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Journal articles on the topic 'Agitated reactors'

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Published: 7 July 2024

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1

Mahir, Maha, Anas El Maakoul, Ismail Khay, Said Saadeddine, and Mohamed Bakhouya. "An Investigation of Heat Transfer Performance in an Agitated Vessel." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030468.

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Agitated vessels (or mechanically stirred reactors) are heat exchange devices that are most widely used in many chemical and biochemical process industries, such as anaerobic digestion process. The mixing and heat transfer performances in these vessels are of crucial importance for increasing the energy efficiency in both batch and continuous processes. In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate heat transfer performance in agitated vessels for various configurations. In fact, this study examines the effects of heat transfer geometry (wall jacket and helical coils), heating power, and stirring speed, on the heating performance of two stirred fluids—water alone and a mixture of water and food waste. The experiments were conducted using a jacketed insulation tank with a helical coil and a propeller agitator. In each experiment, a transient method, based on measuring the temperature dependency on time, and solving the unsteady enthalpy balance, was used to determine the overall heat transfer coefficients between the agitated fluid and the heating surface. Finally, an extensive analysis of the reduced data was conducted based on temperature, heating time, heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, and thermal resistance. The main finding was that the presence of food waste in agitated vessels reduces the heat rate of the agitated fluid with an average of 18.13% and 49.51%, respectively, for the case of JHX and CHX, and creates additional fouling, which further limits the heat transfer.
2

Geng, Shujun, Zai-Sha Mao, Qingshan Huang, and Chao Yang. "Process Intensification in Pneumatically Agitated Slurry Reactors." Engineering 7, no. 3 (March 2021): 304–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.03.002.

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3

Iguchi, Manabu, Tadatoshi Nakatani, Katsuhisa Okita, Fujio Yamamoto, and Zen-ichiro Morita. "Turbulence in Reactors Agitated by Bottom Gas Injection." ISIJ International 36, Suppl (1996): S38—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.suppl_s38.

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4

Kasat, Gopal R., and Aniruddha B. Pandit. "Mixing Time Studies in Multiple Impeller Agitated Reactors." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 82, no. 5 (May 19, 2008): 892–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450820504.

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5

Tschentscher, R., R. J. P. Spijkers, T. A. Nijhuis, J. van der Schaaf, and J. C. Schouten. "Liquid−Solid Mass Transfer in Agitated Slurry Reactors and Rotating Solid Foam Reactors." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 21 (November 3, 2010): 10758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie100385n.

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6

Kohler, M. A. "Comparison of mechanically agitated and bubble column slurry reactors." Applied Catalysis 22, no. 1 (January 1986): 21–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82593-2.

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7

Quadros, Paulo A., and Cristina M. S. G. Baptista. "Effective interfacial area in agitated liquid–liquid continuous reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 58, no. 17 (September 2003): 3935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(03)00302-6.

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8

Cherry, R. S., and E. T. Papoutsakis. "Hydrodynamic effects on cells in agitated tissue culture reactors." Bioprocess Engineering 1, no. 1 (1986): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00369462.

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9

Vidaurri, F. C., and F. T. Sherk. "Low backmixing in multistage agitated contactors used as reactors." AIChE Journal 31, no. 5 (May 1985): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310502.

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10

Fortuin, Jan M. H., Johan J. Heiszwolf, and Costin S. Bildea. "Design procedure for safe operations in agitated batch reactors." AIChE Journal 47, no. 4 (April 2001): 920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690470414.

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11

PÁCA, J. "Bioreactors. IV. Pneumatically agitated reactors with irregular liquid flow pattern." Kvasny Prumysl 33, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp1987029.

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12

Guillard, Fabrice, and Christian Trägårdh. "Mixing in industrial Rushton turbine-agitated reactors under aerated conditions." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 42, no. 5 (May 2003): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(02)00058-2.

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13

Samant, Ketan D., and Ka M. Ng. "Development of liquid-phase agitated reactors: Synthesis, simulation, and scaleup." AIChE Journal 45, no. 11 (November 1999): 2371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690451112.

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14

DUTTA, N. N., and V. G. PANGARKAR. "PARTICLE-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IN MULTI-IMPELLER AGITATED THREE PHASE REACTORS." Chemical Engineering Communications 146, no. 1 (April 1996): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449608936482.

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15

Alvarez, Jesús, José Alvarez, and Rodolfo Suárez. "Nonlinear bounded control for a class of continuous agitated tank reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 46, no. 12 (1991): 3235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(91)85025-s.

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16

Bouaifi, Mounir, and Michel Roustan. "Bubble size and mass transfer coefficients in dual-impeller agitated reactors." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 76, no. 3 (June 1998): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450760307.

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17

Medina-Moreno, S. A., S. Huerta-Ochoa, and M. Gutiérrez-Rojas. "Hydrocarbon biodegradation in oxygen-limited sequential batch reactors by consortium from weathered, oil-contaminated soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-130.

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We studied the use of sequential batch reactors under oxygen limitation to improve and maintain consortium ability to biodegrade hydrocarbons. Air-agitated tubular reactors (2.5 L) were operated for 20 sequential 21-day cycles. Maya crude oil – paraffin mixture (13 000 mg/L) was used as the sole carbon source. The reactors were inoculated with a consortium from the rhizosphere of Cyperus laxus, a native plant that grows naturally in weathered, contaminated soil. Oxygen limitation was induced in the tubular reactor by maintaining low oxygen transfer coefficients (kLa < 20.6 h–1). The extent and biodegradation rates increased significantly up to the fourth cycle, maintaining values of about 66.33% and 460 mg·L–1·d–1, respectively. Thereafter, sequential batch reactor operation exhibited a pattern with a constant general trend of biodegradation. The effect of oxygen limitation on consortium activity led to a low biomass yield and non-soluble metabolite (0.45 g SS/g hydrocarbons consumed). The average number of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms increased from 6.5 × 107 (cycles 1–3) to 2.2 × 108 (cycles 4–20). Five bacterial strains were identified: Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacterium luteum, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Asphaltene-free total petroleum hydrocarbons, extracted from a weathered, contaminated soil, were also biodegraded (97.1 mg·L–1·d–1) and mineralized (210.48 mg CO2·L–1·d–1) by the enriched consortium without inhibition. Our results indicate that sequential batch reactors under oxygen limitation can be used to produce consortia with high and constant biodegradation ability for industrial applications of bioremediation.Key words: sequential batch reactors, oxygen limitation, consortium, hydrocarbon biodegradation.
18

Schütz, J. "Agitated thin-film reactors and tubular reactors with static mixers for a rapid exothermic multiple reaction." Chemical Engineering Science 43, no. 8 (1988): 1975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(88)87071-4.

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19

Stamatiou, Ilias K., and Frans L. Muller. "Determination of mass transfer resistances of fast reactions in three-phase mechanically agitated slurry reactors." AIChE Journal 63, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15540.

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20

Johnson, Michael, Karrar H. Al-Dirawi, Erik Bentham, Tariq Mahmud, and Peter J. Heggs. "A Non-Adiabatic Model for Jacketed Agitated Batch Reactors Experiencing Thermal Losses." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 60, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 1316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05133.

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21

REWATKAR, V. B., and J. B. JOSHI. "EFFECT OF IMPELLER DESIGN ON LIQUID PHASE MIXING IN MECHANICALLY AGITATED REACTORS." Chemical Engineering Communications 102, no. 1 (April 1991): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449108910846.

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22

Schmidell, W., A. M. Craveiro, C. S. Peres, Y. S. Hirata, and R. F. Varella. "Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0172.

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This paper discusses the present state of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in Brazil , focusing on the particular situation in the City of Sao Paulo, and indicates the future trend of the anaerobic digestion approach for this residue. Also, some results, representative of several studies developed at IPT on anaerobic digestion of MSW mixed with primary sewage sludge, are presented. These studies were conducted using agitated reactors of 2 or 8 liters capacity, continuously operated at 35°C and in the pH range 6.8 to 7.2. The studies were on: start-up of reactors, MSW to sewage sludge ratio, organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time. The results presented in this paper indicate the great interest in achieving anaerobic digestion of MSW in presence of sewage sludge, utilizing reactors with high solids content, which is the approach already observed, and certainly will be developed in the future.
23

Cybulski, A., A. Stankiewicz, R. K. Edvinsson Albers, and J. A. Moulijn. "Monolithic Reactors for Fine Chemicals Industries: A Comparative Analysis of a Monolithic Reactor and a Mechanically Agitated Slurry Reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 13-14 (July 1999): 2351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00350-9.

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24

Imarah, Ali Obaid, Pál Csuka, Naran Bataa, Balázs Decsi, Evelin Sánta-Bell, Zsófia Molnár, Diána Balogh-Weiser, and László Poppe. "Magnetically Agitated Nanoparticle-Based Batch Reactors for Biocatalysis with Immobilized Aspartate Ammonia-Lyase." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040483.

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In this study, we investigated the influence of different modes of magnetic mixing on effective enzyme activity of aspartate ammonia-lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens immobilized onto epoxy-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles by covalent binding (AAL-MNP). The effective specific enzyme activity of AAL-MNPs in traditional shake vial method was compared to the specific activity of the MNP-based biocatalyst in two devices designed for magnetic agitation. The first device agitated the AAL-MNPs by moving two permanent magnets at two opposite sides of a vial in x-axis direction (being perpendicular to the y-axis of the vial); the second device unsettled the MNP biocatalyst by rotating the two permanent magnets around the y-axis of the vial. In a traditional shake vial, the substrate and biocatalyst move in the same direction with the same pattern. In magnetic agitation modes, the MNPs responded differently to the external magnetic field of two permanent magnets. In the axial agitation mode, MNPs formed a moving cloud inside the vial, whereas in the rotating agitation mode, they formed a ring. Especially, the rotating agitation of the MNPs generated small fluid flow inside the vial enabling the mixing of the reaction mixture, leading to enhanced effective activity of AAL-MNPs compared to shake vial agitation.
25

PATIL, S. S., and J. B. JOSHI. "OPTIMUM DESIGN OF STATOR-ROTOR ASSEMBLY IN GAS INDUCING TYPE MECHANICALLY AGITATED REACTORS." Chemical Engineering Communications 174, no. 1 (August 1999): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449908912797.

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26

Ridgway, D., R. N. Sharma, and T. R. Hanley. "Determination of mass transfer coefficients in agitated gas—liquid reactors by instantaneous rection." Chemical Engineering Science 44, no. 12 (1989): 2935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(89)85103-6.

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27

Lemoine, Romain, and Badie I. Morsi. "An algorithm for predicting the hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters in agitated reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 114, no. 1-3 (November 2005): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.08.015.

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28

Petříček, Radim, Tomáš Moucha, Tomáš Kracík, and Jan Haidl. "Power consumption prediction in a coalescent liquid in mechanically agitated gas–liquid reactors." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 147 (July 2019): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2019.05.011.

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29

Kur, Anti, Jo Darkwa, John Calautit, Rabah Boukhanouf, and Mark Worall. "Solid–Gas Thermochemical Energy Storage Materials and Reactors for Low to High-Temperature Applications: A Concise Review." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020756.

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Thermochemical energy storage materials and reactors have been reviewed for a range of temperature applications. For low-temperature applications, magnesium chloride is found to be a suitable candidate at temperatures up to 100 °C, whereas calcium hydroxide is identified to be appropriate for medium-temperature storage applications, ranging from 400 °C up to 650 °C. For the high-temperature range (750–1050 °C), oxides of cobalt, manganese, and copper are found to have the redox behaviour required for thermochemical heat storage. However, some of these materials suffer from low thermal conductivities, agglomeration, and low cyclability and, therefore, require further improvements. The concept of enhancing thermal conductivities through additives such as nanomaterials has been encouraging. From an operational point of view, fluidized-bed reactors perform better than fixed- and moving-bed reactors due to better particle interactions. There is, however, a need for the reaction bed to be further developed toward achieving optimum heat and mass transfers. Agitated fluidized-bed reactors have shown encouraging results and are suggested for further exploration. A combination of appropriate computational tools can facilitate an in-depth understanding of bed dynamics.
30

Bermúdez, Victória Maura Silva, Leticia Bezerra Farias, Lia Teles Lima, Barbara Chaves Aguiar Barbosa, Kelly de Araujo Rodrigues Pessoa, and Gloria Maria Marinho Silva. "Influence of sucrosis on the degradation of pesticide by white rot fungus." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 15 (November 27, 2021): e344101522790. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.22790.

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The influence of sucrose on the removal of Paraquat (PQT) in synthetic aqueous medium was evaluated by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Initially, a toxicity test was performed on plates containing paraquat at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg.L-1. Then, they were carried out in batches - agitated batch (RBA) and sequential batch (RBS). Four reactors were submitted, containing medium with 30 mg.L-1 of paraquat, under a reaction time of 144 h, the reactors being RBA-2 and RBS-2 with the addition of 2 gL-1 of sucrose, and without the adding sucrose to the RBA-0 and RBS-0 reactors. In all reactors, paraquat was removed, but in RBS-0, the best mean removal efficiency was obtained (41.1 ± 0.89%). The best values ​​of apparent speed of degradation (k) were found in reactors with sucrose RBA-2 and RBS-2, 0.015 ± 0.002 h-1 and 0.018 ± 0.002 h-1, respectively, indicating that the addition of sucrose influenced the speed removal of paraquat. It was also verified that the pollutant was not completely removed by adsorption to fungal biomass, which microorganisms predominated in the medium at the end of the treatment, demonstrating their role in the paraquat bioremediation process. Therefore, the addition of sucrose influenced the removal speed of the PQT and COD, but not the removal efficiency.
31

Bouaifi, Mounir, and Michel Roustan. "Power consumption, mixing time and homogenisation energy in dual-impeller agitated gas–liquid reactors." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 40, no. 2 (February 2001): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(00)00128-8.

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32

Zhao, Donglin, Zhengming Gao, Hans Müller-Steinhagen, and John M. Smith. "Liquid-Phase Mixing Times in Sparged and Boiling Agitated Reactors with High Gas Loading." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 40, no. 6 (March 2001): 1482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie000445w.

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33

Joshi, J. B., A. K. Sahu, and P. Kumar. "LDA measurements and CFD simulations of flow generated by impellers in mechanically agitated reactors." Sadhana 23, no. 5-6 (October 1998): 505–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02744577.

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34

Harrison, Susan T. L., Ryan Stevenson, and Johannes J. Cilliers. "Assessing solids concentration homogeneity in Rushton-agitated slurry reactors using electrical resistance tomography (ERT)." Chemical Engineering Science 71 (March 2012): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.10.053.

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35

Rewatkar, Vilas B., and Jyeshtharaj B. Joshi. "Role of sparger design in mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactors. Part I: Power consumption." Chemical Engineering & Technology 14, no. 5 (October 1991): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140507.

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36

Tonge, Alastair S., David Harbottle, Simon Casarin, Monika Zervaki, Christel Careme, and Timothy N. Hunter. "Coagulated Mineral Adsorbents for Dye Removal, and Their Process Intensification Using an Agitated Tubular Reactor (ATR)." ChemEngineering 5, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030035.

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The aim of this study was to understand the efficacy of widely available minerals as dual-function adsorbers and weighter materials, for the removal of toxic azo-type textile dyes when combined with coprecipitation processes. Specifically, the adsorption of an anionic direct dye was measured on various mineral types with and without the secondary coagulation of iron hydroxide (‘FeOOH’) in both a bench-scale stirred tank, as well as an innovative agitated tubular reactor (ATR). Talc, calcite and modified bentonite were all able to remove 90–95% of the dye at 100 and 200 ppm concentrations, where the kinetics were fitted to a pseudo second-order rate model and adsorption was rapid (<30 min). Physical characterisation of the composite mineral-FeOOH sludges was also completed through particle size and sedimentation measurements, as well as elemental scanning electron microscopy to determine the homogeneity of the minerals in the coagulated structure. Removal of >99% of the dye was achieved for all the coagulated systems, where additionally, they produced significantly enhanced settling rates and bed compression. The greatest settling rate (9 mm min−1) and solids content increase (450% w/w) were observed for the calcium carbonate system, which also displayed the most homogenous distribution. This system was selected for scale-up and benchmarking in the ATR. Dye removal and sediment dispersion in the ATR were enhanced with respect to the bench scale tests, although lower settling rates were observed due to the relatively high shear rate of the agitator. Overall, results highlight the applicability of these cost-effective minerals as both dye adsorbers and sludge separation modifiers to accelerate settling and compression in textile water treatment. Additionally, the work indicates the suitability of the ATR as a flexible, modular alternative to traditional stirred tank reactors.
37

Hu, Xiaofei, Aziz Dogan Ilgun, Alberto Passalacqua, Rodney O. Fox, Francesco Bertola, Miran Milosevic, and Frans Visscher. "CFD simulations of stirred-tank reactors for gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid systems using OpenFOAM®." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2019-0229.

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Abstract An open-source CFD software OpenFOAM® is used to simulate two multiphase stirred-tank reactors relevant to industrial processes such as slurry polymerization and fuel production. Gas-liquid simulations are first performed in a single-impeller stirred-tank reactor, studied experimentally by Ford, J. J., T. J. Heindel, T. C. Jensen, and J. B. Drake. 2008. “X-Ray Computed Tomography of a Gas-Sparged Stirred-Tank Reactor.” Chemical Engineering Science 63: 2075–85. Three impeller rotation speeds (200, 350 and 700 rpm) with three different bubble diameters (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mm) are investigated. Flow patterns compared qualitatively to those from experiments. Compared to the experimental data, the simulations are in relatively good agreement for gas holdup in the reactor. The second multiphase system is a multi-impeller stirred-tank reactor, studied experimentally by Shewale, S. D., and A. B. Pandit. 2006. “Studies in Multiple Impeller Agitated Gas-Liquid Contractors.” Chemical Engineering Science 61: 486–504. Gas-liquid simulations are performed at two impeller rotation speeds (3.75 and 5.08 RPS). The simulated flow patterns agree with published pictures from the experiments. Gas-liquid-solid simulations of the multi-impeller stirred-tank reactor are also carried out at impeller rotation speed 5.08 RPS. The addition of solid particles with a volume fraction characteristic of slurry reactors changes the flow pattern significantly. The bottom Rushton turbine becomes flooded, while the upper pitched-blade downflow turbines present a radial-pumping flow pattern instead of down-pumping. Nonetheless, the solid phase has a similar flow pattern to the liquid phase, indicating that the particles modify the effective density of the fluid.
38

Jazei, Ali A., and Nabel K. Abd-Ali. "Prediction slurry reactor design under uncertainty using CFD model." Kufa Journal of Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 16, 2014): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/211290.

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Mechanically agitated reactors find wide range of applications for solid suspension and mixing in the chemical, biochemical, and mineral processing industries. Understanding the solids dynamics in these reactors is necessary to improve the design and operation of such reactors. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models are often useful in this regard, as it can provide significant insights into the flow and mixing of the phases involved. However, the model predictions need extensive evaluation with experimental results before they can be confidently used for the scale-up and optimization of large scale reactors. In the present work the predictive capabilities of CFD techniques as applied to solid-liquid stirred vessels are investigated. Suspensions of sand (diameter equal to 327 m) in water are studied. Eulerian-Granular multiphase model was simulated using FLUNT 6.3.26 to predict the slurry reactor design under uncertainty. The profiles obtained with the Eulerian-Granular approach coupled with the Eulerian, Granular models, and experimental data for comparison purposes. The present model provides an improvement of the predictions in the lower part of the vessel, with respect to the Eulerian model; while the same results can be observed in the rest of the tank where the solid concentration is lower. It seems that the interaction phenomena between the solid and the liquid phases and those among the solid particles do not vary appreciably for low solid concentrations, while at higher concentration some effects become noticeable. It was found that the quasi-steady state behavior of the sand in the mixing tank reached after 20 sec, also after 10 sec were the free surface of the static pressure will be growth until reach peremptory shape after 20 sec. The present model provides a proper representation for the solid distribution, by adopting particle drag coefficient.
39

Rewatkar, Vilas B., K. S. M. S. Raghava Rao, and Jyeshtharaj B. Joshi. "Critical impeller speed for solid suspension in mechanically agitated three-phase reactors. 1. Experimental part." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 30, no. 8 (August 1991): 1770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00056a013.

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40

Rewatkar, Vilas B., and Jyeshtharaj B. Joshi. "Critical impeller speed for solid suspension in mechanically agitated three-phase reactors. 2. Mathematical model." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 30, no. 8 (August 1991): 1784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00056a014.

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41

Chisti, Yusuf, and Murray Moo-Young. "Gas holdup behaviour in fermentation broths and other non-newtonian fluids in pneumatically agitated reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 39, no. 3 (December 1988): B31—B36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(88)80028-5.

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42

Rewatkar, V. B., and J. B. Joshi. "Effect of addition of alcohol on the design parameters of mechanically agitated three-phase reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 49, no. 2 (August 1992): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(92)80044-b.

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43

Dai, Hongliang, Xiwu Lu, Yonghong Peng, Haiming Zou, and Jing Shi. "An efficient approach for phosphorus recovery from wastewater using series-coupled air-agitated crystallization reactors." Chemosphere 165 (December 2016): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.001.

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44

Svihla, C. Kurt, Darin Ridgway, and Thomas R. Hanley. "Comments on determination of mass transfer coefficients in agitated gas—liquid reactors by instantaneous reaction." Chemical Engineering Science 47, no. 5 (April 1992): 1329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(92)80257-d.

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45

Shaikh, A. A., and A. Jamal. "Hydrodynamic and transport parameter sensitivity in the simulation of non-isothermal agitated gas–liquid reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 119, no. 1 (June 2006): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.03.006.

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46

Rewatkar, V. B., A. J. Deshpande, A. B. Pandit, and J. B. Joshi. "Gas hold-up behavior of mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactors using pitched blade downflow turbines." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 71, no. 2 (April 1993): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450710209.

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Rewatkar, Vilas B., and Jyeshtharaj B. Joshi. "Role of sparger design in mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactors. Part II: Liquid phase mixing." Chemical Engineering & Technology 14, no. 6 (December 1991): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140605.

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Iguchi, Manabu. "Generation of Fine Bubbles, Metal Droplets, and Slag Droplets in Reactors Agitated by Bottom Gas Injection." Tetsu-to-Hagane 103, no. 3 (2017): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.tetsu-2016-094.

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Salcudean, Martha, and K. Y. M. Lai. "COMPUTATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW ASSOCIATED WITH HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN GAS-AGITATED-LIQUID REACTORS." Numerical Heat Transfer 14, no. 1 (July 1988): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407788808913635.

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Salcudean, Martha, and K. Y. M. Lai. "Computation of Three-Dimensional Flow Associated with Heat and Mass Transfer in Gas-Agitated-Liquid Reactors." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals 14, no. 1 (1988): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407798808551408.

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