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1
Organization, World Intellectual Property. The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs: Main features and advantages. Geneva,Switzerland: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2010.
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2
Services, Insight Educational, ed. Tax features of major business agreements: Effectively structuring the transaction. Mississauga, Ont: Insight, 1991.
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3
Octavia, Camps, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Detection of obstacles on runway using Ego-Motion compensation and tracking of significant features: An interim technical report for NASA Ames cooperation agreement no. NCC2-916 "a vision-based obstacle detection system for aircraft navigation" period of the grant, August 1, 1995 to July 31, 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.
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4
Cones, John W. The feature film distribution deal: A critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.
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5
Mancini, Simona. Features and Processing in Agreement. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018.
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6
Past Participle Agreement: A Study on the Grammaticalization of Formal Features. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2020.
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7
Bárány, András. Person, Case, and Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.001.0001.
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This monograph discusses the interaction of person features, case-marking, and agreement across languages, and models the variation using parameters and parameter hierarchies. In both inverse agreement and global case splits, the subject and the object determine the form of the verb or case-marking on its arguments together. After proposing a detailed, novel analysis of differential object marking in Hungarian, it is shown that similar agreement alternations and case splits in other languages can be analysed in a uniform way since they both rely on person. Languages differ in the way they grammaticalize person, however, explaining why in some languages definiteness determines agreement and case-marking, while in others animacy does. In this book, both types are analysed as interactions of hierarchically organized person features and the verb. The approach to person features adopted here captures effects of so-called person or animacy hierarchies in syntax by treating different persons as sets of features with different cardinalities, ordered by subset/superset relations. The author relates this analysis to the interaction of Case and agreement, implements existing generalizations about the alignment of case and agreement and discusses a new one: the analysis predicts exactly the attested types of case and agreement alignment in ditransitive constructions, and rules out an unattested one. The book presents data from eight different language families.
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van der Wal, Jenneke. A Featural Typology of Bantu Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844280.001.0001.
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The Bantu languages are in some sense remarkably uniform (subject, verb, order (SVO) basic word order, noun classes, verbal morphology), but this extensive language family also show a wealth of morphosyntactic variation. Two core areas in which such variation is attested are subject and object agreement. The book explores the variation in Bantu subject and object marking on the basis of data from 75 Bantu languages, discovering striking patterns (the Relation between Asymmetry and Non-Doubling Object Marking (RANDOM), and the Asymmetry Wants Single Object Marking (AWSOM) correlation), and providing a novel syntactic analysis. This analysis takes into account not just phi agreement, but also nominal licensing and information structure. A Person feature, associated with animacy, definiteness, or givenness, is shown to be responsible for differential object agreement, while at the same time accounting for doubling vs. non-doubling object marking—a hybrid solution to an age-old debate in Bantu comparative morphosyntax. It is furthermore proposed that low functional heads can Case-license flexibly downwards or upwards, depending on the relative topicality of the two arguments involved. This accounts for the properties of symmetric object marking in ditransitives (for Appl), and subject inversion constructions (for v). By keeping Agree constant and systematically determining which featural parameters are responsible for the attested variation, the proposed analysis argues for an emergentist view of features and parameters (following Biberauer 2018, 2019), and against both Strong Uniformity and Strong Modularity.
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Rosenkvist, Henrik. Null subjects and Distinct Agreement in Modern Germanic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0012.
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A number of modern Germanic vernaculars (non-standard languages and dialects) allow first and second person null subjects (NSs), but not third person. In this chapter, the person asymmetry, and the relation between these NSs and agreement on finite verbs (and subordinators) are discussed. It is argued that it is not necessary to assume a specific Speech Act-feature in order to explain why third person NSs are disallowed. The crucial factor is instead assumed to be Distinct Agreement, i.e. the agreeing element must (uniquely) express the same φ-features and values for these features as the corresponding overt pronoun in order to allow an NS, including not only number and person, but also—crucially—gender.
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Bárány, András. Person, case, and agreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0001.
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This chapter illustrates some of the data to be discussed in the book and introduces the grammatical notions and specific theoretical assumptions made. It provides examples of differential object marking in Hungarian and Hindi and argues for a dissociation of Case and agreement. Since in both Hungarian and Hindi, case-marking and agreement are not governed by the same grammatical principles and do not always appear together, they should not be analysed as reflecting a single grammatical operation. There is also discussion of the notion of person and the idea that it can grammaticalize properties such as definiteness or animacy in different languages. Person is treated as a complex category where each ‘person’ consists of a set of person features; these sets are ordered by subset/superset relations.
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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part I Overview, 2 The Basic Features of Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 introduces the reader to the basic features of investment treaties, with particular emphasis on two types of treaties under which investment arbitrations have arisen: bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and multilateral investment treaties. It first discusses the structure of BITs, focusing on provisions in such areas as substantive rights, compensation for losses (war clause), free transfer of payments, dispute settlement, and subrogation. It then examines the common provisions of four major multilateral investment treaties, namely: NAFTA; the Energy Charter Treaty; the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement and the newly-concluded Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (not yet in force).
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Bárány, András. Alignment in transitive clauses: case determining agreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0005.
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After having discussed how agreement can determine Case in Chapter 4, this chapter moves on to discuss how Case can determine (and restrict) agreement. In many languages, the verb can only agree with arguments without overt case-marking. In others, accusative or dative arguments can agree as well. The distribution of agreement and case-marking is highly systematic, which has led researchers to propose that if a language allows agreement with any argument, this must include arguments without case-marking. It is shown that this analysis can capture such generalizations and extend them to the domain of ditransitive clauses, as well. This provides further evidence for analyses of Case as hierarchically organized sets of features, and shows that the framework argued for can make testable predictions.
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Bárány, András. Differential object marking in Hungarian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of differential object agreement in Hungarian. Finite verbs in Hungarian always agree with the subject in person and number, and sometimes agree with the object. Generally, the trigger of object agreement is argued to be related to definiteness. It is argued that while both syntactic and semantic properties are relevant for determining object agreement, the syntactic structure of the object is the main factor: objects have to be DPs to agree, and can sometimes even be indefinite. The focus is on lexical, third person noun phrases, including common nouns and proper names, and modifiers like numerals, different types of quantifiers. The main claim is that objects that trigger agreement have a person feature, which makes them referential, but objects that do not trigger agreement lack person features.
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Wal, Jenneke van der. Featural Typology of Bantu Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2022.
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15
Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. 26. Competition Law:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198714927.003.0026.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. EU competition law covers anti-competitive agreements between firms, abuse of a dominant position, and mergers. Article 101 TFEU is the principal vehicle for the control of anti-competitive agreements. This chapter examines its key features. These include: the meaning given to the terms agreement and concerted practice; the relationship between Article 101(1) and (3); the extent to which economic analysis does and should take place within Article 101(1); and the interpretation accorded to Article 101(3), including whether non-economic factors can be taken into account. The discussion then shifts to more detailed examination of vertical agreements, followed by an outline of the reform of the enforcement regime for Articles 101 and 102.
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Gutzmann, Daniel. The Grammar of Expressivity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812128.001.0001.
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While the expressive function of natural language has received much attention in recent years, the role grammar plays in the interpretation of expressive items has mainly been neglected in the semantic and pragmatic literature. On the other hand, while there have been syntactic studies of some expressive phenomena they do not explicitly connect to recent developments in semantics. This book bridges this gap, showing that semantics and pragmatics alone cannot capture all grammatical particularities of expressive items and that expressivity has strong syntactic reflexes that interact with the semantic interpretation and account for the mismatches between the syntax and semantics of these phenomena. The main thesis he argues for—the hypothesis of expressive syntax—is that expressivity is a syntactic feature, on a par with other established syntactic features like tense or gender. Evidence for this claim is drawn from three detailed case studies of expressive phenomena: expressive adjectives, expressive intensifiers, and expressive vocatives. These expressions exhibit some puzzling properties and by developing an account of them employing minimalist approaches to syntactic features and agreement, the author shows that expressivity, as a syntactic feature, can partake in agreement operations, trigger movement, and syntactically be selected for. This not only provides indirect evidence for the hypothesis of expressive syntax and extends the usefulness of operations on syntactic features operation beyond their traditional domains, but also highlights the hidden role grammar may play for phenomena that are often considered to be solely semantic in nature.
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Weiß, Helmut. The Wackernagel complex and pronoun raising. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0008.
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In many Indo-European languages, pronouns (and other clitic-like elements) tend to appear in second position or near it. This phenomenon was first described by Jakob Wackernagel, after whom the position is named the Wackernagel position (WP). This chapter describes the emergence of the WP in German where it is the third position following SpecCP and C. Since subject clitics in the WP interact phonologically and morphologically with verbs and complementizers in C, three additional syntactic features (double agreement, complementizer agreement, partial pro-drop) are associated with the WP in German (forming the so-called Wackernagel complex). The chapter surveys the evidence for the existence of the WP in OHG and, to a lesser extent, in MHG, using the additional features as diagnostics. It also contains a new explanation of how complementizer agreement could have emerged.
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Emmanuel, Gaillard, and McNeill Mark. Part I Investment Treaties and the Settlement of Investment Disputes: The Framework, 2 The Energy Charter Treaty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0002.
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The landscape of investment arbitration has shifted dramatically, with Europe — and the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) — playing important roles in that transition. As the number of investment treaty arbitrations continues to mount, the ECT remains the most frequently invoked investment agreement with over 100 publicly known arbitrations filed to date. This chapter begins with some brief remarks on the genesis of the ECT. Each subsequent section focuses on a different aspect of the Treaty’s investment-related features, including the definitions of ‘Investor’ and ‘Investment’ in Article 1 of the ECT; the denial of benefits provision in Article 17(1), the Treaty’s substantive investment protections in Part III; and the dispute resolution mechanisms in Articles 26 and 27. Where useful, the chapter compares the Treaty’s text with analogous provisions in other investment agreements and addresses relevant arbitral decisions under the ECT.
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Gelderen, Elly van. Verbal Agreement and the Grammar Behind Its 'Breakdown': Minimalist Feature Checking. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2011.
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20
Bárány, András. Inverse agreement in Hungarian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0003.
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This chapter turns to object agreement with personal pronouns in Hungarian. Pronouns are interesting because they do not always trigger agreement with the verb: first person objects never trigger object agreement (morphology), and second person pronouns only do with first person singular subjects. It is proposed that the distribution of object agreement is a morphological effect and argues that all personal pronouns do in fact trigger agreement, but agreement is not always spelled out. This means that Hungarian has an inverse agreement system, where the spell-out of agreement is determined by the relative person feature (or person feature sets) of the subject and the object. A formally explicit analysis of the syntax and the morphological spell-out of agreement is provided.
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Polinsky, Maria, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.001.0001.
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This Handbook offers an introduction to the linguistically diverse languages of the Caucasus, spoken in southern Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Three indigenous language families of the area include Nakh-Dagestanian, Northwest Caucasian (also known as Abkhaz-Adyghe), and South Caucasian (also known as Kartvelian). Languages of the Caucasus display a number of cross-linguistically unusual features rarely found elsewhere. The Handbook presents descriptions of language families of the area and individual languages within these families, with the linguistic profiles enriched by demographic and sociolinguistic research. In addition, the Handbook delves more deeply into theoretical analyses of linguistic features, such as sound systems, agreement, ellipsis, and discourse properties, which are found in some languages of the Caucasus.
22
Blanca, Montejo. 2 Legal Powers, 2.1 Interpretation of the Greco-Turkish Agreement of 1 December 1926 , Permanent Court of International Justice, Advisory Opinion, [1926] Publ. PCIJ, Series B, No. 16. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743620.003.0010.
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In 1923, Greece and Turkey entered into the Treaty of Lausanne to regulate the orderly transfer of Greek and Turkish populations displaced by the First World War. The treaty established a Mixed Arbitral Tribunal and a Mixed Commission to deal with property issues ensuing from the transfer of populations. However, a dispute arose in the implementation of the treaty which was ultimately referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) for an advisory opinion. In its decision, the PCIJ sketched some of the main features of the international legal personality of international organizations and articulated the basic elements of the implied powers doctrine, thereby initiating the path towards consolidating the role of international organizations as international actors in their own right with powers beyond those strictly attributed to them by their establishing treaties. Some authors have assessed the performance of the Court in critical terms.
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Polinsky, Maria, Nina Radkevich, and Marina Chumakina. Agreement between arguments? Not really. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0003.
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This chapter presents novel data from the Nakh-Dagestanian language Archi illustrating a typologically unusual phenomenon of apparent agreement between first person pronouns and absolutive-marked arguments. Apart from their typological significance, these facts challenge current approaches to agreement, which hold that Agree relations can be established only between heads and phrases. The chapter shows that Archi agreeing pronouns do not constitute a uniform class, but subdivide into simple weak pronouns and complex forms composed of a pronoun and a focus marker. Weak pronouns lack [CL] feature specification ([øCL]), and must therefore copy a class feature from the closest v to avoid violating the constraint that all DPs must be specified for [CL]. As a result, the apparent agreement between arguments can be reduced to the unsurprising agreement between the absolutive DP and a series of verbal heads, some of them morphologically null.
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Mancini, Simona, Sendy Caffarra, and Andrew Nevins, eds. Featural Relations in the Brain: Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives on Grammatical Agreement. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-724-9.
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Sacerdoti, Giorgio. The Prospects: The UK Trade Regime with the EU and the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811763.003.0004.
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The chapter provides a thorough examination of the options available to the UK to trade with the EU and the rest of the world. Sacerdoti departs from the understanding that the UK will not remain part of the EU single market or the EU customs union—as clearly indicated by UK Prime Minister May. Sacerdoti considers what could be the features of the new ambitious free trade agreement between the UK and the EU, and explains what would instead be the default rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The international trade conditions set by WTO rules are significantly worse than those currently enjoyed by the UK as a member of the EU. Sacerdoti, instead, sees no problem in the UK inheriting the WTO schedule of the EU, and even suggests that the pre-WTO Global Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) may provide a custom-made solution to keep border-free trade between Northern Ireland and Ireland under the so-called ‘frontier traffic exception’.
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Haig, Geoffrey. Deconstructing Iranian Ergativity. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.20.
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This chapter provides an overview of the alignment splits found in most Iranian languages, focussing on their historical emergence, and their currently attested variability. Following Haig (2008), the origins of ergativity in Iranian are linked to pre-existing, non-canonical subject constructions typically involving Benefactives, External Possessors, and Experiencers, which then extended to clauses with participial predicates expressing agentive semantics. The current variation found in the ergative-like constructions is illustrated through three case-studies of dialectal microvariation: Kurdish, Balochi, and Taleshi. It is argued that the variation in the ergative constructions of the modern languages should be viewed as resulting from the interplay of partially independent changes working through distinct sub-systems, in particular case-marking, agreement, and pronominal clitic systems, rather than in terms of monolithic shifts from one alignment type to another. From this perspective, ergativity is merely a taxonomic label for a particular constellation of case and agreement features, with no more theoretical significance than any of the other attested constellations.
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Arche, María J., Antonio Fábregas, and Rafael Marín, eds. The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829850.001.0001.
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Copular verbs and copular sentences have been for many years a central issue in the theoretical discussions about the nature of (light) verbs and other grammatical categories, the ingredients of predication structures, the properties of nominal categories, agreement, and the interaction between syntax and semantics at the level of clause structure. The current research on copulas has gone beyond the investigation of what kind of objects they are, and has implications for the nature of agreement and other formal processes in syntax and morphology, as well as proposals about the types of structure building operations available in natural languages, the types of features that lexical selection is sensitive to, and the possibility that languages have access to semantically-empty elements required for the satisfaction of purely formal properties. The twelve works included in this volume illustrate the state of the art of these discussions through the analysis of detailed patterns of data from a variety of languages.
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Orentlicher, Diane. Forged in War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882273.003.0002.
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This chapter explores how the ICTY’s creation in the crucible of war shaped Bosnian citizens’ early expectations of Hague justice, and the early engagement of some Bosnians in establishing accountability for the crimes they survived. It revisits the “peace vs. justice” debate that played out among diplomats during the ICTY’s formative years in light of subsequent experience in Bosnia. The final section lays a foundation for later chapters by highlighting key features of the governance structures established in the Dayton Peace Agreement that have diminished the ICTY’s influence on social acknowledgment of wartime atrocities and, more broadly, on interethnic reconciliation.
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Beauchamp, Tom L., and David DeGrazia. Principles of Animal Research Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190939120.001.0001.
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This book is the first to present a framework of general principles for animal research ethics together with an analysis of the principles’ meaning and moral requirements. This new framework of six moral principles constitutes a more suitable set of moral guidelines than any currently available, including the influential framework presented in the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique published in 1959 by zoologist and psychologist William M. S. Russell and microbiologist Rex L. Burch. Their “principles”—commonly referred to as the Three Rs—are better described as specific directives than as general moral principles, and they are insufficient as a moral framework of basic values in the context of contemporary biomedical and behavioral research. The framework presented in Principles of Animal Research Ethics is more comprehensive in addressing ethical requirements pertaining to societal benefit (the most important consideration in justifying the harming of animals in research) and features a more thorough, ethically defensible program of animal welfare (the area on which Russell and Burch focus). The present framework is also more likely than the Three Rs to foster extensive agreement between the biomedical and animal protection communities—an agreement deeply needed at the present time. The book features commentaries on the framework of principles written by eminent figures in animal research ethics representing an array of relevant disciplines: veterinary medicine, biomedical research, biology, zoology, comparative psychology, primatology, law, and bioethics. The seven commentators on the authors’ Principles are Larry Carbone, Frans B. M. de Waal, Rebecca Dresser, Joseph P. Garner, Brian Hare, Margaret S. Landi, and Julian Savulescu.
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Jesse, Coleman, Johnson Lise, Sachs Lisa, and Gupta Kanika. International Investment Agreements, 2015–2016. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0002.
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This chapter considers developments in 2015 and 2016 that illustrate trends and features in recent treaty drafting. It first discusses the expanded awareness of, and interest in, the investment regime that has emerged in recent years, followed by the role of ratification in the context of investment treaty drafting and policy. It then discusses four drafting trends: (1) constraining investor access to dispute settlement and limiting arbitral discretion; (2) better protecting the right to regulate; (3) establishing investor obligations; and (4) introducing codes of conduct for decision makers in investment disputes. Finally, the chapter provides a brief overview of new provisions regarding the conduct and qualifications of arbitrators, including a glimpse at the EU proposal for a multilateral court.
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Mathieu, Éric, and Robert Truswell. Micro-change and macro-change in diachronic syntax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0001.
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This introduction discusses current trends in diachronic linguistics with a focus on syntactic change and reviews the fifteen other chapters included in the volume. In the spirit of modern diachronic syntax, the selected articles show that very general patterns of change, emergent, multigenerational diachronic phenomena, interact with small, discrete, local, intergenerational changes in the lexical specification of grammatical features. General topics include acquisition biases, cross-categorial word order generalizations, typological particularities and universals, language contact, and transitional changes, while specific linguistic topics include tense and viewpoint aspect, directional/aspectual affixes, V2, V3, Stylistic Fronting, directional/aspectual prefixes, negation, accusative and dative marking, analytic passives, complementizer agreement, and control and raising verbs.
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Mancini, Simona, Sendy Caffarra, and Andrew Nevins, eds. Featural Relations in the Brain: Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives on Grammatical Agreement, 2nd Edition. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-844-3.
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Robin M, Warner. 33 Conserving Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Co-Evolution and Interaction with the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.003.0033.
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This chapter explores key normative features of the legal and institutional framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) and their applicability to the conservation of marine biodiversity. It considers gaps and disconnects in that framework and global and regional initiatives to develop the legal and institutional framework for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. It suggests that the biodiversity conservation elements of any multilateral agreement adopted under the umbrella of the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) should be designed to implement the spirit and intent of Part XII provisions of the LOSC, rather than radically changing the basic principles and inherent balance of the law of the sea.
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The Feature Film Distribution Deal: A Critical Analysis of the Single Most Important Film Industry Agreement. Southern Illinois University, 1996.
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Cones, John W. The Feature Film Distribution Deal: A Critical Analysis of the Single Most Important Film Industry Agreement. Southern Illinois University, 1996.
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36
Joongi, Kim. 3 The Parties. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755432.003.0003.
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This chapter features court cases showing the various legal obligations and obstacles undergone by the parties to an arbitration agreement, as well as other participating actors, such as exclusions, delegations, successions, and so forth. Some cases involve attempts to bring in other entities, who are not parties to the arbitration, for different reasons. Another section looks at the roles played by agents and non-parties acting on behalf of parties in arbitration disputes. The chapter also reviews the cases that have considered when a corporate entity can be disregarded. Finally, the chapter looks at whether the effect of an arbitral award extends to a successor party, which, like most of the cases covered in this chapter, remains a contentious issue.
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van der Wal, Jenneke. Bantu Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.50.
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This chapter provides an overview of the common syntactic features as well as the syntactic microvariation found in the Bantu languages. It particularly highlights the importance of information structure for the analysis of morphosyntax in this language family: word order, valency, voice, tense-aspect marking, subject and object marking can all be influenced and affected by the information structure expressed in the sentence. The chapter furthermore shows how Bantu languages, despite their shared basic SVO word order, noun classes and extensive verbal morphology, display a remarkable variation in the conditions determining agreement relations and word order. This has influenced syntactic theory formation in the past and should continue to do so now that more data and analyses of Bantu syntactic phenomena become available.
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Sangiacomo, Andrea. Spinoza on Reason, Passions, and the Supreme Good. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847908.001.0001.
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This book offers a new narrative about Spinoza’s moral philosophy and his account of reason, passions, and social cooperation. Spinoza’s views evolved significantly over time. In his early writings, his account of ethical progress towards the Supreme Good relies mostly on the idea that the mind can build on its innate knowledge to resist the power of the passions. Although appropriate social conditions might support the individual’s pursuit of the Supreme Good, achieving it does not depend essentially on social factors. In Spinoza’s later writings, however, the emphasis shifts towards the mind’s need to rely on appropriate forms of social cooperation. Reason becomes the mental expression of the way by which the human body interacts with external causes on the basis of some degree of agreement in nature with them. The greater the agreement, the greater the power of reason to adequately understand universal features as well as more specific traits of external causes. In the case of human beings, certain kinds of social cooperation are crucial for the development of reason. This view has crucial ramifications for Spinoza’s account of how individuals can progress towards the Supreme Good, and how a political science based on his principles can contribute to this goal.
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Loporcaro, Michele. Mass/countness and gender in Asturian. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0005.
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Having shown at the end of Chapter 4 that mass/count may be encoded in the gender system, this chapter analyses in depth one Romance variety where the interaction of the mass/count distinction with gender presents itself in a distinctly intricate way, viz. Central Asturian. This features a ‘neuter’ agreement that has been variously analysed as the exponent of a value of the morphosyntactic categories gender or number, or as manifesting the value of some other, purely semantic, category. Complementing the evidence with new data, the chapter concludes that the most economical analysis is one according to which the Asturian neuter is a gender value, but within a second gender system. In this, Asturian parallels a few far-off languages which, in recent studies in linguistic typology, have been argued to possess two concurrent systems for noun classification.
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Roberto, Echandi. Part I Investment Treaties and the Settlement of Investment Disputes: The Framework, 1 Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investment Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Recent Developments in Investment Rule-making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that investment disputes, particularly those that have arisen in the context of the implementation of NAFTA, have influenced the refinement of the provisions of new generation international investment agreements (IIAs) as well as the inclusion of a series of procedural and substantive innovations. It addresses the main distinction between BITs and investment chapters in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), focusing on the evolution of their respective rationales. It looks at the main features of the new generation of IIAs and explains how such features respond to challenges derived from the interpretation of substantive and procedural provisions included in previous agreements. The discussion is organized under two themes: (i) moving from the original exclusive focus on investment protection towards also promoting liberalization of investment flows; and (ii) the impact of investor-state dispute settlement on investment rule-making.
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Ely Caetano, Xavier Jr, and Costa José Augusto Fontoura. Expropriation in Brazil’s Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0013.
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The recent Cooperation and Facilitation Investment agreements signed by Brazil display some innovative features, such as the exclusion of investor-state dispute settlement and the inclusion of corporate social responsibility issues. However, the expropriation provisions have not been improved to the same extent. The lack of precise definitions for expropriation, the omission of any reference to indirect expropriation, and the recurring reference to national legal systems represent some of the main problems. The strategy of revising the provision for expropriation as the agreements were negotiated and signed has resulted in a questionable decision to intentionally exclude indirect expropriation from the scope of the agreements and has created inconsistencies among the different texts. The success of the agreements is still unknown, but sidestepping expropriation is not a good beginning.
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Dabir-Moghaddam, Mohammad. Typological Approaches and Dialects. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.3.
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Modern Persian reveals interesting typological properties. In terms of word order parameters, it has grammaticalized a number of OV-type and a number of VO-type parameters. As this mixed typological behaviour can be attested in Old Persian and Middle Persian, the implications of this observation for typology, formal linguistics, and theories of language change are worth pursuing. The agreement system of Modern Persian is Nominative-Accusative. However, the majority of Modern Iranian languages are split in this respect. Morphologically, Modern Persian is analytic. This morphological type can be observed in Middle Persian as well. This two-millennium-old typological property gives Persian a distinct place within the Indo-European languages. As Persian is spoken in a widespread geographical area, there are many Persian dialects currently in use. A number of grammatical features of Tajik Persian, Afghan (Dari) Persian, Isfahani Persian, and Gha’eni Persian are briefly mentioned.
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Foley, William. Polysynthesis in New Guinea. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.20.
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The New Guinea region is linguistically the most complex on earth: as many languages as in the Americas are spoken there. The typological diversity of Papuan languages is also great, though underestimated because of a tendency to survey data from languages of the Trans New Guinea family, the largest and most widespread. Its languages have provided a misleading picture of a ‘typical’ Papuan language, including the typological category of polysynthesis. Due to the generally low to moderately agglutinating structure of Trans New Guinea languages, the degree and range of polysynthesis in New Guinea has been under-recognized. By taking four parameters, head marking, verbal pronominal agreement affixes (polypersonalism), incorporation, and clause linkage by parataxis as diagnostic of polysynthesis, this chapter explores its range and degree across several Papuan language families. It argues that polysynthesis is a cluster of features a language can have to a greater or lesser degree.
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Ayyar, R. V. Vaidyanatha. The Present Is a Foreign Country (Global Trends). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474943.003.0009.
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This chapter offers an overview of the global trends in education systems driven by the five inter-connected forces: democratization of the society, rise of private education, globalization, advent of new information technologies, and knowledge economy. This overview is offered so that there could be a more nuanced understanding of the gales of creative destruction which spectacularly altered the Indian education landscape. It outlines the consequences of the transition of a higher education system transits from an elite system with low levels of enrolment to a mass system with very high levels of enrolment: extraordinary diversification of the purpose of higher education, financing, student body, and content and process of higher education. It outlines the salient features of internationalization and globalization of education, of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the private revolution in higher education and the quality assurance mechanisms. The overview focuses on the developments in some countries like the United States, United Kingdom, France, and China.
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David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part III Dispute Resolution Under the Bermuda Form, 16 The Arbitration Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0016.
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This chapter provides an overview of practical and theoretical aspects of arbitrating disputes concerning Bermuda Form policies, building upon the contents of earlier chapters. A well known feature of the Bermuda Form is its dispute resolution mechanism, namely the requirement for arbitration in London to resolve any dispute between the policyholder and the insurer that cannot be resolved or settled by early negotiation. This requirement for London arbitration is contained in Article VI.N of Form XL004, in the ‘conditions’ section of the Bermuda Form. Article VI.N is a lengthy and detailed clause that contains several subclauses addressing distinct concepts and different aspects of the dispute resolution process and arbitration procedure.
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Loporcaro, Michele. The older stages of the Romance languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0006.
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The chapter explores the earliest attested stages of the different Romance branches, elaborating on the picture which has emerged in Chapter 4 and showing that the traces of more-than-binary gender contrasts grow increasingly significant, and geographically widespread, as one proceeds backwards in time. Thus, even Northern Italo-Romance and Gallo-Romance, which have no traces of a functional neuter today, still featured in their medieval stage not only a non-lexical neuter adjective inflection for default/agreement with non-lexical controllers (Gallo-Romance), but neuter agreement on (overdifferentiated) lower numerals (Italo-Romance), and scattered remnants of neuter plural agreement on determiners. The latter gradually increase as one moves to Tuscan, Romansh, and, finally, Southern Italian, where the four-gender system is still observed today, with Old Neapolitan even showing a four-target/four-controller gender system, with the two genders in addition to masculine and feminine both going back to the Latin neuter.
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Ladyman, James, and Karoline Wiesner. What Is a Complex System? Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251104.001.0001.
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What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as diverse as the behavior of honeybees, the economic markets, the human brain, and the climate, there is no agreement about its foundations. In this introduction for students, academics, and general readers, the authors develop an account of complexity that brings the different concepts and mathematical measures applied to complex systems into a single framework. The book begins with an overview and a brief history of complexity science. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Its origins lie in cybernetics and systems theory and it is related to dynamical systems theory and the study of cellular automata. The book introduces the different features of complex systems and discusses different conceptions of complexity with the authors documenting their own account. In do so, they explain why complexity science is so important in today's world.
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Saugera, Valérie. Adjectival Anglicisms in the Plural. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625542.003.0006.
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When adjectives of English origin are pluralized in French, they follow one of three patterns: they receive inflection, they reject inflection, or they occur in both inflected and uninflected forms. This chapter reveals that although uninflected and variable adjectives do violate the standard native rule of adjective agreement, the constraints that block inflection are French-derived. A second feature of these adjectival Anglicisms is that their nominal counterpart, if it exists, always receives native inflection (des jeans baggy vs. des baggys). It is proposed that the difference in word class, and specifically the feature of grammatical gender, accounts for the contrastive behavior.
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James, Harrison. 7 Fishing and the Conservation of Marine Living Resources. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707325.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 reviews the legal framework for the regulation of fishing in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and explains how States have developed additional rules and standards for the conservation of marine living resources at global and regional levels. In particular, the analysis considers the extent to which States have implemented a precautionary and ecosystems approach to fisheries, as well as how they have sought to adopt law-making techniques that overcome the challenges of regulating the open-access resources of the high seas. The chapter covers major developments in the international law of fisheries, including the Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries, the Fish Stocks Agreement, the Port State Measures Agreement, and the International Guidelines on Deep-Sea Fisheries. The role of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) in implementing these instruments is considered a key feature of the law-making process. The chapter also addresses the specific regimes that apply to anadromous species, catadromous species, and marine mammals.
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Frankel, Susy. Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Peoples, and Local Communities. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.33.
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This chapter situates the claims for protection of traditional knowledge in the international intellectual property (IP) context. Drawing on examples, it discusses the meaning of “traditional knowledge” and how the goals and means of protecting that knowledge do not fit within the framework of IP law. In order to address the overlap with IP and provide protection against misuse of traditional knowledge, a number of international bodies have been involved in negotiations and treaty drafting. The chapter discusses those developments, and concludes that even though international resolution looks unlikely in the short-term, the protection of traditional knowledge will continue to feature in international IP debates until a minimum level of agreement at least reached. In order to attain such agreement, there needs to be relevant national laws and, as a practical matter, sufficient investment in the innovation of traditional knowledge in order to deliver the value of protection to its holders.