Journal articles on the topic 'Agenti patogeni'

La Sclerosi multipla (SM) č una malattia cronica che colpisce i giovani adulti in un'etŕ compresa fra i 21 ed i 54 anni ed č piů comune fra le donne che fra gli uomini. Č una malattia degenerativa che provoca una demielinizzazione progressiva nel sistema nervoso con sintomi che dipendono dal tipo di forma clinica e dalla localizzazione delle lesioni. La SM č una malattia a genesi presumibilmente autoimmune associata a fattori di rischio genetici ed ambientali probabilmente correlati ad agenti patogeni ancora non esattamente individuati. Tra i fattori ambientali, le infezioni sessualmente trasmesse sono quelle piů probabilmente connesse con l'eziologia della malattia. Nelle ultime decadi č stato osservato un aumento dei tassi di incidenza e prevalenza e ciň ha posto l'Italia fra le zone ad lato rischio. La SM esercita un impatto diretto sulla sessualitŕ dovuto alle lesioni nel sistema nervoso centrale e periferico ed ai diversi sintomi neurologici ed ha un grosso impatto sulla qualitŕ della vita. Le disfunzioni sessuali colpiscono circa il 50-90% degli uomini ed il 40-80% delle donne affette da SM. I tipi di disfunzione sessuale (DS) possono essere categorizzati in tre livelli. DS primaria, che include la riduzione della libido, della lubrificazione e dell'orgasmo. DS secondaria, caratterizzata da limitazioni nell'attivitŕ sessuale dovute a sintomi fisici. DS terziaria, legata ad aspetti psicologici, emotivi, sociali e culturali.

Bolile infecţioase au urmărit dezvoltarea omului încă din cele mai fragede timpuri, deseori influenţând-o în mod esenţial. Considerate ca o „specie“ pe cale de dispariţie în a doua jumătate a secolului al XX-lea, acestea continuă să constituie o ameninţare considerabilă asupra sănătăţii individuale sau a celei publice. Perfecţionarea tehnicilor de diagnostic, schimbările climatice, creşterea mobilităţii populaţiei, scăderea acoperii vaccinale sunt doar câţiva factori care au contribuit în ultimii ani la apariţia şi răspândirea rapidă unor noi agenţi patogeni sau a reapariţiei unor boli considerate de acum istorice. Majoritatea acestor agenţi infecţioşi (Zika, Ebola, Chikungunya, MERS, SARS, noile virusuri gripale), pentru care există puţine resurse terapeutice, au stat la baza unor izbucniri epidemice cu caracter regional sau global, ce au generat îngrijorarea comunităţii medicale, deseori panică la nivelul populaţiei şi pierderi economice semnificative. Comunitatea internaţională şi medicală s-a mobilizat şi implicat din punct de vedere financiar, logistic, uneori cu sacrificiul propriei vieţi în combaterea acestor noi ameninţări. Înţelegerea rapidă a procesului epidemiologic, a patogeniei, dezvoltarea metodelor de diagnostic şi prevenţie au contribuit în multe cazuri la limitarea răspândirii bolilor emergente şi constituie baza pentru combaterea lor în viitor.

Anal fissure is a common anorectal condition. While it often presents as a small oval tear in the anoderm, it can cause significant pain and anguish to the patient. The exact etiology is still debatable but increased anal tone is associated with most fissures. The initial management is medical with agents intended to reduce the anal tone. More chronic fissures usually require surgical intervention. Lateral internal sphincterotomy has a high success rates and is considered the gold standard of interventions. In this article we review the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology and contemporary treatment options for anal fissures.

Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) are promising biological control agent of insect pests. Indigenous nematodes have been isolated and collected for the use in local biological control program of important insect pests. The nematodes were isolated using soil baiting method with insect larvae. Laboratory tests have shown that the mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) served as a good alternative to the standard insect bait, the greater wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Galleriidae) for isolation and maintenance of nematodes. Both nematodes were successfully isolated using T. molitor larvae from 13% soil samples (26 out of a total of 207) collected from 14 locations in West and Central Java and Lampung provinces in the period of 1993 until 2006. Heterorhabditis (9%) was more prevalent than Steinernema (4%). Both nematodes were successfully propagated on mealworm larvae.

Selection of Compositions of Growth Medium and Carriers for Formulation of Biological Agents of Non-Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum P21aThe potency of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum P21a (NPFo P21a) as a biological control agent has prospect to be developed commercially. The growth medium and carrier are the critical factor to formulate biological control. This study aimed to obtain the best solid medium dan lighting type for mycelium growth and sporulation as well as to determine the carrier and storage temperature which is suitable for NPFo P21a toward the survival of propagule and germination of shallot. The results showed that M2 medium treatment (rice grain:rice bran; 20:1 w/w) was the best medium for mycelium growth. The M3 medium treatment (20:2 w/w) was the best medium for sporulation of NPFo P21a. The near-UV lighting treatment was able to stimulate the macroconidium production of NPFo P21a. Talc-based formulation and the storage at 20 °C showed the best shelf-life for NPFo P21a with density of viable propagule and shallot germination better.

Damage to leaves, panicles, and stems of rice plants caused by fungal pathogens, Pyricularia grisea, which causes Blas. Control of this disease by the use of biological agents in the form of bacteria which is Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and consortium. This research aims to determine the ability of these bacterial isolates to inhibit the growth of Pyricularia grisea. This research was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The working procedures in this research were sampling of pathogenic fungi, making Pyricularia grisea liquid inoculum, and testing bacterial antagonists for pathogenic fungi in vitro. Analysis of variance (ANAVA) was used, with Fcount = 802.66 and Ftable = 3.48 with a significant level of α = 0.05 (5%) proved that the isolates of the bacteria Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa could play an antagonistic role towards the fungus Pyricularia grisea. The results of this research indicate that bacterial isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Pyricularia grisea by the formation of the largest average clear zone in the treatment of Bacillus cereus bacteria which was 9.57 mm. The clear zone in the fungicide is 9.53 mm, the consortium is 9.37 mm, and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 8.2 mm.

A leishmaniose canina visceral é uma zoonose que possui grande repercussão na saúde animal e humana, cujo agente etiológico são os protozoários do gênero Leishmania sp. O objetivo do estudo consiste em realizar uma revisão sobre os aspectos importantes da doença, como agente etiológico, transmissão e patogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico, tratamento, prevenção e controle, para acrescentar informações no âmbito da clínica médica de pequenos animais.

One group of rhizobacteria that has been widely studied as a biological controlling agent is Bacillus spp. Through the mechanism of induction of resistance and antibiosis, these bacteria are able to suppress the growth of plant pathogens. Its ability to quickly colonize plant roots and broad adaptability to the environment causes Bacillus to spread in nature, especially in the rhizosphere. This study aims to determine the presence of Bacillus in several rhizosphere weeds and their ability to inhibit plant pathogen growth in vitro. This study consisted of two stages, namely, (1) sampling activities carried out in the Kalisat area, Jember Regency, and (2) isolation, selection and identification. Based on the results of the study, 17 Bacillus spp. Isolates. which was successfully isolated from several rhizosphere weeds. The results of Bacillus spp. in vitro the inhibition was obtained by 73% in suppressing Fusarium sp. and 14 mm clear zone formed by Bacillus against X. oryzae pv. oryzae. 5 superior Bacillus isolates obtained from the antagonist test were identified as B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. alvei, and B. coagulans.Keyword: Bacillus spp., biological agents, weeds of rhizosphere

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis rizobakteri yang berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol terhadap daya hambat patogen Rigidoporus microporus pada tanaman pala secara in vitro yang dilakukan pada Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala mulai bulan Maret sampai Mei 2018. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu patogen R. microporus penyebab jamur akar putih (JAP) pada tanaman pala dan isolat rizobakteri dari tanaman yang sehat diantara tanaman yang sakit. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu terdapat 44 isolat rizobakteri murni, setelah diuji daya hambat terdapat 27 isolat rizobakteri yang dapat menghambat patogen R. microporus dan setelah uji antagonisme terdapat 18 isolat rizobakteri yang mampu menekan pertumbuhan koloni patogen R. microporus. Isolat rizobakteri yang memiliki penghambatan paling tinggi terdapat pada AP 5/7 dengan penghambatan 74.44% yang memiliki ciri-ciri bentuk permukaan koloni cembung, berwarna putih, dengan pinggiran koloni tidak rata dan AP 8/2 dengan penghambatan 61.11% yang memiliki ciri-ciri bentuk permukaan koloni rata, berwarna putih, dengan pinggiran koloni tidak rata.Rhizobacterial test of bio control agent toward Rigidosporus microporus on Nutmeg Plants (Myristica fragrans) in vitroAbstract. This study aims to determine the effect of rhizobacteria types that have potential as bio control agents on the pathogenic inhibitory power of Rigidoporus microporus on nutmeg plants in vitro which was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, from March to May 2018. The samples used were pathogenic R. microporus causing white root fungus (JAP) on nutmeg plants and rhizobacterial isolates from healthy plants among diseased plants. The results obtained from this study is there were 44 pure rhizobacterial isolates, after testing the inhibitory power, there were 27 isolates of rhizobacteria that could inhibit R. microporus pathogens and after antagonism test there were 18 isolates of rhizobacteria that could suppress the growth of R. microporus pathogenic colonies. Rhizobacterial isolates with the highest inhibition were found on AP 5/7 with 74.44% inhibition which had features of convex, white colony surface shape, with uneven colony edges and AP 8/2 with 61.11% inhibition which had features of flat colony surface shape, white colour, with uneven edges of colonies.

Anthracnose disease in chili is caused by C. acutatum. This disease can cause a decrease in quality and production of chili pepper. The use of biological control agents can be an alternative in controlling of C. acutatum. The use of biological agents is more environmentally friendly and reduces the negative effects of synthetic pesticides. This study aims to obtain yeast isolates from the phyllosphere that have the potential to suppress anthracnose disease. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Diseases at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak from July to October 2019. Yeast isolation used a pouring plate method on the media YGCA after the yeast on the fruit surface was enriched in liquid media YGC during 24 hours. Yeast antagonism test against C. acutatum using the dual culture method, conidia viability, and the ability of pathogens to infect fruit. The results of the isolation obtained 8 yeast isolates in healthy chili of Gada variety. Antagonism test obtained 3 yeast isolates with the highest inhibitory to C. acutatum growth, isolates K2, K3 and K5. Inhibition is greater than 50%. Based on the severity index of the disease in the hypovirulent test, the three yeast isolates were not pathogenic. In the in vivo test with the immersion method, both using yeast cells and filtrate showed that yeast cells could inhibit the growth of C. acutatum infection ability better than yeast filtrate. All yeast isolates can suppress the growth of C. acutatum with a different percentage of disease.

La urticaria papular es una enfermedad alérgica causada por la picadura de insectos, la cual predomina en el trópico. El objetivo de esta revisión fue profundizar en sus aspectos epidemiológicos e inmunológicos, particularmente con base en datos publicados en Latinoamérica.Se hizo una revisión no sistemática mediante la búsqueda electrónica de artículos sobre la epidemiología de la urticaria papular, las características entomológicas de los agentes causales y los mecanismos inmunológicos asociados.Según los diversos reportes de centros médicos de Latinoamérica la urticaria papular es frecuente; el único estudio de prevalencia publicado indica que afecta a una cuarta parte de los niños escolares de Bogotá. Hay información sobre la relación causal entre la exposición domiciliaria a la pulga, la pobreza y la urticaria papular en Bogotá, una ciudad representativa de las altitudes andinas. No hay estudios que indaguen directamente sobre los insectos causales en zonas cálidas, aunque se sospecha clínicamente de los mosquitos Aedes aegypti y Culex quinquefasciatus. En cuanto a su patogenia, se destaca la participación de mecanismos celulares que involucran las células colaboradoras Th2, lo cual explica que sea una condición de hipersensibilidad retardada. El papel de la inmunoglobulina E (IgE) en la urticaria papular no está tan claro. Se desconocen los antígenos derivados de los insectos que causan la enfermedad, aunque se plantea que existen moléculas comunes de reacción cruzada entre los insectos, tales como el alérgeno Cte f 2 en la pulga, y sus homólogos en los mosquitos.La urticaria papular es una condición frecuente en Latinoamérica que debe investigarse en profundidad. La caracterización inmunológica de los componentes moleculares que causan esta condición puede resolver interrogantes sobre su etiología y su patogenia.

<p>Pemanfaatan agens hayati berupa jamur antagonis Trichoderma mempunyai peluang dalam mencegah maupun menekan serangan jamur akar putih (JAP) pada bibit tanaman karet. Oleh karena itu, Trichoderma dapat diaplikasikan sebelum maupun setelah infeksi patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui waktu aplikasi dan jenis Trichoderma yang efektif dalam mengendalikan penyakit JAP pada bibit karet. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kasa Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar (Balittri) Sukabumi, mulai bulan Mei sampai November 2013. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan acak kelompok faktorial dua faktor dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah dua waktu aplikasi Trichoderma (sebelum dan setelah infeksi patogen), faktor kedua adalah empat jenis Trichoderma (Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma amazonicum, dan Trichoderma atroviride). Di samping itu, digunakan petak kontrol (tanpa Trichoderma) untuk melihat efektif-tidaknya penggunaan Trichoderma. Bibit karet menggunakan klon AVROS 2037 hasil okulasi umur 3 bulan. Peubah yang diamati meliputi gejala penyakit JAP, masa inkubasi patogen, dan intensitas serangan JAP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pembibitan karet penggunaan agen hayati Trichoderma lebih efektif bila diaplikasikan sebelum ada infeksi patogen karena dapat memperpanjang masa inkubasi patogen dan menekan serangan JAP masing-masing 60,49 hari dan 78,36% dibandingkan kontrol, serta 51,62 hari dan 71,14% bila dibandingkan aplikasi setelah ada infeksi. Trichoderma yang diaplikasikan setelah infeksi patogen hanya efektif menekan serangan JAP sebesar 25% dibandingkan kontrol. T. virens dan T. amazonicum paling efektif bila diaplikasikan sebelum infeksi patogen, sedangkan apabila tanaman telah terinfeksi patogen maka dianjurkan menggunakan T. virens, T. amazonicum, atau T. atroviride.</p><p>Kata kunci: Karet, jamur akar putih, Trichoderma, intensitas serangan, masa inkubasi patogen</p><p>The utilization of biological agents such as fungal antagonist of Trichoderma has the opportunity to prevent and suppress the attacks of white root diseases (JAP) in rubber seedlings. Therefore, Trichoderma can be applied before or after pathogen infection. The objectives of this study were to determine the application time and Trichoderma types which effective in controlling white root fungi in rubber seedlings. The research was carried out in the Screen house of Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from May to November 2013. The randomized complete block design in factorial two factors and three replications was used in this study. The first factor: two times of Trichoderma application (one week before and after pathogen infections), whereas the second factor: four types of Trichoderma (Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma amazonicum, and Trichoderma atroviride). In addition, the control plot (without Trichoderma application) was also used to investigate the effectiveness of Trichoderma application. Rubber seedling used in this study was 3 months old AVROS 2037 clone that obtained from grafting. The variable observed were symptom of JAP diseases, pathogen incubations period, and attacks intensity of JAP. The results showed that the use of Trichoderma biological agents in rubber seedling more effective when applied before pathogen infection, because it can prolong the incubations period and suppress pathogenic attack of JAP at about 60.49 days and 78.36%, respectively compared to the controls, and 51.62 days and 71.14% compared to the application after pathogen infections. The application of Trichoderma after pathogen infections only effective to suppress JAP attacks at about 25% compared to the control. T. virens and T. amazonicum most effective when applied before pathogen infection, whereas if the plant has been infected with a pathogen, it is recommended to use T. virens, T. amazonicum, or T. atroviride.</p>

<p>Endofit merupakan mikroorganisme (bakteri, jamur, atau aktinomisetes) yang hidup dan berkoloni di dalam jaringan inang tanpa menimbulkan efek negatif, bahkan banyak memberi keuntungan terhadap inangnya. Salah satu keuntungannya adalah sebagai agensia pengendali hayati baik untuk serangga hama maupun pa-togen penyebab penyakit tanaman. Sebagai agensia hayati, endofit dapat mengurangi kerusakan tanaman oleh serangga, nematoda, atau patogen penyebab penyakit melalui induksi ketahanan tanaman. Selain itu endofit juga dapat berfungsi sebagai agensia hayati melalui interaksi antagonis dan kompetisi. Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas kemampuan endofit sebagai agensia hayati serangga hama dan patogen; mekanisme yang berlang-sung; serta aplikasi endofit dalam dunia pertanian, khususnya tanaman perkebunan.</p><p> </p><p>Endophytes are recognized as microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, or actinomycetes), living and colonizing within host tissues without causing any harm, but giving many benefits to their host. One of the advantages is their role as biocontrol agents for insect pest or plant pathogen. As biocontol agents, endophytes could re-duce plant damage by insects, nematodes, and pathogens through induction for plant resistant mechanisms. Endophytes can also act as biocontrol agents through antagonistic and competition interactions. This article reviews the ability of endophytes as biocontrol agents for insect pest and plant pathogen, the mechanism, and application of endophytes in agriculture, particularly in estate crops.</p>

Isolation and identification of mangosteen yellow latex pathogen through Koch’s Postulate application and molecular analysis. The yellow latex disease decreases fruit quality of mangosteen because exogenic latex causes dirty fruit and the endogenic latex makes the bitter fruit taste and does not deserve to be consumed. The causal agent of the disease caused phusilogical disorder so that cells break due to unstability of cell turgor, the drift irrigation treatment was able to decrease the disease of 35.22%, therefore the causal agent could be microbe that promote the yellow latex. This research was aimed to find the yellow latex pathogens with its characteristics. The Koch Postulate was apllied to isolate and proved the microbes associated to the yellow latex and molecular analysis was constructed subsequently to find the microbe species. The result of the research proved that there were three fungus species as the biotic agent responsible to the disease. The fungus were Verticillium albo-atrum with the highest pathogenecity ( 74.87%), followed by Fusarium oxysporum ( 70.15%), and Pestalotia macrotricha (20.32%).

<p>Penyakit manusia dapat disebabkan oleh kontribusi bakteri yang menyebabkan infeksi. Penggunaan tanaman sebagai pengobatan tradisional memainkan peran penting dalam kesehatan karena dianggap sebagai salah satu sumber yang paling menjanjikan untuk penemuan agen antimikroba baru yang minim efek samping. Bunga telang mulai dilirik masyarakat Indonesia sebagai bunga dengan berbagai macam manfaat bagi kesehatan manusia salah satunya sebagai antibakteri, namun sayangnya belum diketahui seberapa jauh manfaat tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kandungan senyawa dan studi antibakteri ekstrak bunga telang menggunakan beberapa pelarut bersama dengan penilaian kritis terhadap potensinya di masa depan. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan metode penelusuran literatur. Senyawa metabolit sekunder yang ditemukan pada ekstrak bunga telang seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, fenol, saponin dan tanin bertanggungjawab atas aktivitas antibakteri. Ekstrak bunga telang terbukti memberikan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen penyebab konjungtivis, keracunan makanan, infeksi saluran kemih, infeksi kulit dan kerusakan gigi. Bakteri patogen seperti <em>P. aeruginosa, E. coli,</em> dan <em>S. aureus </em>berhasil<em> </em>dihambat pertumbuhannya<em> </em>dengan nilai Diameter Daya Hambat (DDH) 8 ‒ 26 mm. Aktivitas antibakteri yang dimilikinya dipengaruhi oleh pelarut yang digunakan, ekstrak metanol dengan konsentrasi 200 mg/mL memberikan aktivitas antibakteri yang paling kuat terhadap <em>P. aeruginosa</em> dengan nilai DDH 26 mm yang tergolong penghambatan kategori kuat. Hal ini membuktikan ekstrak bunga telang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai antibakteri alami.</p><p><strong>Antibacterial Activity of <em>Clitoria ternatea</em> L. Extract against Pathogenic Bacteria. </strong>Human disease can be caused by bacteria that cause infections. The use of plants as traditional has played an important role in health because it is considered as one of the most promising sources for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents with minimal side effects. Recently, <em>C. ternatea</em> has attracted much attention for Indonesian people as a flower with various benefits for human health, one of which is as an antibacterial. However, how far these benefits are still being investigated. For this reason, this study aims to explore the compound content and antibacterial studies of <em>C. ternatea</em> extract using several solvents along with a critical assessment of its potential in the future. The research method used was the literature search method. Secondary metabolite compounds found in <em>C. ternatea</em> extracts, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins, are responsible for the antibacterial activity. <em>C. ternatea</em> extract has antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria that cause conjunctivitis, food poisoning, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and tooth decay. Pathogenic bacteria such as <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, <em>E. coli,</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> were inhibited with an inhibition zone value of 8 ‒ 26 mm. Its antibacterial activity is influenced by the solvent used, methanol extract with a concentration of 200 mg/mL gave the strongest activity against <em>P. aeruginosa</em> with an inhibition zone of 26 mm, classified as a strong inhibitory category. This proves that the <em>C. ternatea</em> extract has the potential to be further developed as a natural antibacterial agent.</p>

Kandidiasia Candida generoko espezieek eragindako infekzio mikotikoa da. Candida albicans agente etiologiko nagusia da baina gero eta gehiagotan Candida generoko beste espezie batzuk agertzen ari dira kandidiasiaren eragile bezala eta, hauen artean, Candida glabrata espeziea. Espezie honekin lotuta beste bi espezie daude, Candida bracarensis eta Candida nivariensis, teknika molekularrek ondo desberdindu ditzaketenak. Aldaketa etiologiko hauek ondorio larriak izan ditzakete kandidiasiaren diagnostikoan, tratamenduan edota pronostikoan, besteak beste, bere patogenia edo antifungikoekiko sentikortasuna oso desberdina izan daitezkeelako. Ordezko eredu esperimentalek erabiliz mikroorganismoek eragindako gaixotasunen patogenia eta terapia ezagutzeko ezinbesteko aukera ematen dizkigute, eta hauen artean, Caenorhabditis elegans nematodoa eta Galleria mellonella lepidopteroa ditugu. Ikerketa lan honetan konbentzionalak ez diren bi animalia eredu hauen erabilgarritasuna ebaluatu nahi izan da Candida glabrata, Candida bracarensis eta Candida nivariensis harreman filogenetiko estua duten hiru espezie hauen birulentzia in vivo aztertzeko.

<p><em></em><em>ABSTRACT<br /><br />Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is a seedborne pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease, and reduces the quality of seed and rice production. One of the efforts to control the BLB disease and to improve the quality Xoo infected seeds is the seed coating technique enriched with biological agents. The experiment was aimed to study the effect of coating on seed quality and storage life, as well as the Xoo and biological agents resistence (P. diminuta A6 and B. subtilis 5/B) on the seeds. The experiment was carried out from August 2011 to March 2012, using a split plot design with four replications. The main plot was storage period, i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 months. The sub plot was seed coating treatment consisted of negative control (healthy seed); positive control (seeds contaminated with Xoo); seed infested with biological agens; alginate 3% + 1% peat + biological agents; arabic gum 3% + 1% gypsum + biological agents; CMC 1.5% + 1% talc + biological agents; and bactericide streptomycin sulfat 20%. The coated seeds were stored an air-conditioned room (18-20 °C, RH 48-50%). The results showed that the treatments were able to maintain seeds quality during storage, i.e. germination percentage, uniformity percentage, and vigor index, better than those of the positive control. The P. diminuta A6 was still presence (0.08 x 106 cfu mL-1) in seeds coated after 7 month storage, and the B. subtilis 5/B was still presence (0.07 x 106 cfu mL-1) up to 6 month storage with 3% arabic gum + 1% gypsum + biological agents. <br /><br />Keywords: Bacillus subtilis 5/B, Pseudomonas diminuta A6, seed quality, storage space, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae<br /><br /></em><em> </em></p>

Siderophore activity of Bacillus subtilis as plant growth promoters and biological control agent of eggplants pathogens. The aims of this research were to identify the siderophores of B. subtilis, to assess its activities as plant growth promoters and biological control agent of eggplants pathogens. Five isolates of B. subtilis i.e.B46, B209, B211, B298 and B 315 grown on SDCASA medium. The isolate which showed the best siderophores production was then further studied on its ability as a growth promoter on eggplants in two soil types with different Fe content. The inhibitory test was conducted against two kinds of pathogens, namely Colletotrichum sp. and Ralstonia solanacearum. The greenhouse experiment was arranged using a factorial completely randomized block design. The first factor was the B. subtilis (B. subtilis B298 and without B. subtilis B298), second factor was the type of soil (Ultisol and Andisol). The variables measured were Fe uptake by plants, plant growth parameters on eggplant i.e. height, leaf number, root length, root volume, weight of fresh and dried shoot as well as fresh and dry root, percentage of inhibition to fungal and bacterial eggplant pathogens. The results showed that the five isolates of B. subtilis were able to produce siderophores as catecholate and hydroxamate types. The best siderophore production was showed by B. subtilis B298. The ability of B. subtilis B298 in accelerating the growth of plants was indicated by the increased of uptake Fe, plant height, leaf number, root volume, weight of dried plants by 45.62%, 25.48%, 19.45%, 41.10% and 34.89% respectively. The inhibition to the fungal and bacterial eggplant pathogens best shown by the isolates of B. subtilis B298 with 55.4% and 22 mm respectively.

Abstrak. Penelitian bertujuaan untuk mendapatkan isolat rizobakteri yang mampu berperan sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap pengendalian patogen R. microporus dan P. noxius secara in vitro serta sebagai agen rizobakteri pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman (RPPT). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih Jurusan Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam Banda Aceh, mulai Oktober sampai Desember 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap non faktorial. Faktor yang diteliti yaitu isolat rizobakteri, taraf yang dicobakan terdiri dari 15 isolat dan dua patogen antagonis R. microporus dan P. noxius, yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga terdapat 90 unit satuan percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunujukkan isolat rizobakteri mampu menekan pertumbuhan koloni cendawan patogen. Pada patogen uji R. microporus terdapat 3 rizobakteri yang paling baik yaitu isolat DLG5/3 dengan persentase penghambatan 68,33%, DLG4/1 dengan persentase penghambatan 66,66% dan DLG4/7 dengan persentase penghambatan 63,33%. Pada patogen uji P.noxius terdapat dua rizobakteri yang paling baik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan koloni cendawan patogen yaitu isolat DLG5/1 dengan persentase penghambatan 60,33%, dan DKP6/3 dengan persentase penghambatan 52,50%. Pada laju penghambatan isolat rizobakteri yang paling baik pada patogen R. microporus yaitu isolat DLG6/4 dan DKP4/1 dengan nilai rerata laju penghambatan 20,33 mm/hari. Pada patogen P. noxius menunjukan isolat rizobakteri yang paling baik yaitu isolat DLG4/1 dengan nilai laju penghambatan 12,05 mm/hari.Exploration of Indigenous Rizobacteria and Antagonistic Test against Patogen Rigidoporus microporus And Phellinus noxius In Rubber Plant (Hevea brasiliensis) In VitroAbstract. The research was conducted to obtain rhizobacteria isolates capable of acting as biocontrol agents on pathogen control of R. microporus and P. noxius in vitro and as plant growth promoter rhizobacteria (PGPR). The research was conducted at the Science and Technology of seed Laboratory, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh, starts from October to December 2017. The research using Completely Randomized Design non factorial. Factors researched were rhizobacteria isolates, the experimental stage consisted of 15 isolates and 2 antagonist were R. microporus dan P. noxius, and 3 time repeated until be found 90 units of treatment. The results showed that rhizobacteria isolates capable to inhibith growth of colonies pathogenic. In the pathogen of R. microporus test, there are 3 better rhizobacteria were DLG5/3 isolate with 68.33% inhibition percentage, DLG4/1 with 66.66% inhibition percentage and DLG4/7 with 63,33% inhibition percentage. In the pathogen of P. noxius there are 2 best rhizobacteria inhibiting growth, DLG5/1 isolate with 60.33% inhibition percentage, and DKP6/3 with 52,50% inhibition percentage. In the pathogen of R. microporus test, there are 2 better rhizobacteria were DLG6/4 and DKP4/1 with 20,33 mm/day inhibition percentage. In the pathogen of P. noxius test, the best rhizobacteria were DLG4/1 with 12,05 mm/day inhibition percentage.

The problems in dried bonito flakes industry nowadays is the high contents of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) which is can act as carcinogenic agent. The aim of this study was to observe and detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria that may contaminate the dried bonito flakes. The tested parameters include Total Plate Count (TPC) analysis, detection of Coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella. The results showed that the early drying period had 1,3x104 cfu/g and the final drying had 3x103 cfu/g. There is no evidence of the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella.

Pemanfaatan agens hayati menjadi salah satu komponen pengendalian penyakit secara terpadu dalam budi daya bawang merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas tiga agens hayati (Bacillus subtilis B1 dan B298, Fusarium oxysporum nonpatogen T14a) dalam menekan insidensi penyakit busuk pangkal dan memacu pertumbuhan dua varietas bawang merah (‘Bima Brebes’ dan ‘Tajuk’) di lapangan. Penelitian eksperimental disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok faktorial yang terdiri atas dua faktor, yaitu jenis agens hayati dan varietas bawang merah. Semua agens hayati yang diuji menunjukkan kemampuan memperpanjang masa inkubasi penyakit, menekan insidensi penyakit dan meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap serangan patogen busuk pangkal umbi. Bacillus subtilis B1 dan F. oxysporum nonpatogen T14a menunjukkan efikasi yang tinggi, yaitu 81.5% dan 58.0%. Berdasarkan nilai insidensi penyakit dan luas daerah di bawah kurva perkembangan penyakit diketahui bahwa var. ‘Tajuk’ bersifat lebih rentan terhadap penyakit busuk pangkal dibandingkan dengan var. ‘Bima Brebes’. Semua agens hayati yang diuji juga mampu meningkatkan persentase pertunasan umbi bawang merah, indeks luas daun, laju pertumbuhan, total klorofil pada daun, dan produktivitas tanaman. Peningkatan produktivitas tertinggi ditunjukkan B. subtilis B1 (45.45%), disusul berturut-turut oleh F. oxysporum nonpatogen T14a (37.88%), dan B. subtilis B298 (28.79%). Dua dari tiga agens hayati yang diuji, yaitu B. subtilis B1 dan F. oxysporum nonpatogen T14a, potensial untuk dijadikan agens pengendali patogen busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman bawang merah karena memiliki kemampuan cukup baik dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman.

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rizobakteri isolat tanaman tomat yang mampu berperan sebagai agen biokontrol dalam menghambat pertumbuhan koloni patogen Fusarium oxysporum tanaman terung secara in vitro. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih Jurusan Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam Banda Aceh dari bulan Mei sampai Juli 2018. Rancangan yang digunakan pada uji antagonisme rizobakteri dengan patogen adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non faktorial. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase penghambatan pertumbuhan koloni patogen dan laju penghambatan pertumbuhan koloni patogen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase daya hambat rizobakteri yang tertinggi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan koloni patogen yaitu isolat SRK 5/3 dengan nilai 61,97% dengan aktivitas tinggi dan laju penghambatan isolat rizobakteri yang menekan pertumbuhan koloni, hifa, dan spora yaitu isolat SRK 5/3 dengan nilai 11,50 mm/hari.EFFECTIVENESS OF RIZOBACTERIAL TOMATO PLANT (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) ISOLATES ON PATHOGENIC COLUMN GROWTH POWER OF Fusarium oxysporum EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) IN VITROAbstract. This study aims to obtain rhizobacteria from tomato isolates which are able to act as biocontrol agents for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic colonies of Fusarium oxysporum in eggplant plants by in vitro method. This research was carried out at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh, from May to July 2018. The test of rhizobacterial antagonism with pathogens used non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The parameters of this research were the percentage of inhibition of the pathogenic colonies growth and the rate of inhibition of the pathogenic colonies growth. The results showed that the highest percentage of rhizobacterial inhibition for hampering the growth of pathogenic colonies, SRK 5/3 isolates with 61.97% values with high activity and the rate of inhibition of rhizobacterial isolates which suppressed the growth of colony, hyphae, and spores, is 5/3 SRK isolates with the value of 11.50 mm / day.

This research was conducted to isolate, identify, and characterize pathogenic Vibrio spp., causative agents of vibriosis in grouper at Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center (BADC), Situbondo. Twenty-nine isolates were isolated from wound, gills, eyes, liver, and ren of grouper with vibriosis on Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Sucrose Agar (TCBSA) medium. Koch Postulate Test was conducted to determine pathogenic Vibrio spp., by intraperitoneal injection to humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) (9-10 cm of total length) at 106 cells/fish in triplicates. Results indicated that the pathogenic Vibrio spp., causative agents of vibriosis in grouper at BADC, Situbondo were identified to be V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. metchnikovii, V. vulnificus, V. fluvialis, V. furnisii, and V. parahaemolyticus. Infection of the pathogenic Vibrio spp. caused acute mortality within 17-46 hours with specific disease signs like haemorhagic on fins (pinnae pectorales, pinnae abdominales, pinna analis) and also on the body. These results suggested that vibriosis should be monitored and controlled properly and quickly.

La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica reemergente, tiene comportamiento endémico y es de gran importancia en la salud pública a nivel mundial. Su prevalencia es alta en países tropicales y subtropicales, pero presenta mayor incidencia en lugares donde es frecuente la agricultura, la manufactura de productos animales, la silvicultura, la ganadería, entre otros. Esta patología tiene un porcentaje elevado de mortalidad y aunque generalmente es subclínica, puede producir síntomas que van desde un resfriado común hasta fiebre hemorrágica, es por esto que se confunde fácilmente con otras patologías evitando que sea tratada oportunamente. Su forma crónica puede generar alteraciones sistémicas a nivel hepático, renal y pulmonar. El diagnóstico es muy complejo por las características morfológicas de la Leptospira, por lo cual su identificación se realiza mediante dos tipos de ensayos: serológicos y moleculares. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de esta patología, comprendiendo: morfología, clasificación genómica, patogenia, epidemiología, tratamiento y diagnóstico.

<p>The use of biocontrol agents have become commonly accepted as a '<em>natural weapon'</em> in aquaculture, either as an ecological bioremediator for low environmental quality, as well as the health promoter for cultured organisms. Biocontrol agents, which consist of beneficial microorganisms, are commonly applied as biosupplements in feeds. They are potential in replacing the use of antibiotic in inhibiting the pathogenic organisms. Therefore, their application has revealed the potential as an effective strategy to reduce the over use of antibiotics in controlling the pathogenic agents, avoid the spreading the drug resistance, or environmental deterioration <a name="bbib13"></a>of the negative effect by killing useful microorganisms. The development of suitable technology for microbial agents production, viability and stability, is a key area of research for industrial production. Production of biocontrol agents should be based on the microbial criteria, and the ability to withstand stress during processing and storage of products is crucial. This review makes an overview of biocontrol agents selection studies including techniques for isolation/identification, selection, production and its application in order to be accepted as a valuable product in aquaculture.</p> <p>Key words: Biocontrol agents, beneficial microorganisms, aquaculture.</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Pemanfaatan agen biokontrol telah dapat diterima secara luas di dunia akuakultur sebagai <em>senjata alami, </em>baik sebagai bioremediator ekologis untuk memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan yang rendah maupun sebagai promoter/pendukung kesehatan untuk organisme-organisme yang dibudidayakan<em>. </em>Agen-agen biokontrol yang terdiri atas berbagai mikroorganisme yang menguntungkan umumnya diaplikasikan sebagai biosuplemen dalam pakan. Mikroorganisme tersebut potensial dalam menggantikan penggunaan antibiotik dalam proses penghambatan terhadap organisme patogenik. Oleh karena itu, aplikasinya yang sangat potensial dapat berguna sebagai strategi efektif untuk mereduksi penggunaan berlebih dari antibiotik dalam pengendalian agen patogenik, mencegah penyebaran sifat resistensi terhadap obat-obatan, atau mencegah kerusakan lingkungan dari kematian mikroorganisme yang bermanfaat. Pengembangan teknologi yang sesuai untuk produksi, viabilitas dan stabilitas dari agen biokontrol tersebut, merupakan kunci dari penelitian untuk produksi masal pada skala industri. Proses produksi dari agen biokontrol harus berdasar pada kriteria mikrobiologis. Sifat-sifat ketahanannya terhadap <em>stress </em>selama pemrosesan maupun penyimpanan produk adalah penting. Pada makalah ini disajikan teknik-teknik untuk isolasi, identifikasi, produksi dan aplikasi agen biokontrol untuk dapat diterima sebagai produk yang bernilai ekonomis dalam akuakultur.</p> <p>Kata kunci: Agen biokontrol, mikroorganisme yang menguntungkan, akuakultur.</p>

Researching the special and infraspecial structure in causative agent populations of the most dangerous diseases root rots of cereals in various regions of the Russjan Federation has been carried out. The defeat of cereals root rots old in Russia causes in the a complex patogenic. More often meet Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc., F. oxysporum (Schlecht.) Snyd.et Hans., F. heterosporum Nees., F. sporotrichiella nom.nov. Bilai F. gibbosum App.et Wr.emend Bilai., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem., Alternaria spp.

ABSTRACTCurvularia sp. a new fungal pathogen causing leaf spot on the leaf of mustard greenA new diseases symptom as small spots of 1.5 - 1 mm diameter has been found on mustard green's leaf of farmer's field at Tanjungsari Regency of Sumedang. This symptom is different from those previously known incited by Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicola, Pseudocercosporella capsellae as well as by Myscosphaerella brassicicola. Although the spots are small, they are abundant and accompanied with yellowing, making these symptoms detrimental to mustard green production which has to be green and healthy. A Koch Postulate has been performed and successfully identified that the fungal causal agent was of the genera of Curvularia. Previously, curvularia leaf spot disease has never been reported on mustard green in Indonesia.Keywords: Curvularia, Leaf spots, Mustard green, Brassica junceaABSTRAKGejala penyakit baru, berupa bercak hitam berukuran diameter 0,5 - 1 mm ditemukan pada daun tanaman sawi milik petani di daerah Tanjungsari Kabupaten Sumedang. Gejala demikian berbeda dengan gejala-gejala penyakit bercak yang selama ini dikenal disebabkan oleh Alternaria brassicae dan A. brassicola, Pseudocercosporella capsellae dan Myscosphaerella brassicicola. Walaupun gejalanya berukuran kecil, namun karena jumlahnya banyak dan menyebabkan daun menguning, menjadikan gejala penyakit ini merugikan tanaman sawi yang harus hijau dan sehat. Uji Postulat Koch telah dilaksanakan, dan berhasil mengidentifikasi bahwa berdasarkan morfologi mikroskopiknya, jamur tersebut adalah dari genus Curvularia. Penyakit bercak daun curvularia, sebelumnya, belum pernah dilaporkan terdapat pada tanaman sawi di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Curvularia, Bercak daun, Sawi, Brassica juncea

ABSTRACTCurvularia sp. a new fungal pathogen causing leaf spot on the leaf of mustard greenA new diseases symptom as small spots of 1.5 - 1 mm diameter has been found on mustard green's leaf of farmer's field at Tanjungsari Regency of Sumedang. This symptom is different from those previously known incited by Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicola, Pseudocercosporella capsellae as well as by Myscosphaerella brassicicola. Although the spots are small, they are abundant and accompanied with yellowing, making these symptoms detrimental to mustard green production which has to be green and healthy. A Koch Postulate has been performed and successfully identified that the fungal causal agent was of the genera of Curvularia. Previously, curvularia leaf spot disease has never been reported on mustard green in Indonesia.Keywords: Curvularia, Leaf spots, Mustard green, Brassica junceaABSTRAKGejala penyakit baru, berupa bercak hitam berukuran diameter 0,5 - 1 mm ditemukan pada daun tanaman sawi milik petani di daerah Tanjungsari Kabupaten Sumedang. Gejala demikian berbeda dengan gejala-gejala penyakit bercak yang selama ini dikenal disebabkan oleh Alternaria brassicae dan A. brassicola, Pseudocercosporella capsellae dan Myscosphaerella brassicicola. Walaupun gejalanya berukuran kecil, namun karena jumlahnya banyak dan menyebabkan daun menguning, menjadikan gejala penyakit ini merugikan tanaman sawi yang harus hijau dan sehat. Uji Postulat Koch telah dilaksanakan, dan berhasil mengidentifikasi bahwa berdasarkan morfologi mikroskopiknya, jamur tersebut adalah dari genus Curvularia. Penyakit bercak daun curvularia, sebelumnya, belum pernah dilaporkan terdapat pada tanaman sawi di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Curvularia, Bercak daun, Sawi, Brassica juncea

Fruit rot disease in coffee plants (Coffea sp.) is caused by pathogenic fungi (Fusarium sp.). Control of coffee berry rot disease can be done by using biological agents in the form of rhizosphere fungi which have antagonistic properties against pathogenic fungi. This study aims to determine the type of fungus from coffee fruit rot and rhizosphere fungi and to determine the ability of rhizosphere fungi to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. The study was conducted in January-April 2020. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. Sampling was carried out in a coffee plantation (Coffea sp.) Punggur Kecil Village, Kubu Raya Regency. Fungal isolation was carried out using the dilution method and the antagonist test was carried out using the paired method. Based on the results of the study, there was an inhibition of the growth of the fungus Fusarium sp. JPTK1 and Fusarium sp. JPTK2 by Trichoderma sp. JRTK3 with the highest percentage of antagonists were 37.12% and 70.48%, respectively.Keywords: fruit rot disease; biological agents; coffee; rhizosphere fungiAbstrakPenyakit busuk buah pada tanaman kopi (Coffea sp.) disebabkan oleh jamur patogen (Fusarium sp.). Pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kopi dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan agen hayati berupa jamur rizosfer yang memiliki sifat antagonis terhadap jamur patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis jamur dari busuk buah kopi dan jamur rizosfer serta untuk mengetahui kemampuan jamur rizosfer dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur patogen. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Januari-April 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali pengulangan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di perkebunan kopi (Coffea sp.) Desa Punggur Kecil Kabupaten Kubu Raya. Isolasi jamur dilakukan dengan metode pengenceran dan uji antagonis dilakukan dengan metode berpasangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terjadi penghambatan pertumbuhan jamur Fusarium sp. JPTK1 dan Fusarium sp. JPTK2 oleh Trichoderma sp. JRTK3 dengan persentase antagonis tertinggi masing-masing yaitu 37,12% dan 70,48%. Kata kunci: penyakit busuk buah; agen hayati; kopi; jamur rizosfer.

Diseases are<br />major constrains to agricultural crop productions in Indonesia.<br />In the current free world trade system, the chances of<br />introduction of plant quarantine agents are higher, and are<br />difficult to control, due to importation of seeds and other<br />planting materials. Principles of the plant disease control<br />include exclusion and eradication. Early and accurate disease<br />diagnosis is an early and important step for a successful<br />disease control. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay<br />(ELISA) is a promising technique for an aneffective and<br />efficient disease diagnosis. Some advantages of technique<br />over the conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques<br />are economical use of reagents, high sensitivity, relatively<br />simple and quick, suitable for large numbers of samples,<br />and adaptable for automation. In the past decade, several<br />variants and kits of ELISA had been introduced, such as<br />Indirect ELISA, F(ab’)2 ELISA, Dot Blot ELISA, and Immuno<br />Fluorescence Assay (ELFA). Based on the solid membrane<br />used, the Dot Blot ELISA some variants were developed,<br />such as the NCM-ELISA, Tissue Blotting ELISA, dan Paper ELISA. The ELISA variants had different limit of detection levels. The limit detection of the variants for bacteria is ranging from 102-105 cells/ml, while those for viruses were from 1-10 ng/ml. The times required for the ELISA tests ranging from 5-48 hours. Models and components of ELISA kits for some viral and bacterial plant pathogens had been developed, but more are still needed since generally for each pathogen needs a different kit. The commercially available ELISA kits are limited in numbers, some of them<br />are for pathogens that are not present in Indonesia. Production of ELISA kits for domestic uses will be more effective and efficent, particularly for pathogens that are present in the country. The ELISA kits are applicable not only fo detection and identification of pathogens, but also for<br />ecological study of the pathogens in conjuction with epidemiological study of the disease. This paper is a brief review on the ELISA technique and its variants and potential uses for detection of plant pathogens

<p>Entomopathogenic nematodes belonging<br />to genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are potentially<br />most effective and safe biological control agents for insect<br />pests, especially for soil dwelling insects and those living in<br />cryptic habitats. Field application of the nematodes is still<br />hampered by supply of large number of infective juvenile<br />(IJ) nematodes. Five published in vitro media along with its<br />two modifications were tested for mass propagations of two<br />indigenous nematodes (H. indicus PLR2 and Steinernema<br />T96) and one commercial strain (S. carpocapsae #25).<br />Varying levels of IJ yields were observed across the<br />replications and experiments. Medium F that contained 1.0%<br />yeast extract, 2.5% egg yolk, and 4.0% soy oil yielded the<br />highest IJ numbers of H. indicus PLR2 (1.5×105 IJ ml-1) and<br />of S. carpocapsae #25 (2.9×105 IJ ml-1), whereas the widely<br />used medium B, which is based on homogenized chicken<br />offal (40%), yielded the highest number of Steinernema T96<br />(5.8×104 IJ ml-1). The IJ’s quality, as measured by their<br />morphometrics and pathogenicities, were generally<br />impaired, indicating the lack of essential nutrient(s) in the<br />media. Optimization of the propagation media is therefore<br />still needed to increase IJ’s quantity and quality to achieve<br />the required standard for commercial scale of artificial<br />propagation.</p>

IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI PATOGEN PENYEBAB PENYAKIT PURPLE SYNDROME PADA KARANG FUNGIA DI PULAU HARI SULAWESI TENGGARA Nowadays coral disease is one of the causes of damage to coral reefs in Indonesia. Causative agents were found for some types of coral disease. This study aims to identify the type of pathogenic bacteria that cause purple syndrome which attacks Fungia corals. The study was conducted using descriptive exploratory methods. Corals infected with purple syndrome were collected on Pulau Hari, Southeast Sulawesi, through scuba diving. Then, microbiological analysis was carried out which included isolation using the scatter method, purification using a scratch method, a challenge test (antagonistic), a Koch Postulate test, and DNA analysis of putative bacterial isolates. Results showed that 5 bacterial isolates lived in symbiosis with the corals infected with purple syndrome (PSMH1, PSMH2, PSMH3, PSMH4, and PSMH5). Based on the Koch postulate test, 2 bacterial isolates which were pathogenic were obtained, namely PSHM2 and PSHM4 isolates. These bacteria infected the test corals with the characteristics of coral skeleton damage and coral bleaching (dead). Based on biomolecular testing, the two isolates were members of Enterobacter cloacae with a 99% similarity level.Keywords: Coral disease; Enterobacter cloacae; Fungia coral; Hari island; Purple syndromeABSTRAKSaat ini penyakit karang menjadi salah satu penyebab kerusakan terumbu karang di Indonesia. Penyebab pembawa untuk beberapa jenis penyakit karang sudah ditemukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis bakteri patogen penyebab penyakit purple syndrome yang menyerang karang Fungia. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif. Sampel karang yang terinfeksi purple syndrome diambil di Pulau Hari, Sulawesi Tenggara, melalui scuba diving. Selanjutnya, analisis mikrobiologi dilakukan yang meliputi isolasi menggunakan metode sebar, purifikasi menggunakan metode gores, uji tantang (antagonistik), uji Postulat Koch, dan analisa DNA isolat bakteri yang diduga bersifat patogen. Hasil penelitian menemukan 5 isolat bakteri yang bersimbiosis dengan karang yang terinfeksi penyakit purple syndrome (PSMH1, PSMH2, PSMH3, PSMH4, dan PSMH5). Berdasarkan uji postulat Koch, 2 isolat bakteri yang bersifat patogen didapatkan, yaitu isolat PSHM2 dan PSHM4. Bakteri tersebut menginfeksi karang uji dengan ciri kerusakan skeleton karang dan pemutihan karang (mati). Berdasarkan uji biomolekuler kedua isolat tersebut merupakan anggota Enterobacter cloacae dengan tingkat kemiripan 99%.

Citrus production is facing an unprecedented problem because of huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Presently, no effective HLB-easing method is available when citrus becomes infected. Guanosine 5′-monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) is a key protein in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. GMPS is used as an attractive target for developing agents that are effective against the patogen infection. In this research, homology modeling, structure-based virtual screening, and molecular docking were used to discover the new inhibitors against CLas GMPS. Enzyme assay showed that folic acid and AZD1152 showed high inhibition at micromole concentrations, with AZD1152 being the most potent molecule. The inhibition constant (Ki) value of folic acid and AZD1152 was 51.98 µM and 4.05 µM, respectively. These results suggested that folic acid and AZD1152 could be considered as promising candidates for the development of CLas agents.

A lesão de afta é considerada a alteração mais comum da mucosa oral em humanos e se caracteriza por uma lesão circular, claramente definida, dolorosa, com centro necrótico, bordas elevadas e halo eritematoso. Até hoje, não ocorreu a caracterização de um agente etiológico especifico para essa afecção. No entanto, várias são as referências, na literatura, que consideram o estresse um dos fatores predisponentes para sua patogenia. Visando a estabelecer uma correlação entre esses processos, este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre os efeitos do estresse no sistema imunológico e a possível atuação desse sistema na origem das lesões de afta.

Enteropatia proliferativa (EP), causada pela Lawsonia intracellularis, tem sido descrita em eqüinos jovens. A maioria dos relatos de EP em eqüinos é proveniente da América do Norte. Não existe ainda relato desta enfermidade em eqüinos na América Latina, apesar de a distribuição mundial da enfermidade em suínos. Portanto, é bastante provável que a EP esteja sendo negligenciada no diagnóstico de diarréias em potros desmamados. Esta revisão enfoca aspectos gerais sobre a infecção, abrangendo desde a etiologia, a epidemiologia, a patogenia, os sinais clínicos, as lesões anátomo e histopatológicas, o diagnóstico e o tratamento, alertando sobre a potencial importância de L. intracellularis como possível agente causal de diarréia em potros desmamados.

Potential of Erionota thrax to spread the causal agen of banana bacterial wilt (Blood Disease Bacterium). This study was conducted in Gerbosari, Samigaluh, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta and in the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta during December 2002 to June 2003. The aim of this study was to find out the potency of Erionota thrax to spread Blood Disease Bacterium the causal agent of banana blood disease in Indonesia. A field survey was conducted to record the existance of Blood Disease Bacterium in larvae and adult E. thrax. The results show that Blood Disease Bacterium was not found in the larval stage of E. thrax. In the adult of E. thrax, the pathogen was found on the legs, wings, body surface, head and head surface, but it was not found inside the body of E. thrax.

Leukosit yang terdapat pada sperma merupakan indikasi adanya infeksi saluran genitalia pria. Peran patogenik yang terjadi pada leukocytospermia, ditandai dengan pelepasan spesies oksigen reaktif yang menyebabkan penipisan kapasitas fungsional sperma. Staphylococcus areus adalah mikroba dominan dalam etiologi infertilitas pria, dan menemukan bahwa ciprofloxacin dan ofloxcasin menjadi pengobatan yang efektif untuk infeksi bakteri pada pria mandul. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pola jenis kuman dan uji sensitivitas antibiotik pada leukosistospermia pada pria infertil di Klinik Andrologi RSUP Baptis Kediri. Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif. Sampel diambil dari data sekunder pasien pasangan infertil yang berobat ke Klinik Andrologi Rumah Sakit Baptis selama periode 1 Januari 2012 sampai dengan 1 Juni. Mikroorganisme yang paling banyak ditemukan pada penelitian ini adalah staphylococcus sp sebanyak 22 sampel (57,8%) kemudian diikuti oleh streptococcus sp sebanyak 5 sampel (13,16%). Antibiotik yang paling sensitif adalah imipenem yang sensitif terhadap 36 sampel (80%). Yang paling sensitif kedua adalah Meropenem, dimana sensitif terhadap 33 sampel (73,3%). Staphylococcus aureus ditemukan menjadi agen dominan dalam sampel leukocytospermia. Antibiotik yang paling sensitif adalah Imipenem, meropenem, dan Chloramphenicol. Penulis mendorong kultur mikroorganisme dan tes sensitivitas sebagai pemeriksaan rutin untuk sampel leukositospermia untuk resep antibiotik rasional Leucocytes that found in sperms is an indication of male genital tract infection. Patogenic role that occurs in leucocytospermia, remarks by release of reactive oxygen species that leads to functional capacity depletion of sperm. Sstudy by Komola at al,,Staphylococcus areus is the predominant microbes in male infertility etiology, and found that ciprofloxacin and ofloxcasin to be the effective treatment of bacterial infections in sterile male. This study aims to provide patterns of germ types and antibiotic sensitivity test in leucocystospermia in infertile man on Andrology Clinic of Baptis General Hospital, Kediri. The study design is descriptive. Samples was collected from secondary data of patients of infertile couples attended Andrology Clinic Baptize Hospital during period of January 1st 2012 untill June 1st. The most common microorganism found in this study is staphylococcus sp, which was found in 22 sampels (57,8%) then followed by streptococcus sp found in 5 sampels (13,16%). The most sensitive antibiotics is imipenem in which sensitive to 36 sampels (80%). The second most sensitive is Meropenem, in which sensitive to 33 sampels (73,3%). Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the predominants agents in leucocytospermia samples. The most sensitive antibiotics were Imipenem, meropenem, and Chloramphenicol. Authors encourage microorganism culture and sensitivity tests as the routine examination for leucocytospermia samples for rational antibiotic prescription

PCR–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI/MS), suatu peralatan baru yang mampu mendeteksi hampir semua mikroorganisme patogen, namun belum pernah digunakan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh pengalaman dengan PCR/ESI-MS dan panel food borne pathogen, mengetahui kelebihan dan kelemahan teknologi ini. Rancangan penelitian potong lintang, menggunakan spesimen dari poliklinik anak, dilakukan dari bulan juli 2012 hingga desember 2012, dan akhirnya 24 spesimen diperiksa dengan PCR/ESI-MS. Karakteristik diare terdiri dari 12 dengan lendir, 3 diare berdarah dan 20 hanya diare cair saja. Pada sebagian besar kasus dijumpai lebih dari satu bakteri. Bakteri E. coli FDA29 ditemukan pada kasus disertai demam dan sakit perut, namun tidak ada pada kasus tanpa kelainan tersebut. Jenis bakteri dengan PCR/ESI-MS berbeda dengan kultur. Metoda ini dapat mendeteksi bakteri dalam waktu 24 jam dan sangat bermanfaat pada wabah. Berdasarkan kemampuan metoda ini untuk mendeteksi beberapa bakteri dari satu spesimen, tampaknya biayanya tidak lebih mahal dibanding kultur. Metoda ini sangat bermanfaat untuk surveilans dalam hal menemukan kesamaaan antara penyebab penyakit dan pejamu. PCR–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI/MS), a new equipment that can detect almost all human patogenic microorganism, but never used before in Indonesia.The aim of this study to get experience with PCR/ESI-MS and panel food borne pathogen, to know the profile of bacteria that caused diarhea by PCR/ESI-MS, and know the advantage and handicapped of this equipment.Study design was descriptive cross sectional, using specimen from Child ambulatory clinic, was done from July 2012 until December 2012 and finally 24 was examined with PCR/ESI-MS. Clinical characteristic consist of fever 9 (37,5%), vomiting 17 (70.8%)and abdominal pain 11 (45.8%). Mayority (75%) got diarhea from 3-5 daily. Characteristic of diarhea, 12 cases with mucus, 3 cases bloody diarhea and 20 cases only liquid faeces. In most cases, we found multiple bacteria . Bacteria E. coli FDA29 was detected on cases with fever and abdominal pain but not found in cases without those manifestation. Type of bacteria in this study was different with cultur result. This method can detect bacteria in 24 hours, and very useful in outbreak, and if we calculate the cost and the ability of this metod to detect several bacteria from single specimen, it seems nearly the same. It seems that this method will be very useful for surveilans ie to find similarity between agent and host.Keywords: diarrhea, PCR/ESI-MS

Sepse, definida pela Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SRIS) secundária a um agente infeccioso, é uma afecção comum em cães e gatos e está relacionada a altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade nestas espécies. Sua patogenia é complexa e multifatorial, mas a instabilidade hemodinâmica tem sido apontada como fator relevante para o alto índice de óbito nos pacientes, pois gera hipóxia e subsequente disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. O tratamento é baseado na terapia guiada por metas e tem como objetivo restaurar o equilíbrio circulatório pela infusão de grandes quantidades de fluido, sendo que a escolha da fluidoterapia adequada é ainda muito controversa. Assim, esta revisão descreve a fisiopatogenia da sepse e compara resultados do uso de coloides e cristaloides apresentados nos periódicos consultados.

A leptospirose caracteriza-se como a zoonose bacteriana mais comum, sendo sua perpetuação garantida por condições ambientais favoráveis à sobrevivência das leptospiras, diversidade de sorovares e potenciais hospedeiros existentes. A instalação da enfermidade depende da imunidade inata ou adaptativa e estado fisiológico do hospedeiro, bem como do agente etiológico e características ambientais. Nos caprinos, a doença manifesta-se de forma inaparente, aguda ou crônica de acordo com o tipo de sorovar envolvido e longevidade da infecção. Cada modo de manifestação da leptospirose caprina abrange aspectos clínicos específicos e grande parte dos sinais clínicos detém patogenia desconhecida, pouco elucidada ou baseada em analogia. Disfunções reprodutivas, declínio da produção leiteira, redução na taxa de crescimento e manejo inadequado atuam como fatores limitantes à produção, acarretando prejuízos econômicos.

Characterization and activities assay of rhizosphere bacteria from ultisol land for plant-growth promoting and biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungus pathogens under in vitro test. Although many studies have been conducted to identify the specific traits of the plant growth-promoting and bioprotecting rhizobacteria (PGPBR), they were limited to studying specific PGPBR isolates from ultisol lands. We selected 273 isolates from bulk soil and plant rhizosphere and examined them for a wide array traits that might inhibit the growth of plant pathogens and increase early cucumber growth in ultisol soil. A subsample of 25 isolates, all positively produce chitinase and sellulose enzymes, 18 positively produce protease and 7 were fluorescens on KB medium under UV lighting. All isolates could produce IAA and be able to solubilize phosphor in vitro test, 10 exhibited low level of nitrogenase activity. Futher test showed that out of 25 isolates, 12 inhibited F. oxysporum, P. capsici, R. solani and S. rolfsii in vitro. All isolates increased seed germination, but only 5 isolates significanty increased early cucumber growth in ultisol soil. The results suggest that rhizobacteria be able to produce extracelluler enzymes, siderophore, ACC deasiminase, and IAA or those which are able to solubilize phosphor in vitro may be potential to be uses as biofertilizer and biological control agents in ultisol land.

Abstrak: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) adalah salah satu patogen tular tanah yang sangat berbahaya bagi tanaman tomat, hal itu dikarenakan patogen ini mampu bertahan dalam jangka waktu yang lama di dalam tanah. Salah satu alternatif pengendalian secara biologi yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan cara memanfaatkan cendawan antagonis sebagai agen biokontrol yaitu Trichoderma spp. penggunaan cendawan antagonis sebagai agen hayati harus dalam bentuk formula yang tepat dengan bahan yang mudah tersedia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi beberapa bentuk formulasi Trichoderma spp dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu fusarium pada tanaman tomat. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola non faktorial yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dengan menggunakan 5 ulangan, setiap ulangan terdiri dari 4 unit tanaman. Susunan perlakuan bentuk formulasi berbahan aktif Trichoderma spp yaitu F0 = Kontrol (tanpa perlakuan),F1 = Formulasi pelet daun katuk 3 g (+ 10 butir)/polibag, F2 = Formulasi padat jagung kering 3 g/polibag dan F3 = Formulasi cair produk komersil 100 ml/polibag. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi beberapa bentuk formulasi Trichoderma spp mampu memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap persentase layu tanaman dan tinggi tanaman serta persentase batang yang xylemnya terdiskolorasi. Application of Several Forms by Trichoderma spp Formulation in Controlling Fusarium Wilt Disease on Tomato PlantsAbstract. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) is one of the soil pathogens that is very harmful for tomato plants, it is because these pathogens are able to survive for a long time in the soil. One of the alternative biological controls that are environmentally friendly is by utilizing the antagonist fungus as a biocontrol agent that is Trichoderma spp. the use of antagonistic fungi as biological agents should be in the form of the right formula with easily available materials. This study aims to determine the effect of application of some form of Trichoderma spp formulation in controlling fusarium wilt disease in tomato plants. This research uses Completely Randomized Design of non factorial pattern consisting of 4 treatments using 5 replications, each replication consisting of 4 plant units. the active formulation by several form formulation of Trichoderma spp is F0 = Control (without treatment), F1 = Leaf pelet formulation 3 g (+ 10 grain) / polybag, F2 = Dry corn solid formula 3 g / polybag and F3 = Commercial liquid product formulation 100 ml / polybag. The results showed that the application of some form of formulation Trichoderma spp able to give a real effect on the percentage of wilting plants and plant height as well as the percentage of stems that discoloration on xylem.

Coelhos têm sido utilizados como modelo para o estudo da neuropatogenia da infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5), um importante agente de doença neurológica em bovinos. O sistema olfatório tem sido apontado como a principal via de acesso do vírus ao cérebro após replicação na cavidade nasal. Para investigar a importância da via olfatória na patogenia da infecção neurológica pelo BHV-5, foi elaborada e avaliada uma técnica operatória de craniotomia transfrontal para remoção dos bulbos olfatórios (BOs), definindo-se as órbitas como referência anatômica. Foram utilizados 45 coelhos com 30 dias de idade, sendo 23 submetidos à ablação cirúrgica dos BOs e posteriormente inoculados pela via intranasal (IN) ou no saco conjuntival (IC) com o BHV-5. Após incisões de pele, tecido subcutâneo e periósteo, a craniotomia foi realizada em um ponto eqüidistante entre os cantos mediais dos olhos, com uma broca sulcada de 3mm acoplada a uma perfuratriz elétrica de baixa rotação. A remoção dos BOs foi realizada com uma sonda uretral n°6 acoplada a um aspirador. O estudo macroscópico de três animais após a cirurgia comprovou que o procedimento foi eficiente na remoção total dos BOs. Isso também foi comprovado pela interrupção do acesso do vírus ao córtex cerebral: apenas um animal (1/11 ou 9,1%) no grupo submetido à ablação dos BOs com inoculação IN desenvolveu enfermidade neurológica, contra 100% (10/10) dos coelhos controle. Conclui-se que a técnica de craniotomia transfrontal utilizando a órbita como referência anatômica permite o acesso adequado para localização e remoção dos BOs e pode ser utilizada em estudos de patogenia de infecções por vírus neurotrópicos que exijam a interrupção completa da via olfatória.

ABSTRACTEffect of induced resistance by Candida tropicalis on the growth of chili plants infected by Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatum is a major pathogen of chili that causes a big yield loss. Candida tropicalis has been reported as a biocontrol agent antagonistic to C. acutatum. The research was objected tofind out the effect of induced resistance by C. tropicalis on the growth of chili plants infected by C. acutatum. The application of the yeast was carried out by seed dipping and seedling spraying methods. As treatments, C. acutatum, the pathogen was inoculated at different time, i.e. A = inoculation at 3 days after the induction (dai) by C. tropicalis, B = inoculation at 7 dai, C = inoculation at 10 dai, D = positive control on inoculation at 3 dai, E = positive control on inoculation at 7 dai, F = positive control on inoculation at 10 dai, G = negative control with no induction nor inoculation. The results showed that the induction by C. tropicalis was able to increase the plant height, leaf number, and dry weight. The highest increase of plant height of 30.72% was caused by induction of C. tropicalis inoculated at 7 dai. Induction of C. tropicalis inoculated at 3 dai increased the leaf number by 49.47%, and the plant dry weight by 50%. C. tropicalis has a potency to be developed as plant growth inducer.Keywords: Antagonist, Inoculation, Fungi, YeastABSTRAKJamur Colletotrichum acutatum merupakan patogen penyebab kehilangan hasil panen yang cukup besar pada tanaman cabai. Salah satu mikrob antagonis jamur ini yang telah dilaporkan adalah khamir Candida tropicalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh induksi resistensioleh C. tropicalis terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman cabai terinfeksi C. acutatum. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan teknik perendaman benih dan penyiraman bibit tanaman cabaimenggunakan suspensi C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi patogen C. acutatum yang berbeda. Perlakuan tersebut adalah A = Inokulasi C. acutatum 3 hari setelah perlakuan induksi C. tropicalis (hsp), B = Inokulasi C. acutatum 7 hsp, C = Inokulasi C. acutatum 10 hsp, D = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 3 hsp, E = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 7 hsp, F = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 10 hsp, G = Kontrol (-) tanpa induksi dan inokulasi. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa perlakuan induksi resistensi oleh khamir C. tropicalis mampu meningkatkan tinggi, jumlah daun, dan bobot kering tanaman cabai. Kemampuan meningkatkan tinggi tanamancabai tertinggi terjadi pada perlakuan C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi 7 hsp yaitu sebesar 30,72%. Perlakuan khamir C. tropicalis dengan inokulasi patogen 3 hsp mampu meningkatkan jumlah daun tanaman cabai sebesar 49,47%. Perlakuan C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi 3 hsp mampu meningkatkan bobot kering tanaman sebesar 50%. Khamir C. tropicalis berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai agens pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman.Kata Kunci: Antagonis, Inokulasi, Jamur, Patogen

A contaminação por bactérias presentes em água e alimentos é cada vez mais uma importante questão ligada à saúde. Por conta disso, grande parte da população não compreende os riscos da contaminação alimentar por Escherichia coli. E por este fato, a presença dessa bactéria de importância médica são relatadas com frequência em diversos estudos, sendo a Escherichia coli o agente etiológico com maior número de casos nos últimos anos no Brasil. Essa bactéria pode estar presente na água e alimentos contaminados, trazendo prejuízos para saúde pública. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar características, transmissão, patogenia e formas de controle de E. coli. Para o alcance do objetivo desse trabalho, a metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa exploratória, tendo como coleta de dados o levantamento bibliográfico. As palavras de busca serão: Escherichia coli, alimentos, patótipos, patogenia, virulência, prevenção e tratamento. Os artigos foram revisados para verificar se realmente atendem ao tema. A escolha do tema justificou-se por refletir a importância do conhecimento dos principais fatores que podem gerar a contaminação dos alimentos, e entender suas consequências. As informações descritas reforçam que há necessidade de maior controle e prevenção da presença de E. coli em água e alimentos, visando a diminuir os índices de contaminação os riscos a que a população possa ser exposta, por conta dos péssimos hábitos alimentares, falta de higiene no cuidado, manipulação e ingestão dos alimentos, onde com isso, será possível traçar estratégias para auxiliar a população sobre a importância de compreender melhor a respeito da contaminação por E. coli.

Abstract: Chitinolytic actinobacteria are currently more widely used because of their ability as the biological control agents to the pathogenic fungi, especially in horticultural and plantation crops. This research was conducted to obtain isolates of chitinolytic soil actinobacteria from the rhizosphere of the rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis) area in IPB University. Antifungal activities from these actinobacteria hopely able to inhibit the growth of plant pathogenic fungi in Vitro on chitin agar media. Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii are used in the inhibition test of chitinolytic actinobacteria. The results successfully obtained 16 isolates of actinobacteria were grew on Humic Acid Vitamin (HV) agar. It showed that six of 16 actinobacteria isolates were able to produce inhibition zones to the growth of hyphae of pathogenic fungi on potato dextrose agar (PDA). KK-15 and KK-07 isolates were able to produce the largest inhibition percentages in F. oxysporum and S. rolfsii. Based on the chitinolytic index (CI) values, KK-15 and KK-07 isolates produced CI values of 1.25 and 1.5, respectively. The morphological characteristics and Gram staining of both KK-15 and KK-07 isolates are closely relative with Streptomyces sp. Abstrak: Bakteri kitinolitik saat ini banyak diteliti karena kemampuannya sebagai agens pengendali hayati jamur patogen khususnya pada tanaman hortikultura dan perkebunan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan isolat-isolat bakteri kitinolitik asal tanah dari bagian perakaran tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis) di daerah perkebunan karet Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB). Aktivitas antifungi dari bakteri ini diharapkan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jamur patogen tanaman secara in Vitro pada media agar-agar kitin. Fusarium oxysporum dan Sclerotium rolfsii digunakan dalam uji hambat aktinobakteri kitinolitik. Hasil penelitian memperoleh 16 isolat aktinobakteri berhasil diisolasi dengan menggunakan media agar-agar Humic Acid Vitamin (HV), dan dari 16 isolat tersebut, enam isolat mampu menghasilkan zona hambat terhadap pertumbuhan hifa dari kedua jamur patogen pada media Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) secara in Vitro. Isolat KK-15 dan KK-07 mampu menghasilkan diameter hambatan terbesar pada jamur F. oxysporum dan S. rolfsii. Berdasarkan nilai index kitinolitik (IK), isolat KK-15 dan KK-07 menghasilkan nilai IK sebesar 1,25 dan 1,5 secara berurutan. Karakteristik morfologi dan pewarnaan Gram dari kedua isolat yaitu KK-15 dan KK-07 memiliki kedekatan dengan kelompok Streptomyces spp.

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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre a IL-18, sua expressão dentro das diversas doenças inflamatórias e seu papel na atividade e desenvolvimento da Doença Periodontal. A inflamação crônica é uma condição patológica que se caracteriza por um processo inflamatório de longa duração e destruição tecidual. Independendo de sua etiologia, se o agente causador da inflamação não for removido, a resposta inflamatória perdura, evoluindo para um quadro crônico. Na doença inflamatória crônica, as células predominantes são mononucleares, tais como: linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos, que coexistem com elementos envolvidos na reparação, tais como fibroblastos, vasos neoformados e brotamentos axonais. A IL-18 é uma citoquina originalmente reconhecida como fator de indução para o Interferon-γ,<em> </em>mediante a ativação de células T, e está sempre presente nas inflamações crônicas. Na periodontite, foram detectados níveis elevados de IL-18 no fluido gengival, indicando a participação dessa citoquina no processo inflamatório periodontal. Sendo assim, podemos concluir que a IL-18 pode tanto atuar sobre Th1, induzindo uma resposta inflamatória aberrante, quanto em Th2, induzindo respostas alérgicas, ou atuar fisiologicamente nos processos reparativos ósseos, ativando macrófagos via GM-CSF.</p>