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1
Zeng, Guodong, Jianjing Zhang, Hongming Huang, Xin Xiao, and Chuanqi Yan. "A Comparative Study for Creep and Recovery Behavior Characterization of Modified Bitumens Using the MSCR Test." Coatings 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081445.
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In recent decades, the application of modified bitumens has experienced tremendous growth. However, due to the varying modification mechanism of different modifiers, the creep and recovery properties of modified bitumen have not been comprehensively understood. This study aims to evaluate the creep and recovery properties of several representative modified bitumens using the multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR) test. The MSCR test can highlight the unique delayed elasticity of modified bitumen and it uses a high stress level, which is more comparable to the field. In particular, this test also aims to identify the effects of different aging conditions. To do so, a total of 15 bitumens, including 7 elastomeric-modified bitumens, 5 non-elastomeric-modified bitumens, and 3 plain bitumens, were prepared and examined. Furthermore, 10 different aging conditions were considered. The results suggest that the generation mechanism of elasticity varies for different modified bitumens. There are two types of elasticities, which are energy elasticity and entropy elasticity, and their differences need more attention in the road bitumen material community. Aging changes the percentages of contributions from energy elasticity and entropy elasticity to the bitumen’s overall recovery performance. The increase in “bad” energy elasticity may compensate for part of the “good” entropy elasticity loss, but overall, the bitumen’s recovery rate is decreasing and the ratio of energy elasticity is increasing, which might hinder the bitumen’s road performance.
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Li, Mingxia, Elham Fini, Xiaomin Jia, Baiyang Song, and Yanhong Wang. "Effect of Aging on Healing Capacity of Bituminous Composites Containing Polyphosphoric Acid." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 24, 2023): 3333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093333.
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This study examines how aging affects the healing capacity of bituminous composites containing polyphosphoric acid (PPA). PPA is commonly used in bituminous composites to enhance its elasticity, however, PPA effectiveness highly depends on other constituents on the matrix and the environmental (internal and external) factors. In terms of internal factors, the interplay between PPA and various bitumen modifiers have been extensively studied. Here, we study how external factors such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation affect PPA’s efficacy, measured in terms of change in bitumen’s healing index. The study results showed that the introduction of PPA to bituminous composites significantly increases the bitumen healing index, however, the change in the healing index becomes less pronounced as aging progresses. The presence of additives such as taconite were found to affect the effect of PPA on bitumen’s healing index. For instance, bitumens containing 30% taconite showed the highest increase in their healing index in the presence of PPA among studied scenarios. Overall, bitumen containing PPA had a higher healing index than those without PPA regardless of the extent of aging and dosage of modifiers. This, in turn, indicates that PPA is highly effective for enhancing bitumen healing. This can be attributed to the role of PPA in promoting intermolecular interactions within the bitumen matrix.
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Geçkil, Tacettin. "Physical, Chemical, Microstructural and Rheological Properties of Reactive Terpolymer-Modified Bitumen." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060921.
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In this study, the change in the physical, chemical, microstructural, and rheological properties of a road bitumen modified with reactive terpolymer (Elvaloy®RET) was investigated. For this purpose, four different Elvaloy®RET percentages (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% by wt.) were mixed with B 160/220 bitumen. Firstly, the obtained samples were subjected to a short and long-term aging process using a rotating thin-film oven test and pressurized aging vessel, respectively. Then, the engineering characteristics of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and conventional and Superpave bitumen tests. The results showed that Elvaloy®RET reacted with the main macromolecular groups in the bitumen, and that the modified bitumens behaved as a homogenous single phase structure as a result of this reaction. Conventional tests showed that Elvaloy®RET-modified bitumens were much harder than pure bitumen and had better aging resistance. Furthermore, the penetration classes of these bitumens changed and their temperature sensitivities decreased significantly. Rheological tests showed that the Elvaloy®RET additive increased the resistance of the bitumen against fatigue cracking and particularly permanent deformation. Moreover, the high temperature performance class of the bitumen also increased. However, parallel to the hardening of the bitumen, a reduction in its resistance to cracking at low temperature was observed.
4
Fatemi, Saeed, Jafar Bolouri Bazaz, and Seyed Ali Ziaee. "Laboratory Investigation of Using Calcium Lignosulfonate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (January 31, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1488958.
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Asphalt mixtures are the major constituent of road constructions. Those mixtures expose to high-temperature levels during the construction process and their life cycle. The bitumen aging occurred because of the harmful effects of elevated temperatures upon the asphalt mixtures, which leads to oxidation, evaporation, and physical hardening within the bitumen structure. The aging phenomenon can intensify the hardness and brittleness of bitumen, which negatively affects the performance of asphalt mixtures. Researchers have investigated different types of bitumen additives to diminish the negative effects of bitumen aging, among which biomass additives are more attractive for researchers because that additives are organic and mainly emanate from waste materials. The current study investigated the effect of calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) at four quantities (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by the weight of base bitumen) as an antiaging bitumen additive on physical, workability, thermal susceptibility, rheological, and chemical properties of 60/70 penetration grade bitumen. The results revealed that although the addition of CLS into the bitumen enhanced the rigidity of bitumen against rutting failure at high-temperature conditions, the CLS-modified bitumen was more susceptible to fatigue failure than the virgin bitumen at low-temperature regions. The workability analysis showed that the CLS powder could improve the bitumen’s consistency against permanent deformation at high-temperature levels. Although the bitumen’s viscosity increased because of CLS modification, the CLS-modified bitumen provided acceptable workability based on the Superpave specifications. Outcomes from the rheological test revealed that the addition of CLS into the bitumen improved the rutting resistance of bituminous mixtures at high-temperature levels. The SARA analysis indicated that the hardening of CLS-modified samples emanated from the formation of asphaltenes within the bitumen because of CLS incorporation. Different types of aging indices, including PRP, SPI, VAI, and AIRF, which were calculated in this research, showed that the presence of CLS within the bitumen could retard the bitumen’s aging process.
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Evdokimova, N. G., A. R. Makhmutova, N. T. Aliyeva, and E. A. Guseinova. "PRODUCTION OF THERMOSTABLE ROAD BITUMENS BY THE METHOD OF "OXIDATION-COMPOUNDING"." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-4-102-108.
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The paper proposes a technology for producing petroleum road bitumen by compounding deeply oxidized bitumen with tar, pre-oxidized to various temperatures, in order to produce binders stable to the processes of thermo-oxidative aging. The rate of technological and chemical aging of tar and bitumen has been studied. It was found that tar is most susceptible to technological, and bitumen to chemical aging. It is shown that the use of tar pre-oxidation technology is a promising direction in bitumen production in the production of standard grades of bitumen binders. The obtained compounded bitumens have high extensibility values at 250C and maximum tensile force, which characterizes their high cohesive properties, as well as high values of the needle penetration depth at 00C and low brittleness temperatures, which indicate good low-temperature properties of bitumen. It has been revealed that the use of oxidized tar with a softening point of 360C during compounding with deeply oxidized bitumen can achieve the minimum values of softening temperature change after aging and obtain standard bitumen grades BND 70/100 and BND 100/130 according to GOST 33133-2014. The resulting compounded bitumen is less susceptible to destructive and thermo-oxidative aging processes and can be effectively used for paving
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Grynyshyn, О. B., М. І. Donchenko, V. V. Kochubei, and Y. Y. Khlibyshyn. "Main features of the technological process of aging of bitumen obtained from the residues from Ukrainian crude oil processing." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (June 2023): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2023-148-3-54-62.
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The effects of the technological process of aging of bitumen obtained from the residues from processing of Ukrainian crude oil on the bitumen’s operational characteristics, structural-group composition, and thermal stability have been studied. The aging of bitumen with a thickness of 2 mm has been conducted under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 1630C for 5 and 10 h. Two types of bitumen, oxidized bitumen BND 60/90 and distillation bitumen BD 130/200, have been examined. It has been found that the bitumen quality worsens due to the technological process of aging, e.g. the bitumen hardness and refractoriness increase whereas the elasticity and frost resistance decrease. It has also been shown that, because of the technological process of aging, the content of resins in the bitumen decreases, the content of asphaltenes increases, and the content of oil components does not change significantly. The structural type of the oxidized bitumen changes thereat from a "sol–gel" type to a "gel" type. For the distillation bitumen, the structural type does not change. The derivatographic analysis has revealed that the bitumen thermal stability increases due to the technological process of aging. The reason for this is a decrease in the content of paraffinic ingredients in the bitumen along with the bitumen structure compaction due to the aging.
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Wang, Xiaofeng, Haoyan Guo, Bo Yang, Xingwen Chang, Chenguang Wan, and Zhenjun Wang. "Aging Characteristics of Bitumen from Different Bituminous Pavement Structures in Service." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2019): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030530.
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The aging of bitumen seriously affects the service life of bituminous pavements. At present, there are many related researches on bitumen aging, but most of them focus on aging endured in indoor surroundings and conditions. Therefore, the conclusions obtained cannot reflect the actual aging changes of bitumen in bituminous pavements in service. In order to study the comprehensive aging process and mechanism of bitumen under the influence of service, we studied bridge deck, traffic lane, and ramp with bituminous pavement structures in service. The bitumen samples obtained from the core samples in different bituminous pavement structures were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and fluorescence microscope (FM). The aging degree of different bitumen was analyzed, and conclusions were drawn on changes to bitumen aging from different pavement structures. The results showed that the aging degree of bitumen from the upper layer was the most serious, the aging degree of bitumen at the middle layer was weaker than that of bitumen from the upper layer, and the aging degree of bitumen from the bottom layer was the weakest for the different bituminous pavement structures. The aging of bitumen mainly occurred due to oxygen absorption. After aging, viscoelastic components of bitumen changed, and bitumen became harder. The macromolecule of bitumen could be divided into small molecules, and the small molecular weight of bitumen became large. The styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modifier in the modified bitumen became granular after aging, and it appeared as a single phase in bitumen. The aging changes characterized by different analytical methods showed that the aging degree of bitumen from different layers of bituminous pavement structures in service was different. Effective measures should therefore be taken in time to decrease further aging of bitumen from the upper layer of bituminous pavements due to its inevitable early aging in service.
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Filippi, Sara, Miriam Cappello, Manuel Merce, and Giovanni Polacco. "Effect of Nanoadditives on Bitumen Aging Resistance: A Critical Review." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (November 27, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2469307.
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Starting from the eighties, the use of nanoadditives registered an increasing attention in the scientific and patent literature, especially for the case of polymeric nanocomposites. In the last decade, this involved bituminous materials, modified either with nanosized fillers or with polymeric nanocomposites. One of the expected benefits is an increased resistance of the binder to aging. After a short introduction underlining the uncertainties and risks of artefacts in aging tests, a review is given, focusing on the antiaging properties of layered silicates, which are by far the most important nanoadditives for bitumens. Together with layered silicates, other materials such as nanohydrated lime, nanosilica, and layered double hydroxides are mentioned. Preparation and characterization of the binary bitumen/layered silicate and ternary bitumen/layered silicate/polymer systems are described in order to individuate the aspects that influence the antiaging effect. Even if the available literature is quite abundant and unanimously confirms that nanoadditives may improve bitumen durability, there is a lack of studies clarifying the involved mechanisms. As it is for conventional fillers, it seems to be a combination of physical and chemical interactions. Nanoadditives with different chemistries, porosities, and interlayer spacings differently absorb the polar components from the bitumen, thus affecting their predisposition to oxidative aging.
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Mohamed, Abdullahi Ali, Soon Yee Wong, Lau Teck Leong, Mohd Ahmadullah Farooqi, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar, and Haryati Yaacob. "Durability Phenomena of Bitumen and Bituminous Pavement Materials." Open Civil Engineering Journal 15, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010279.
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The durability of asphaltic mixtures, in addition to traffic loading, is greatly influenced by the extremes environmental parameters. For instance, at higher temperatures, bitumen becomes soft, thereby reducing the stiffness of asphalt mixtures and making them vulnerable to rutting. On the other hand, at lower temperatures, the stiffness of bitumen is increased, reducing the flexibility of asphaltic concrete and rendering it prone to fatigue failure. Therefore, this evaluation is an extensive research study on the durability of binder and asphalt mixture with their phenomena. Besides that, this paper intends to delve into the various testing methods and measures adopted to evaluate aging and slowing it down. It also presents a critical review of these methods and proposes a future course of action to better address aging issues. According to the evaluation, the behavior of bitumen on the basis of its source varies; when it is mixed with bitumen modifiers, aggregates, and other filler materials, its behavior becomes even more complex. Hence the understanding of the phenomenon of aging is important and the significance cannot be overemphasized. Extensive research work has been done over the last seven decades to evolve the understanding of short- and long-term aging and to improve the durability of asphaltic mixtures. Generally, the aging of bitumen under the influence of both environment and traffic is irreversible as well as inevitable. Apart from entailing hefty maintenance budgets, it remains a challenge to the researchers to slow down aging.
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Celauro, Clara, Edwina Saroufim, Maria Chiara Mistretta, and Francesco Paolo La Mantia. "Influence of Short-Term Aging on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Polymer-Modified Bitumen with Recycled Plastics from Waste Materials." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091985.
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Polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) is bitumen that has been specifically engineered with polymer for providing enhanced performance in service. The aging of bitumen is a main aspect that is able to affect its final performance: during the production phase in a hot mix plant, all the binders experience short-term aging due to the high processing temperature. The same is true during the production of the modified binder, when the polymer is dispersed at high temperature in the bitumen mass. This paper aims at studying the effect of short-term aging when using different types of modifiers such as recycled polymers obtained from waste materials. A 50/70 penetration-grade bitumen has been modified, and bitumen characterization has been carried out before and after short-term aging; conventional tests, viscosity measurements, and dynamical mechanical analysis have been used to investigate the properties. Different aging indices have been determined for predicting the effect of short-term aging based on the type of modifier. Furthermore, the morphology of the modified bitumen has been investigated via fluorescent microscopy, before and after aging, in order to highlight morphological changes due to aging. The results confirm that aging affects all the modified binders, due to the thermal stress imposed during PMBs production. Nevertheless, polymer modification is proved to reduce the aging effect in terms of an increase in the elastic modulus as experienced by the original binder.
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He, Rui, Shuhua Wu, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenjun Wang, and Huaxin Chen. "Temperature Sensitivity Characteristics of SBS/CRP-Modified Bitumen after Different Aging Processes." Materials 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112136.
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Temperature sensitivity characteristics of bitumen can be evidently influenced by modifier types and natural aging processes. Many types of modifiers have been used to improve the temperature sensitivity performance of bitumen, but their effects are different. Therefore, different bitumen specimens as well as SBS/CRP (Styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer/crumb rubber powder)-modified bitumen were prepared and the temperature sensitivity characteristics of bitumen after different aging processes were analyzed in this study. A dynamic rheological property test and performance test at low temperature were carried out to analyze temperature sensitivity and low temperature rheological properties of bitumen. An infrared spectrum test was adopted to study the effect of functional groups under different aging process on the properties of bitumen. The relationship between macroscopic properties and microstructures of bitumen was analyzed. The results show that SBS/CRP-modified bitumen has a strong anti-aging ability in that its flexibility and structure remain in a good condition after long-term aging. The aging process has no significant effect on SBS/CRP-modified bitumen. SBS/CRP-modified bitumen has an excellent low-temperature relaxation ability and low-temperature crack resistance. In contrast to original bitumen and SBS-modified bitumen, the temperature sensitivity performance of SBS/CRP-modified bitumen is evidently enhanced. The physical blending effect is dominant in the bitumen modified process and there is no evident chemical reaction between bitumen and crumb rubber powder. SBS/CRP-modified bitumen is recommended for wide use in plateau areas with ultraviolet and cold surroundings.
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Yu, Hao, Liantong Mo, Yonghan Zhang, Cong Qi, Yulu Wang, and Xiang Li. "Laboratory Investigation of Storage Stability and Aging Resistance of Slightly SBS-Modified Bitumen Binders." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 2564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072564.
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Slightly SBS-modified bitumen binders have been applied for the asphalt concrete impermeable layer of pumped storage power stations (PSPSs) in China. However, the storage stability and aging resistance of slightly SBS-modified bitumen are big concerns. In this study, three different types of slightly SBS-modified bitumen binders were evaluated by using a commonly used virgin bitumen and a normal SBS polymer-modified bitumen as references. All of the bitumen binders were subjected to short-term and long-term aging that were simulated by using a 5 h and 24 h thin film oven test (TFOT), respectively. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy test, storage stability test, dynamic shear rheological test, stress relaxation test, and direct tensile (DT) test were carried out to obtain insight into the storage stability and aging resistance. FTIR analysis indicated that slightly SBS modified bitumen exhibited serious aging of base bitumen together with higher polymer degradation. The aging indexes obtained from the carbonyl index and the polybutadiene (PB) index can well rank the aging resistance. Slightly SBS-modified bitumen binders had excellent storage stability, and even after a long-term period of 7 days of storage, the complex modulus and phase angle remained fairly constant. The rheological master curves were constructed to investigate the effects of short-term and long-term aging. Slightly modified bitumen binders were well identified by the plateau of the phase angle master curves. The aging resistance was well distinguished by the deviation of the complex modulus master curve using unaged bitumen as a baseline. It was found that three types of slightly SBS-modified bitumen binders exhibited inconsistent aging resistance in terms of rheological aging index. The relative change of the initial instantaneous modulus and the modulus relaxation rate was able to explain the relaxation properties. With respect to the direct tensile test, the increase in stiffness modulus and the loss of ultimate tensile strain can be used to evaluate the susceptibility of bitumen aging. An attempt was made to establish the relationship of the aging index between FTIR analysis, rheological properties, and low-temperature performance. It was found that the relationship among these aging indexes was weak. In general, slightly SBS modified bitumen should be well designed to obtain good aging resistance and low-temperature performance. Highly modified bitumen is foreseen to be promising in the case of extremely low temperatures and long-term durability.
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Wei, Hui, Xianping Bai, Guoping Qian, Feiyue Wang, Zhengfu Li, Jiao Jin, and Yuhao Zhang. "Aging Mechanism and Properties of SBS Modified Bitumen under Complex Environmental Conditions." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071189.
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Bitumen aging can lead to the deterioration of asphalt pavement performance, shortening the service life of road. In order to solve the problem that current studies on the ultraviolet (UV) aging of bitumen either ignore the effects of natural environmental conditions or only consider the effects of water. In this study, different aqueous media and UV coupled simulated aging tests were carried out on virgin bitumen and styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) modified bitumen in a UV environment chamber. The combination of macroscopic performance tests and microstructure tests was used to analyze the physical, rheological, and microstructure changes of virgin bitumen and SBS modified bitumen after The film oven test (TFOT) aging and UV aging in different environments (UV, UV + Water, UV + Acid, UV + Salt). Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) results indicated that UV aging results in the increase of rutting factor and the improvement of rutting resistance at high temperature. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) results illustrated that the bitumen would be oxidized and SBS would be degraded under ultraviolet radiation. The four-component analysis test results showed that light component migrated to the heavy component during the aging process. Moreover, water will aggravate the UV aging of bitumen, and the presence of acid or salt worsens ultraviolet aging.
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Rajput, R. P. S., S. S. Goliya, and R. Mehar. "A study on the effect of aging on pmb40 and crmb55 in bituminous concrete layers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1130, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1130/1/012035.
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Abstract Aging occurs in bituminous materials throughout the construction and service lifespan of asphalt pavement, and it has a substantial impact on their performance. Bitumen aging is one of the primary causes of asphalt pavement degradation. As bitumen ages, asphalt surfaces lose their capacity to alleviate tension during the cooling process, increasing the danger of cracking. The thin film oven test (TFOT) and the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) are two extensively used short-term aging tests (RTFOT). The rotating cylinder-aging test (RCAT) and pressure aging vessel are two extensively used tests in the long-term aging of bitumen (PAV). The suggested research includes the comparison of un-modified bitumen and modified bitumen of waste crumb rubber and plastic rubber. This research was conducted on the aging of different grades of bitumen, that are two modified bitumen, which are PMB40 & CRMB55. After the aging of the bitumen, we conducted some physical property tests on the normal bitumen and RTFOT-modified bitumen. The outcome of the testing of the physical properties was that the RTFOT modified bitumen gained more strength as compared to the normal bitumen after the testing of physical properties of bitumen (Normal Bitumen & RTFOT Modified Bitumen) prepared samples for testing the Marshall Properties. After testing, Marshall Properties’ research can conclude that the RTFOT Modified Bitumen provides more strength compared to the normal bitumen. The RTOFT modified bitumen can be used in rural areas to provide a better pavement surface and longevity of the pavement. Through the aging of bitumen, the adhesion property between bitumen and aggregate becomes strong, so that in a high traffic area, cracks do not develop easily
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Zhang, Xuemei, and Inge Hoff. "Comparative Study of Thermal-Oxidative Aging and Salt Solution Aging on Bitumen Performance." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051174.
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The aging of bitumen is detrimental to the durability and service life of asphalt pavement. Previous studies found that bitumen was suspected to be aged by not only thermal oxidation but also solution immersion. This research aims to compare the effect of thermal-oxidative aging and salt solution aging on bitumen performance. For this purpose, a thin film oven test (TFOT) and pressure aging vessel aging (PAV) were selected as thermal-oxidative aging, and 10% NaCl aging and 10% CaCl2 aging were selected as salt solution aging. The morphology, oxygen content, physical properties, low-temperature properties, and high-temperature properties of bitumen were analysed by employing scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), physical tests, a bending beam rheometer (BBR), and a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Test results show that both thermal-oxidative aging and salt solution aging had similar influencing trends in the oxygen content, physical, low-temperature, and high-temperature properties of bitumen but had different changes in morphology. The aging degrees caused by four kinds of aging methods were obtained based on the summed values of the absolute aging factor of all parameters: PAV > 10% NaCl > TFOT > 10% CaCl2. The conclusions could provide a theoretical basis to establish a standard for the solution aging of bitumen.
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Fernández, Matías, Gustavo Canon, Sabine Leischner, Mrinali Rochlani, José Norambuena-Contreras, and Alvaro González. "Effects of Microwave Heating and Long-Term Aging on the Rheological and Chemical Properties of Recovered Bitumen." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 7787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247787.
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Microwave heating of asphalt pavement is a promising technique to reduce the maintenance and increase the service life of materials through self-healing of cracks. Previous studies have shown that microwave heating technology at high temperatures could damage the bitumen of asphalt mixture, which is an unwanted effect of the crack-healing technique. In this study, the effects of microwave heating and long-term aging on the rheological and chemical properties of recovered bitumen were quantified using a frequency sweep test and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry analysis, respectively. The main results indicate that microwave heating has no significant effect on the aging performance of G* and δ for aged asphalt mixtures. However, for newer bitumens, the rheological properties G* and δ show minor changes after microwave heating was applied. Overall, this study confirms that microwave heating is a potential alternative for maintenance of asphalt pavements, without severely affecting the rheological and chemical properties of bitumen.
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Tang, Ning, Yu-Li Yang, Mei-Ling Yu, Wen-Li Wang, Shi-Yue Cao, Qing Wang, and Wen-Hao Pan. "Investigation of Ageing in Bitumen Using Fluorescence Spectrum." Materials 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081325.
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Bitumen ageing is a very complex process and poses a threat to the performance of pavements. In the present work, a fluorescence spectrophotometer was employed to research the change rule of components and the structure of bitumen after the ageing process. The Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) and Ultraviolet (UV) light treatment were carried out as ageing methods. The properties and components of bitumen were tested before and after aging. The 2D and 3D fluorescence spectra of bitumen were analyzed. The vector of fluorescence peak was calculated for evaluating the ageing process. The results indicated that the ideal concentration of bitumen- tetrachloromethane solution was 0.1 g/L or smaller for avoiding the fluorescence quenching. The coordinates of fluorescent peak appeared “blue-shift” after ageing due to the change of aromatics. In addition, bitumen has already occurred serious ageing when the magnitude of a vector is more than 36.
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Evdokimova, N. G., A. R. Makhmutova, D. D. Karaskina, and G. V. Koposhko. "On the Question of Thermo-Oxidative Aging Oil Bitumen and Tar." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 639, no. 5 (2023): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2023-638-5-43-46.
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The dependences of the adhesive properties and pH of bitumen of various oxidation depths and tar, raw materials of bitumen production, depending on the aging time are investigated. It is shown that in bitumen, with an increase in the depth of oxidation during CBT, a change in the type of oxo compounds formed and, as a consequence, adhesive properties occurs. In high-melting bitumen, during aging, there is an intensive formation of asphaltenes, resins and asphaltogenic acids, which allow to improvethe adhesive properties of the binder. Low-melting bitumen is characterized by intensive formation of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of compounds that reduce adhesion to alkaline mineral materials. It is established that the rate of tar aging increases, and for oxidized bitumen it is extreme, where the maximum values are observed in the first hours of aging. It is proposed to use the adhesion index and acidity in combination with the standard quality indicator - the softening temperature after aging to select the component composition of bitumen obtained using the "oxidation-compounding" technology, as well as to develop methods to reduce the aging rate of bitumen in the initial period of operation of asphalt concrete coatings and to improve their quality and durability.
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Xing, Chengwei, Mingchen Li, Lingxiao Liu, and Ruikang Yang. "Long-Term Aging Behavior of Plastic/Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Composite Modified Bitumen." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 24, 2023): 4567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134567.
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The reuse of recycled waste plastics has long been attempted in pavement engineering as bitumen modifier. It was revealed that waste plastics can significantly enhance the high-temperature performance of bitumen and bitumen mixtures. Even so, the application of waste plastics as a bitumen modifier is still not widespread. This is attributable to the generally poor low-temperature performance of plastic-modified bitumen, which often fails to meet specification requirements. For this purpose, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was selected to improve the low-temperature performance of plastic-modified bitumen. However, due to the long-term aging process, the composite and structure of the modified bitumen will change, which negatively impacts its performance. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term aging behavior of plastic/SBR composite-modified bitumen. For this purpose, waste polyethylene was used as a plastic modifier and was mixed with base bitumen and 3% SBR at ratios 4.5%, 6% and 7.5%. The rheological properties and molecular weight distribution of base bitumen, plastic and plastic/SBR-modified bitumen before and after long-term aging were measured. Results show that the incorporation of plastic can improve the complex modulus, rutting factor and percent recovery of bitumen and reduce the non-recoverable creep compliance of the bitumen, indicating the modification process enhances the high-temperature performance of bitumen. The enhancement effect is more pronounced with the increase of plastic content. For modified bitumen with 7.5% plastic modifier, the complex modulus of modified bitumen is increased by 1127.55% compared to base bitumen. The addition of 3% SBR modifier can further improve the high-temperature performance of the modified bitumen. In addition, the modification process also increases the large molecule size percentage (LMSP) and weight average molecular weight of bitumen. Compared with weight average molecular weight, the LMSP correlates well with the rheological properties of modified bitumen. In accordance with the complex modulus, using the LMSP and weight average molecular weight of bitumen before and after aging, the corresponding aging index was calculated. The quantitative results showed that the addition of plastic modifier can improve the aging resistance of bitumen, but the enhancement effect is not as obvious as that of SBR modifier.
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Xing, Chengwei, Juze Qin, Zhiqiang Cheng, Mingchen Li, and Qingbing Lu. "Investigation on the Short-Term Aging Scheme for High Viscosity Modified Bitumen." Materials 16, no. 11 (May 23, 2023): 3910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16113910.
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Due to the highly viscous characteristics of high viscosity modified bitumen (HVMB), the commonly used short-term aging schemes are not suitable for it. As such, the objective of this study is to introduce a suitable short-term aging scheme for HVMB by increasing the aging period and temperature. For this purpose, two kinds of commercial HVMB were aged via rolling thin-film oven test (RTFOT) and thin-film oven test (TFOT) at different aging periods and temperatures. At the same time, open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures prepared using HVMB were also aged via two aging schemes to simulate the short-term aging of bitumen at the mixing plant. With the aid of temperature sweep, frequency sweep, and multiple stress creep recovery tests, the rheological properties of short-term aged bitumen and the extracted bitumen were tested. By comparing the rheological properties of TFOT- and RTFOT-aged bitumen with those of extracted bitumen, suitable laboratory short-term aging schemes for HVMB were determined. Comparative results showed that aging the OGFC mixture in a 175 °C forced-draft oven for 2 h is suitable to simulate the short-term aging process of bitumen at the mixing plant. Compared with RTOFT, TFOT was more preferable for HVMB. Additionally, the recommended aging period and temperature for TFOT was 5 h and 178 °C, respectively.
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Donchenko, Myroslava, Oleg Grynyshyn, Yuriy Demchuk, Petro Topilnytskyy, and Yuriy Turba. "Influence of Potassium Humate on the Technological Aging Processes of Oxidized Petroleum Bitumen." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 17, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.03.681.
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The possibility of using potassium humate as an inhibitor of the technological aging of oxidized petro-leum bitumen has been investigated. Samples of potas-sium humate obtained from various raw materials, in particular peat and leonardite, were selected and compared. Aging coefficients have been calculated and operational properties of modified bitumen as a binding material for hot mix asphalt have been investigated. It was established that 3.0 wt. % of PH-3 added to oxidized petroleum bitumen, slows down the technological aging processes and allows obtaining asphalt concrete with better characteristics compared to the coating made on the basis of unmodified bitumen.
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Zhang, Ben, Huaxin Chen, Honggang Zhang, Yongchang Wu, Dongliang Kuang, and Fengjun Guo. "Laboratory Investigation of Aging Resistance for Rubberized Bitumen Modified by Using Microwave Activation Crumb Rubber and Different Modifiers." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194230.
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Different modification methods, such as adding modifiers and pretreating crumb rubber, have been developed to achieve decent engineering properties and reduce the viscosity of rubberized bitumen. This study evaluated the influence of the modification methods on the aging resistance for rubberized bitumen. Two types of crumb rubber—a 40-mesh crumb rubber and a microwave-pretreated crumb rubber—and two kinds of modifiers—Sasobit and Trans-polyoctenamer—were selected to prepare rubberized bitumen. The samples were subjected to a Thin-Film Oven Test for the simulation of the short-term aging condition, while a Pressure-Aging-Vessel test was used to simulate the long-term aging condition. The indexes of rubberized bitumen, including softening point, elastic recovery ratio, maximum load, ductility, fracture energy, phase angle, and dynamic modulus, were tested before and after aging. The result showed that trans-polyoctenamer displayed the best resistance to short-term aging, while Sasobit significantly improved the fracture energy of rubberized bitumen after short-term aging. Microwave pretreated partially destroyed the internal structure of crumb rubber, leading to a decrease of short-term aging resistance for rubberized bitumen. Compared with short-term aging, the changing trends of various indexes were basically same, except the discrepancy of properties indexes was reduced after long-term aging.
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Liu, Xing, Shaopeng Wu, Ling Pang, Yue Xiao, and Pan Pan. "Fatigue Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides Modified Asphalt and Its Mixture." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/868404.
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This study investigated the influence of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on the fatigue properties of asphalt mixture. In this paper, different aging levels (thin film oven test (TFOT) and ultraviolet radiation aging (UV aging for short)) of bitumen modified with various mass ratios of the LDHs were investigated. The TFOT and UV aging process were used to simulate short-term field thermal-oxidative aging and long-term field light UV aging of bitumen, respectively. The influences of LDHs on the fatigue properties of LDHs were evaluated by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and indirect tensile fatigue test. Results indicated that the introduction of LDHs could change the fatigue properties of bitumen under a stress control mode. The mixture with modified bitumen showed better fatigue resistance than the mixture with base bitumen. The results illustrated that the LDHs would be alternative modifiers used in the bitumen to improve the lifetime of asphalt pavements.
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Zhang, Yi, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, Wolfgang Gard, Martin van de Ven, Sandra Erkens, and Ruxin Jing. "Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244176.
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As bitumen oxidizes, material stiffening and embrittlement occur, and bitumen eventually cracks. The use of anti-oxidants, such as lignin, could be used to delay oxidative aging and to extend the lifetime of asphalt pavements. In this study, the chemical and rheological effect of lignin on bitumen was evaluated by using a single dosage organsolv lignin (10 wt.% dosage). A pressure aging vessel (PAV) was used to simulate the long-term aging process after performing the standard short-term aging procedure, and the lignin-modified bituminous binders were characterized by an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). From the ESEM results, the uniform microstructure was observed, indicating that the addition of lignin did not affect the worm structure of bitumen. Based on the FTIR test results, lignin-modified bitumen showed that a lower number of carbonyl and sulfoxide compounds were generated after aging than for neat bitumen. Based on the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) results, the addition of lignin slightly reduced the fatigue life of bitumen. From the frequency sweep results, it showed that lignin in bitumen acts as a modifier since the physical interaction between lignin and bitumen predominantly affects the material rheology. Overall, lignin could be a promising anti-oxidant due to its economic and environmental benefits.
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Czajkowski, Paweł, Andrzej Przyjazny, and Grzegorz Boczkaj. "Bitumen Aging—Laboratory Simulation Methods Used in Practice and Selected Directions of Research on New Methods." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020853.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in the properties of bitumen binders that occur as a result of aging have a huge impact on the durability of products produced from them. In particular, asphalt pavements, which constitute the most common use of petroleum bitumen, are susceptible to damage resulting from the increasing stiffness of the bitumen during its life cycle. Increased stiffness of asphalt pavements reduces the pavement resistance to low-temperature cracks and fatigue cracks, ultimately leading to the loss of their functional properties and the need for road repair. The rate of changes in bitumen properties is influenced by many factors, the most important of which are environmental conditions, technological parameters of binder processing, and physicochemical properties. The greatest impact on minimizing the adverse effect of aging is the use of bitumen suitably resistant to aging, and changing the technological parameters of its application. This article reviews the literature and standardized test methods of bitumen aging, with a focus on the methods that are most often used in practice, to evaluate the suitability of bitumen for use in road construction. The presented methods are limited to aging simulation. This mini-review presents the most important stages of aging procedures, their advantages and limitations, as identified by the authors of this publication for different types of bitumen. Moreover, the most important directions of developments in the field of new laboratory aging tests are highlighted. The suggestions are based on the industrial practice of the authors of this review, taking into account identified demands for quality control in the industry.
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Kleizienė, Rita, Miglė Panasenkienė, and Audrius Vaitkus. "Effect of Aging on Chemical Composition and Rheological Properties of Neat and Modified Bitumen." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 4066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244066.
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The aim of this research was to define the effect of oxidative aging on the chemical and rheological properties of neat and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer-modified bitumen. The experimental research had two objectives: firstly, the short and long-term effects of aging on the properties of neat and polymer-modified bitumen were investigated. Then, the aging indexes based on chemical and rheological properties to describe the age of unknown bitumen were established. Aging characteristics such as the Gaestel index, sulfoxide and carbonyl indexes, linear viscoelastic strain range, crossover temperature, and Glover–Rowe parameter were analysed for laboratory aged and naturally aged neat and polymer-modified bitumen. The functional composition of aged bitumen was evaluated by measuring absorption with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectrometer. The saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) fractions were determined with thin layer chromatography with flame-ionization detection (TLC-FID) to determine the colloidal instability index (Gaestel index). Finally, the complex shear modulus was determined with dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to evaluate the influence of aging on the bitumen mechanical performance.
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Alegre, Patricia Figueroa, Martin Arévalo Cardoza, Gustavo Llerena Cano, and Gary Durán. "Effects of Pruning Residues from Blueberry Bushes Powder on the Physical and Rheological Properties of Bitumen." Key Engineering Materials 931 (September 9, 2022): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-et4mwy.
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Bitumen is a hydrocarbon product prone to oxidative aging. For this reason, the aim of this study is to evaluate physical and rheological properties of modified bitumen with pruning residues from blueberry bushes powder (RPA), anti-aging natural compound, to reduce the oxidative damage of bitumen. Rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) was performed to simulate short term aging of modified bitumen with 2, 6 and 10% RPA by weight. The results of conventional tests (penetration, softening point, ductility and rotational viscosity) indicated that the addition of RPA increases the stiffness of bitumen and decreases its temperature susceptibility. In addition, dynamic shear rheometer test (DSR) shows that modified binders improve their resistance against deformation and enhance their elastic response. The 6% RPA binder demonstrated better oxidative aging resistance without compromising its performance at low temperature.
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Lv, Songtao, Dongdong Ge, Ziyang Wang, Jinping Wang, Jing Liu, Zihao Ju, Xinghai Peng, et al. "Performance Assessment of Self-Healing Polymer-Modified Bitumens by Evaluating the Suitability of Current Failure Definition, Failure Criterion, and Fatigue-Restoration Criteria." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062488.
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Fatigue cracking is a common form of flexible pavement distress, which generally starts and spreads through bitumen. To address this issue, self-healing elastomer (SHE) modified bitumens were elaborated to assess whether these novel materials can overcome the neat asphalt (NA) fatigue performance and whether the current failure definition, failure criterion, and fatigue-restoration criteria can fit their performance. All bitumens were subjected to short-term and long-term aging. Linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, LAS with rest period (LASH), and simplified viscoelastic-continuum-damage (S-VECD) model were utilized to appraise the behavior of the mentioned bitumens. The results showed that maximum stored pseudo-strain energy (PSE) and tau (τ) × N (number of loading cycles) failure definitions exhibited high efficiency to accommodate the fatigue life of NA and SHE-modified bitumens. Both failure criteria identified that SHE-modified bitumen (containing 1% of SHE) showed the highest increment of fatigue performance (67.1%) concerning NA. The failure criterion based on total released PSE, in terms of the area under the released PSE curve, was the only failure concept with high efficiency (R2 up to 0.999) to predict asphalt binder fatigue life. As well, the current framework to evaluate bitumen self-restoration failed to fully accommodate asphalt binder behavior, because bitumen with higher restoration could not exhibit greater fatigue performance. Consequently, a new procedure to assess this property including fatigue behavior was proposed, showing consistent results, and confirming that SHE-modified bitumen (containing 1% of SHE) exhibited the highest increment of fatigue performance (154.02%) after application of the rest period. Hence, the optimum SHE content in NA was 1%. Furthermore, it was found that a greater number of loading cycles to failure (Nf) did not ensure better fatigue performance and stored PSE influenced the bitumen fatigue behavior.
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Xing, Chengwei, Juze Qin, Mingchen Li, and Tian Jin. "Effect of Thermal Oxygen Conditions on the Long-Term Aging Behavior of High-Viscosity Modified Bitumen." Coatings 13, no. 8 (August 13, 2023): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081421.
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High-viscosity modified bitumen is affected by a complex thermal oxygen environment during long-term service. However, the existing standard long-term thermal oxygen aging test cannot fully simulate the effect of different thermal oxygen conditions on the aging of high-viscosity modified bitumen. In this study, on the basis of the standard pressure aging vessel test, high-viscosity modified bitumen was aged under different oxygen conditions through adjusting test parameters. Then, the analysis of the complex moduli, phase angles, and creep and recovery properties was conducted to evaluate the rheological properties of high-viscosity modified bitumen before and after aging. Moreover, gel permeation chromatography was performed to evaluate the molecular size distribution of high-viscosity modifiers during aging. The results indicate that aging improves the modulus of high-viscosity modified bitumen and changes the phase angle of that. Temperature, pressure, and time are the factors affecting the high-temperature sensitivity and viscoelastic properties of high-viscosity modified bitumen. With respect to the creep and recovery property, different high-viscosity modified bitumen exhibits different aging characteristics with the change of thermal oxygen conditions. Gel-permeation-chromatography results directly illustrate that thermal oxygen conditions influence the degradation of high-viscosity modifiers at the initial stage of long-term aging, which is the key factor affecting the rheological properties of high-viscosity modified bitumen.
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Zhang, Canlin, Hongjun Dong, Zhengli Yan, Meng Yu, Ting Wang, Shi Xu, Zhenliang Jiang, and Changbin Hu. "SBS Modified Bitumen with Organic Layered Double Hydroxides: Compatibility and Aging Effects on Rheological Properties." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154201.
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SBS-modified bitumen (SMB) is susceptible to aging, which seriously influences its service performance and life. In order to strengthen the anti-aging ability of SMB, triethoxyvinylsilane was designed to organically modify layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and was applied to modify SMB. The dispersibility and storage stability of LDHs in SMB were markedly enhanced after triethoxyvinylsilane organic modification, and the compatibility and storage stability of SBS in bitumen were simultaneously enhanced. Compared with SMB, the introduction of LDHs and organic LDHs (OLDHs) could ameliorate the high-temperature properties of SMB, and the thermostability of SBS in bitumen at a high temperature was also distinctly improved, especially OLDHs. After aging, due to the oxidation of molecular bitumen and the degradation of molecular SBS, SMB became hardened and brittle, and the rheological properties were significantly deteriorated, which had serious impacts on the performance of SMB. LDHs can mitigate the detriment of aging to bitumen and SBS, and the deterioration of the rheological properties of SMB is obviously alleviated. As a result of the better dispersibility and storage stability, OLDHs exerted superior reinforcement of the anti-aging ability of SMB.
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Celauro, Clara, Rosalia Teresi, and Nadka Tz Dintcheva. "Evaluation of Anti-Aging Effect in Biochar-Modified Bitumen." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (July 5, 2023): 10583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310583.
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Increasing environmental awareness has led to a great research effort towards the formulation of increasingly sustainable pavements, mainly by developing bituminous mixtures incorporating waste materials. Furthermore, some waste materials have been proved to be useful for enhancing the performance of road bitumen and bituminous products, so their use is a potential solution for ensuring environmental, economic, and also technical benefits. Amongst the different wastes to be used for bitumen modification, a possible one is that obtained via the pyrolysis of biomass, named biochar. In the research reported here, a selected biochar was added to bitumen to verify the possibility of improving bitumen performance in terms of photo-oxidation resistance, which is a major problem in urban areas where black flexible pavements contribute to the urban heat island effect. Different biochar amounts were selected, and two different aging methods were performed: short-term aging and UVB aging resistance; they were monitored using rheological and spectroscopic analysis. The structural changes in bitumen in terms of carbonyl and hydroxyl accumulation were observed at various UV irradiation times. All the experimental data indicate that the use of biochar can have a positive effect on the UV resistance of bitumen, lowering its photo-oxidation tendency. This may lead to reductions in use of natural, non-renewable materials, since intervention maintenance may be scheduled at longer terms.
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Zieliński, Krzysztof. "Effect of styrene–butadiene–styrene content on the adhesion properties of bitumen before and after heat aging." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 5 (May 2008): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-001.
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This article describes the effect of heat aging and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) content in bitumen on the adhesion properties of mastics (bitumen-filler mix) to concrete and steel substrates. Test results showed that the adhesion strength of bituminous mastics to concrete and steel substrates decreased as the SBS content increased. Bitumen types modified with 9%–12% of SBS, commonly used in waterproofing materials, showed an approximately three times weaker bond with concrete and steel substrates than the nonmodified equivalents. Results also showed that after heat aging, the adhesion strength of the nonmodified bitumen was always higher than that of the unheated bitumen modified with 9%–12% of SBS.
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Liu, Zhao Yang, San Peng Mao, Gui Tao Zheng, Zhi Long Cao, Lian Li, and Jian Ying Yu. "Effect of Non-Sulfur Stabilizer on Performance of SBS Modified Bitumen." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.944.
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Based on the reason that SBS modified bitumen (SMB) with sulfur stabilizer is easy to degrade during aging, a novel non-sulfur stabilizer, P-benzoquinone oxime (GMF), was used to modify SMB. The effects of GMF and sulfur stabilizer on the thermal storage stability, low-temperature performance and aging resistance of SMB were investigated. The results indicate that GMF is more beneficial to improve the thermal storage stability, the low temperature flexibility and softening point of SMB than that of sulfur. And GMF can restrain the degradation of the low temperature flexibility of SMB after thermal aging as compared with sulfur. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that the aging growth index of GMF/SBS modified bitumen is 33.5% lower than that of sulfur/SBS modified bitumen after aging. Fluorescence microscope proves that the addition of GMF can prevent the destruction of cross-linking network structure of SBS in bitumen during aging process, which also demonstrates that GMF can improve the aging resistance of SMB. Therefore, GMF can be more suitable as a stabilizer for SMB.
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Salihov, Muhammet, Evgeniy Veyukov, Ekaterina Lomakina, and Lidia Malyanova. "Bitumen aging on the surface of crushed limestone at high temperatures." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126301005.
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In road structural layers, mixtures of crushed limestone with oil bitumen are used as a structural material (black crushed stone), or as a part of asphalt concrete organic-mineral mixtures. Since limestone deposits are located in a great number of regions, their increased use makes it possible to reduce transportation costs in the estimated road construction cost. In the meantime, it is necessary to conduct a study of the aging of bitumen-mineral mixtures during their preparation and use in road structures when using local limestone materials. This article presents the results of the studies, during which the effect of bitumen aging on some properties of bitumen-mineral mixtures was studied using a new method. The developed method for studying bitumen aging compares favorably with the already known methods and is protected by the Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2654954. Due to this method, it becomes possible to study the effect of aging on the values of any indicator according to a single model – both complex (e.g. asphalt concrete) and simple systems (crushed stone-bitumen, sand-bitumen, etc.). This approach provides a more accurate prediction of the material behavior both during preparation and service in road structures. The execution of work involves the preliminary establishment of the optimal bitumen and crushed stone ratio, at which the highest average density and ultimate compressive strength at +20 °C is provided. Laboratory testing of samples indicated the dynamic pattern of the value of the aging coefficient and the aging rate in terms of the ultimate compressive strength at +50 °C and the elastic modulus.
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Shi, Shuang, Chengyong Chen, Shujie Shang, Linhao Gu, and Ning Wang. "Study on the Performance of Drilling Mud Affected by High Temperature Emulsified Bitumen." Science of Advanced Materials 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2024.4561.
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The performance of drilling mud influenced by high temperature emulsifier bitumen (HTEB) was studied in this paper. With high temperature emulsifier bitumen as mud additive, the Apparent viscosity (Av), Plastic viscosity (Pv) and Yield point (Yp) of drilling mud were increased before or after aging. The modulus particle size and average particle size of drilling mud were increased. Comparing with the particle sizes before aging, the particle sizes turn small and the rheological property change for the better after aging. The mud cake was thin, toughness and dense. The toughness of mud cake was increased, as high temperature emulsifier bitumen added. The surface of sandstone core and shale core were enwrapped tightly by high temperature emulsifier bitumen and there no crack appeared in the surface of core. The static filtration was 18.8 ml. The film could be form at the surface of debris, because of the high temperature emulsifier bitumen had adhesion.
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Ma, Li Xing. "Bitumen Rheological and Chemical Investigation." Key Engineering Materials 891 (July 6, 2021): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.891.190.
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This paper is to study the mechanism of aging on the Rheological and Chemical Investigation of the bitumen and make correlations with the actual field behavior of the binder. The effects of ageing on rheological properties of asphalt has been studied by Bending Beam Rheometer(BBR). The objective of conducting these tests is to evaluate the performance of the bitumen in an aged and unaged states in relation to the effects of traffic speed and/or pavement temperature, traffic volume (number of load repetitions), and (thermal/load) cracking behavior.
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Jing, Ruxin, Aikaterini Varveri, Xueyan Liu, Athanasios Scarpas, and Sandra Erkens. "Laboratory and Field Aging Effect on Bitumen Chemistry and Rheology in Porous Asphalt Mixture." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3 (March 2019): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119833362.
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Oxidative aging takes place in bituminous materials during the construction and service life of asphalt pavements and has a significant effect on their performance. In this study, porous asphalt cores were obtained from field test sections each year from 2014 to 2017. The evolution of the properties of the field cores and the recovered bitumen with time was investigated. Cyclic indirect tensile tests were performed to determine changes in the mechanical behavior of porous asphalt due to aging. Additionally, bitumen was extracted and recovered from 13 mm slices along the depth of the cores. The rheological and chemical properties of the recovered bitumen, as well as that of original bitumen aged in standard short- and long-term aging protocols, were investigated by means of dynamic shear rheometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The results show that the degree of aging is spatially dependent, resulting in a stiffness gradient within the asphalt layer. Moreover, the results demonstrate a weak relation between field aging and the standard laboratory aging protocols.
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Hermadi, Madi, and Willy Pravianto. "The Effect of Resins on Rheological and ageing Characteristics of Bitumen for Pavement." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925801004.
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Bitumen consists of thousands of hydrocarbon molecule types with each molecule contributes to the overall bitumen characteristics. Therefore, it is important to identify the influence of each chemical component of bitumen that altogether constructs the bitumen characteristics. This is likely to be completed by evaluating and modifying bitumen components to produce a new type of bitumen with better characteristics. The realistic way to do this is by analysing it in groups or fractions; one group or fraction comprises bitumen molecules with similar characteristics. This paper aims to address this issue by describing the effect of resins on rheological characteristics of bitumen at various ageing process stages. The materials used in this study were Buton rock asphalt or natural rock asphalt from Buton Island in Indonesia which was from Lawele region and petroleum bitumen penetration grade 80/100 from a refinery in Kemaman Malaysia. The materials were tested to identify their charactheristics and the resins components were also extracted and tested with Corbett method. Each extracted resin (from Buton rock asphalt bitumen and petroleum bitumen) was blended in proportions of 0%, 5%, and 10% with the Kemaman petroleum bitumen as a bitumen medium. The blended bitumen samples were also tested for their rheological characteristics using Dynamic Shear Rheometer. Each sample was tested at five different temperature levels (46°C, 52°C, 58°C, 64°C and 70°C) and at un-aged, artificial short-term aged (RTFOT-aged), and artificial long-term aged (PAV-aged) conditions. The results indicated that the source of resins had a significant value of 0.065 or larger than the 0.05 critical point value. There was no difference in the effect of the experiments using either Buton rock asphalt or petroleum bitumen on the complex shear modulus G*. At fresh condition, there was no effect of adding resins on the bitumen rheological characteristics except for the elastic modulus (G’). However, the effect increased over the RTFOT-ageing and PAV-aging level because of the normal ageing process.
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Cheraghian, Goshtasp, and Michael P. Wistuba. "Effect of Fumed Silica Nanoparticles on Ultraviolet Aging Resistance of Bitumen." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020454.
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In this study, bitumen modified by fumed silica nanoparticles was characterized through dynamic shear rheometer tests, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The fumed silica nanoparticles were used in three different ratios, i.e., 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 wt.-% of bitumen. Specifically, the modified bitumen characteristics were studied after laboratory aging by analyzing the chemical composition and rheological properties. From the determination of oxidation degree and carbonyl index it was found that the resistance of the modified bitumen to ultraviolet aging was improved with the increasing nanoparticle content. In bitumen modified by fumed silica nanoparticles, the nanoparticles were well dispersed. Moreover, the results illustrated that the bitumen properties were improved, and the improvement effect of 0.1 wt.-% fumed silica nanoparticles was more distinct than the higher concentrations.
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Liu, Quan, Jiantao Wu, Pengfei Zhou, and Markus Oeser. "The Master-Curve Band considering Measurement and Modeling Uncertainty for Bituminous Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (February 25, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5543279.
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This paper proposes using the master-curve band (MCB) to incorporate the unavoidable measurement errors and modeling uncertainty into the bitumen master-curve construction. In general, the rheological property of bitumen within the linear viscoelastic region is characterized by the master curve of modulus and/or phase angle, provided that the bitumen complies with the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP). However, the master-curve construction is essentially a mathematical fitting process regardless of whether or not the original data is perfect enough to fit. For this reason, the MCB was introduced to consider the uncertainty information instead of a single master curve. Rheological data of four kinds of bitumen including unaged and aged bitumen were used to construct the MCBs. The results indicated that the generalized sigmoidal model showed the widest master-curve band, followed by Christensen-Anderson-Marasteanu (CAM) and CAM ( G g ) models. The width of MCB was a useful tool to identify the sensitivity of bitumen to rheological models. The sensitivity of bitumen to rheological models is associated with the number of active parameters in rheological models and model parameters’ confidence intervals. The construction of an MCB was beneficial to select the rheological models. Accordingly, the CAM ( G g ) model is proved to be the best to analyze the aging effects.
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Dziadosz, Sylwia, Mieczysław Słowik, Filip Niwczyk, and Marcin Bilski. "Study on Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Modified Asphalt Binders Relaxation at Low Temperature." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 2888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112888.
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The paper presents the results of laboratory investigation on asphalt binders relaxation at low temperature, carried out in a ductilometer using the tensile test with continuous force measurement. Polymer modified asphalt binder samples consisting of a 50/70 penetration grade bitumen mixed with a concentrate of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified bitumen—a 160/220 penetration grade bitumen modified with a SBS copolymer in the amount of 9%—were tested. Therefore, polymer modified binders containing 3%, 4.5%, 6% and 7.5% SBS, respectively, were obtained and investigated. Tensile tests were performed at −16 °C on samples before aging and subjected to short-term aging (RTFOT). Test results in the form of relaxation curves have been mathematically described using a modified generalized Maxwell model. Based on the acquired results, it was shown that the increase of the SBS copolymer content in asphalt binder precipitates the relaxation process, while aging slows down this phenomenon. It has also been proven that with increased content of SBS elastomer in asphalt binder, the effect of short-term aging on binder’s stress relaxation ability at low temperatures is reduced.
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Wang, Sheng, Weidong Huang, Xueyan Liu, Peng Lin, Shisong Ren, and Yi Li. "Effect of High Content of Waste Tire Rubber and Sulfur on the Aging Behavior of Bitumen." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 5417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115417.
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High content rubber modified bitumen (HCRMB) prepared from the high content of waste tire rubber and bitumen has good performance while allowing greater use of the waste tires. However, HCRMB is subject to aging during use, which can affect its performance. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of high content of waste tire rubber and sulfur on the aging behavior of bitumen. The properties of all bitumen were tested using rolling thin film oven aging (RTFOT) test, pressure aging vessel (PAV) test, frequency sweep tests, temperature sweep (TS) test, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) test. Test results show that the addition of sulfur to HCRMB leads to an improvement in the elasticity of HCRMB. The elasticity of HCRMB with different amounts of sulfur increases with aging. In addition, the increase in the amount of sulfur can improve the RTFOT aging resistance and the PAV aging resistance of HCRMB. Sulfur cannot reduce the degree of oxidation of HCRMB after aging, but can inhibit the degree of desulfurization of HCRMB. Furthermore, the aging process of HCRMB with different amounts of sulfur is dominated by the degradation of polybutadiene.
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Gaudenzi, Elena, Fabrizio Cardone, Xiaohu Lu, and Francesco Canestrari. "Analysis of Fatigue and Healing Properties of Conventional Bitumen and Bio-Binder for Road Pavements." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020420.
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The analysis of fatigue behavior of bituminous binders is a complex issue due to several time-temperature dependent phenomena which interact simultaneously, such as damage accumulation, viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and healing. The present research involves rheological measurements aimed at evaluating the fatigue behavior and compares the self-healing capability of two plain bitumen and a bio-binder obtained by partially replacing one of the plain bitumen with a renewable bio-oil. Healing potential was assessed by means of an experimental approach previously implemented for modified bitumen and bituminous mastic and based on the use of a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The effects of some variables such as bitumen type, bio-oil addition, and aging on the healing potential of binders were taken into account. Results showed that the above-mentioned method for healing analysis is also suitable for conventional and bio-add binders. Outcomes of the experimental investigation highlight that fatigue and self-healing are mainly dependent on binder consistency and also affected by aging. Finally, the addition of bio-oil may induce even better performances in terms of healing potential compared to conventional bitumen, especially in aged condition.
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Mashaan, Nuha. "Engineering Characterisation of Wearing Course Materials Modified with Waste Plastic." Recycling 7, no. 4 (August 18, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7040061.
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This review paper shows several sections of bitumen, asphalt mixtures, polymers, and waste plastic in pavement engineering. The paper reviews and evaluates the influence of using waste polymer in improving the rheological and engineering properties of the modified binder and mixtures. Evaluation of properties and design of stone mastic asphalt mixtures are reviewed. Reports and studies had investigated the advantages and importance of using polymer in bitumen modification; however, they yet show a gap in research in terms of the role of waste polymer in improving the durability, aging, and fatigue life in the long term of service.
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Kuang, Dongliang, Zhou Ye, Lifeng Yang, Ning Liu, Zaihong Lu, and Huaxin Chen. "Effect of Rejuvenator Containing Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (DBSA) on Physical Properties, Chemical Components, Colloidal Structure and Micro-Morphology of Aged Bitumen." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081476.
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DBSA was used as a solubilizer together with conventional rejuvenator (CR) to produce a solubilized rejuvenator (SR), two kinds of aged bitumen involving TFOT aged bitumen and PAV aged bitumen were obtained by thin film oven test (TFOT) and pressurized aging vessel (PAV), respectively. Effects of CR and SR on the physical properties, chemical components, colloidal structure and micro-morphology of TFOT aged bitumen and PAV aged bitumen were investigated. Testing results of physical properties and chemical components indicated that CR and SR can replenish aged bitumen with necessary aromatics, TFOT aged bitumen that chemical component variation deteriorates its physical properties. With regard to PAV aged bitumen, of which the performance attenuation lies in chemical components variation and colloidal structure transformation, even if the content of CR reached up to 10 wt %, the regenerated bitumen cannot meet the regeneration requirement yet due to its definite influence on colloidal structure transformation, comparatively, sulfonic group in SR can react with the superficial atoms of asphaltenes to reform a solvation layer to facilitate the colloidal structure transformation of PAV aged bitumen, performance and beelike structure of regenerated PAV aged with bitumen with 10 wt % SR were approximated to that of virgin bitumen.
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Salikhov, M. G., E. V. Veyukov, V. M. Vainshtein, and L. I. Malianova. "The individual components‘ influence on aging of bitumen mineral materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1083, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1083/1/012032.
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Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, Jiantao Wu, and Gordon Airey. "The Influence of Aggregate Interaction and Aging Procedure on Bitumen Aging." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 37, no. 5 (2009): 000133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte000133.
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Prosperi, Emiliano, and Edoardo Bocci. "A Review on Bitumen Aging and Rejuvenation Chemistry: Processes, Materials and Analyses." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126523.
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During the last decades, extensive research has been carried out on using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in the production of hot recycled mix asphalt. Unfortunately, the aged, stiff, and brittle binder in the RAP typically increases the mixture stiffness and can therefore cause fatigue and low-temperature damages. In the scientific literature, there are many studies concerning the aging and rejuvenation of bitumen, but there is a lack of up-to-date reviews that bring them together, especially those facing the phenomena from a chemical point of view. In this paper, a recap of the chemical aspects of virgin, aged, and rejuvenated bitumen is proposed in order to provide a useful summary of the state of the art, with the aim of both encouraging the use of an increasing quantity of RAP in hot mix asphalt and trying to give indications for further research.
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Pyrig, Yan, and Andrey Galkin. "Increasing pavement bitumen adhesion with DAD adhesion additives." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 93 (May 27, 2021): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.93.0.83.
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An important factor that largely determines the water resistance and durability of asphalt pavements is the adhesion of bituminous binders to the surface of stone materials. The most common method of increasing the adhesion of binders is the use of adhesive additives. Given that the range of adhesives used in the road industry is con-stantly updated, and their effectiveness is determined by the characteristics of binders and stone materials, issues related to the assessment of the impact of additives on the properties and, in particular, the adhesion of bituminous binders, are relevant. Goal. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of adhesive additives of the DAD series on the proper-ties of bitumen used in the road industry of Ukraine. Methodology. For bitumen modified with DAD-1, DAD-K and DAD-KT 2 additives, standard quality indicators have been determined in accordance with the norms of national standards DSTU 4044 and SOU 45.2-00018112-067. Particular attention was paid to determining the adhesive properties of binders, which were evaluated by the method of adhesion to the glass surface and the method of rotation of the bottle, and the thermal stability of additives is evaluated by changes in adhesion after aging of binders by TFOT and RTFOT. Based on the obtained experimental data, it was found that the adhesion additives of DAD have practically no effect on the basic standard quality indicators of road viscous bitumen. When modifying bitumen with the maximum concentrations recommended by the manufacturer, the additives significantly increase the adhesion of bitumen to the glass surface. The surface of the grains of the ac-cepted stone materials treated with bitumen modified with the additive DAD-KT 2, after the test by the method of rotation of the bottle for 6 hours showed 40% of them remain covered with binder. Novelty. The thermal stability of DAD adhesive additives significantly depends on the accepted method of aging. The main factor that reduces the adhesive properties of the DAD-1 additive is the intense interaction with air. The adhesion properties of bitumen modified with the addition of DAD-CT 2 is significantly increased after aging. Practical value. The expediency and efficiency of the use of additives of the DAD series in the production of asphalt concrete mixtures should be established based on the characteristics of the bitumen and stone materials used.
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Zhao, Xiongfei, Zhen Lu, Hengyu Su, Qiaoli Le, Bo Zhang, and Wentong Wang. "Effect of Sasobit/Waste Cooking Oil Composite on the Physical, Rheological, and Aging Properties of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR)-Modified Bitumen Binders." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 27, 2023): 7368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237368.
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The modifying effects of polymer on bitumen low-temperature performance are substantially compromised by the thermal breakdown of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) polymer during bitumen mixture production operations. The efficacy of the utilization of Sasobit/waste cooking oil (Sasobit/WCO) as a warm-mix additive has been demonstrated in mitigating the adverse consequences of thermal aging on SBR-modified bitumen binder (SB) while preserving the binder’s original performance characteristics. However, few studies have been conducted to further investigate the rheological properties and aging resistance of SB modified with Sasobit/WCO compounds. In this work, three additives—Sasobit, WCO, and Sasobit/WCO composite—were selected, and their effects on the physical and rheological characteristics of SB as well as the temperatures at which the mixtures were prepared were assessed. In addition, by using dynamic shear rheometers (DSR) and bending beam rheometers (BBR), the effects of this innovative warm-mix addition on the performance grade (PG) and aging resistances of SB were evaluated. According to the results, Sasobit/WCO composites outperform Sasobit and WCO in lowering the mixture preparation temperature. Sasobit/WCO also improves both the high- and low-temperature performance of SB simultaneously. Compared to hot-mix asphalt mixtures, the addition of Sasobit/WCO reduces the preparation temperature of the bitumen mixtures by 19 °C, which in turn helps to minimize the negative effects of temperature aging on the functioning of the SB. Additionally, the Sasobit/WCO composite addition can improve the SB mixture’s resistance to thermal cracking. After the introduction of Sasobit/WCO, the high-temperature PG of SB was raised by two levels, regardless of whether the warm-mix impact was taken into account. With the addition of Sasobit/WCO, SB’s resilience to short-term aging was enhanced.