wills, it was concluded that the gift agreement may be concluded in the event of the donor’s death in the future, as the law does not make provision for such a prohibition. That is, the contracting parties may stipulate in the housing gift agreement that the housing passes to the donee from the moment of death of the donor. Special attention is paid to the features of the gift agreement as the basis for the housing ownership, which is reflected in the right of the donor to determine the purpose of use of housing, which is transferred to the ownership of the person under the contract. The purpose stated in the gift agreement must correspond to the purpose of the housing. The study considered the specific features of inheritance and marriage contracts as grounds for the emergence of ownership of housing. Civil law contracts are proposed as a basis for the emergence of housing ownership to be classified as housing purchase and sale contracts; housing barter agreements; perpetual maintenance agreements; housing rental agreements; housing gift agreements; housing mortgage agreements; housing donation agreements; hire-purchase agreements; inheritance agreements; marital agreements; construction agreements; agreements on joint activities
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Johnson, Cynthia A., and Brian D. Joseph. "Morphology and syntax … and semantics … and pragmatics." Morphology and its interfaces 37, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 306–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.37.2.08joh.
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Agreement minimally involves interaction between morphology and syntax, as a target’s features vary according to the morphological form of a controller in a given syntactic context. However, semantics can also play a role, and the term “semantic agreement” has been used to describe various constructions where morphosyntactic feature values of the agreement target do not match the formal features of the controller, reflecting instead meaning-based properties of the noun. In this paper, we deconstruct instances of “semantic agreement,” as there is good evidence to believe that more than just the semantics is involved in the agreement process. In some cases, e.g. Russian hybrid nouns like vrač ‘doctor’, the local context provides the agreement features, giving a type of “pragmatic agreement”. In other cases, socio-cultural information plays a role, showing a broader type of pragmatic agreement. In light of these observations, we offer a deconstruction of semantic agreement phenomena in order to show the complex ways morphology interacts with syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Finally, we argue that the distinction between syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic agreement is paralleled by (and benefits from) earlier discussions of syntactic versus pragmatic control.
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Startseva, S. V., and N. V. Deltsova. "Commercial Credit in the Activities of Business Entities: Features of Legal Regulation in the Russian Federation." SHS Web of Conferences 62 (2019): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196210002.
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The activity of any economic entity, both in the Russian Federation and in any other country, needs free financial resources. They are used for entrepreneurial activities, as ultimately the purpose of such activity is to make profit. Money can be obtained under a loan agreement in a credit institution. Generally obtaining a loan from a credit institution is associated with increased costs (high bank interest and bank charges), the need to provide security and the length of the procedure for obtaining a loan. Commercial loan, however, is deprived of these shortcomings. Commercial credit is provided by economic entities to each other in the process of doing business, and it allows you to get free financial resources, both in the short and in the long business term. Economists believe that in the means of the increase of working capital a commercial loan is second in importance after banking one. Commercial loans are widespread both in the Russian Federation and abroad. Despite the widespread use of commercial credit in economic activity, it is governed by only one article in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze a commercial loan agreement and study the legal relationship between the lender and the borrower. Objectives of the study are to study of the essence of a commercial loan; to study of the relationship of a commercial loan agreement with other agreements and other civil structures. The methods that were used in the study are the following: a formal legal method to define the concept of a commercial loan agreement, a system-structural analysis method to determine the nature of a commercial credit, a comparative legal method to determine the relationship of a commercial credit agreement to other agreements and other civil legal constructions. The result of the study is a proven conclusion that a commercial loan agreement is an independent agreement. The findings and results of the study can be used for further research and as educational material, in legislative work and in law enforcement practice.
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Yan, Dong. "Unveiling the legal effect of collective agreements in China." Employee Relations: The International Journal 42, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-06-2019-0238.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the actual legal effect of collective agreements by focusing on the litigation regarding the implementation of collective agreements in China where current literature on the topic is scarce. Design/methodology/approach This paper deploys both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the features of litigation regarding collective agreements. The judgments on collective agreement by people’s courts nationwide from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018 provide the primary empirical data. The intrinsic features of collective agreement disputes are investigated to delineate different sorts of theoretically presumed legal effect, namely contractual, normative and other (if any). A number of collective agreement templates and texts have been gathered and analysed to further explore the factors leading to collective agreement disputes. A dozen of labour law professionals, workers, scholars and trade union officials, were interviewed to verify the findings. Findings The number of collective agreement disputes is relatively small compared to the number of valid collective agreements or the volume of other labour disputes. This study found no litigation initiated by trade unions to claim a remedy against a violation of a collective agreement by an employer. However, a growing number of cases were filed by individual workers to complain about the terms and conditions of their individual employment agreements in contradiction to the existing collective agreement. These data do not mean that collective agreements lack problems or have no significance in action. A novel effect – a “substitution effect” – is evident in the existing labour litigations and relatively popular amongst employers, as they often refer to the collective agreement when a written individual agreement, as the mandatory document, is absent. The advent of substitution effect reflects a pragmatic view amongst Chinese labour law professionals, employers and workers. Research limitations/implications Due to the recent establishment of the online judgments database, this study has focused on collective agreement litigation in people’s courts from 2014 to 2018, which is representative of the national trend of such disputes and thus provides valuable insights. Future studies should cover a wider time span and extend to the collective agreement disputes subject to labour arbitration to provide a fuller picture of the challenges and potential solutions. Practical implications By understanding the legal effect of collective agreements in reality, the legislature, workers and employers can act accordingly to enhance or empower it. The insignificant volume of both contractual and normative claims on collective agreements indicates the pressing need to inject something concrete into both substantive rights and the implementation mechanisms of collective agreements. The existence of substitution claims illustrates the room for further implementation of written individual agreements to reduce the need to borrow from collective agreements to fill the void left by the absence of individual agreements. Originality/value This study uniquely evaluates collective agreement disputes in China to seek their true legal effect, finding the substitution effect of collective agreements that was absent from the prior literature. The features of collective agreements are reflected in this work, together with public policy and theoretical implications.
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Koh, Taejin. "The role of [animate] and [human] features in agreement in Ho." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 9 (September 20, 2022): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i09.013.
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Ho language is classified as a member of the Munda group that belongs to the Austro-Asiatic branch. It is well known that Ho is very rich in agreement. The general pattern of agreement sentences of languages is that agreement is overtly realized between an argument NP and verb; subject-verb / object-verb agreement. However, agreement is not morphologically manifested and is covert if the functional head agreement is weak in Ho. Moreover, it also shows agreement phenomena in terms of [±animate] and [±human]. Therefor this paper is to layout the basic patterns of agreement with the role of [animante] and [human] in Ho.
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Koylu, Yilmaz. "A compositional approach to conjunct agreement in Turkish." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4298.
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This article presents novel empirical evidence on verbal agreement patterns observed in conjunction phrases (CPs) in Turkish. To account for the discrepancies observed in native speaker preferences in agreement paradigms in CPs, two experimental tasks were carried out: namely an acceptability judgment task and a forced choice task. Based on the results, it is proposed that there is compositional conjunct agreement in Turkish that takes place in two stages. The agreement relationship is first established between the Agreement head and the coordinated phrase in the syntax. Then, the PF spells out the features of either the coordinated phrase, or the features of the linearly closest conjunct inside the coordinated phrase. I argue that Full Agreement (FA) results from the Spec-head agreement with the CP, whereby the features of both conjuncts are resolved and inherited to the CP (Johannessen 1996). In Closest Conjunct Agreement (CCA), on the other hand, the agreeing head has asymmetric access to one of the prominent conjuncts or its features (Bošković 2009; Johannessen 1998; Munn 1993, 1999; Benmamoun 1992). Thus, in CCA in Turkish, the agreement is with the linearly closest conjunct and the features of that conjunct appear on the verb.