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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Agitated reactors

Academic literature on the topic 'Agitated reactors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

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Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Agitated reactors":

1

Mahir, Maha, Anas El Maakoul, Ismail Khay, Said Saadeddine, and Mohamed Bakhouya. "An Investigation of Heat Transfer Performance in an Agitated Vessel." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030468.

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Agitated vessels (or mechanically stirred reactors) are heat exchange devices that are most widely used in many chemical and biochemical process industries, such as anaerobic digestion process. The mixing and heat transfer performances in these vessels are of crucial importance for increasing the energy efficiency in both batch and continuous processes. In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate heat transfer performance in agitated vessels for various configurations. In fact, this study examines the effects of heat transfer geometry (wall jacket and helical coils), heating power, and stirring speed, on the heating performance of two stirred fluids—water alone and a mixture of water and food waste. The experiments were conducted using a jacketed insulation tank with a helical coil and a propeller agitator. In each experiment, a transient method, based on measuring the temperature dependency on time, and solving the unsteady enthalpy balance, was used to determine the overall heat transfer coefficients between the agitated fluid and the heating surface. Finally, an extensive analysis of the reduced data was conducted based on temperature, heating time, heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, and thermal resistance. The main finding was that the presence of food waste in agitated vessels reduces the heat rate of the agitated fluid with an average of 18.13% and 49.51%, respectively, for the case of JHX and CHX, and creates additional fouling, which further limits the heat transfer.

2

Geng, Shujun, Zai-Sha Mao, Qingshan Huang, and Chao Yang. "Process Intensification in Pneumatically Agitated Slurry Reactors." Engineering 7, no. 3 (March 2021): 304–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.03.002.

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Iguchi, Manabu, Tadatoshi Nakatani, Katsuhisa Okita, Fujio Yamamoto, and Zen-ichiro Morita. "Turbulence in Reactors Agitated by Bottom Gas Injection." ISIJ International 36, Suppl (1996): S38—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.suppl_s38.

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Kasat, Gopal R., and Aniruddha B. Pandit. "Mixing Time Studies in Multiple Impeller Agitated Reactors." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 82, no. 5 (May 19, 2008): 892–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450820504.

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Tschentscher, R., R. J. P. Spijkers, T. A. Nijhuis, J. van der Schaaf, and J. C. Schouten. "Liquid−Solid Mass Transfer in Agitated Slurry Reactors and Rotating Solid Foam Reactors." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 21 (November 3, 2010): 10758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie100385n.

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Kohler, M. A. "Comparison of mechanically agitated and bubble column slurry reactors." Applied Catalysis 22, no. 1 (January 1986): 21–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82593-2.

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Quadros, Paulo A., and Cristina M. S. G. Baptista. "Effective interfacial area in agitated liquid–liquid continuous reactors." Chemical Engineering Science 58, no. 17 (September 2003): 3935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(03)00302-6.

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Cherry, R. S., and E. T. Papoutsakis. "Hydrodynamic effects on cells in agitated tissue culture reactors." Bioprocess Engineering 1, no. 1 (1986): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00369462.

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9

Vidaurri, F. C., and F. T. Sherk. "Low backmixing in multistage agitated contactors used as reactors." AIChE Journal 31, no. 5 (May 1985): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310502.

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Fortuin, Jan M. H., Johan J. Heiszwolf, and Costin S. Bildea. "Design procedure for safe operations in agitated batch reactors." AIChE Journal 47, no. 4 (April 2001): 920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690470414.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agitated reactors":

1

Ruh, Christian. "Performance of boiling and hot sparged agitated reactors." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844300/.

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In this dissertation the power draw, the mass transfer and the liquid mixing behaviour of boiling and hot sparged stirred tank reactors (STRs) were investigated. The power draw characteristics of six different impellers were studied under varying operating conditions and expressed in terms of the relative power draw, RPD. Generally the impellers showed considerably higher power draw in hot gassed than in comparable cold conditions. The main phenomenon in hot systems, the evaporation of liquid into a gas bubble suddenly exposed to it, was investigated experimentally. The growth of nitrogen and air bubbles in hot water was found to be very fast and be completed typically within milliseconds after their exposure to the liquid. This was confirmed by studies applying acoustic bubble sizing techniques which were carried out together with Richard Manasseh from CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia. Experimental studies of the gas-liquid mass transfer in hot sparged STRs were carried out using a tank of 450 mm in diameter agitated by a 180 mm Rushton turbine. Experiments involving the temperature kinetics in an air-water system and absorption and desorption of ammonia were used to determine gas and also some liquid side mass transfer coefficients. The gas side coefficients kga were found to be typically in the order of 0.01 s-1. An enhancement of the liquid side mass transfer was also observed. Both Fick and Stefan-Maxwell models were employed to express gas side mass transfer coefficients. The models predict there will be a decrease of the coefficients at high concentrations. In the hot sparged tank the temperature is essentially uniform throughout the STR. Liquid mixing times have been measured for various boil-off and sparging rates. No significant deviations from the single phase or the cold gassed mixing times in this equipment were recorded.

2

Patel, Ashvin G. "Surface movement in mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactors." Thesis, University of Bath, 1989. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234684.

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Torre, J. P. "QUENCHING RUNAWAY REACTIONS: HYDRODYNAMICS AND JET INJECTION STUDIES FOR AGITATED REACTORS WITH A DEFORMED FREE-SURFACE." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00565878.

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Pour stopper un emballement thermique dans un réacteur chimique, un moyen efficace consiste à introduire une faible quantité d'un inhibiteur liquide appelé « killer » dans la cuve agitée. Tout au long de cette thèse, l'approche expérimentale a été fortement couplée à la modélisation numérique par Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). La première partie du manuscrit porte sur l'hydrodynamique des réacteurs partiellement chicanés incluant la prise en compte du vortex central qui se forme à leur surface. L'utilisation d'une approche numérique multiphasique, non-homogène a permis de modéliser la déformation de la surface-libre, et la faisabilité de cette méthode innovante a été démontrée par un très bon accord entre prédictions numériques et données expérimentales. Dans une deuxième partie, l'introduction d'un jet de liquide sur la surface libre a été couplée à l'hydrodynamique du réacteur. Les résultats numériques, obtenus avec une approche Eulerienne-Lagrangienne, ont également montré un bon accord avec les données expérimentales. Ces résultats ont permis de modéliser la trajectoire du jet, de quantifier sa pénétration dans la cuve agitée, et de définir de nouveaux critères de mélange. Enfin, les méthodes numériques validées à l'échelle pilote ont été étendues à l'échelle industrielle et ont permis de proposer des améliorations concrètes pour une meilleure sécurité des réacteurs industriels étudiés.

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Torré, Jean-Philippe Xuereb Catherine. "Quenching runaway reactions hydrodynamics and jet injection studies for agitated reactors with a deformed free-surface /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000589.

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Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Génie des procédés et de l'environnement : Toulouse, INPT : 2007. Reproduction de : Thèses de doctorat : Chemical and biomolecular engineering : Sydney, University of Sydney : 2007.
Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 277 réf.

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Torré, Jean-Philippe. "Quenching runaway reactions : hydrodynamics and jet injection studies for agitated reactors with a deformed free-surface." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7658/1/torre.pdf.

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To quench a thermal runaway reaction in a chemical rector, an efficient approach is the introduction of a small quantity of a liquid inhibiting agent, named a “killer”, into the mixing vessel. In this thesis, an experimental approach has been coupled tightly with numerical modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The first part of this thesis is devoted to a study of the hydrodynamics of partially-baffled mixing vessels, including the free-surface deformation caused by the central vortex. The use of an inhomogeneous, multiphase approach allowed simulation of the free-surface deformation. The capability of this novel method was demonstrated by very good agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental data. In the second part, liquid jet injection at the free-surface was coupled with the vessel hydrodynamics. Numerical results, obtained using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, have again shown good agreement with experimental data. These results allowed the jet trajectory to be modelled and its penetration into the agitated vessel was quantified. New mixing criteria were introduced that are specific to this application. Finally, the numerical methods validated at the pilot scale were applied at the industrial scale and allowed the proposal of practical improvements to the safety of the synthesis reactors studied

6

Barigou, Mostafa. "Bubble size, gas holdup and interfacial area distributions in mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactors." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376338.

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7

Hamieh, Ali. "Analyse des propriétés morphologiques d'agrégats de latex générés en réacteurs agités ou réacteurs à hydrodynamique contrôlée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP015.

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Une application industrielle particulière qui intéresse la société ARKEMA est ciblée dans ce travail de thèse. Il s’agit de l’agrégation de latex de type coeur-coquille dont la production constitue un véritable enjeu économique et sociétal. Celle-ci est réalisée dans une cascade de réacteurs agités alimentée par une suspension de nanoparticules de latex dans des conditions spécifiques. L'objectif de ce travail est de mieux comprendre les phénomènes en jeu au cours du processus d'agrégation de nanoparticules de latex de copolymères de type coeur-coquille, produits par ARKEMA, qui impactent la taille, la forme et la structure des agrégats formés. Plus spécifiquement, l’étude vise à analyser l’effet des conditions hydrodynamiques sur l’évolution des propriétés morphologiques au cours du procédé d’agrégation pour des concentrations en solide variables, allant de conditions relativement diluées à denses afin de s’approcher des conditions industrielles. Dans une première partie du travail de thèse, le procédé batch de coagulation/agrégation du latex a été reproduit à l’échelle du laboratoire et des expériences d'agrégation ont été réalisées dans des conditions similaires aux conditions industrielles d’agrégation des particules de latex. Ces expériences ont permis d'analyser l'effet des conditions physico-chimiques (pH, température, concentration solide, …) et hydrodynamiques (vitesse de l’agitateur) sur les propriétés des agrégats (distribution de taille et de forme des agrégats). Dans une deuxième partie de la thèse, une maquette froide reproduisant la géométrie (cuve et mobile d'agitation) des réacteurs industriels a été conçue et l’analyse expérimentale de l’hydrodynamique du réacteur a été réalisée par PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) en vue d'acquérir les champs de vitesse instantanée puis d'effectuer un traitement statistique des données. Enfin, des expériences d'agrégation de latex sous différentes conditions ont été conduites dans cette cuve agitée ainsi que dans un dispositif de Taylor-Couette en associant une acquisition des images d'agrégats en cours d'expériences. Le traitement des données a permis la détermination des distributions de taille et de forme des agrégats au cours du temps
A particular industrial application of interest to ARKEMA is targeted in this thesis. It concerns the aggregation of core-shell latex, whose production represents a real economic and societal challenge. This is achieved in a cascade of stirred reactors fed with a suspension of latex nanoparticles under specific conditions. The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of the phenomena involved in the aggregation process of core-shell copolymer latex nanoparticles, produced by ARKEMA, which impact the size, shape and structure of the aggregates formed. More specifically, the study aims to analyze the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the evolution of morphological properties during the aggregation process for varying solid concentrations, ranging from relatively dilute to dense conditions in order to approach industrial conditions. In the first part of the thesis, the latex coagulation/aggregation batch process was reproduced on a laboratory scale, and aggregation experiments were carried out under conditions similar to industrial conditions for latex particle aggregation. These experiments were used to analyze the effect of physicochemical (pH, temperature, solid concentration, etc.) and hydrodynamic (stirrer speed) conditions on aggregate properties (aggregate size and shape distribution). In the second part of the thesis, a model reactor reproducing the geometry (tank and mobile agitation) of industrial reactors was designed and the experimental analysis of the hydrodynamics of the reactor was carried out by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) to acquire the instantaneous velocity fields and then perform statistical processing of the data. Finally, latex aggregation experiments under different conditions were carried out in this stirred tank, as well as in a Taylor-Couette device, combining image acquisition of aggregates during the experiments. The aim of data processing was to determine the size and shape distributions of aggregates over time

8

Derdar, Mawaheb M. Zarok. "Experimental and kinetic modelling of multicomponent gas/liquid ozone reactions in aqueous phase : experimental investigation and Matlab modelling of the ozone mass transfer and multicomponent chemical reactions in a well agitated semi-batch gas/liquid reactor." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4872.

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Due to the ever increasing concerns about pollutants and contaminants found in water, new treatment technologies have been developed. Ozonation is one of such technologies. It has been widely applied in the treatment of pollutants in water and wastewater treatment processes. Ozone has many applications such as oxidation of organic components, mineral matter, inactivation of viruses, cysts, bacteria, removal of trace pollutants like pesticides and solvents, and removal of tastes and odours. Ozone is the strongest conventional oxidant that can result in complete mineralisation of the organic pollutants to carbon dioxide and water. Because ozone is unstable, it is generally produced onsite in gas mixtures and is immediately introduced to water using gas/liquid type reactors (e.g. bubble columns). The ozone reactions are hence of the type gas liquid reactions, which are complex to model since they involve both chemical reactions, which occur in the liquid phase, and mass transfer from the gas to the liquid phase. This study focuses on two aspects: mass transfer and chemical reactions in multicomponent systems. The mass transfer parameters were determined by experiments under different conditions and the chemical reactions were studied using single component and multicomponent systems. Two models obtained from the literature were adapted to the systems used in this study. Mass transfer parameters in the semi-batch reactor were determined using oxygen and ozone at different flow rates in the presence and absence of t-butanol. t-Butanol is used as a radical scavenger in ozonation studies and it has been found to affect the gas-liquid mass transfer rates. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of t-butanol concentrations on the physical properties of aqueous solutions, including surface tension and viscosity. It was found that t-butanol reduced both properties by 4% for surface tension and by a surprising 30% for viscosity. These reductions in the solution physical properties were correlated to enhancement in the mass transfer coefficient, kL. The mass transfer coefficient increased by about 60% for oxygen and by almost 50% for ozone. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the system used in this work was characterised by a homogeneous bubbling regime. It was also found that the gas holdup was significantly enhanced by the addition of t-butanol. Moreover, the addition of t-butanol was found to significantly reduce the size of gas bubbles, leading to enhancement in the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLa. The multicomponent ozonation was studied with two systems, slow reactions when alcohols were used and fast reactions when endocrine disrupting compounds were used. ii These experiments were simulated by mathematical models. The alcohols were selected depending on their volatilization at different initial concentrations and different gas flow rates. The degradation of n-propanol as a single compound was studied at the lowest flow rate of 200 mL/min. It was found that the degradation of n-propanol reached almost 60% within 4 hours. The degradation of the mixture was enhanced with an increase in the number of components in the mixture. It was found that the degradation of the mixture as three compounds reached almost 80% within four hours while the mixture as two compounds reached almost 70%. The effect of pH was studied and it was found that an increase in pH showed slight increase in the reaction. Fast reactions were also investigated by reacting endocrine disrupting chemicals with ozone. The ozone reactions with the endocrine disrupters were studied at different gas flow rates, initial concentrations, ozone concentrations and pH. The degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2) as a single compound was the fastest, reaching about 90% removal in almost 5 minutes. However estrone (E1) degradation was the lowest reaching about 70% removal at the same time. The degradation of mixtures of the endocrine disruptors was found to proceed to lower percentages than individual components under the same conditions. During the multicomponent ozonation of the endocrine disruptors, it was found that 17β-estradiol (E2) converted to estrone (E1) at the beginning of the reaction. A MATLAB code was developed to predict the ozone water reactions for single component and multicomponent systems. Two models were used to simulate the experimental results for single component and multicomponent systems. In the case of single component system, good simulation of both reactions (slow and fast) by model 1 was obtained. However, model 2 gave good agreement with experimental results only in the case of fast reactions. In addition, model 1 was applied for multicomponent reactions (both cases of slow and fast reaction). In the multicomponent reactions by model 1, good agreement with the experimental results was also obtained for both cases of slow and fast reactions.

9

Drwiega, Jack. "Development of a magnetically agitated photocatalytic reactor." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004868.

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Falß, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Design and Characterisation of a Small-Scale Modular Multistage Agitated Reactor / Sebastian Falß." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1147674671/34.

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Books on the topic "Agitated reactors":

1

Vinke, Heinz. The effect of catalyst particle-to-bubble adhesion on the mass transfer in agitated slurry reactors. [S.l: s.n.], 1992.

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2

Kioukia, Athanassia K. Mammalian cell and insect cell-baculovirus systems and their responses to hydrodynamic and other stresses in agitated and sparged reactors. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Agitated reactors":

1

Chen, Z. D., and J. J. J. Chen. "A Study of Agitated Gas-Liquid Reactors with Concave Blade Impellers." In Mixing and Crystallization, 43–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2290-2_4.

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Abdullah, Bawadi, Chirag Dave, Cyrus G. Cooper, Tuan Huy Nguyen, and Adesoji A. Adesina. "Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Investigation in a Gas-Inducing Agitated Reactor Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography." In ACS Symposium Series, 185–213. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1084.ch008.

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3

Shah, Y. T. "Design Parameters for Mechanically Agitated Reactors." In Advances in Chemical Engineering Volume 17, 1–206. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2377(08)60115-5.

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Ranade, Vivek V. "INTERACTION OF MACRO- AND MICROMIXING IN AGITATED REACTORS." In Advances in Transport Processes, 151–83. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89737-4.50008-9.

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Ranganathan, Panneerselvam, and Sivaraman Savithri. "Computational Flow Modeling of Multiphase Mechanically Agitated Reactors." In Computational Fluid Dynamics. InTech, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/7109.

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Schütz, J. "AGITATED THIN-FILM REACTORS AND TUBULAR REACTORS WITH STATIC MIXERS FOR A RAPID EXOTHERMIC MULTIPLE REACTION." In Tenth International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering, 1975–80. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-036969-3.50039-7.

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Leguay, C., G. Ozcan-Taskin, and C. D. Rielly. "Gas-liquid mass transfer in a vortex-ingesting, agitated draft tube reactor." In 10th European Conference on Mixing, 189–96. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044450476-0/50025-x.

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Suprapto, Dyah Suci Perwitasari, and Ali Altway. "Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction Aspects Concerning Acetaldehyde Oxidation in Agitated Reactor." In New Developments and Application in Chemical Reaction Engineering, 221–24. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(06)81573-9.

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Williams, Thomas. "Excited Delirium." In Acute Care Casebook, edited by Jeremy T. Cushman, 58–62. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190865412.003.0013.

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Excited delirium poses a challenging diagnostic and management issue for many prehospital providers. These patients can be agitated, aggressive, violent, and often require additional resources to restrain them. Excited delirium may be precipitated by a variety of factors, including psychiatric disturbance, metabolic derangement, and intoxication. Providers may need to coordinate with law enforcement officials or reach for sedative medications to safely assess and manage them. This chapter describes some of the key features of excited delirium, discusses common precipitants of this state, and provides management strategies for these patients, including the use of sedatives. This chapter also discusses some of the adverse reactions to sedative medications and what to do if these arise.

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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Precipitation." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0011.

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Precipitation, which is the process of coming out of solution as a solid, is an important method in the purification of proteins that usually comes early in the purification process. Precipitation is frequently used in the commercial separation of proteins. The primary advantages of precipitation are that it is relatively inexpensive, can be carried out with simple equipment, can be done continuously, and leads to a form of the protein that is often stable in long-term storage. Since precipitation is quite tolerant of various impurities, including nucleic acids and lipids, it is used early in many bioseparation processes. The goal of precipitation is often concentration to reduce volume, although significant purification can sometimes be achieved. For example, all the protein in a stream might be precipitated and redissolved in a smaller volume, or a fractional precipitation might be carried out to precipitate the protein of interest and leave many of the contaminating proteins in the mother liquor. In this chapter the focus is first upon protein solubility, which is the basis of separations by precipitation. Then we discuss the basic concepts of particle formation and breakage and the distribution of precipitate particle sizes. The specific methods that can be used to precipitate proteins are treated next. The chapter concludes with methodology to use for the design of precipitation systems. After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: • Explain the various factors that influence protein solubility. • Use the Cohn equation to predict solution equilibria (precipitation recoveries). • Identify the distinct steps in the development of a precipitate. • Calculate mixing times in an agitated precipitator, the kinetics of diffusion-limited growth of particles, and the kinetics of particle-particle aggregation. • Perform particle balances as a function of particle size in a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR). • Explain the methods used to cause precipitation. • Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the three basic types of precipitation reactor: the batch reactor, the CSTR, and the tubular reactor. • Implement simple scaling rules for a precipitation reactor.

Conference papers on the topic "Agitated reactors":

1

Fadlallah, Hadi, Mojtaba Jarrahi, Eric Herbert, Roselyne Ferrari, Annick Mejean, and Hassan Peerhossaini. "Effects of Shear Stress on the Growth Rate of Micro-Organisms in Agitated Reactors." In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-7590.

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The effects of hydrodynamic shear stress on the growth rate of cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii microalgae cells were studied in agitated photobioreactors, since they have different motility rates and sizes. An experimental setup was designed and constructed to monitor the growth rate of the micro-organisms versus the shear rate; experiments were carried out in a well controlled environment, under constant atmospheric pressure and 20 °C temperature. Digitally controlled magnetic agitator-photobioreactors were placed inside a closed chamber with air flow for 4 weeks, under a uniform full-time light intensity provided by two 6-watt white fluorescent light sources. To study the effects of shear stress produced by mechanical agitation on the growth rate of a micro-organism, different agitation frequencies were tested. All reactors were filled with 150 ml of culture medium and micro-organism suspension, with initial dilution factors (mlsuspenion/mltotal volume) of 1/30 and 1/300 for Synechocystis and C. reinhardtii respectively. The vessels were placed on different agitating systems at the desired agitator rotation speed, and were sealed with a cotton membrane from the top in order to permit air exchange with the external environment. The micro-organisms’ growth was monitored daily by measuring the optical density of the suspensions using a spectrophotometer and was then correlated with the cellular concentration, which was measured in turn using a microscopic cell counter. Throughout the experiments pH levels and temperature were measured regularly and adjusted to 7 and 20 °C respectively in order to maintain the photosynthetic activity of the species. In addition, to measure the shear stress inside the agitated reactors, a mathematical model was derived to determine the global shear stress magnitude. To determine the local shear stress distribution, the velocity field in the reactor was measured for different agitation frequencies using PIV. Different zones of high and low shear stress were identified. The results showed that the growth rate is independent of the shear stress magnitude for Synechocystis; Synechocystis showed strong resistance, unlike C. reinhardtii, which showed linear dependence of growth rate and shear stress.

2

Weigler, Fabian, Mirko Peglow, and Evangelos Tsotsas. "Discrete Investigation of Thermal Relaxation in Packed Beds." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22200.

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Abstract:

Granular materials are of great importance industrially, yet not completely understood in regard of their thermal behavior in mixers, dryers, reactors and other types of contact processing equipment. In such equipment heat is supplied to a mechanically agitated bed of particles from heating surfaces. Continuum models are used traditionally for the description of the process. An example is the penetration model (PM) which describes the heating process of the particles as a sequence of penetration periods and mixing steps. As an alternative to the PM the thermal discrete element method (DEM) was applied in newer work. To validate the DEM simulation an experimental set-up and a new contactless measurement method were developed, and applied to the thermal relaxation in packed beds composed by a fraction of warm and a fraction of cold particles. In these thermal investigations aluminum spheres which are coated with thermochromic pigments are used. Thermochromic pigments are pigments that change color with heat supply as a result of a structural phase transition. Such a measuring technology allows for the experimental determination of temperature distributions in the disperse phase and thus, for a quantitative comparison with the results of the thermal DEM simulation. In this work the experimental results of 2D, 3D, stagnant and agitated beds are presented and compared with corresponding numerical computations using the discrete element method. Still existing deviations are partially caused by undesired heat losses and will be discussed in the contribution.

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Gillis, Paul A., Gerrit Hommersom, and Matthias Scha¨fer. "A Comparison of Several CFD Approaches for Predicting Gas-Liquid Contacting in a Cylindrical Tank Agitated With a Single Rushton Turbine." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1571.

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The expansion of physical models integrated into Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes is broadening the range of problems being addressed. Multi-phase flow modeling techniques are becoming computationally stable and industrial applications are expanding. This paper focuses on modeling gas/liquid mixing in a stirred tank. This type of multi-phase reactor is widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The performance of these reactors can be dependent upon the interfacial surface area. The objective of this work is to evaluate the current capabilities of various multiphase models for predicting the gas/liquid contacting. Accurate predictive models facilitate the screening of unconventional gas/liquid reactor designs, where full-scale trials can be cost prohibitive. Modeling results are compared against experimental data reported in 1977 by Smith and others. These experiments demonstrated the effect of impeller speed and gassing rate on the gas-liquid mass transfer rate, kLa. A standard baffled stirred tank configuration was used (H/T = 1, single Rushton impeller, D/T = 1/3). The data was compared to predictions for three different multiphase approaches. The first model evaluated was the steady Algebraic Slip Model (ASM) implemented in Fluent 5. The second model was a steady Euler/Euler formulation using CFX4. The third approach was a transient Euler/Euler method in Fluent 4. These algorithms employ a single bubble size in the dispersed-phase momentum equations. The effect of variation of the dispersed-phase bubble diameter is shown for the shear-dependent mean-size (SDMS) and the Multiple Size Group (MUSIG) models. The interphase interaction term for all models is commonly calculated using the assumption of rigid spherical bubbles. The effect of bubble distortion is illustrated by using an empirical correlation for bubble rise velocity. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons are made between the experimental and numerical results. The qualitative comparisons examine the various flow regimes. The quantitative evaluations involve the prediction of interfacial area, overall gas hold-up, and the ratio of gassed impeller power to ungassed impeller power. These comparisons show the bubble size modeling have a significant positive impact on the prediction of gas-liquid contacting.

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Baghli, Houda, Noureddine Tchouar, and Abdelkrim Merah. "Entropy generation optimization of a hemispherical anchor agitated batch reactor." In TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY: TMREES19Gr. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5138561.

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Kostedt, William L., David W. Mazyck, Chang-Yu Wu, and Paul Chadik. "Optimization of a Magnetically Agitated Photocatalytic Reactor for Water Recovery." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-2995.

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Mazyck, David W., Jack Drwiega, Seung-Woo Lee, Chang-Yu Wu, Wolfgang Sigmund, Paul Chadik, Mark Meisel, and Ju-Hyun Park. "Development and Characterization of a Magnetically Agitated Photocatalytic Reactor for Water Recovery." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-2404.

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Kostedt, William L., and David W. Mazyck. "Performance of a Magnetically Agitated Photocatalytic Reactor for Oxidation of Ersatz AES Condensate." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-2084.

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Lazarenko, A. G., A. N. Andreev, M. Ben Amar, K. Chhor, and A. V. Kanaev. "Agitated reactor with in situ nanoparticle size control by light scattering photon correlation spectroscopy." In 2013 International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers (CAOL). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/caol.2013.6657634.

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Thomas, Samuel M. "Special Design Consideration for Agitators With Example of Repeated Breakdowns." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20401.

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The repeated failure of Agitator in the Phosphoric acid Reactor in MPC was a major incident causing high downtime and production loss. While doing the root cause analysis of this “Class A” incident many causes not considered in normal agitator design were considered and analyzed. This paper lists such special cases and the proposed solutions and calculations to be incorporated in design of critical systems with varying process fluid parameters for different applications. Agitators constitute almost 20% of rotating equipment in a fertilizer and similar plants but are given less priority compared to others until a severe failure happens. There are no standard analytical design criteria for agitator design due to large variations and uncertainties in the process conditions in the reactor or tank. Most designs are left to the EPC companies using preformatted design models based on experimental results, on the combination of few variables. (Like Power Number, Pumping Number, Geometrical ratios etc.) However, none these models considers the fluid flow conditions which changes inside the reactor which affects the agitator design in many ways like Localized flow, non-homogenous fluid, solid contents, Liquid additives or recycling etc. which can cause much higher alternating forces and bending stresses at the joints holding the blades causing fatigue and other failures. This paper gives more quantitative design calculations to determine the forces acting on the agitator and blades as listed above which can be used in similar application even with different fluids.

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Amalia, Rizka, Edy Supriyo, Mohamad Endy Yulianto, Didik Ari Wibowo, and Enrico Fendy Sapatra. "Ozon flowrate effect on the production of bioavtur from sunan pecan oil through ozonolysis agitated bubbles reactor." In PROCEEDINGS OF 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL PROCESS AND PRODUCT ENGINEERING (ICCPPE) 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5140910.

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