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1
Liberati, Matteo. "La tutela giurisdizionale degli individui nell'azione delle agenzie europee di regolazione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7731.
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2010/2011La tesi di dottorato affronta il problema del tutela giurisdizionale e procedimentale degli individui interessati dall'azione delle agenzie europee di regolazione. Essa si sviluppa su tre capitoli. Il primo, di carattere introduttivo, è dedicato alla descrizione dei tratti principali del fenomeno di agentificazione. La nascita e l'ulteriore sviluppo di questi uffici decentralizzati sono esaminati nel più ampio contesto dell'evoluzione dei modelli dell'azione regolatoria e amministrativa europea. Le agenzie comunitarie di regolazione, in particolare, sembrano potersi ricondurre al modello della c.d. integrazione decentrata. L'inquadramento del fenomeno di “agentification” nell'alveo dei sistemi regolatori europei viene a costituire la base concettuale per la delimitazione dell'ambito soggettivo dell'indagine, dedicata alle agenzie che operano nelle materie e/o settori di intervento prima ricadenti nel c.d. pilastro comunitario e che presentano caratteri di fondo omogenei. Vengono, inoltre, esaminati il problema dell'individuazione della base giuridica corretta per la creazione di questi nuovi organismi e quello parallelo dei limiti della delegazione di poteri dalla Commissione alle agenzie (nel tentativo di verificare l'attualità della giurisprudenza Meroni e la validità della c.d. transmission belt theory). È, poi, affrontato il punctum pruriens dei meccanismi di vigilanza e controllo politico, finanziario e giurisdizionale predisposti dal diritto originario e derivato nei confronti delle agenzie di regolazione. Sulla scorta della pregressa sistemazione dogmatica si procede alla rassegna dei modelli di classificazione proposti dalla dottrina e dalle stesse istituzioni europee: si distinguono, quindi, le agenzie dotate del potere di adottare atti giuridicamente vincolanti nei confronti dei terzi (o, più latamente, di poteri di amministrazione attiva) e agenzie che tale prerogativa non hanno e che svolgono principalmente funzioni di raccolta e analisi dati e/o consultivi. Il problema della tutela giurisdizionale si pone con maggiore immediatezza e spessore per le agenzie dotate di poteri di accertamento costitutivo in grado di incidere direttamente sulla sfera giuridica soggettiva dei singoli, e su queste si concentra la tesi dottorale. Il secondo capitolo affronta il tema della tutela dei consociati nei procedimenti amministrativi che si svolgono di fronte alle agenzie di regolazione dotate di compiti di amministrazione attiva, allo scopo di comprendere se e in che modo, ai soggetti che sono interessati da quei procedimenti amministrativi che fanno capo alle agenzie europee (ad es. il procedimento di registrazione di un marchio comunitario), sono attribuiti diritti di difesa e strumenti di tutela endoprocedimentale. A questo fine, in via preliminare, si procede alla ricognizione delle regole e dei principi (consacrati per tabulas o elaborati dalla giurisprudenza europea) che informano la procedura amministrativa europea al rispetto delle posizioni soggettive, soffermandosi in particolare sul ruolo della Corte di giustizia nell'elaborazione e sintesi dei principi generali del procedimento amministrativo europeo e dei diritti di difesa spettanti agli interessati. Di seguito si verifica in quali termini e in quale misura questi principi e questi diritti sono riconosciuti e applicati nei procedimenti che si svolgono di fronte alle agenzie di regolazione. Ciò anzitutto per le agenzie che eseguono compiti di raccolta, analisi e diffusione dati e consultivi: per questo tipo di agenzie, caratterizzato da una scarsa procedimentalizzazione, il problema della tutela dei consociati nel procedimento insiste più che altro sull'estensione dei diritti di partecipazione alla formazione, analisi e diffusione delle informazioni, e non sui diritti procedimentali in senso stretto come quello di difesa o al contraddittorio. Vengono, quindi, esaminati singolarmente i procedimenti che si svolgono di fronte alle agenzie dotate di compiti di amministrazioni attiva. Per ogni agenzia l'analisi condotta evidenzia i diritti procedimentali degli interessati e i meccanismi di ricorso gerarchico e paragiurisdizionale predisposti dagli atti istitutivi, con particolare attenzione all'Agenzia per l'armonizzazione del mercato interno e all'Agenzia europea per le varietà vegetali. Tutte le agenzie dotate del potere di emanare atti giuridicamente vincolanti nei confronti dei consociati sono soggette a un sistema di ricorso interno al quale è dedicata la parte conclusiva del secondo capitolo al fine determinarne la natura amministrativa o giurisdizionale. Il terzo e ultimo capitolo affronta il profilo della tutela giurisdizionale degli individui nei confronti degli atti amministrativi delle agenzie produttivi di effetti giuridici vincolanti nei confronti dei terzi. Dopo una ricognizione preliminare delle diverse scelte prescrittive adottate in materia dai regolamenti istitutivi delle agenzie di regolazione con o senza compiti di amministrazione attiva (i.e. nessuna previsione, “rinvio formale” alle previsioni contenute nel TCE, “rinvio materiale” alle previsioni contenute nel TCE), si procede all'analisi del problema dell'impugnabilità degli atti endoprocedimentali, facendo specifico riferimento al caso esemplare dei pareri resi dall'Agenzia europea per i medicinali. Viene quindi considerata la questione concernente il valore dichiarativo o costitutivo delle norme sulla competenza giurisdizionale contenute nei regolamenti di base dell'Ufficio comunitario per le varietà vegetali e dell'Ufficio di armonizzazione al livello del mercato interno. Sempre prendendo le mosse da queste due ultime fattispecie si esaminano i procedimenti che si svolgono di fronte alle giurisdizioni nazionali in virtù della separazione del contenzioso sulla validità dei titoli da quello sulla contraffazione, soffermandosi sulle conseguenze che la concorrenza tra le autorità nazionali dei vari Stati membri e gli organi amministrativi e giurisdizionali europei determina per l'efficacia della protezione offerta agli utenti dei regimi europei della privativa vegetale e del marchio. Infine si affronta il problema immediatamente conseguente della competenza dei tribunali nazionali a giudicare della decadenza e della nullità di un atto comunitario (i.e. i titoli sovranazionali) . La seconda parte del terzo capitolo è dedicata all'analisi di alcune difficoltà processuali intrinseche dei meccanismi di ricorso giurisdizionale in materia di proprietà intellettuale. In particolare sono oggetto di critica la disciplina relativa all'intervento di terzi interessati e il regime linguistico dei ricorsi. Seguendo lo stesso approccio si procede all'esame di quelle difficoltà processuali che dipendono da caratteristiche strutturali dei meccanismi di ricorso, prospettando nel contempo delle ipotesi di soluzione. Segnatamente, si prende in considerazione l'eccessiva ipertrofia del sistema di tutela, articolato su troppo istanze. Sulla scorta della pregressa disamina, si verifica se le scelte operate dal legislatore dell'Unione europea rispondono all’esigenza di buon funzionamento della giustizia. Si preconizza, infine, l'eliminazione delle commissioni di ricorso interne e l'istituzione di nuove camere giurisdizionali con specifica competenza oppure di riti speciali.
XXIV Ciclo
1979
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Pacetti, Valentina. "Il fascino dei territori : beni collettivi e agenzie per lo sviluppo locale nella competizione tra regioni europee." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005IEPP0009.
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La recherche s'intéresse au rapport entre l'attraction d'investissements extérieurs et la présence de "biens collectifs locaux de concurrence" dans deux régions européennes. Pour réfléchir sur cette relation, la recherche a suivi deux parcours parallèles : le premier concerne les territoires, et les mécanismes de production des biens collectifs dans le Piémont et en Bretagne ; le deuxième concerne les agences locales pour l'attraction d'investissements étrangers actives dans les deux régions, du point de vue de leur organisation interne et de leurs stratégies. Ce parcours nous a permis de découvrir tant les mécanismes qui conduisent les choix des agences que le rôle déterminant des biens locaux de concurrence pour la réussite des politiques locales d'attraction d'investissements extérieurs.
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Alberti, J. F. "LE AGENZIE DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/232410.
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The research covers all the different types of EU agencies, with a comprehensive approach to the agencification process. The first chapter deals with two fundamental models that have influenced EU agencies: the New Public Management and the International administrative Unions. The second chapter gives a definition of ‘EU agency’ and then sketchs a map of the agencies created so far, highlighting the similarities and the differences concerning the legal basis, the internal structure, the role of the executive director, the board of administration and the scientific commettees and finally the acts enacted by EU agencies. Then the analyses turns on targeting the judicial review of those acts, considering both the influnce of the Court of Justice (CJ) and that of the internal boards of appeal or the Commission as administrative judge. The impact of the European Ombudsman is evaluated as well. The fourth chapter deals with the limits of delegation of powers in the EU legal order; the basic idea is that delegation of powers to agencies at EU level needs to take into account the peculiar role of the Commission. In this context, the jurisprudence of the CJ is examinated and in particular a new reading of the ‘Meroni doctrine’ is given. The limits stemming from the Treaties, especially art. 290-291 TFEU, are taken into account too. Finally, the highly complicated external relations of EU agencies are described and framed, in order to deal with two issues: the legitimacy of those relations and the possible international legal personality of EU agencies.
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Ekelund, Helena. "The agencification of Europe : explaining the establishment of European Community agencies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11269/.
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Governance in the European Union is being transformed through the increased use of agencies to perform a range of functions in a variety of policy areas. The European Commission believes that agencies can add value but admits that their establishment has not been accompanied with a “common understanding” of their roles and purposes. In this thesis, I take the approach that such an understanding is best reached through examination of existing agencies. Focusing on the most common type of agency in the EU, i.e. Community Agencies, this thesis provides a four-level analysis. At the conceptual level, the thesis deals with the ‘agency’ concept. Drawing on public management literature, the empirical level involves classification of these diverse bodies. The contribution of the thesis at the theoretical level is to identify the key driving factors behind agency establishment; following a theoretical framework devised from new institutionalist theories I trace and analyse the establishment process of four case study agencies. The research reveals that to fully understand the establishment of agencies we need to draw on more than one strand of new institutionalism, as they can explain different aspects of agency creation. As a wider outlook the thesis reflects on the role of agencies, relating it to the wider academic debates on the ‘regulatory state’ and its implications for legitimacy.
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DEPETRIS, ELENA. "La responsabilità delle agenzie di rating tra diritto europeo e soluzioni di diritto interno." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/50987.
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Il lavoro analizza il tema della responsabilità civile delle agenzie di rating del credito per i danni cagionati dalla diffusione di valutazioni non corrette. Dopo aver ripercorso l’evoluzione storica delle agenzie di rating, dalla loro nascita sino ai giorni nostri, ci si sofferma sulla nozione di rating del credito e sulla descrizione del procedimento attraverso il quale lo stesso viene assegnato. Si passa, quindi, ad analizzare quelli che sono i problemi principali sollevati dall’attività di classamento del merito creditizio e si esamina il passaggio dall’autoregolamentazione all’intervento normativo, con particolare attenzione all’ordinamento statunitense ed all’ordinamento europeo. Si affronta, infine, il tema della responsabilità civile delle agenzie di rating del credito. Dopo essersi soffermati sulla natura giuridica del rating del credito, vengono indagati i possibili profili di responsabilità delle agenzie di rating sia nei confronti degli investitori sia nei confronti degli emittenti, con riferimento tanto alla disciplina europea (art. 35 bis del Regolamento CE n. 1060/2009, introdotto dal Regolamento UE n. 462/2013) quanto alla disciplina di diritto interno.
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Pereira, Demetrius Cesario. "União Europeia : a politica externa e de segurança comum em um mundo unipolar." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281929.
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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e CruzDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação pretende analisar a influência do sistema internacional após a Guerra Fria no regionalismo europeu por meio do estudo da Política Externa e de Segurança Comum (PESC) da União Européia (UE). No trabalho, procurou-se apresentar as teorias sistêmicas de integração regional, concentrando-se na perspectiva neo-realista para a análise da PESC. A partir daí, contextualiza-se o cenário mundial e regional, para então inserir o estudo da PESC na análise. Estudou-se também as discussões que levaram à criação da PESC pelo Tratado de Maastricht, com a análise das posições dos três principais países envolvidos na negociação, Alemanha, França e Reino Unido, para depois examinar suas características e evoluções. Assim, o trabalho relaciona os avanços e retrocessos da PESC com as previsões feitas pelos teóricos realistas, avaliando a validade de seus argumentos e tecendo cenários futuros com o auxílio da teoria, especialmente em relação à independência de uma política externa européia em relação aos EUA e à OTAN
Abstract: This paper is an analysis of the post-Cold War international system in the European regionalism through the study of the Common Foreign and Security Polity (CFSP) of the European Union (UE). The regional integration systemic theories are presented, concentrating in the neorealist perspective to the analysis of CFSP. From this starting point, the global and regional scenarios are contextualized, and then the study of the CFSP is inserted. It was also studied the discussions that led to the creation of CFSP by the Maastricht Treaty, along with the analysis of the positions of the three main countries involved in the negotiation, Germany, France and United Kingdom, to then examine its characteristics and evolutions. The paper correlates advances and backlashes of the CFSP with the previsions made by the realist scholars, evaluating the validity of their arguments and building future scenarios with the aid of theory, especially in relation to the independence of a European foreign policy in relation to the US and NATO
Mestrado
Mestre em Relações Internacionais
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Piquet, Agathe. "Europol, une police européenne ? Création et autonomisation d’une agence." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020033.
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Dans le contexte actuel de forte visibilité des enjeux de sécurité intérieure et de critiques sur la construction européenne, cette thèse s’intéresse à la trajectoire institutionnelle d’Europol des années 1990 à 2018. Elle étudie la manière dont celui-ci a évolué d’une organisation intergouvernementale, débutant formellement ses activités en 1999, en une agence de l’UE aux ressources et prérogatives croissantes. À ce titre, ce travail propose de développer un cadre d’analyse alternatif au modèle principal-agent, dominant les travaux sur les agences, en s’appuyant sur la littérature relative à l’autonomie, renouvelée par une approche cognitive et sociologique. À partir d’une démarche méthodologique qualitative, cette recherche met en lumière la pluralité des acteurs et dynamiques internes et externes à l’agence alimentant son processus de création et d’autonomisation. Elle démontre la pertinence de saisir les différentes facettes de l’autonomie d’Europol, plongé dans un environnement complexe et multi-niveaux, composé à la fois d’acteurs nationaux et européens, techniques, bureaucratiques et politiques. Ce travail considère dès lors non seulement le degré d’autonomie de cette agence, mais identifie également les acteurs par rapport auxquels cette autonomie peut être pensée. Ainsi, cette étude entend plus largement proposer de nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur les agences de l’UE opérant dans un domaine régalienFacing the current salience of internal security issues and criticism regarding the European construction, this dissertation focuses on Europol’s institutional trajectory from the 1990s to 2018. It analyses how it has evolved from an intergovernmental organisation, officially starting its activities in 1999, to an EU agency benefiting from growing resources and prerogatives. Therefore, this research offers an analytical altenative to the dominant principal-agent model in the field of agencies, by exploring the academic works on autonomy, renewed by a cognitive and sociological approach. Using a qualitative methodology, this thesis highlights the diversity of internal and external actors and dynamics contributing to Europol’s creation and autonomisation processes. It reveals the promises offered by the multi-faceted concept of autonomy, used to Europol, inserted in a complex and multi-level environement due to its national and European, technical, bureaucratic and political stakeholders. Such perspective aims thereby to understand not only the degree of Europol’s autonomy, but intends also to identify from whom this autonomy must be considered. Thus, this dissertation tends more broadly to develop new research perspectives on EU agencies operating in a core-state power
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Elston, Thomas. "Reinterpreting agencies in UK central government : on meaning, motive and policymaking." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14045/.
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This thesis is a qualitative and interpretive exploration of continuity and change in the role of executive agencies in UK central government. Its three objectives are: (i) to test the longevity of the semi-autonomous agency model first introduced by Conservative governments after 1988; (ii) to explore the department-agency task division in the policymaking processes supposedly fragmented by this ‘agencification’; and (iii) to evaluate the paradigmatic testament of contemporary agency policy and practice in Whitehall. The thesis builds from an extended case study conducted during the 2010 Coalition Government in the Ministry of Justice and three of its agencies – the National Offender Management Service, HM Courts and Tribunals Service, and the Office of the Public Guardian. Social constructivist meta-theory and the application of narrative and discourse analysis together make for an account of interpretive transformation that is theorised by discursive institutionalism. Substantively, the thesis first describes an asymmetric departure from the ‘accountable management’ philosophy which the 1988 Next Steps agency programme originally epitomised. Agency meaning is multivocal, but contemporarily converges towards accountability and transparent corporate governance, rather than managerial empowerment, de-politicisation and decentralisation. Secondly, institutional preservation of the policy-delivery work dichotomy is registered, yet found to be a poor descriptor of both historic and contemporary policy processes. Agency staff act as policy initiators and collaborators, contrary to Next Steps’ quasi-contractual, principal-agent logic, and further evidencing the departmentalisation of the once arm’s-length agency model. Thirdly, and paradigmatically, while no unidirectional trend is found, the thesis adds to the growing literature positing some departure from the former ideological and practical predominance of ‘new public management’. In so doing, it also demonstrates the challenges faced by large-N population ecology and administrative systems analysis – the favoured methodology in much international agencification scholarship – in accounting for continuity and change in policy, practice and paradigm.
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SAPONARO, MICHELE. "LA RESPONSABILITA' DELLE AGENZIE DI RATING NEI CONFRONTI DEITERZI." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1550.
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L’oggetto del presente lavoro è rappresentato dall'esame del rapporto tra l'attuale regolamentazione delle agenzie di rating e le regole di responsabilità civile cui le stesse agenzie possono essere assoggettate, anche alla luce del trattamento normativo riservato alle agenzie di rating dalla legislazione e dalla giurisprudenza statunitensi e delle teorie sviluppate dalla dottrina sul tema della responsabilità da informazione inesatta al mercato.
L’attuale regolamentazione introdotta dall'Unione Europea svolge un ruolo determinante sia sotto il profilo dell'individuazione del fondamento della responsabilità, sia sotto quello della ricostruzione degli obblighi, della diligenza e della causalità materiale e giuridica. La disciplina comunitaria, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza statunitense, consente di prospettare uno scenario in cui i rater sono soggetti a regole di responsabilità differenziate in ragione del diverso status riconosciuto dalla normativa rilevante.
La nuova regolamentazione comunitaria è chiamata a svolgere il duplice ruolo di fondare una sorta di private action da inadempimento in capo a qualunque investitore nei confronti di un’agenzia registrata e di contribuire a definire il perimetro degli obblighi esigibili da parte dell’agenzia, rafforzando la posizione del terzo investitore danneggiato dal rating inesatto e fornendo un efficace supporto agli strumenti di tutela di tipo pubblicistico.The present work is focused on the examination of the relationship between the current regulation of credit rating agencies and the rules of civil liability to which agencies may be subject to, in light of the regulatory treatment of the U.S. credit rating agencies, both according legislation and case law, and the legal theories developed on the case of liability for incorrect information to the market. The regulation introduced by the European Union plays a major role to find out the basis of liability, the duties of diligence and the legal and material causality nexus. EU regulation, in light of U.S. case law, can envisage a scenario in which the raters are subject to different rules of liability on the basis of the different status recognized by the relevant legislation. The new EU regulation is called to play a dual role: to establish, although not explicitly, a sort of private action for negligence on the part of investors against a registered agency, and to help in defining the scope of the obligations of the credit rating agency, strengthening the position of the third investor damaged by inaccurate ratings and providing an useful support to the public enforcement remedies.
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SAPONARO, MICHELE. "LA RESPONSABILITA' DELLE AGENZIE DI RATING NEI CONFRONTI DEITERZI." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1550.
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L’oggetto del presente lavoro è rappresentato dall'esame del rapporto tra l'attuale regolamentazione delle agenzie di rating e le regole di responsabilità civile cui le stesse agenzie possono essere assoggettate, anche alla luce del trattamento normativo riservato alle agenzie di rating dalla legislazione e dalla giurisprudenza statunitensi e delle teorie sviluppate dalla dottrina sul tema della responsabilità da informazione inesatta al mercato.
L’attuale regolamentazione introdotta dall'Unione Europea svolge un ruolo determinante sia sotto il profilo dell'individuazione del fondamento della responsabilità, sia sotto quello della ricostruzione degli obblighi, della diligenza e della causalità materiale e giuridica. La disciplina comunitaria, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza statunitense, consente di prospettare uno scenario in cui i rater sono soggetti a regole di responsabilità differenziate in ragione del diverso status riconosciuto dalla normativa rilevante.
La nuova regolamentazione comunitaria è chiamata a svolgere il duplice ruolo di fondare una sorta di private action da inadempimento in capo a qualunque investitore nei confronti di un’agenzia registrata e di contribuire a definire il perimetro degli obblighi esigibili da parte dell’agenzia, rafforzando la posizione del terzo investitore danneggiato dal rating inesatto e fornendo un efficace supporto agli strumenti di tutela di tipo pubblicistico.The present work is focused on the examination of the relationship between the current regulation of credit rating agencies and the rules of civil liability to which agencies may be subject to, in light of the regulatory treatment of the U.S. credit rating agencies, both according legislation and case law, and the legal theories developed on the case of liability for incorrect information to the market. The regulation introduced by the European Union plays a major role to find out the basis of liability, the duties of diligence and the legal and material causality nexus. EU regulation, in light of U.S. case law, can envisage a scenario in which the raters are subject to different rules of liability on the basis of the different status recognized by the relevant legislation. The new EU regulation is called to play a dual role: to establish, although not explicitly, a sort of private action for negligence on the part of investors against a registered agency, and to help in defining the scope of the obligations of the credit rating agency, strengthening the position of the third investor damaged by inaccurate ratings and providing an useful support to the public enforcement remedies.
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ALBUQUERQUE, Rodrigo Barros de. "EM BUSCA DA AUTONOMIA: A União Europeia enquanto agente securitário internacional." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12386.
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CAPES
A Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa (PCSD), instituída pelo Tratado de Lisboa em 2007, consolida a posição da União Europeia enquanto agente securitário nas relações internacionais do século XXI. Esta tese buscou confirmar esta hipótese através de robusto arcabouço teórico, fragmentado em três partes: a) uma extensa revisão da literatura sobre a integração europeia atrelada à narrativa do processo histórico da integração no continente europeu, expondo o caminho que levou à construção de uma política comum de segurança e defesa na UE; b) o exame do delineamento legalinstitucional da PCSD, iniciado com o estabelecimento da Política Externa e de Segurança Comum (PESC) pelo Tratado de Maastricht em 1992, até o desenvolvimento de um novo paradigma intervencionista; c) e, finalmente, o debate sobre identidade na UE e a construção de uma identidade própria à organização, em paralelo aos nacionalismos dos seus Estados-membros. A análise desenvolvida a partir de abordagens construtivistas de regimes internacionais e complexos regionais de segurança demonstra que a PCSD delimita a identidade europeia enquanto agente de segurança internacional ao estabelecer um novo paradigma intervencionista nas relações internacionais, calcado em uma combinação de instrumentos civis e militares baseados em uma reduzida quantidade de recursos cirurgicamente aplicados a objetivos estritamente delimitados, com vistas a garantir a eficácia e aumentar a eficiência das suas operações. Estes dois elementos – a identidade europeia e o novo paradigma intervencionista – confirmam que a União Europeia qualifica-se como um agente securitário internacional.
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Carrasco, Martínez José Manuel. "Diseño y caracterización del sistema fotométrico de la misión GAIA de la Agencia Espacial Europea." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/752.
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El propósito de esta tesis es el diseño del sistema fotométrico de la misión espacial Gaia (ESA), que debe lanzarse el año 2012. Este conjunto de filtros debe permitir clasificar las observaciones de Gaia, parametrizándolas de acuerdo con sus propiedades físicas y permitir evaluar los efectos cromáticos de las medidas astrométricas. Los filtros de banda intermedia son los más adecuados para medir líneas espectrales individuales. Para las fuentes más débiles, donde los filtros de banda intermedia no proporcional señal suficiente, se deben utilizar filtros de banda ancha. Existen muchos sistemas fotométricos, pero ninguno de ellos es óptimo para Gaia, debido a la gran variedad y cantidad de estrellas que Gaia observará (alrededor de 1000 millones de estrellas) y debido a la gran variedad de luminosidades observadas. El resultado de este estudio es la creación de los sistemas C1M (banda intermedia) y C1B (banda ancha), con 14 y 5 filtros respectivamente.PALABRAS CLAVE: Gaia, Fotometría, Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA), Sistema fotométrico, C1M, C1B.
El propòsit d'aquest tesi és el disseny del sistema fotomètric de la missió espacial Gaia (ESA), que s'ha de enlairar l'any 2012. Aquest conjunt de filtres ha de permetre classificar les observacions de Gaia, parametrizant-les d'acord amb les seves propietats físiques i permetre avaluar els efectes cromàtics de les mesures astrométriques. Els filtres de banda intermitja són més adients per a mesurar línies espectrals individuals. Per a les fonts més febles, on els filtres de banda intermitja no proporcionen prou senyal, s'han d'utilitzar filtres de banda ampla. Existeixen molts sistemes fotomètrics, però cap d'ells és òptim per a Gaia, degut a la gran varietat i quantitat d'estrelles que observarà Gaia (1000 milions) i degut a la gran varietat de lluminositats observades. El resultat és la creació dels sistemes C1M (banda intermitja) i C1B (banda ampla), amb 14 i 5 filtres respectivament.
THESIS SUMMARY:
The aim of this thesis is to design the photometric system for Gaia space mission (ESA), to be launched at 2012. This set of bands must allow the correct classification of Gaia sources, parameterize them in terms of their physical properties and, furthermore, permit the evaluation of the chromatic effects in the astrometric measurements. The intermediate band filters are more effective to measure discrete spectral features. But for fainter stars intermediate bands doesn't provide enough signal. For this reason, Gaia have also broad band photometry. There are a lot of existing photometric systems, but none of them is optimum for Gaia, due to wide kind of stars, the large amount of sources to be observed with Gaia (1000 millions) and due to the wide apparent luminosities to be observed by the satellite. The result of this study was the creation of C1M (medium band) and C1B (broad band) systems, with 14 and 5 bands, respectively.
KEYWORDS: Gaia, Photopmetry, ESA, Photometric system, C1M, C1B.
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Volpato, Annalisa. "Towards a legal framework for the delegation of powers in the EU legal system." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425296.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis aims at analysing the delegation of powers in the EU legal system and at defining the characteristics and limits embedding this legal mechanism in the light of the constitutional principles of this legal system. The research develops a definition of delegation of powers which, building from the legal traditions of the Member States and considering the peculiarities of the EU institutional framework, is suitable for this legal system. It further identifies the forms of delegation that emerged in this context, namely the delegation to the European Commission pursuant to Articles 290 and 291 TFEU, to the Council of the EU, to the European Central Bank and to EU agencies. Together with the evolution, the structure and the powers delegated to these institutions and bodies, the legal framework applicable to these different systems of delegation is examined, focusing on the rules and the case law relating to the enabling act, the procedures for the exercise of the delegated powers, the position of the acts in the hierarchy of norms, and their judicial review.
The research identifies, beyond the peculiarities of each delegation system, common principles and dynamics which show how the delegation of powers is bound to abide by a coherent legal framework horizontally applicable to the different forms of delegation. In particular, firstly, the enabling act shall respect the prerogatives of the legislator who is required to establish the essential elements of the matter. Although there are uncertainties in the exact definition of “essential elements” which the recent case law has partially clarified, this principle determines the existence of a reserved domain of the legislator where delegation is not admissible. Secondly, the enabling act has to specify the delegated powers, clearly identifying the limits so that an effective control on the ultra vires exercise of the delegation is possible. In this regard, the more precisely the enabling provision is drafted, the more intensive the judicial review on the legality of delegation may be. Thirdly, the issues relating to the legal basis are analysed, remarking how the use of Article 114 TFEU for the delegation to the Commission and the EU agencies is problematic despite the position of the Court. Finally, the absence of a specific Delegationsnorm for some forms of delegation is discussed, highlighting the peculiarities of the understanding of the principle of legality in the EU legal system.
While the limits in the enabling act show considerable homogeneity across the forms of delegation, the subsequent exercise of the delegated powers is embedded in different procedures, resulting in the adoption of acts which partially diverge in their form and in their position within the hierarchy of norms. With the exception of the delegation under Article 290 TFEU, the control mechanisms appear not to follow the identified chain of delegation, but to reflect the composite structure of EU institutional framework. In this sense, according to the nature of the delegated powers, they are the expression of the institutional balance between the institutional actors in its Member-States-oriented interpretation. Finally, the judicial control exercised by the Court is recognised as condicio sine qua non for the legality of the exercise of the powers by the delegate.
The analysis of the application of the limits and principles identified in the different forms of delegation, however, revealed a number of issues and a certain patchiness in their actual enforcement, shedding light on the blind spots in the democratic control of these phenomena and on the controversial tendencies emerging in practice. In particular, recent trends emerging in connection to the delegation of powers under Articles 290 and 291 TFEU, the absence of specific control mechanisms and procedures for the delegation of powers to the Council, the specific issues related to the delegation to the European Central Bank, and the problematic constitutional position of the EU agencies lacking a fully-fledged legal basis and clear role in primary law, determine a partial inadequacy of the existing legal framework.
Therefore, in the light of the issues described, the thesis ends with some recommendations for strengthening the existing legal framework, with particular regard to the express provision of the delegation of powers to EU agencies in the text of the Treaties and to the development of a common legal framework for the different forms of delegation which fully safeguards the respect of the rule of law and the institutional balance in the EU legal system.La tesi mira ad analizzare l’istituto giuridico della delegazione di nell’ordinamento dell’Unione europea ed a definire le caratteristiche e i limiti che tale fenomeno è tenuto a rispettare alla luce dei principi costituzionali di questo ordinamento. Lo studio, pertanto, elabora una definizione di delegazione di poteri che, sulla base delle tradizioni giuridiche degli Stati membri e alla luce delle peculiarità istituzionali dell’UE, sia applicabile a questo ordinamento giuridico e individua le forme di delegazione emerse in questo contesto, in particolare la delegazione a favore della Commissione europea ai sensi degli Articoli 290 e 291 TFUE, del Consiglio dell’UE, della Banca centrale europea e delle agenzie dell’Unione. Oltre ad una disamina dell’evoluzione, struttura e natura dei poteri delegati alle diverse istituzioni e organismi, è esaminato il quadro giuridico applicabile a ciascun sistema di delegazione, analizzando il diritto positivo e la giurisprudenza pertinente in relazione all’atto di delega, alle procedure per l’esercizio dei poteri delegati, alla posizione degli atti nella gerarchia delle fonti e al controllo giurisdizionale degli stessi. La ricerca riconosce, al di là delle peculiarità attinenti a ciascun sistema di delegazione, principi comuni e dinamiche che dimostrano come la delegazione di poteri sia retta da un quadro giuridico coerente e applicabile orizzontalmente alle diverse forme di delegazione. In particolare, l’atto di delega è tenuto, in primo luogo, a rispettare le prerogative del legislatore che solo è legittimato a stabilire gli elementi essenziali della materia. Nonostante le incertezze sulla precisa definizione di “elementi essenziali” che la recente giurisprudenza ha in parte mitigato, questo principio determina l’esistenza di un ambito riservato al legislatore in cui la delegazione è preclusa. In secondo luogo, l’atto di delega deve stabilire in maniera specifica i poteri delegati, identificando chiaramente i limiti in modo da consentire un controllo effettivo, anche giurisdizionale, sull’esercizio ultra vires della delegazione. In questo senso, maggiore è la precisione nella definizione dei poteri delegati, più intenso può essere lo scrutinio della Corte nel giudizio di legittimità della delegazione. In terzo luogo, le problematiche attinenti alla base giuridica sono analizzate, rilevando come l’uso dell’Articolo 114 TFUE per la delegazione di poteri alle Commissione e alle agenzie sia problematico nonostante l’avvallo della Corte. Inoltre, l’assenza di una specifica Delegationsnorm per alcune forme di delegazione è discussa, rilevando la peculiarità della concezione di principio di legalità nell’ordinamento giuridico dell’UE. Mentre l’analisi dei limiti applicabili all’atto di delega dimostra una sostanziale omogeneità, la disamina dei limiti e dei controlli sull’esercizio dei poteri delegati ha fatto emergere la diversità delle procedure, della forma e della collocazione gerarchica degli atti risultanti dalla delegazione. Ad eccezione della delegazione ai sensi dell’Articolo 290 TFUE, i meccanismi di controllo, infatti, non appaiono seguire la catena di delegazione delineata, ma riflettono la struttura composita del quadro istituzionale dell’UE. In questo senso, a seconda della natura dei poteri conferiti, sono espressione dell’equilibrio istituzionale tra le istituzioni coinvolte, nella sua accezione comprendente gli Stati membri. Infine, il controllo giurisdizionale degli atti derivanti dalla delegazione è riconosciuto come condicio sine qua non per la legittimità di questo istituto giuridico. L’analisi della applicazione dei limiti e principi individuati nelle diverse forme di delegazione, tuttavia, presenta criticità e lacune che sollevano dubbi sull’effettivo rispetto dei principi di legalità e di equilibrio istituzionale. In particolare, le recenti tendenze emerse in relazione all’esercizio dei poteri delegati ai sensi degli Articoli 290 e 291 TFUE, l’assenza di specifici controlli procedurali in relazione alla delegazione al Consiglio, nonché gli specifici problemi relativi alla delegazione alla Banca centrale europea e la problematica posizione delle agenzie prive di una base giuridica e un chiaro ruolo istituzionale in diritto primario, determinano una parziale inadeguatezza del quadro giuridico esistente. Pertanto, alla luce delle criticità emerse, la tesi termina con alcune raccomandazioni per il rafforzamento del quadro giuridico esistente, in particolare con riferimento ad un’espressa previsione della delegazione alle agenzie nel testo del Trattato e allo sviluppo di un quadro giuridico comune alle forme di delegazione che garantisca pienamente il rispetto delle esigenze di democrazia e legittimità nell’ordinamento dell’UE.
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Brown, Stuart. "Delegation to European executive agencies : frameworks for analysis and the 'delegation of delegation'." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17987.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis tests six models of delegation on six European executive agencies, which have been set up at the request of the European Commission since 2003. Executive agencies are a new form of agency and the first example of bodies which have been delegated powers directly by the European Commission and given full legal status. Three of the models tested stem from rational-choice approaches to delegation, while the other three are constructivist models. The thesis tests these models to determine which approaches best explain this form of delegation. The thesis also provides an empirical account of the agencies and an assessment of the implications for the wider delegation and agency literature of the Commission delegating its own delegated responsibilities to new organisations. A mixed-methods approach is adopted, including primary document analysis and qualitative interviews with management level staff at the agencies and the European institutions. The conclusion is that multiprincipal, rational-choice approaches to delegation, in which competition between the European institutions is a key explanatory variable, provides the best framework for analysing delegation to European executive agencies. The thesis also concludes that the 'delegation of delegation', in which powers originally assigned to the Commission have been delegated by the Commission to new agencies, is an important new development in the EU's institutional structure and has implications for how delegation processes are studied in the EU context.
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Gregório, Tânia Isabel da Costa. "Customer Relationship Management (CRM) em agências de recrutamento a nível europeu." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11070.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em MarketingAs empresas estão cada vez mais centradas no cliente e em novas formas de os abordar individualmente. As tecnologias mobile e da Web 2.0 têm permitido às empresas desenvolver-se neste campo e aproximar-se dos clientes. A presente investigação foca-se na forma como os sistemas de Customer Relationship Management (CRM) são utilizados pelas empresas de recrutamento a nível Europeu por forma a ajudar os candidatos a encontrar emprego de forma personalizada. Para melhor compreender a utilização destes sistemas de CRM, a metodologia utilizada para este estudo exploratório foi a quantitativa com recurso à técnica de amostragem não probabilística, baseada em julgamento. No total foram estudadas 35 agências de recrutamento. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a utilização de software por parte das agências de recrutamento é bastante notória. Neste estudo foi ainda possível perceber que o CRM 2.0 está presente na grande maioria das empresas em estudo, que não descuram o envio de ofertas de emprego personalizadas para os candidatos via e-mail, assim como a utilização das redes sociais como forma de contacto e de divulgação de ofertas de emprego. Quanto ao mobile CRM, existe ainda muito por explorar neste canal, uma vez que as agências focam os seus recursos na Web 2.0, deixando de parte o grande potencial deste canal.
On a daily basis, companies are growing more focused on the costumer and in new ways to approach them individually. Mobile technologies and Web 2.0 have been pushing companies to evolve in this matter and helping them to approach costumers. The present research is focused on the way Costumer Relationship Management (CRM) systems are used, on an european level, by recruiting companies to assist candidates in finding an adequate job. For better understanding this CRM systems, the methodology used in the exploratory study was quantitative, resorting to a non-prababilistic sampling technic, based on judgement. In total, 35 recruiting agencies were studied. Obtained results showed that the use of software in recruiting agencies is quite common. In this study, it was also possible to verify that CRM 2.0 is present in the vast majority of the studied companies, who do not neglect sending customized job offers via email to their candidates as well as using social networks as communication and job offers divulgation tools. When it comes to mobile CRM, there's still much to be explored in this channel, as agencies focus their resources in Web 2.0, leaving this channel's great potential unused.
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Kenard, Patrick C. "Living in the "Age of Accountability": How Co-Decision Empowers the European Parliament in the Design of EU Agencies." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/38.
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Bátora alleges that political accountability has been “almost entirely overlooked” (2010, 2) in studies of the European External Action Service. An examination of the subject that extends previous studies on agency design, the co-decision procedure, the “democratic deficit,” and European Union foreign policy would resolve the neglect. As a result, the study derives a hypothesis from an established theory of bureaucratic structure. Findings suggest that during the design of EU agencies co-decision power improves the ability of the European Parliament to institutionalize methods of accountability to it.
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Puskepalytė, Lina. "Europos Sąjungos agentūros: organizacinė schema, interesų derinimas ir valdymas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090804_140028-52092.
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Daugiausia dėmesio ir platesnės analizės reikalauja pati agentūrų decentralizavimo sąvoka bei pridėtinė vertė. Dėl didėjančios Europos agentūrų įtakos, naudinga platesnė jų veiklos organizavimo analizė. Tikslinga moksliškai ištirti šiandieninį agentūrų veiklos organizavimą: struktūrą, valdymą bei sugebėjimą derinti ES ir nacionalinius interesus. Tik išanalizavus tyrimų rezultatus, galima kalbėti apie Europos agentūrų veiklos administravimo tobulinimą. Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti Europos agentūrų bendrus organizavimo bruožus, jų veiklos valdymo bei bendrų interesų derinimo pagrindines ypatybes. Pirmame skyriuje pristatomi Europos agentūrų teoriniai pagrindai. Pradžioje pateikiama „Agentūros teorijos“ samprata ir priežastys, lėmusios agentūrų kūrimąsi. Antrajame poskyryje apibrėžiamos „Užsakovo – vykdytojo“ modelio savybės ir galiausiai pateikiama mokslininkų kritika šios teorijos ir modelio atžvilgiu. Antrajame skyriuje pateikiama Europos agentūrų išorės ir vidaus struktūrų bei valdymo lyginamoji analizė, siekiant išanalizuoti agentūrų bendruosius organizavimo bruožus ir skirtumus. Analizuojant pateikiamos įvairios Europos agentūrų finansavimo ir biudžetų planavimo schemos. Trečiame skyriuje per kokybines dviejų tyrimų, siųstų Europos Sąjungos agentūrų valdybų vadovams bei agentūrų vadovams, analizes, apžvelgiamas agentūrų veiklos efektyvumas, Europos Sąjungos ir nacionalinių interesų derinimas ir organizaciniai ypatumai.More attention and wider analysis should be done on the concept of agencies decentralization and added value. Due to the increasing European agencies influence, it is useful a broader analysis of the organization activity. It is appropriate to investigate the organization: the structure, management and the ability to combine the EU and national interests. Only after the analysis of the results, it is possible to talk about the agency operational improvements The aim of this work - to analyze the common characteristics of the European Union, their management and coordination of interests in basic features. The first section presents the theoretical foundations of the agencies. At the beginning the Agency theory is presented: the concept and the reasons given for the creation of agencies. The second subsection defines principal-agent model characteristic. At the end ultimately provided the scientific criticism of this theory and model respect The second section provides the agencies external and internal management structures and a comparative analysis of the agencies coordination with the purpose of common organizing features and differences analysis agencies In the third section, through two qualitative researches, sent to the heads of European Union agencies and the chiefs of the boards of EU agencies, is analyzing the agencies efficiency, the European Union and national interests harmonization, and organizational features.
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Albinelli, Erica. "Financing urban adaptation to climate change: Traduzione dall’inglese all’italiano di un report dell’Agenzia europea dell’ambiente sul tema dell’adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15156/.
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Oggetto di questa tesi è la traduzione dall’inglese all’italiano di una relazione sul tema dell’adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici, pubblicata nel 2017 dall’Agenzia europea dell’ambiente (AEA). Lo scopo della relazione è promuovere l’attuazione di misure e programmi di adattamento per contrastare gli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici in tutti gli Stati membri dell’UE. La relazione descrive le varie possibilità messe a disposizione dalle istituzioni dell’UE per il finanziamento di tali misure, attraverso la presentazione di undici casi di studio, ognuno dei quali si concentra sulle strategie implementate da un’amministrazione europea.
Il presente elaborato si compone di sei capitoli. Nel primo capitolo, il lettore troverà una panoramica sull’istituzione che ha pubblicato il testo, così come una descrizione dei principali meccanismi e strumenti di finanziamento messi a disposizione dall'UE per l’attuazione di misure di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. Il secondo capitolo fornisce un’analisi teorica dei linguaggi specialistici dal punto di vista lessicale, sintattico e testuale. Il terzo capitolo è incentrato sull'identificazione del genere e del destinatario del testo e presenta un’analisi del testo di partenza. Il quarto capitolo si concentra sull'importanza dei corpora nella traduzione specializzata e analizza i corpora ad hoc costruiti a supporto della traduzione. Il quinto capitolo include la traduzione in italiano del report e l’ultimo capitolo offre un commento dettagliato del processo traduttivo, in cui si analizzano la metodologia e le risorse impiegate, nonché scelte, strategie e difficoltà di traduzione.
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Rodriguez, Bautista Daniela. "Le contrôle des frontières et le régime des visas dans l'Union Européenne : sécurité intérieure ou prérogative de souveraineté ?" Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2017/document.
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Portant sur le contrôle des frontières et la gestion des flux migratoires au sein de l’Union européenne, le présent travail a pour objectif de déterminer si le pouvoir discrétionnaire des États membres survient comme une prérogative de souveraineté pour des raisons de sécurité intérieure à l’Union, ou bien si cette prérogative souveraine se consolide à travers la sécurité intérieure. Ce travail permet ainsi d’illustrer l’importance du rôle joué par la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne dans l’harmonisation de l’Union sur ces questions. Concrètement, cette étude décrit en détail la façon dont « l’imprécision » du cadre juridique de l’Union autorise une marge d’appréciation aux autorités nationales dans l’interprétation des faits, conformément aux dispositions générales du cadre juridique. Ainsi, le pouvoir discrétionnaire avec lequel les autorités consulaires et frontalières des États membres appliquent cette législation, laisse un doute raisonnable sur la mise en œuvre adéquate du cadre juridique. En d’autres termes, les autorités des États membres disposent de facultés discrétionnaires, qui leur permettent d’adopter des solutions ad hoc afin de combler les vides laissés par la législation européenne. Par conséquent, l’intervention de la Cour de justice s’avère indispensable afin de garantir une mise en application uniforme du droit dérivé de l’UnionIn the field of the borders control and migration flows management, the aim of this analyse is determine whether Member States discretion arises as a prerogative of sovereignty for reasons of internal security of the Union, or whether this sovereign prerogative is consolidated through internal security. This analyse also serves to illustrate the importance of the work of the Court of Justice of the European Union to harmonize the EU legislation in this area. Specifically, this study details how the "imprecision" of the EU legal framework permits discretion to national authorities in the interpretation of facts, in accordance with the general provisions of the legal framework. So, discretionary power with which consular and border authorities of the Member States apply this legislation, leaves a reasonable doubt on the proper implementation of the legal framework. In other terms, authorities of the Member States have discretionary power, which allow them to adopt ad hoc solutions to fill the gaps left by European legislation. Consequently, intervention of the Court of Justice is essential in order to ensure a uniform application of the Union's secondary legislation
El presente trabajo tiene por objeto de estudio determinar, en el ámbito del control de fronteras y la gestión de los flujos migratorios, por una parte, si la discrecionalidad de los Estados miembros surge por cuestiones que atañen a la seguridad interior de la Unión o por una prerrogativa soberana, o bien si la discrecionalidad se consolida a través de la seguridad interior. Y, por otra parte, destacar la importancia de la labor del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea para armonizar la normativa de la Unión en este ámbito. En concreto, este estudio describe con detalle como la “imprecisión” del ordenamiento de la Unión otorga un libre margen de apreciación a la autoridad nacional para interpretar los hechos conforme al precepto general del ordenamiento. De modo que, la discrecionalidad con la que esta legislación es aplicada por las autoridades consulares y fronterizas de los Estados miembros deja dudas razonables acerca de la correcta aplicación del ordenamiento. En otros términos, las autoridades de los Estados miembros disponen de facultades discrecionales que les permiten adoptar soluciones ad hoc para llenar los vacíos dejados por la legislación europea. Por lo tanto, la intervención del Tribunal de Justicia es indispensable para garantizar la aplicación uniforme del Derecho derivado de la Unión
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Tarrant, A. D. "Why does European Union Legislation sometimes empower national regulatory authorities and sometimes empower European Agencies to undertake regulation for the single market?" Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334685/.
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This thesis investigates why EU single market legislation sometimes privileges national regulatory authorities ("NRAs") as the authoritative decision-makers while other legislation in the same field privileges EU regulatory Agencies. Most of the literature on both EU regulatory Agencies and independent NRAs has explained their creation in functional terms. While there may be functional benefits to be gained from creating regulatory bodies in EU legislation, the thesis argues that their design is not necessarily determined by the standard functional imperatives – indeed, sometimes such delegates, at least from the perspective of actually meeting functions such as credible commitment, may be designed by principals to be ineffective. The theory advanced in the thesis is that Member States will prefer NRAs to be the bodies controlling implementation in those cases where there is distributional conflict and Agencies and/or the Commission where there is not. The Commission and the European Parliament will usually advocate supranational regulatory institutions but will be unable to overcome collective Council preferences where they are in favour of NRAs. The empirical findings in the thesis with respect to the acts of delegation suggest these hypotheses are correct. In addition, the thesis hypothesises that regulatory outcomes will be consistent with the type of design adopted. Consequently, an examination of regulatory implementation is also undertaken in order to verify whether this is the case. The thesis finds that implementation outcomes also vary depending on the type of institution selected.
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Ongaro, Edoardo. "The governance dynamics of the emergent European administrative order : explaining the strategy process of EU Agencies." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-governance-dynamics-of-the-emergent-european-administrative-order(9862a502-3b20-44fe-bc8e-332ad65a1e19).html.
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Over the 1990s and the 2000s, subsequent waves of institutional-administrative reforms have established at the European Union (EU) level a variety of ‘public agencies’, characterised by a certain degree of autonomy from both the European Commission and the individual Member States. The research project aims at studying the under-investigated phenomenon of the process of strategy formation in EU agencies, thus contributing to both the field of public management (about the strategy process in semi-autonomous organisations) and the field of EU studies (about the impact on European governance of the organisational behaviour of EU agencies). The research question has been formulated, in most simple terms, as: how does strategy form in EU Agencies? The overall thrust of the research is exploratory and theory-building. The research design is a longitudinal multiple case study. The design school of thought in strategic management and, quite surprisingly, the entrepreneurial school have turned out to provide useful interpretive frameworks for accounting for the dynamics of the strategy process in EU agencies. Implications for public management, general management, and the contemporary debate on EU governance are discussed.
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Evans, Heidi Jacqueline. "Magic Connections: German News Agencies and Global News Networks, 1905-1945." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10302.
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A Nazi news editor declared in 1934 that there were indefinable "magic connections" between news and politics. This dissertation demystifies those links between communications and society. An untold story of news networks lies behind the media sources that we mine constantly as historians. In particular, news agencies, the essential bottleneck of news supply, remain obscured behind the newspapers printing their reports. This study explores why news agencies became the intuitive modern form of news collection and dissemination and how they functioned as a central locus for tussles over the creation of news from events, the limits of government or business control over news, and the role of technology in revising communications infrastructures. 1905 to 1945 represented the zenith of German faith in news agencies’ ability to overturn the existing world order. Along with industrialists and academics, politicians and bureaucrats thought that news agencies could change not only Germany’s role in global communications, but politics, economics, and society too. Coupled with technical advances in wireless telegraphy, news agencies seemed the best means to improve Germany’s international reputation, boost foreign trade, and create societal cohesion at home. News agencies seemed the key to controlling public opinion as well as to creating global news networks conducive to Germany. This news agency consensus united German elites of all political stripes in the belief that news agencies provided an ideal outlet to solve political, social, and economic problems. While such schemes did not always succeed, German news agencies often altered the modern infrastructure of global communications. They briefly achieved media dominance on the oceans, challenged Reuters’ and Agence Havas’ control of European news, and became a leading supplier of news to South America and East Asia in the Nazi period. This work illustrates the interdependence of communications and history by integrating approaches from business history, communications studies, sociology, book history, and the history of technology. It shows the spread and success of German news at a moment when news agencies played a central and underappreciated role in the negotiation of a new relationship between politics, economics, and society in first half of the twentieth century.History
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Karpava, Marharyta. "Determinants of forex market movements during the European sovereign debt crisis: The role of credit rating agencies." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18398.
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The purpose of this thesis is to identify key factors underlying exchange rate developments during the European sovereign debt crisis by examining the impact of credit rating news, published by the three leading credit rating agencies, on conditional returns and volatility of EUR/USD (direct quotation) exchange rate. Empirical results highlight the importance of interest rate differential and volatility index of options exchange in explaining EUR/USD exchange rate volatilities. Downgrade announcements by Standard & Poor’s as well as watch revisions by Fitch Ratings had a detrimental impact on the value of Euro, leading to a subsequent Euro depreciation over the period under consideration (January 2009 – April 2012).
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Giuffrida, Iria. "Accountability and the reform of European governance : comitology and agencies in the regulation of gm-food and chemicals." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511341.
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Demortain, David. "Mettre les risques sous surveillance : l'outillage de la sécurité sanitaire des médicaments et des aliments en Europe." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DENS0005.
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L'action publique sanitaire change sous l'effet de la mise au point de ses outils autant qu'avec l'émergence de nouveaux risques. La surveillance sanitaire repose ainsi sur des protocoles ensembles de prescriptions codifiées et standardisées rendant possible l'action commune et systématique face aux produits, contaminants ou évènements sanitaires qualifiés comme indésirables. La fabrication de ces outils passe par deux processus imbriqués de problématisation et de normalisation, et de l'action de collèges invisibles, groupes d'experts scientifiques polyvalents, dont l'influence se révèle aux points où les outils passent du statut de concept à celui de norme. Les collèges invisibles relient les organisations internationales, agences sanitaires gouvernementales, sociétés savantes, conférences de consensus, etc. , qui composent des champs réglementaires. Ils schématisent et mettent en ordre l'outillage. Ils font émerger des théories pour l'action, de plus en plus forgées autour de la notion de risque. Elles donnent à l'action commune son statut d'action publique et légitiment le recours à la forme institutionnelle de l'agence indépendanteThe public regulation of risks changes under the influence of new instruments, as much as under the influence of new risks. Risk monitoring for pharmaceuticals or foodstuffs relies on protocols sets of standardised prescriptions. They are the condition for a collective and systematic action towards products, contaminants or risks to unfold. The elaboration of these tools is the result of two intertwined processes of problematisation and standard setting. It is part and parcel of the action of invisible colleges of scientific experts: The influence of these groups materialise at the points where instrumental concepts become standards. Through invisible colleges, the various organisations belonging to complex regulatory fields get connected and coordinated. Thus, invisible colleges foster the production of new standards. By doing so, they contribute centrally to the emergence of general theories for governance of risks. "Risk management" or "risk analysis" tend to become overarching principles, which gives sense and legitimacy to the tools and institutions put in place
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Petronzio, Edward. "Talking trade over wine assessing the role of trade associations, bureacratic agencies and legislative bodies in the United States-European Union and Canada-European Union wine trade disputes /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1192736566.
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Petronzio, Edward Jr. "TALKING TRADE OVER WINE: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, BUREACRATIC AGENCIES AND LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN THE UNITED STATES-EUROPEAN UNION AND CANADA-EUROPEAN UNION WINE TRADE DISPUTES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1192736566.
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MIGLIORATI, MARTA. "CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DELEGATION IN POST-MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN UNION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/636260.
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Who governs the European Union? How are powers and competences to implement EU policies distributed among its components, and what determines that? Throughout this dissertation I aim to address these questions by providing four specific contributions to the academic debate about EU executive governance. First, I extend our knowledge of delegation dynamics in the EU to the whole post-Maastricht period. I analyse competing factors affecting the distribution of executive competences between national administrations and the European Commission. Second, I account for the reliance by the legislator on EU decentralised agencies in secondary legislation for implementation purposes. Third, I analyse and account for the evolution of EU agencies’ mandates and budget from the Maastricht treaty onward. And fourth, I look at the implementation of a specific policy item in the field of food safety regulation in order to investigate how the European Commission and EU agencies use their powers and tasks to shape policy outputs. The underlying goal linking the chapters throughout the thesis is, in sum, to grasp process of delegation to – and the empowerment of – supranational bodies in the EU multi-level administration.
The thesis is structured as follows: in Part I, I address the determinants of delegation to executive actors in the EU. After presenting a newly collected dataset of relevant EU legislation in Chapter 2, throughout Chapter 3 I test well-established hypotheses grounded in the delegation literature. I consider policy-specific features – mainly policy complexity– the distribution of preferences of the main decision makers– Council, European Parliament and the Commission– in the legislative process and the decisions rule as explanatory factors for the incentives of decision makers to grant executive leeway to the main supranational institution, the European Commission, and to national administrations. Compared to previous studies, I extend the observation of this phenomenon to the whole post-Maastricht period and show how executive discretion is distributed among salient legislative acts covering the period between 1985 (the Single European Act) and nowadays. My findings, obtained through linear regression models, show that decision rules and conflict along integration lines are the main explanatory factors behind the granting of executive discretion to the European Commission. Moreover, my results suggest that the involvement of the European Parliament through co-decision has resulted into lower discretion granted to the European Commission.
Given that the creation and use of specific executive bodies– such as EU agencies and regulatory networks– are actions concerted between the EU legislators and a bureaucratic actor, the Commission, in Chapter 4 I employ both delegation theory and theory of bureaucratic behaviour in order to account for the reliance on EU agencies by the legislator in the same dataset of major secondary laws. By means of logistic regression analyses I demonstrate that the more complex a policy issue is, the higher the probability to rely on an agency in policy implementation. Moreover, I identify a curvilinear relationship between the powers accumulated by the Commission overtime and the likelihood of agency use in EU secondary laws. This finding points to the fact that reliance of agencies goes together with the empowerment of the Commission, so long as this latter is not highly powerful.
In Part II of the thesis I move from executive delegation in legislation to the consequences of delegation through two different chapters. In Chapter 5 I first describe and then analyse the growth of the EU agency system by assessing the determinants of the variation in the allocation of EU agencies’ budget. In particular, after an assessment of agencies reforms and developments since the early 1990’s, I investigate whether the observed reforms have led to a significant empowerment of those agencies in budgetary terms. To do so, I employ theories of budgeting (incrementalism and punctuated equilibrium theories) and legislative- bureaucratic relationships. I build an original dataset tracing the developments in tasks and budget of all EU agencies overtime from 1992 to 2016. It tests my hypotheses by means of a cross-sectional time-series analysis, revealing that trends in agencies budgetary allocation are explained by (i) crisis response, including the financial crisis and the Schengen borders crisis; (ii) by the reforms agencies have gone through overtime (iii) the typology of agency.
Finally, in Chapter 6 I look at the configuration of actors that, together, shape EU policy outputs. Given the growth of the agency system and the alleged reliance of the Commission on these bodies, through this last chapter I seek to grasp the concerted role of Commission and EU agencies in producing policy outcomes in politicised situations. I build a theoretical framework by drawing different configuration of the Commission’s preferences of in comitology decision making vis-à-vis national governments, stakeholders, agencies and public opinion. I test my theoretical propositions through theory-testing process tracing, focused on the Glyphosate’s license renewal (2015-2017). I find that under strong political pressures the Commission engages in blame-shifting strategies and tries to avoid the burden of taking unpopular policies, while following agencies’ expertise becomes less of a priority.
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Zellmeyer, Stephan. "A place in space : the history of Swiss participation in European space programmes, 1960-1987 /." Paris : Beauchesne, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9782701015323.
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Ditaranto, Abramo. "Design and prototyping of electronic PCBs for the study of the atmosphere in harsh environmental conditions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7983/.
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Yeskov, Serge V. "Law enforcement agencies and telecommunications service providers collaboration in executing requests for interception of private communications: european union regulation practice as a lesson for Ukraine." Thesis, Тернопіль: Вектор, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41784.
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Recent developments in Ukraine’s foreign policy are clear indications of a tendency towards collective structures of security, economic and legal space of the European community. It is clear that, in addition to a number of new opportunities, the process of integration and deepening cooperation will imply the other side - the inevitability of reforming and harmonizing the provisions of national legislation with certain common standards in the European community.
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Vlachou, Charikleia. "La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en Europe (communications électroniques, énergie)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020055/document.
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La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en matière de communications électroniques et d’énergie s’inscrit dans le contexte de mutation de l’administration européenne qui est intervenue au fil des deux dernières décennies. Son architecture institutionnelle est marquée par la forte européanisation des autorités de régulation,laquelle est le résultat de l’harmonisation opérée par le droit de l’Union européenne et de la diffusion de meilleures pratiques. La coopération entre les autorités de régulation se fonde néanmoins sur des principes juridiques flous en droit primaire. Elle est de plus marquée par l’ambigüité de la délégation des pouvoirs à l’échelle de l’Union européenne. Dans les deux secteurs étudiés, elle traduit l’hybridation des modèles de gouvernance que sont les « agences de l’Union européenne » et les « réseaux d’autorités », car elle a donné naissance à une « agence en réseau » puissante dans le domaine de l’énergie - l’ACRE- et à un « réseau agenciarisé » faible en matière de communications électroniques– l’ORECE.Pour assurer l’effectivité de l’ « Union de droit », les actes de ces organismes de l’Unioneuropéenne sont contrôlés par le juge de l’Union européenne, dont la saisine par lesparticuliers reste malheureusement difficile. Dans ce contexte, le Médiateur européen présente un potentiel fort en tant qu’instance de contrôle complémentaire. Quant au prétendu déficit démocratique souligné par les détracteurs de l’Union européenne, il est ici démenti car le Parlement européen assure un contrôle démocratique efficace sur les organismes étudiés. Si ses moyens de contrôle politique sont largement informels et méritent d’être approfondis, le contrôle qu’il exerce dans le cadre de la procédure de décharge budgétaire peut, quant à lui, déboucher sur une transformation de l’architecture institutionnelle des organismes étudiésThe cooperation among regulatory authorities in the field of electronic communications and energy takes place against the background of the transformation of the european administration in the last two decades. Its institutional design bears the mark of the europeanisation of regulators through the harmonisation brought about by EU law and the diffusion of best practices. The cooperation among regulatory authorities is formalised on the basis of a primary law that is vague. It is also marked by ambiguity with regard to the delegation of pouvoirs on a European level. In the sectors of energy and electronic communications, it reflects the « hybrisation » of two models of governance, European agencies and networks, giving birth to a powerful « network agency » in the field of energy-the ACER- and a weak « agenciarised network » in the field of electronic communications- the BEREC. The control of the acts of these two organisms in a « Union of law » is ensured by the Cour of justice of the European Union which is, however, difficult to accessfor individuals. In this context, the European Ombudsman demonstrates a real potential as a complementary forum of control. Against a priori hypotheses with respect to the democratic deficit of the European Union, the European Parliament effectively ensures the democratic control of ACER and BEREC. Even if its means of political control are largelyinformal and should be better defined, the control it exercices in the context of the budgetary discharge procedure is capable of transforming the institutional design of the above mentioned organisms
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Mallard, Grégoire. "The Atomic Confederacy : europe’s Quest for Nuclear Weapons and the Making of the New World Order." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0245.
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Ma thèse mêle analyse les effets de la mondialisation des sciences sur la façon dont les Etats-nations modifient leur façon de concevoir leur souveraineté et leurs intérêts nationaux. Partant du cas de la mondialisation de la science nucléaire d’après-guerre, j’explique la genèse de communautés supranationales dans le domaine nucléaire proposées par les gouvernements américain et européens des années quarante aux années soixante-dix. A partir d’une démarche socio-historique, ma recherche donne des réponses aux questions suivantes : comment les Etats-nations ont-ils été convaincus de déléguer leur souveraineté sur le contrôle des risques nucléaires à des organisations internationales ? Quel rôle les réseaux transnationaux ont-ils joué dans ce processus ? Pour répondre à cette question, je compare le rôle de deux réseaux transatlantiques – tenants du cosmopolitisme et du libéralisme internationale pour le premier, et du fédéralisme européen pour le second – dont les savoirs experts, le capital social et l’accès aux élites politiques divergent. Comme je le montre, ces deux réseaux réussirent à atteindre leurs buts comme entrepreneurs de normes, entrepreneurs de politiques publiques, et traducteurs de politiques publiquesMy dissertation examines how the globalization of modern science and technology has redefined the power and legitimacy of modern nation-states. Taking the transatlantic history of postwar nuclear science as a case in point, I focus on proposals to establish international organizations and/or supranational nuclear communities, formulated by the US government and West European governments between the 1940s and the 1970s. Drawing and expanding on the literature in historical sociology and political science, I ask: How were national governments persuaded to delegate control over the regulation of nuclear activities to international organizations? How did informal transatlantic networks successfully convince national political leaders, bureaucracies and experts to support their plans? To answer these questions, I compare the role of two transatlantic networks of nuclear scientists and policymakers whose expert skills, social capital, and access to political elites varied—liberal and cosmopolitan internationalists as opposed to European federalists. As I show, these two transatlantic networks succeeded in achieving their goals, as norm entrepreneurs, as policy entrepreneurs, as policy translators
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García, Cardó Alfonso. "Relaciones entre los factores psicosociales de la Agencia Europea para la seguridad y salud en el trabajo y la accidentabilidad laboral en el sector metalúrgico español." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670030.
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En España, en la mayoría de empresas y por normal general, los factores de riesgo psicosocial se gestionan aisladamente del resto de disciplinas de la prevención de riesgos laborales (seguridad, higiene industrial y ergonomía). Incluso, en los estudios de accidentabilidad, no se contemplan éstos factores como desencadenantes de daños físicos.
En este contexto, la presente tesis doctoral nace con el objetivo de analizar si las percepciones que tienen los trabajadores y las trabajadoras (en adelante “trabajadores”) sobre los factores psicosociales, tienen algún tipo de relación con la accidentabilidad de la organización en la que trabajan. Así, la accidentabilidad de la organización ha sido considerada únicamente como una variable clasificatoria.
Para lograr este objetivo se ha diseñado un cuestionario ad hoc con escalas tipo Likert. Dicho cuestionario ha sido aplicado a trabajadores del sector metalúrgico al final de dos períodos diferentes (2000-2004 y 2011-2015). Las empresas participantes y sus trabajadores fueron diferentes en cada período, si bien fueron seleccionadas bajo los mismos criterios.
El resultado de esta tesis doctoral señala que la percepción que tienen los trabajadores que desempeñan su labor profesional en empresas de alta, y de los que lo realizan en empresas de baja accidentabilidad, es significativamente diferente. Ello ha sido así en las siguientes escalas de medida: clima de seguridad, bienestar laboral, poder de decisión, riesgo basal, sobrecarga, condiciones de trabajo, así como en la percepción de estrés. Además, cabe destacar que en los dos momentos temporales en los que se analizaron los datos recogidos (2000-2004 y 2011-2015), los resultados fueron similares. Las percepciones de los trabajadores en las diferentes escalas psicosociales analizadas fueron similares, aún y existir una década de diferencia entre las dos muestras.
En conclusión, los factores psicosociales parecen ser indicadores útiles a la hora de analizar la accidentabilidad en las organizaciones del sector metalúrgico español. Por tanto, a raíz de los resultados obtenidos en la presente tesis doctoral, se propone que los factores psicosociales sean evaluados y analizados de manera integrada con el resto de disciplinas: seguridad, higiene industrial y ergonomía.Psychosocial risk factors are managed, as a general rule, in most companies in Spain in isolation from other disciplines of occupational risk prevention (safety, industrial hygiene and ergonomics). Even in accident studies, these factors are not considered as triggers of physical damages. In this context, this research was born with the objective of studying whether the perceptions that workers have about psychosocial factors have some kind of relationship with the accident rate of the organization in which they work. Being the accident rate of the organization only a qualifying variable. To achieve this goal, an "ad hoc" questionnaire with Likert scales has been designed, which has been applied to workers in the metallurgical sector at the end of two different periods (2000-2004 and 2011-2015). Workers and companies were different in each period, but under the same selection criteria. The result of this research indicates that the perception of the workers who perform their professional work in high-risk companies and those who perform it in those with low accident rates is significantly different in the scales of: safety climate, work well-being, decision power, basal risk, overload, work conditions, as well as in the stress percepcion. It is confirmed that these perceptions are stable over time (a decade apart). The workers perceptions in the different psychosocial scales analyzed were similar, even having a decade of difference between the two samples. In conclusion, psychosocial factors are optimal indicators of the accident rate of organizations. Therefore, they must be evaluated and analyzed in an integrated manner with the other disciplines: safety, industrial hygiene and ergonomics.
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Stewart, Malcolm Hynd. "Antecedents, policies and practices of promotional standardisation strategy : a comparison of British MNC's and advertising agencies in three countries across the European Union." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22553.
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The aim of this thesis is to provide a new insight into the "cause-effect" chain that "traditional" research on international promotional standardisation has neglected. A theory will be used as a conceptual base to formulate the research framework. This will identify key environmental and internal strategic factors as drivers and consequences of MNCs subsidiaries and Agencies' promotion standardisation decision making which, in turn affects the level of standardisation of these promotional elements - Advertising Strategy, Sales Promotion and the impact of the Internet on Promotion. This framework allowed the researcher to formulate further hypotheses and the design of a questionnaire to test these hypotheses and carry out the necessary empirical research and collection of primary data. 300 British MNC's were compared across the UK, France and Germany. In-depth Interviews were conducted after the questionnaire to further confirm the findings from the questionnaire. The framework supports the notion that there are antecedents that drive promotional standardisation. An additional contribution is that the model also looks at the impact of standardisation on promotion more fully than before and adds a valuable contribution in Internet Promotion. The thesis finds that, on average, managers reported that Standardised Advertising Strategy and Sales Promotion is fairly high across these markets in the EU with Internet Promotion being the highest.
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Valle-Flôr, Maria Amélia Monteiro de Sacadura Garcia. "Sovereign debt crisis and the use of the community method in the making of EU responses (2010-2011) : the six-pack case on economic governance reform." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9851.
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Doutoramento em Estudos de DesenvolvimentoIn early 2010, the weak design of the Economic and Monetary Union and the tools for economic governance provided by the Treaty of Lisbon proved to be inadequate for preventing or resolving the European sovereign debt crisis. Up to December2011, the EU response comprised legislative files aiming to reform economic governance and the establishment of financial supervision and stabilization mechanisms. Drawing on new institutionalism theories, namely rational choice and historical institutionalism, this research’s main objective is to investigate the use of the Community method in the responses to the EUcrisis. Some of the responses, found within the EU framework, suchasthe ‘SixaPack’adopted in 2011 to streng then the Union´s economic governance, saw the Commission´s role as formal agenda setter- the key feature of the Community method-being challenged by the set up of a Task Force presided by the President of the European Council Van Rompuy. Other responses, found through intergovernmental agreements, are perceived to ascribe a much more central role to supranational institutions like the European Commission and the European Court of Justice, strengthening this way the Community method. The focus on a qualitative case study of economic governance reform highlights the role of the European Parliament in the ‘SixaPack’ legislative process and builds on a novel conceptualization of the Principal-Agent model. Theanalysis covers not only the ‘SixaPack’ agenda setting phase, but also the formal and informal policy-making stage, where most of the decisions were found in the so called ‘trialogues’.
No início de 2010, tanto a fragilidade do desenho da União Económica e Monetária como os instrumentos de governação económica previstos no Tratado de Lisboa, mostraram não ser aptos em prevenir ou resolver a crise Europeia da dívida soberana. Até Dezembro 2011, a resposta Europeia compreendeu um conjunto de dossiers legislativos com vista a reformar a governação económica e o estabelecimento de mecanismos de supervisão financeira e de estabilização.Tendoporbaseasteoriasdo novo institucionalismo, nomeadamente o institucionalismo da escolha racional e o institucionalismo histórico, o principal objectivo desta investigação é analisar o método Comunitário nas respostas à crise da União Europeia. Em algumas dessas respostas, dentro do enquadramento legal Europeu, tal como o ‘SixaPack’ adotado em 2011 para fortalecer a governação económica, a Comissão Europeia viu o seu poder formal de iniciar legislação a principal característica do método Comunitário a ser confrontado com a constituição de um grupo de trabalho presidido pelo Presidente do Conselho Europeu Van Rompuy. Outras respostas, no âmbito de acordos intergovernamentais, terão atribuído um papel central às instituições Europeias como a Comissão e o Tribunal Europeu de Justiça, o que se traduziu num fortalecimento do método Comunitário. A escolha de um caso de estudo qualitativo sobre a reforma da governação económica, pretende sublinhar o papel desempenhado pelo Parlamento Europeu no processo legislativo do ‘SixaPack’. Para o efeito, foi desenvolvida uma nova conceptualização teórica do modelo do Principal-Agente. A análise cobre não somente a fase da iniciação legislativa do ‘SixaPack’, mas também Os processos formais e informais de tomada de decisão, nos chamados ‘trílogos’.
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Fallström, Mujkić Pia-Johanna. "Decision and Policy Making in the European Union : Role of EU Agencies in the decision and policy making in the area of chemicals and food safety." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Besluts-, risk- och policyanalys, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30442.
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EU regulations, decisions and policy making are matters that concern every resident in the EU and risk and benefit assessment and analysis form part of the EU decision and policy making. This thesis discusses the decision/policy making in the EU and the risk assessment activities of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), as well as ECHA’s socio-economic analysis activities. It also studies the role of the European Commission and the Comitology process. The EU regulates what chemicals or food stuffs/ingredients, for instance additives, may be made available in the European market. How the decisions are made about what is allowed and what not, and who makes those decisions, is not necessarily evident due to the complexity of the processes. In this thesis the decision making at different stages of the EU regulatory processes has been identified and analysed in order to find out by whom and how the decisions are made. The method used was a literature search with an overview of the existing theories and research from the areas of EU decision making, risk assessment and risk management. The regulatory processes were studied from a decision making perspective with the aim to identify and record possible decision making opportunities of different actors beyond the European Commission. The decision making opportunities were classified and organised based on their level of impact to the processes. Two real cases were studied: the restriction of lead in jewellery under REACH Annex XV restrictions and the authorisation of ammonium chloride in food under Flavourings regulation. Decision making opportunities and methods were looked for in those processes. It was found that while, in the studied cases, there appeared possibilities to ensure science based good regulatory decision/policy making, it remained uncertain and possibly politicised. It was also revealed that in certain steps the processes lacked transparency.
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Wolf, Sebastian. "Institutionelle Balance und Integration : horizontale Machtverschiebungen in europäisierten Regierungssystemen." Baden-Baden Nomos, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&docl̲ibrary=BVB01&docn̲umber=015002456&linen̲umber=0001&funcc̲ode=DBR̲ECORDS&servicet̲ype=MEDIA.
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Meißner, Vittoria Christiane Marisa [Verfasser], Conceição-Heldt Eugénia [Akademischer Betreuer] da, Conceição-Heldt Eugénia [Gutachter] da, and Sandra [Gutachter] Lavenex. "European Union Migration Agencies at the Crossroads: Significant Empowerment after the Schengen crisis? / Vittoria Christiane Marisa Meißner ; Gutachter: Eugénia da Conceição-Heldt, Sandra Lavenex ; Betreuer: Eugénia da Conceição-Heldt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1206687479/34.
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Tong, Xuheng. "L'environnement institutionnel influence-t-il le rôle, la stratégie et l'impact des agences de notation financières ? Application à la Chine et éléments de comparaison avec l’Europe." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0196.
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L’objectif de cette thèse doctorale est de contribuer à l’ensemble de la recherche sur les agences de notation. Elle couvre les trois aspects : théorique, conceptuel et empirique. La première partie se focalise sur le Néo-Institutionnalisme. Le Capitalisme d’État propre au marché chinois a été mis en avant, et un bilan comparatif a été dressé entre les marchés chinois et européens. Une analyse dynamique nous permet ensuite d’illustrer l’interaction des agences de notation avec les autorités régulatrices, les émetteurs de titres financiers, et les investisseurs. Dans la seconde partie, nous avons réalisé une vaste revue de la littérature, et proposé d’ajouter les spécificités institutionnelles chinoises aux variables déjà prises en compte dans les études. Au niveau de la méthodologie, certains outils qualitatifs et quantitatifs ont été envisagés. Diverses approches sont choisies en fonction du contenu de chacun des chapitres : le rôle, la stratégie et l’impact des agences de notation en Chine.Premièrement, par une approche comparative, nous avons montré qu'en Chine, le rôle des agences de notation ne se limitait pas à celui qui leur est habituellement assigné. Il semble aussi que les agences de notations se laissent tenter par le « rating shopping », le « split rating » et le « rating inflation », sous la pression des émetteurs. En revanche, les investisseurs sont relativement prudents lors de « multiples ratings ». Deuxièmement, nous avons mis en évidence que les agences de notation internationales ont tendance à noter plus strictement que les agences locales. Nous nous sommes rendu compte que les comportements stratégiques variaient d’une à l’autre, lorsque l’on étudie les déterminants des notations initiales des émetteurs. Troisièmement, en menant une étude d’événements sur le marché chinois des actions, nous avons trouvé des rendements anormaux significatifs sur quelques sous-échantillons des « modifications de notation », après avoir adopté différentes méthodes d’estimation, et mené divers tests paramétriques et non-paramétriques. Enfin, les analyses et résultats que nous avons apportés au cours de chaque chapitre empirique, ont enrichi en retour, nos discussions sur l’environnement institutionnel du marché chinoisIn this Ph.D. thesis, we aim to contribute to the entire research on CRAs, with theoretical, conceptual and empirical aspects. We used the New-institutionalism as a theoretical frame of reference to justify the importance to have a good understanding of Chinese institutional characteristics. Chinese State-capitalism and Socialist-market economics, along with the interaction of CRAs with regulators, issuers and investors are devoted to setting the stage. We implemented various methodological approaches that seemed the most appropriate, on the sample that the most suitable, according to each of the objectives that we set, to better comprehend CRAs’ role, strategy and impact, under Chinese market context.Firstly, we found that CRAs were not expected to play “their main role” in assessing the credit default risk for market investment in China, as they are usually assigned to do so in Europe, and other developed countries. After running the frequency test, to register the words most used in the written regulatory and normative documents, we concluded that the expectation of roles of CRAs was also different in Continental China and in Hong Kong. At the expectation of issuers, CRAs also seem to play a role in rating “shopping”, in split rating, and even in rating inflation. Investors are very cautious to the multiple ratings. Secondly, by using logistic models, we found that global CRAs tend to rate more strictly than local CRAs, ceteris paribus. We also realized that the strategical behaviors of Chinese local CRAs are distinctive one from the other, when we studied the determinants “behind” initial issuer ratings. These findings confirmed the preliminary quantitative tests that we executed on the descriptive data. Thirdly, we failed to find informative impact of credit rating changes on the stock market, through a classic event study relying on the market model. Even if we refined the methodology by completing GARCH to OLS estimation model, and non-parametric tests to parametric tests, we only found significant outcomes in some subsamples, and for negative watch-lists.In the end, the analyses we led and the findings we reported from each of these empirical chapters have contributed to enrich, in return, our discussion of Chinese institutional characteristics
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Hoeffler, Catherine. "Les politiques d'armement en Europe : "l'Adieu aux armes" de l'État nation ? : une comparaison entre l'Allemagne, la France, le Royaume-Uni et l'Union européenne de 1976 à 2010." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0016.
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Cette thèse porte sur le changement des politiques d’armement en Allemagne, en France, au Royaume-Uni et au niveau européen de 1976 à 2010. Elle repose sur l’analyse transversale des politiques et des programmes en cooperation des missiles antichar TRIGAT. Face aux développements européens (OCCAR, Agence européenne de la défense et directive sur les marchés publics de défense et de sécurité) et aux réformes nationales libérales (privatisation, nouveau management public), ce travail interroge la redéfinition du rôle et des instruments de l’État dans ce domaine d’action publique. Il s’agit de comprendre pourquoi les gouvernements initient ces changements, puis d’analyser le fonctionnement au concret de la coopération européenne. Cette étude montre que la montée vers l’Europe s’explique par le « double mouvement » de la libéralisation : on assiste à la mise en œuvre de réformes libérales et au renforcement des stratégies de politique industrielle de défense gouvernementales au sein de la coopération. Les tensions engendrées par la combinaison de ces enjeux expliquent à la fois l’institutionnalisation de nouvelles organisations européennes et le maintien des États comme acteurs prédominants. On observe la mutation des stratégies de « patriotisme économique » des Etats entre niveaux national et européen. Plus qu’un transfert de compétences dans un jeu à somme nulle, ces développements créent une gouvernance européenne multi-niveaux qui ne se réduit pas à l’Union européenne : dans ce cadre, les gouvernements restent déterminants, tandis que les organisations européennes participent d’une intégration négative fondée sur la création d’un marché (market making)The topic of this dissertation in political science is the transformation of defence procurement policies in Germany, France, the UK, as well as at the European level, from 1976 to 2010. It is based on the analysis of national institutional changes as well as evolutions in European co-oeperative programmes through the cases of antitank missiles TRIGAT programmes. This study examines the redefinition of the role and instruments of States in this policy sector as they are confronted to European developments (OCCAR, European defence agency, and the directive on public contracts for defence procurement) and to national liberal reforms (privatization, new public management). In so doing, it explains why governments initiate these changes, and analyses the concrete machinery of cooperation. It shows that the apparently increasing role of Europe can be explained by a process characterized by a « double movement » : on the one hand, the implementation of liberal reforms, on the other hand, the strengthening of governmental strategies of defence industrial policies. The multiplication of arenas and modes of coordination indicates the evolution of state-led strategies of « economic patriotism », in their traditional and liberal versions, at various levels. Rather than a policy transfer from one level to another, these developments create a multi-level European governance that cannot be reduced to the European Union. In this context, governments remain crucial, while European organizations participate to a negative integration based on market making
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Ozisik, Fethi Ufuk. "L'Européanisation de la politique de développement régional en Turquie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1035.
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La Turquie, pays candidat à l'Union européenne, est confrontée à une pression européenne pour l'adaptation de ses structures administratives et de ses cadres institutionnels aux règles et aux critères européens concernant la mise en œuvre des fonds structurels. A cet égard, dans le contexte de processus de préadhésion à l'UE, l'Etat turc s'amène à reformuler sa politique de développement régional. Dans ce sens, la réforme majeure entreprise par l'Etat turc est celle de la création des Agences de développement dans les vingt-six régions statistiques de NUTS II. Parallèlement, il s'agit de la mise en place d'un processus de décentralisation. En effet, ces réformes renvoient à une européanisation de la gestion publique territoriale. Cependant, les changements qui sont en œuvre ne dépendent pas exclusivement des recommandations de l'UE. De plus, il est nécessaire de prendre en considération la dimension territoriale du processus d'européanisation. Quels sont les différents facteurs et les diverses dynamiques qui déterminent le changement dans les politiques de développement régional ? Dans quelle mesure peut-on imputer le changement à la conditionnalité européenne ? Comment l'Europe procède pour inciter l'Etat turc à reformuler ses politiques régionales ? Quel est le rôle du niveau infranational dans le changement ? Autant de questions auxquelles cette étude essaye de fournir des éléments de réponseTurkey, a candidate for the European Union, faces European pressure to adapt its administrative structures and institutional frameworks of its rules and European standards concerning the implementation of structural funds. In this respect, in the context of pre-accession process to the EU, the Turkish state is coming to reformulate its policy of regional development. In this sense, the major reform undertaken by the Turkish state is that of the creation of development agencies in the twenty-six statistical regions NUTS II. Meanwhile, it is also the establishment of a decentralization process. Indeed, these reforms refer to Europeanization of territorial governance. However, the changes that are implemented do not depend exclusively on EU recommendations. Morever, it is necessary to consider the territorial dimension of the Europeanization process. What are the different factors and the various dynamics that determine the change in regional development policies? To what extent can we attribute the change to the EU conditionality? How Europe proceeds to urge the Turkish government to reformulate its regional policies? What is the role of sub-national level in the change? These are the questions that this study attempts to provide some answers. So our goal in this work consists on the one hand, to understand the logical adaptation of Turkish state with the recommendations of Europe indicating the junction of different dynamics of change, on the other hand, identify the change through the articulation of different levels of public action, from local to Europe
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Vaňková, Jana. "Analýza přínosů Evropské ratingové agentury." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192957.
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The main aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze benefits of the establishment of the European Rating Agency. The partial aim is to determine the influence of the credit ratings on economics situation in selected European countries and to analyze problems of current credit rating industry. A slight impact of the credit ratings on the observed countries has been found by way of the analysis of evolution of the yields of ten-year government bonds and the prices of CDS contracts on these bonds. Non-perfect competition, weak transparency of the rating process and conflict of interest are considered as the most important problems of the credit rating agencies. By way of the analysis of the ability of the European Rating Agency to remove or at least to partially eliminate discussed problems has been found that the European Rating Agency would not be able to remove all problems of the credit rating industry. The uncertainty about the independence of the European Rating Agency is the biggest weakness of this agency. For this reason, we can't expect that the European Rating Agency would be able to make the credit rating process more efficient and improve the situation in the credit rating industry.
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Petrone, Francesco. "Globalizzazione, Governance e Istituzioni Internazionali." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/307213.
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Questa tesi si propone di dibattere il significato e l’applicazione della governance alla luce dei processi di globalizzazione che, soprattutto negli ultimi decenni, hanno cambiato il volto del pianeta. Per poter analizzare questo nuova paradigma, si prendono in esame alcuni fenomeni che caratterizzano, a nostro avviso, la società attuale: prima di tutto quello dell’anarchia nelle relazioni internazionali, e il successivo disordine che continua a generare; il processo della globalizzazione con le sue conseguenze non solo sulle economie ma anche nella società e sugli individui; la “crisi dello Stato” e i nuovi attori che emergono sia “dall’alto che “dal basso” ; infine il funzionamento delle istituzioni internazionale, in primis le Nazioni Unite, a livello globale. Lo scopo è di capire, soprattutto dopo la fase di disorientamento che si è creata dopo la caduta del muro di Berlino nel 1989, se al giorno d’oggi esiste un modello che può porsi come forma nuova di fare politica al fine di generare un “ordine nel disordine”, soprattutto alla luce della crisi del sistema democratico tradizionale. Senza dubbio, è innegabile che il mondo e i problemi globali che lo caratterizzano hanno bisogno di un diverso modello che richiede una partecipazione maggiore e promuova nuove forme di intervento nei confronti di queste problematiche globali. Può la governance, tenute presenti tutte le riserve e le ambiguità che suscita la parola e le sue applicazioni, rappresentare questo modello? In che modo può esser migliorato tanto il suo meccanismo come quello di chi (a livello istituzionale) deve farsene portavoce? A queste domande si cerca di dare delle risposte al fine di tenere vivo il dibattito su questioni di importanza e intersse globale: temi che hanno bisogno di un intervento oggi più che mai urgente.This thesis aims to discuss the meaning and application of governance in the light of globalization processes that have changed the face of the planet, especially in recent decades. In order to analyse this new paradigm, we examine some of the phenomena that characterize, in our view, society today: first of all the anarchy in international relations, and the subsequent disorder that continues to generate; the process of globalization and its consequences not only on economies but also on society and individuals; the "crisis of the State" and new actors that emerge "from above" and “from below "; finally how international institutions, and above all United Nations, works at the global level.
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Langlais, Peter. "Sécurité maritime et droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020079.
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Nouvel échelon de régulation intermédiaire, le droit de l'Union européenne apparaît à la fois comme le produit et le catalyseur des mouvements de territorialisation et de régionalisation de la gouvernance des espaces et des activités maritimes. Les enjeux humains, économiques et environnementaux de la sécurité maritime ont fait de son ordre juridique un théâtre privilégié de la confrontation entre les traditions libérales du monde maritime et le besoin d'une régulation par la puissance publique en vue de prévenir, limiter et indemniser les préjudices de toutes natures pouvant résulter d'un accident. La Cour de justice de l'Union européenne a ainsi proposé les termes d'une réconciliation inédite entre les principes anciens régissant les régimes de responsabilité maritime tels qu'ils sont organisés par le droit international, et les principes nouveaux du droit de l'environnement. Sous l'effet de l'intégration européenne, le droit de la prévention s'harmonise progressivement à l'échelle continentale, limitant la compétition législative que les États membres sont susceptibles de se livrer dans l'exercice de l'autorité du pavillon et de l'autorité du port. Par la coordination de la position des États européens au sein des enceintes internationales, l'Union européenne parvient à influer sur l'orientation du droit international de la sécurité maritime, et à tempérer la compétition législative externe. Faute d'une harmonisation positive, le rapprochement du droit des États membres dans le domaine de la fiscalité et de la protection sociale des gens de mer naît pour l'heure d'un alignement sur les pratiques internationales. De même, alors que l'attractivité commerciale de son marché intérieur l'y autoriserait, le législateur européen a fait jusqu'à présent un usage limité des instruments d'incitation économique. L'intégration européenne a également conduit à la création d'un cadre de coopération régional structuré autour d'une Agence de régulation spécialisée, doublé d'un rapprochement organisationnel et fonctionnel des administrations maritimes nationales, dont il résulte une homogénéisation progressive des pratiques administratives, en particulier dans le domaine de la conduite des contrôles portuaires, de l'agrément des organismes agissant au nom et pour le compte de l'État du pavillon, de la reconnaissance des formations maritimes, etc. Cette coopération confère un rayonnement externe aux exigences européennes, dont la singularisation par rapport au droit international de référence demeure toutefois stratégiquement limitéeAs a new level of regulation, European Union law appears both as the product of and catalyst for territorialisation and regionalisation of the governance of maritime spaces and activities. The human, economicand environmental challenges of maritime safety have made its legal order a privileged scene for the confrontation between the liberal traditions of the maritime sectors and the need for regulation by the public authorities with a view to preventing, limiting and compensating damages of any kind that may result from an accident. The European Court of Justice has thus proposed the terms of an unprecedented reconciliation between the traditional principles governing maritime liability regimes as organised by international law on the one handand the new principles of environmental law on the other hand. As a result of European integration, maritime safety requirements are gradually harmonizing at theregional scale, limiting the legislative competition between EU Member States while acting as flag or port authorities. By coordinating the position of EU States in international forums, the European Union succeeds in orienting international law dealing with maritime safety: it thus contributes to temper external legislativecompetition. Without a positive harmonisation in the field of taxation and social protection of seafarers, the convergence of EU Member States law results from an alignment with international practices. Similarly, whereas the commercial attractiveness of its internal market would allow it, the European legislator has so far made limited use of economic incentives. European integration has also led to the creation of a regional cooperation framework built around a dedicated regulatory Agency, in addition to an organisational and functional rapprochement of the national maritime administrations, resulting in a gradual homogenisation of European administrative practices,particularly in the field of port controls, licensing of recognized organisations acting on behalf of the flag State,mutual recognition of maritime diplomas and certificates, etc. This co-operation gives extended application to European requirements, although their singularity in relation to international law remains strategically limited
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Correia, Vincent. "L’Union européenne et l’ordre international de l’aviation civile : la contribution de l'Union européenne aux évolutions contemporaines du droit aérien international." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40050.
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La redéfinition des conditions d’exercice de la souveraineté aérienne des États membres, par un transfert progressif de compétences au profit de l’Union européenne, ne peut être analysée uniquement en termes de dépossession et de réduction de leur puissance individuelle. Les compétences aériennes confiées à l’Union permettent l’affirmation de l’ensemble européen sur la scène internationale. Ce processus, mouvant et encore inachevé, se traduit par une prise en compte accrue de la spécificité européenne en matière d’aviation civile. Malgré des réticences certaines émanant aussi bien des États membres que des États tiers, l’Union s’érige progressivement au rang d’acteur de poids, capable d’influencer le contenu normatif du droit aérien contemporain, de la même manière que le font les puissances aériennes traditionnelles et notamment les États-Unis. Ces nouvelles tendances, révélatrices de la souplesse et de la plasticité de la convention de Chicago, permettent de dresser des perspectives quant aux possibles évolutions futures de l’ordre international de l’aviation civileThe way in which the Member States have redefined the conditions regarding how they exercise their air sovereignty, by progressively transferring power to the European Union, cannot be viewed solely as them removing and reducing their individual powers. The powers conferred to the European Union in aviation matters are resulting in an affirmation of the international role of Europe as a whole. This on-going, and as yet incomplete process, may be seen in a greater recognition of the specific European aspect regarding Civil Aviation. In spite of the hesitance of Member States and non-member States, the European Union has progressively taken its place among the key players, able to influence developments in modern aviation law, in the same way as other established aviation authorities and especially the United States. These new trends reveal the flexibility and elasticity of the Chicago Convention and the potential future developments in International Civil Aviation
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Lund, Daniel. "La competencia intercultural en la enseñanza escolar de idiomas extranjeros : Una recopilación de investigaciones anteriores relacionadas con la competencia intercultural en la enseñanza de idiomas extranjeros." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160273.
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Vivimos en un mundo cada vez más globalizado e interconectado, lo que exige nuevas y mejores destrezas en cuanto al comportamiento en contextos interculturales, es decir, contextos donde se encuentran dos o más culturas de manera igualitaria. Documentos rectores para la educación, tanto nacionales (suecos) como internacionales subrayan la importancia de éstas. En presente estudio se ha basado en investigaciones internacionales anteriores, para indagar cómo el sistema educativo y especialmente la enseñanza de los idiomas modernos pueden ayudar a fomentar la competencia intercultural en los alumnos, en primer lugar, por medio de una revisión sobre cómo se define dicha competencia; en segundo lugar, investigar cómo se puede crear un clima intercultural en el aula y finalmente, comprobar qué métodos y herramientas didácticas se pueden usar para fomentar la competencia intercultural en los alumnos. El análisis de las investigaciones anteriores se ha llevado a cabo aplicando un enfoque cualitativo, usando el método de la hermenéutica, o más específicamente, la abducción. El análisis del estudio muestra que, a pesar de varios intentos, todavía no existe una definición unánime de la competencia intercultural. Las definiciones presentadas, sin embargo, tienen varios rasgos en común, por ejemplo, que están compuestas de dimensiones cognitivas, afectivas y de comportamiento. Además, la competencia intercultural se define también como un proceso, usando el modelo de procesamiento de la competencia intercultural de Deardorff (2006). A continuación, el análisis muestra que el clima intercultural en el aula se crea por medio de trabajar interculturalmente, otra vez usando el modelo de Deardorff. Se presentan unos ejemplos concretos de cómo trabajar interculturalmente, entre otros, empleando la conversación coloquial. Finalmente, el análisis, de acuerdo con la crítica hacia el uso de la enseñanza intercultural como un elemento aislado de la enseñanza, propone una perspectiva holística, es decir, que la interculturalidad formara parte de todas las asignaturas de los programas de educación.Vi lever i en alltmer globaliserad och sammankopplad värld. Detta ställer nya och högre krav på vår förmåga att föra oss och interagera i interkulturella sammanhang, det vill säga sammanhang där två eller flera kulturer möts på lika villkor, vilket understryks i såväl nationella (svenska) som internationella styrdokument för utbildning. Studien nedan har utifrån tidigare internationell forskning undersökt hur utbildningssystemet och framförallt undervisningen i moderna språk kan verka för att förmedla kunskap om, och färdigheter i, interkulturell kompetens genom att först göra en översyn av hur sådan kompetens definieras och därefter undersöka hur klassrumsmiljön kan få en interkulturell prägel, samt vilka didaktiska metoder och verktyg som kan användas för att förmedla den interkulturella kompetensen till eleverna. Analysen av den tidigare forskningen är genomförd med en kvalitativ ansats och hermeneutisk metod, närmare bestämt abduktion. Studiens analys visar att det, trots flera försök, ännu inte finns någon enhetlig definition av vad som är interkulturell kompetens. Det finns dock stora likheter i befintliga definitioners grundstruktur, exempelvis att de innefattar kognitiva, affektiva och beteendemässiga dimensioner. Interkulturell kompetens definieras också som en process, varvid Deardorffs (2006) processmodell särskilt lyfts fram. Analysen visar också på att ett interkulturellt klassrumsklimat uppstår då läraren väljer ett interkulturellt arbetssätt, även här visar sig Deardorffs processmodell användbar. I anslutning till detta ges ett antal konkreta exempel på hur ett interkulturellt arbetssätt kan se ut, bland annat undervisning utifrån det vardagliga samtalet. Avslutningsvis lyfter analysen, i samklang med kritik mot att interkulturell undervisning ofta behandlas som ett enskilt moment i undervisningen, fram ett så kallat holistiskt perspektiv, det vill säga att interkulturalitet ska vara en del av all undervisning.
The globalization and interconnectedness of the world is putting new and higher demands on our ability to function and interact within an intercultural context, that is, contexts where two or more cultures meet on equal terms. This is also highlighted in national (Swedish) as well as international documents governing education. This study has used previous international research, to investigate how the educational system and especially the teaching of modern languages can be a part of student’s acquisition of intercultural competence, by first reviewing how this competence is defined and thereafter investigate how to create an intercultural class space, and also what didactic methods and tools might be used to convey the intercultural competence to the students. The analysis of the previous research has been done, applying a qualitative approach and a hermeneutic method, more specifically the abduction. The analysis shows that, in spite of several tries, there is still no unanimous definition of intercultural competence. However, there are compelling similarities regarding the basic structure of the existing definitions, for example the existence of cognitive, affective and behavioral dimensions. Also, intercultural competence is defined as a process, highlighting the process model on intercultural competence by Deardorff (2006. Furthermore, the analysis shows that an intercultural class space occurs when the teacher applies an intercultural teaching method, another area where the process model by Deardorff is proven useful. In connection, some examples are given of how an intercultural teaching method might look, including the use of the colloquial conversation. Finally, the analysis, in accordance with the critique on intercultural education used as an isolated element in the education as a whole, proposes a holistic perspective, that interculturality be a part of all education that is.
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Mezouar, Mehdi. "L'analyse en droit comparé, français italien, des méthodes de lutte contre l'évasion fiscale internationale pratiquée par les grandes entreprises via les prix de transfert." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1020/document.
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Le but de ma thèse est d'améliorer les conditions de lutte contre la manipulation des prix de transfert en instaurant des dispositifs légaux qui tiennent comptes de la réalité économique des entreprises d'un même groupe. Le commerce intragroupe représente 60% du commerce mondial, il est donc essentiel d'obliger les groupes multinationaux ainsi que les différentes administrations notamment européennes à un dialogue constructif en vue de sécuriser les finances publiques de chaque Etat mais également la fiscalité des ces sociétés en leurs évitant ainsi d'éventuels rehaussement et en écartant la problématique de la double imposition. Pour ce faire notre analyse s'est portée en 1ère lieu sur la valeur des biens et services ou comment quantifier cette valeur conformément à notre conception économique libérale. Puis nous avons apporté un regard critique sur la théorie et la pratique du droit fiscal en la matière en adoptant une approche comparée entre la France et l'Italie. Le but étant d'améliorer l'existant et de créer de nouveaux moyens tel l'Accord Préalable Européen sur les Prix de Transfert qui imposeraient à nos Etats Membres d'aboutir à une entente quant au traitement fiscal à pratiquer sur les prix de transfert au sein d'un groupe situé sur le sol européen. Puis afin de renforcer l'effectivité des rectifications fiscales des groupes multinationaux nous proposons la mise en place de l'Agence Européenne de la Vérification Fiscale (AEVF) qui jouirait d'une certaine autonomie et dont la fonction serait d'effectuer des vérifications sur les plus grands groupes situés en Europe et de proposer une rectification commune solutionnant ainsi le problème de la double impositionThe aim of my thesis is to improve the fight against manipulation of transfer pricing by introducing legal mechanisms that take account of the economic reality of the same group of companies . Intra-company trade accounts for 60 % of world trade , it is essential to require multinational groups as well as various European governments in particular to a constructive dialogue in order to secure public finances of each State, but also the taxation of these companies in their thus avoiding potential enhancement and spreading the problem of double taxation. To do our analysis is carried in the first place on the value of goods and services or how to quantify this value in accordance with our liberal economic theory . Then we took a look at ciritique the theory and practice of tax law in this area by adopting a comparative approach between France and Italy . The goal is to improve existing and create new ways such as the European Agreement Preventive Accord on tranfer pricing which impose our Member States to reach an agreement on the tax treatment practice on transfer pricing within a group on European territory. And to enhance the effectiveness of tax correction multinational groups we propose the establishment of the European Agency for Tax Audit (EATA) who would enjoy a certain autonomy and whose function is to conduct audits on larger groups located in Europe and propose a common rectification and solving the problem of double taxation
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Blottin, Benoît. "Le rôle des autorités de concurrence et des autorités de régulation sectorielle dans la surveillance de la libéralisation des marchés de l'énergie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020085.
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L’ouverture à la concurrence des marchés de l’électricité et du gaz peine à aboutir aux effets escomptés. Si les directives issues du troisième « paquet » ont été en grande partie transposées au sein des États membres, les obstacles à la réalisation effective d’une Europe de l’énergie demeurent nombreux. Dans ce contexte nébuleux, une surveillance aux yeux d’Argus a émergé. En effet, comme pour forcer le processus de libéralisation, les autorités de concurrence et les autorités de régulation sectorielle redoublent d’efforts pour achever rapidement le marché intérieur de l’énergie, quitte à aller parfois, semble-t-il, à contre-courant de leur mission originelle. D’un côté, les autorités de concurrence semblent de plus en plus enclines à se comporter en « constructeurs » des marchés de l’énergie, agissant davantage sur la structure de ces derniers que sur les comportements dommageables. À l’inverse, les autorités de régulation sectorielle, dont les pouvoirs ne cessent d’être renforcés, sont de plus en plus incitées à détecter les entraves à la concurrence et à les sanctionner. De ce contrôle bicéphale résulte une confusion des rôles qui n’est pas totalement atténuée par la mise en place des « passerelles » entre les deux types de régulateurs. Au demeurant, face à cet enchevêtrement de compétences, les opérateurs évoluent sur des marchés peu propices au jeu de la concurrence et dans un cadre réglementaire aussi complexe qu’instable, sclérosant les investissements nécessaires pour dynamiser ces marchés. Toutefois, le système mis en place, que beaucoup aimeraient voir clarifié, peut être amélioré. Alors qu’une partie de la doctrine appelle à la fusion des autorités, hypothèse pourtant peu réaliste, la voie du réaménagement du cadre de surveillance, basée sur un renforcement de l’interrégulation, mais également sur l’établissement d’une véritable régulation européenne, ne semble pas avoir été suffisamment exploréeThe opening to competition of the markets in gas and electricity has hardly produced the desired impact. To a large extent, the directives flowing from the third package have been transposed amongst the Member States. However, the effective implementation of a European energy is still facing several challenges ahead. With this nebulous background, supervision has become all-seeing, Argus-like. In fact, while competitions authorities and sectoral regulators are significantly stepping up theirs efforts so as to push forward the liberalization process towards the swift completion of the internal energy market, they seem, at times, to work against the grain of their original assignment. On the one hand, competition authorities appear to be increasingly willing to act as « builders » for the energy markets as they tackle market structures rather than harmful behaviours. Conversely, sectoral regulators, with their ever-strengthening powers, are more and more incited to track down and take sanctions against barriers to competition. Such bicephalous management has resulted in a confusion of roles which has not been alleviated by the « bridges »built between both types of regulators. At any rate, in the face of such a tangled web of competences, operators find themselves in markets that are not very conducive to competition and in a regulatory framework which is both volatile and complex, thereby paralysing the investments required to render such markets more dynamic. The system as it stands may still be improved and many would like to see it clarified. Although the prospect is not very realistic, some commentators have called for the merger of authorities. It appears nonetheless that reworking the supervision framework with a view to strengthening inter-regulation but also implementing actual European regulations is a route that has not yet been sufficiently explored
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PANTINI, SARA. "Analysis and modelling of leachate and gas generation at landfill sites focused on mechanically-biologically treated waste." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203393.
Full textAbstract:
Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction
strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement.
In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP.
However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may
provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario.
In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.