Journal articles on the topic 'Agency (Law) – United States'
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1
Kantaria, Saloni. "The Challenges of Enforcing an Arbitral Award Against a Foreign State in the United States." Journal of International Arbitration 27, Issue 1 (February 1, 2010): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2010005.
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A party seeking to enforce an arbitral award against a sovereign state or stage agency in the United States may face practical challenges due to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). In particular, the FSIA presents two hurdles which must be crossed by an arbitral award. This article will consider these hurdles and discuss whether the United States is an appropriate forum for a party seeking to enforce an arbitral award against a foreign state or agency, and whether the FSIA puts an arbitral award holder in an inferior position to a sovereign state or agency by granting it excessive immunity.
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Wilson, Jeremy M., and Clifford A. Grammich. "Consolidation of Police and Fire Services in the United States." International Criminal Justice Review 27, no. 3 (March 10, 2017): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717698012.
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More than 100 municipalities across the United States have consolidated their police, fire, and emergency medical services into a single, consolidated agency. Typical reasons for such consolidation are to reduce costs or improve efficiency. As initial reasons to consolidate change or diminish, some agencies have deconsolidated, but many remained consolidated. In this work, we use perspectives of contingency theory and institutional theory of organizations to explore why agencies may remain consolidated. Using a mixed-methods approach, we first recruited two expert panels of consolidated agency leaders and others knowledgeable about consolidation and deconsolidation across the United States. From these experts, we gathered insight into a broad range of issues related to public-safety consolidation. We then conducted a series of seven case studies among communities chosen for their location and community features, interviewing agency executives and line staff as well as local officials. We found contingency theory helps explain why many of these agencies consolidate. We also found, as institutional theory would predict, that many conformed to standards of other bodies or even created their own “cultural” standards. This work highlights the importance of both theoretical perspectives in assessing the growth and persistence of these agencies.
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Sinclair, Michael R. "To Fight to Save in Space: A Legal Argument that a Space Coast Guard Is Increasingly Necessary for Effective Twenty-First Century Space Governance." Air and Space Law 43, Issue 4/5 (September 1, 2018): 459–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2018030.
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Recently, U.S. President Donald Trump directed the Department Defense to create a new Space Force. Congress has pursued similar ideas in the recent past. If the United States is going to create a new space agency it may, however, be better served by establishing a ‘Space Guard’ modelled after and organized similarly to the existing U.S. Coast Guard. Indeed, it has become increasingly apparent the United States may need to establish such an agency sooner, rather than later to ensure that it meets its international legal obligations and to address widening authorities and capabilities gaps in existing U.S. space ‘governance’ programs. A pending ‘space boom’ led by private actors and businesses, and indeed encouraged by the United States government, makes it more and more likely that existing international legal regimes will prove inadequate governance structures as increasing numbers of state and private actors take to the stars. Further, the United States government currently divides responsibility and authorities for space operations amongst several departments and agencies, which is burdensome, inefficient, and unlikely to be agile enough to keep pace with, let alone effectively regulate and manage private space ventures. This article argues that establishing a Space Guard is a critical first step in how the United States can contribute to twenty-first century space governance, while at the same time also protecting important U.S. interests, because only an agency modelled on the Coast Guard’s ability to exercise broad, interdependent authorities across every aspect within an entire domain, and with the organizational culture to responsibly wield those authorities, will be able to effectively and efficiently manage future U.S. space activities.
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Fidler, David P. "A Globalized Theory of Public Health Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00382.x.
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This symposium issue of the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics indicates that interest in public health law in the United States is enjoying a renaissance. The focus of the articles reflects this renaissance, as they explore the state of public health law in various contexts within the United States. Additionally, all but one of the symposium authors plies his or her trade at a university, institution, or government agency in the United States. My task here is different: I focus on public health law within the context of international relations.Analyzing public health law with an international perspective proves no easy assignment. Examining the role of public health law in the proverbial global village takes the analysis out of the familiar territory of law operating within a single sovereign state. The analysis could take two forms. One could compare different national systems of public health law on specific issues. Such a comparative law approach would be interested in, for example, how the public health laws of the United States and South Africa differ in connection with regulating tobacco consumption.
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Thompson, Brian. "The Obesity Agency: Centralizing the Nation's Fight against Fat." American Journal of Law & Medicine 30, no. 4 (December 2004): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880403000404.
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Fat. Many love to eat it, but hate to carry it. The majority of people in the United States struggle to get out of this love/hate bond. Unfortunately, they find themselves stuck in an abusive relationship.Obesity is the “fastest-growing major health problem in the United States.” Approximately two thirds of American adults are overweight or obese. In addition, 15 percent of children are overweight. The number of people suffering from this chronic ailment dwarfs the number of people afflicted with other diseases such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes and heart disease. Obesity leads to over 400,000 deaths a year, and it costs the United States over $117 billion per year. The prevalence and cost of the disease “warrants an increased emphasis on prevention and treatment.”
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Tajti, Tibor. "A new frontier: The challenges surrounding the deepening impact of data protection regulations on bankruptcy law." Pravni zapisi 14, no. 2 (2023): 238–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-46513.
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Notwithstanding the unprecedented and global prestige that data privacy (or data protection, in Europe) law has gained in the 21st century, comparative analyses of the effects flowing from the intensifying impact of data protection law on bankruptcy (insolvency) law remain unexplored. In addition to canvassing the history and contours of the data protection-bankruptcy law interface, through an empirical comparison of available court and data protection agency (authority) cases in multiple jurisdictions, this article fills this gap by identifying and exemplifying various modalities through which data protection law interferes with the bankruptcy process or creates tensions between the two branches of law, based on the comparison of available court and data protection authority (agency) cases in Europe (including the United Kingdom), the United States, as well as Canada and China, as middle-ground systems.
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Hanson, Elizabeth Crump. "Biotechnology, International Law, and the National Interest." Politics and the Life Sciences 9, no. 1 (August 1990): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400010273.
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On November 25, 1969 Richard Nixon announced that because of the “massive, unpredictable, and potentially uncontrollable consequences” of biological weapons, the United States would never use these weapons, would destroy all existing stocks, and would confine its research to strictly defined measures of defense (Harris, 1987:193). This unilateral renunciation followed an extensive review by the National Security Council of U.S. chemical and biological warfare policy, which lasted six months and involved every relevant agency in the U.S. government and which concluded that U.S. biological warfare capabilities provided no compelling military advantages (Tucker, 1984-85:61). Three years later the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) was signed; it was the first postwar arms control agreement to elminate an entire class of weapons from the arsenals of states (U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1982:122). The treaty was ratified unanimously by the U.S. Senate in 1974, and over 100 nations have acceded to it. This arms control achievement has been attributed in part to the serious doubts which many countries, including the United States, shared about the military value of biological weapons (Harris, 1987:205-6). Within a decade of the signing of this treaty, however, the development of recombinant-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology had raised the possibility of a new and more effective form of biological warfare.
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Marzen, Chad. "A Bibliography of Key Final Agency Determinations of the United States Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 9, no. 2 (May 2023): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v9.i2.3.
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This Article is the first law review article to comprehensively examine Final Agency Determinations (FADs) of the United States Department of Agriculture. A key part of the administrative process within the Risk Management Agency of USDA, FADs contribute to the interpretation and understanding of the Common Crop Insurance Policy, which is the federally-reinsured multi-peril insurance contract. This Article surveys ten of the most significant recent FADs and emphasizes the importance of FADs to litigated disputes between insurance providers and insureds with regard to the federal crop insurance program. Overall, understanding of FADs is critical for stakeholders with the multi-peril crop insurance program.
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ELLIS, JAYE. "Extraterritorial Exercise of Jurisdiction for Environmental Protection: Addressing Fairness Concerns." Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2012): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156512000106.
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AbstractTeck v. Pakootas revisits the infamous Trail smelter, which made history in public international law. This more recent case should be set to make history as well, due to the manner in which the issue of extraterritorial exercise of jurisdiction was handled. The substantive result reached in the courts seems fair, reasonable, and appropriate: a notorious polluter, Teck Cominco Metals Inc., is called to account by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and required to study the feasibility of cleaning up a site it contaminated by dumping effluents in a transboundary river over the course of several decades. Yet, both courts that examined this case on the merits failed to understand the ramifications of this extension of the Environmental Protection Agency's jurisdiction across the Canada–United States border. This article begins with a doctrinal analysis of jurisdictional rules in private and public international law, and then proceeds to evaluate those rules with the help of insights from scholarship on global administrative law and international public authority.
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Drew, Jacqueline M., and Sherri Martin. "Mental health and wellness initiatives supporting United States law enforcement personnel: The current state-of-play." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 8, Suppl_1 (February 23, 2023): S12—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.298.
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The current research provides a national snapshot of availability, access, and perceived effectiveness of wellness services and help-seeking stigma. This study is based on a sample of 3,994 police officers across the United States. The current study found a substantial percentage of officers are accessing wellness services, whether agency-provided, external, or a combination of both. Among officers who were most in need of wellness services, those experiencing some level of psychological distress, over 90% accessed at least one agency-provided or external service. Employee assistance program (EAP) services, formal and informal debriefings with managers and colleagues, chaplaincy services, and peer support were identified as some of the most common types of wellness programs provided by agencies and were also among the most effective wellness services as identified by officers who had accessed them. However, the research did highlight the need to consider gender, years of service, and agency size to provide a more nuanced view of psychological distress,support, and help-seeking stigma. Stigma associated with help-seeking remains a concern that must be addressed in police populations.
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Enriquez, Daniella J. "The XVII Amendment’s impact to Economy, Politics, and European Immigration during Prohibition in the United States." Toro Historical Review 14, no. 2 (December 6, 2023): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46787/tthr.v14i2.3314.
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Prohibition occurred between the years 1920 to 1933. The United States Congress ratified the XVII amendment prohibiting the sale, manufacture, and transport of intoxicating liquors. During these years United States emerged from its involvement in World War I, experienced the Roaring Twenties, and felt the impact of the Great Depression. The era historically transformed the United States during the period of thirteen years. Upon the ratification of XVIII amendment, the Volstead Act became the enforcing mechanism of the law, Prohibition took effect within the United States on January 17, 1920. The economy, law enforcement and European immigration were all sectors uniquely affected during the Prohibition era in the United States. The United States government political fallout occurred because they believed the ratification would positively impact the country’s economy, however; the government lost tax revenues immediately after the tax on liquor sales halted. The law’s goal was to eliminate all liquor within the United States. The government did not expect illegal smuggling nor the establishment of a bootlegging industry. The closure of saloons led to an illegal development of underground speakeasies. Alcohol smugglers thrived, while the National Anti-Saloon League influenced distinguished members of Congress and the government with their use of “pressure politics.” The Treasury Department assigned a Prohibition Unit agency known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation to follow paper tracks and anonymous tips about speakeasies and illegal smuggling. The United States endowed Border Patrol with law enforcement authority allowing them to make arrests without warrants on any violation of immigration laws. Immigrants found opportunities sidestepping the law and built speakeasies to supplement their incomes. Germans, Italians, and Irish Americans were all targeted because of citizens preconceived prejudices against immigrants in the United States.
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Kareng, Yaya. "INTERNATIONAL AVIATION/AIRSPACE LAW AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Law Reconstruction 4, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v4i1.10941.
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Aviation law is the branch of law that concerns flight, air travel, and associated legal and business concerns. Some of its area of concern overlaps that of admiralty law and, in many cases, aviation law is considered a matter of international law due to the nature of air travel. However, the business aspects of airlines and their regulation also fall under aviation law. In the international realm, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) provides general rules and mediates international concerns to an extent regarding aviation law. The ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations. In the United States and in most European nations, aviation law is considered a federal or state-level concern and is regulated at that level. In the U.S., states cannot govern aviation matters in most cases directly but look to Federal laws and case law for this function instead. For example, a court recently struck down New York's Passenger Bill of Rights law because regulation of aviation is traditionally a federal concern. Aviation law, however, is not in the United States held under the same Federal mandate of jurisdiction as admiralty law; that is, while the United States Constitution provides for the administration of admiralty,[1] it does not provide such for aviation law. States and municipalities do have some indirect regulation over aviation. For example, zoning laws can require an airport to be located away from residential areas, and airport usage can be restricted to certain times of day. State product-liabilitys law are not preempted by Federal law and in most cases, aviation manufacturers may be held strictly liable for defects in aviation products. Space law, which governs matters in outer space beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a rather new area of law but one that already has its own journals and academic support. Much of space law is connected to aviation law.
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Asimow, Michael, and Yoav Dotan. "Hired Guns and Ministers of Justice: The Role of Government Attorneys in the United States and Israel." Israel Law Review 49, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223715000254.
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What is the role of a government attorney who represents a government agency on judicial review? Most academic literature in the United States (US) advocates the ‘hired gun’ model in which the role of the government lawyer is no different from that of a lawyer who represents a private client (although some academics and government lawyers disagree). The prevailing view in Israel is that government lawyers are ‘ministers of justice’, who owe a primary obligation to the public interest rather than to the client agency. This difference is attributable both to fundamental differences in legal culture between the US and Israel as well as to unique features of the Israeli system of judicial review.
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Torrey, Philip. "Rethinking Immigration’s Mandatory Detention Regime: Politics, Profit, and the Meaning of “Custody”." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 48.4 (2015): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.48.4.rethinking.
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Immigration detention in the United States is a crisis that needs immediate attention. U.S. immigration detention facilities hold a staggering number of persons. Widely believed to have the largest immigration detention population in the world, the United States detained approximately 478,000 foreign nationals in Fiscal Year 2012. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the agency responsible for immigration enforcement, boasts that the figure is “an all-time high.” In some ways, these numbers are unsurprising, considering that the United States incarcerates approximately one in every one hundred adults within its borders—a rate five to ten times higher than any other Westernized country. An immigration law, known as the mandatory detention statute, is partially to blame for this recordbreaking immigration detention population. Under this law, facilities may hold noncitizens without providing them an opportunity to ask for release.
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Chacón, Jennifer M. "Criminal Law & Migration Control: Recent History & Future Possibilities." Daedalus 151, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01893.
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Abstract Immigration enforcement in the United States has undergone a revolutionary transformation over the past three decades. Once episodic, border-focused, and generally confined to the efforts of a relatively small federal agency, immigration enforcement is now exceedingly well-funded and integrated deeply into the everyday policing of the interior United States. Not only are federal immigration agents more numerous and ubiquitous in the interior, but immigration enforcement has been integrated into the policing practices of state and local officials who once saw their purview as largely distinct from that of federal immigration enforcement agents. This essay briefly explains these developments, from shortly before the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 through the present day, and assesses their consequences. It includes a brief discussion of the ways states and localities have responded to federal enforcement trends, whether through amplification or constraint.
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Stolicki, Dariusz. "The Law and Practice of Government Shutdowns in the United States." Ad Americam 16 (December 30, 2015): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.16.2014.16.06.
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This article analyzes the legal rules governing operations of the federal government of the United States during lapses of appropriations (commonly known as government shutdowns). After briefly explaining what government shutdowns are and when they happen, it presents the main sources of the applicable law, starting with its statutory basis – the Antideficiency Act. After analyzing the history, purpose, and text of that statute, the article presents two official opinions of the Attorney General which interpreted the Act to require suspension of non‑essential government operations during funding gaps. The article then proceeds to delineate statutory and implied exceptions to that requirement. Its second part consists of an analysis of actual administration practice during shutdowns. On the basis of agency contingency plans posted during the 2013 shutdown, it identifies the government activities that continued despite the shutdown, and briefly describes each activity’s scale and the legal basis for it being exempt from the generally applicable rules. It concludes that while there have been disputes about the administration’s handling of the shutdown, the agency’s practice was generally consistent with the legal rules, though the statutory framework itself would benefit from congressional revision and clarification.
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Taylor, Bruce G., Weiwei Liu, and Elizabeth A. Mumford. "A national study of the availability of law enforcement agency wellness programming for officers: A latent class analysis." International Journal of Police Science & Management 24, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14613557211064050.
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The purpose of this study is to understand the availability of employee wellness programs within law enforcement agencies (LEAs) across the United States, including physical fitness, resilience/wellness, coping skills, nutrition, mental health treatment, and substance use treatment. The research team investigated whether patterns of LEA wellness programming are identifiable and, if so, what characteristics describe these patterns. We assess using latent class analysis whether there are distinct profiles of agencies with similar patterns offering different types of wellness programs and explore what characteristics distinguish agencies with certain profiles of wellness programming. Data were from a nationally representative sample of 1135 LEAs: 80.1% municipal, 18.6% county and 1.3% other agencies (state-level and Bureau of Indian Affairs LEAs). We found that many agencies (62%) offer no wellness programming. We also found that 23% have comprehensive wellness programming, and that another group of agencies specialize in specific wellness programming. About 14% of the agencies have a high probability of providing resilience coping skill education, mental health and/or substance use treatment services programming. About 1% of the agencies in the United States limit their programming to fitness and nutrition, indicating that fitness and nutrition programs are more likely to be offered in concert with other types of wellness programs. The analyses revealed that agencies offering broad program support are more likely to be large, municipal LEAs located in either the West, Midwest or Northeast (compared with the southern United States), and not experiencing a recent budget cut that impacted wellness programming.
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Warbrick, Colin, Dominic McGoldrick, and Colin Warbrick. "II. Unrecognised States and Liability for Income Tax." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 4 (October 1996): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300059807.
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The object of this short note is to draw attention to a decision of the Special Commissioners of Inland Revenue (the Commissioners) which deals with the liability for income tax of officials of an unrecognised State.1 Section 321 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (the Taxes Act) provides exemption from liability for income tax for foreign consuls in the United Kingdom and for “an official agent in the United Kingdom for any foreign state, not being … a Commonwealth citizen”. An “official agent” is a person, other than a consul, “who is employed on the staff of any consulate, official department or agency of a foreign state”.
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Mead, Joseph. "A Legal Perspective on the Organization–Volunteer Relationship." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 2_suppl (March 11, 2018): 12S—29S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018762319.
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How does law view and shape the relationship between nonprofit organization and volunteer? To address this question, I draw on information from statutes, court decisions, and agency guidance from both the federal and state law in the United States. In general, “volunteer” is not a legally defined category in the United States, leaving a volunteer’s legal status to depend on whether the volunteering aligns with other, recognized types of relationships, such as employer–employee, principal–agent, or program–participant. By providing a synthesis of these varied legal rules as they apply to volunteers working for a nonprofit organization, this piece identifies different ways of describing the relationship between organization and volunteer, and the legal obligations and benefits that flow as a result.
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Collins, Julia. "An Evaluation and Analysis of Issues Confronting Homeless LGBT Youth from the Perspective of Social Service Agency Providers." Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research 4 (November 22, 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v4i0.211.
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Homelessness is an acute condition of poverty that has been a continuous concern in the United States. While single adult men account for the majority of the homeless population, the number of children, youths, single mothers, and poor or working poor experiencing homelessness in the United States is steadily increasing, making it an even larger social problem for the future of this country (Hernandez Jozefowicz-Simbeni and Israel 2006, 37). In the midst of the recession following the financial turmoil in 2008, poverty and unemployment increased more tremendously for young adults ages 18 to 24 than for other adult age groups in the United States (Toolis and Hammack 2015, 50). Likewise, unaccompanied youth are a continuously growing portion of the vulnerable homeless population. By definition, unaccompanied homeless youth are younger than the age of 22, live without any variation of parental guidance on a daily basis, and lack a fixed and regular shelter complete with care and supervision (Massachusetts Appleseed Center for Law and Justice 2012, 2). Records from 2008 indicate that over 1.6 million United States youth under the age of 18 experienced some form of homelessness annually, while the number of young people in general experiencing an episode of homelessness in a year is estimated at 750,000 to 2 million (Massachusetts Appleseed Center for Law and Justice 2012, 2; Toolis and Hammack 2015, 50). In addition to this, a study from the National Health Care for the Homeless Council found that young adults also, on average, have less income, fewer benefits, less saved money, less support socially, and little to no knowledge about housing benefits and resources in comparison to older adults (Toolis and Hammock 2015, 50).
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Cleveland, Sarah H. "A Human Rights Agenda for the Biden Administration." AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.88.
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The Biden administration has much to do to restore the United States’ credibility as a human rights leader and to strengthen the human rights system in an era of rising right-wing nationalism, authoritarianism, and competition for global power. In doing so, it needs to lead by example by putting its own house in order, and act with both courage and humility in the face of deep global skepticism and distrust. Specifically, the administration should pursue five stages of engagement on human rights: reverse and revoke measures taken by the Trump administration, reaffirm the United States’ traditional commitments to human rights at home and abroad, rebuild the State Department and diplomatic corps, reengage with international and regional mechanisms through bilateral and multilateral diplomacy, and reconceptualize the United States’ twenty-first century relationship to human rights. All of the other topics addressed in this symposium—climate, health, elections, migration, structural racism, and trade—implicate human rights. None can be adequately addressed without a robust U.S. human rights agenda.
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Schnobrich, Popham Haik, and James A. Mennell. "Enhanced Monitoring Requirements for Air Emission Sources in the United States." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 4, Issue 4 (April 1, 1995): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1995026.
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The regulation of emissions to the air is currently at the top of the agenda for US environmental lawyers. In addition to emission limits, air emission sources will be subject to extensive monitoring requirements. This short article reviews the proposals of the U S Environmental Protection Agency for an Enhanced Monitoring Program, affecting industries operating in the US.
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Li, Lawrence. "Space Debris Mitigation as an International Law Obligation." International Community Law Review 17, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 297–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341307.
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Human space activities have grown rapidly in recent decades, but the international legal framework, comprising of the five space treaties, has largely remained unchanged since the 1980s. One of the consequences is that international responsibility and liability for space debris, which is a major hazard to space activities, have also remained uncertain for years. Nonetheless, States have responded to these problems by implementing national voluntary measures. More importantly, two major non-binding international instruments have been laid down by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee and the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, respectively. This article argues that, in light of recent States practice established under these international instruments, and a proper interpretation of the space treaties, it has been recognised by the international community that States are obliged to mitigate the generation of space debris, a failure of which will lead to international liability.
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Pops, Gerald M. "Administrative Law as Public Policy: The First Fifty Years." Journal of Policy History 2, no. 1 (January 1990): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006862.
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Administrative law in the United States during the last half century has been dominated by three major themes: (1) the extent to which legislative authority may be delegated to administrative agencies, (2) judicial review of legislative action, and (3) analysis of the formal aspects of agency procedures. At the core of this traditional approach to administrative law—defining its purpose—is the problem of the legitimacy of public administration. Specifically, the issue, to traditionalists, is how far administrative agencies can go before they impinge on the rights of private citizens.
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Deuchar, Ross, Simon Harding, Robert McLean, and James A. Densley. "Deficit or Credit? A Comparative, Qualitative Study of Gender Agency and Female Gang Membership in Los Angeles and Glasgow." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 8 (August 27, 2018): 1087–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718794192.
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To date, there has been a paucity of comparative, qualitative research exploring the nuances of women’s gang involvement beyond the United States. In this article, we seek to address this gap by drawing upon qualitative interviews with small samples of self-nominated female gang members in Los Angeles, California (United States) and Glasgow, Scotland (United Kingdom). The emerging insights indicated that two key models of entry into the “social field” of the gang emerged in the data: a deficit model entry linked to drugs and debt and a credit model of entry where women were considered to bring social skill, expertise, and agency into the gang. Implications in terms of testable hypotheses for future research as well as for future practice are outlined.
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Schumm, James W., Cristina Gutierrez-Mateo, Eugene Tan, and Richard Selden. "A 27-Locus STR Assay to Meet All United States and European Law Enforcement Agency Standards,." Journal of Forensic Sciences 58, no. 6 (July 3, 2013): 1584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12214.
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Lobel, Jules. "The Constitution Abroad." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 4 (October 1989): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203376.
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In recent years federal courts have faced a growing number of challenges to United States actions abroad. Citizens living abroad have brought claims alleging that their property was unlawfully taken or that their lives were threatened by United States governmental action. Aliens living in foreign countries have also invoked constitutional protections—Nicaraguans have alleged torture and assassination attributed to CIA activities in Central America; a Mexican alleged that his home in Mexico was searched by Drug Enforcement Agency officials without a search warrant; a Lebanese citizen claimed that he was unlawfully arrested and interrogated in international waters by U.S. agents; a Polish refugee tried for hijacking in a special United States court convened in Berlin sought the right to a jury trial. These cases test the extent to which the Constitution limits U.S. conduct abroad.
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Sugishima, Masaaki. "Aum Shinrikyo and the Japanese Law on Bioterrorism." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 3 (September 2003): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001023.
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AbstractBefore the sarin incidents in Tokyo and Matsumoto, the Aum Shinrikyo (now Aleph) had tried to conduct bioterrorism with botulinum toxin and Bacillus anthracis. Followers of the Aum could not overcome technical difficulties inherent in developing biological weapons, and the perpetrators had not been prosecuted for their failed attempts of bioterrorism. But the Aum's biological attack revealed several shortcomings in the Japanese law that regulated biological weapons. Since the missile experiment of North Korea conducted in 1998, the Japanese government has come to consider the threat posed by biological weapons more seriously. In 2001, after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks and the series of anthrax letter scares in the United States of America, the Japanese government established its Five Basic Principles for Chemical and Biological Weapons Terrorism and several measures were taken at the central and local levels. Activities of the Aum have been monitored by the Public Security Investigation Agency and the National Police Agency under the Anti-Aum Law since 2000.
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Mulcahy, Kevin V. "The State Arts Agency: An Overview of Cultural Federalism in the United States." Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society 32, no. 1 (January 2002): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10632920209597335.
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Sin, Dongyun. "The ADR Procedure and Implication of Labor Disputes in the United States." Institute for Legal Studies Chonnam National University 43, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.38133/cnulawreview.2023.43.3.173.
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In South Korea, specific work procedures have not been established to activate the alternative dispute resolution before and after labor disputes in the relief procedure. In particular, there is no special law that can uniformly and consistently apply the alternative solutions to labor disputes, and the subjects, procedures, and contents of the application are scattered in the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act or the Labor Relations Commission Act. Nevertheless, the Labor Relations Commission actively participates from the collective bargaining stage, or the local labor commission leads the cooperation from the local governments to deploy the experts of alternative dispute resolution from the community. Therefore, in order for South Korea to actively introduce and revitalize the methods of alternative dispute resolution in labor cases, it is firstly necessary to establish the legal bases, procedures, and contents for the alternative dispute resolution.
Therefore, this paper aims to derive implications after examining the ADR procedure in the case of unfair labor practices and employment discrimination in the United States. Firstly, the ADR procedure in the United States provides the legal basis in accordance with the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996, a federal law. Specifically, the ADR procedures and contents of unfair labor practices and employment discrimination cases can be found through the Federal Code of Regulations. Secondly, the agency conducts the ADR procedures according to the work in charge of each agency. In other words, it means that the division of labor by agency is possible depending on the task in charge. Thirdly, the timing of the commencement for the ADR procedure is possible even before applications for unfair labor practices and employment discrimination relief are received. In other words, the ADR procedure may proceed at any stage before and after the issuing for relief. Fourthly, the ADR procedures are based on spontaneity, neutrality, confidentiality, and enforceability. Therefore, either party may withdraw the ADR at any time, and is left at the sole discretion of the party, without incurring any charges or expenses. Fifthly, the National Labor Relations Board has signed the agreement with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to provide mediators, while the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission uses not only internal mediators but also external contract mediators. Sixthly, the Employment Equality Opportunity Commission enters into the universal mediation agreement with employers. In other words, the Employment Equality Opportunity Commission encourages employers to enter into the universal mediation agreement to utilize the mediation at the regional, local, or national level. Seventhly, the National Labor Relations Board's ADR reconciliation and withdrawal rate and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's adjustment resolution rate exceed 70%, so its effectiveness is excellent.
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Lohse, Mikael. "Police Primacy: Organizing Police Powers under the Palestinian Authority." Journal of Strategic Security 15, no. 3 (October 2022): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.15.3.2014.
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The Secretary of State established the Office of the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority (USSC) in 2005 to meet U.S. commitments under the Middle East Roadmap for Peace. USSC’s vision is to strive for a civilian-controlled, self-sustaining, affordable, and accountable security structure, focused on “police primacy”, operating within the rule of law while providing necessary law enforcement to safeguard the Palestinian people. This vision is far from accomplished: Palestinian Authority (PA) security forces continue arbitrary detention, torture, and use of excessive force. This article examines the wide applicability of police powers – premised as the main reason for chaotic law enforcement activities within the PA’s security forces – agency by agency, and by considering both laws in force and proposed draft legislation. The article ends with recommendations to institutionalize police primacy by means of regulation.
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Frattaroli, Shannon, Keshia M. Pollack, Jessica L. Young, and Jon S. Vernick. "State Health Department Employees, Policy Advocacy, and Political Campaigns: Protections and Limits under the Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12219.
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State health departments are at the core of the United States (U.S.) public health infrastructure. Surveillance to monitor trends in disease and injury; the development, coordination, and delivery of services; and public education are some of the core functions health department employees oversee every day. As such, agencies and their employees are well positioned to inform policy decisions that affect the public’s health. However, little is known about the role of health department staff — a sizeable proportion of the public health workforce — as advocates for public health policies, independent of their agency roles. Anecdotally, some health department employees with whom we have spoken expressed reluctance to engage in policy advocacy for fear of violating little known or understood agency or state rules.
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Nicholas, Phil, and Andrew Churchill. "The Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the States, and the Origins of Modern Drug Enforcement in the United States, 1950–1962." Contemporary Drug Problems 39, no. 4 (December 2012): 595–640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145091203900402.
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Over one million drug arrests occur in the United States each year, the vast majority of which are made at the state and local levels. This study examines the time period when state and local governments began to aggressively police illegal drugs, and we seek to determine the extent Harry Anslinger, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics Commissioner, actively encouraged these governments to expand drug enforcement and adopt more punitive sentences. The study found that although Anslinger and his agency worked to influence state and local drug policy in the United States, they enjoyed varying levels of success from state to state. By the mid-1950s, a new intergovernmental enforcement regime had emerged where the federal, state, and local governments adopted punitive drug laws and invested resources in policing drugs. Drug enforcement remains the dominant policy approach in the United States.
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Washburn, Kevin. "Agency Pragmatism in Addressing Law’s Failure: The Curious Case of Federal “Deemed Approvals” of Tribal-State Gaming Compacts." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 52.1 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.1.agency.
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In the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 (IGRA), Congress imposed a decision-forcing mechanism on the Secretary of the Interior related to tribal-state compacts for Indian gaming. Congress authorized the Secretary to review such compacts and approve or disapprove each compact within forty-five days of submission. Under an unusual provision of law, however, if the Secretary fails to act within forty-five days, the compact is “deemed approved” by operation of law but only to the extent that it is lawful. In a curious development, this regime has been used in a different manner than Congress intended. Since the United States Supreme Court held part of IGRA unconstitutional in 1996, the Secretary declined to issue an affirmative approval or disapproval on more than seventy-five occasions—thus, allowing a compact to become approved by operation of law—but has simultaneously issued a letter setting forth legal objections to aspects of the compact. The Secretary’s creative response to a broken regulatory scheme appears to be unique, and it raises interesting questions about how the executive branch should behave in the face of legal uncertainty. It raises questions of administrative law, such as whether the Secretary’s non-action is reviewable as agency action under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), whether the Secretary’s letter is entitled to deference, and if so, what level of deference. It also raises important questions about whether such action constitutes good policy. This Article examines some of those questions.
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Farber, Daniel A. "Climate Policy and the United States System of Divided Powers: Dealing with Carbon Leakage and Regulatory Linkage." Transnational Environmental Law 3, no. 1 (September 23, 2013): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102513000186.
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AbstractClimate change has pushed governmental authorities within the United States (US) into new routes of national and transnational policy-making. The normal route for national policy-making runs from Congress in setting policy, to the President in agency implementation, to judicial oversight and enforcement. When that route is blocked, however, federalism and the separation of powers provide some byways and detours that may still be used to make progress. State governments and the executive branch have moved into the breach left by congressional deadlock. In the absence of federal climate legislation or a formal treaty, however, constitutional challenges will predictably meet efforts to limit carbon leakage or to establish linkages between regulatory systems.These constitutional issues often involve corners of constitutional law such as foreign affairs, where doctrines are particularly murky. Solid arguments can be made in favour of state efforts to avoid leakage and create linkage, despite claims of discrimination against interstate commerce, extraterritoriality, and foreign affairs pre-emption. The Environmental Protection Agency has some statutory authority to deal with leakage, and the President seems to have authority to pursue linkage through executive agreement. Thus, both states and the executive branch should have room to deal with transboundary implications of climate policies. Although the deadlock in Congress regarding climate change may be unusually severe, these modes of response may also be important for other kinds of transnational activity by US state governments and the national executive.
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Zoglin, Katie. "Helpful tools for criminal prosecution in domestic violence cases: Some ideas from the United States of America." Temida 6, no. 2 (2003): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0302067z.
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In this paper author presents three instruments that have been proven helpful in domestic violence prosecutions in the United States, particularly in California: (1) laws, (2) inter-agency protocols, and (3) victim support services. Prosecutors have found that certain laws have been helpful in domestic violence prosecutions. These include restraining orders, criminal penalties for violations of restraining orders, and evidence code provisions permitting certain kinds of testimony. Second, many jurisdictions in California have drafted inter-agency protocols. The purpose of these protocols is to help law enforcement, health care workers, and social workers in gathering evidence relating to domestic violence cases. Finally, most victims are not familiar with the criminal justice system many are nervous about going to court for domestic violence cases, for a variety of reasons. As a result, many jurisdictions have established victim support services.
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Paradise, Jordan. "21st Century Citizen Pharma: The FDA & Patient-Focused Product Development." American Journal of Law & Medicine 44, no. 2-3 (May 2018): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858818789426.
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Perpetual debate regarding the delicate balance between access and innovation and the protection of the public health and safety dominate discussions of the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Established chiefly as a command and control federal administrative agency, iterative changes in legislation have shaped the FDA's activity in drug, biologic, and medical device regulation over the course of the last one hundred plus years. The most recent fundamental reframing of the agency's authority and directive presented itself in the 21st Century Cures Act, reflecting an important role for patient perspectives in the regulatory process. This Article explores recent developments in patient-focused product development efforts at the FDA and offers modest insights on the increasing role of patients, and patient advocacy groups, in agency decision-making. The Article terms this era “21st century citizen pharma.”
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Sabon, Lauren Copley. "Force, Fraud, and Coercion—What Do They Mean? A Study of Victimization Experiences in a New Destination Latino Sex Trafficking Network." Feminist Criminology 13, no. 5 (November 14, 2016): 456–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085116676886.
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In response to increasing Latino new destination migration in the United States, Latino sex trafficking networks have emerged in many of these areas. This article examines victimization experiences of Latina immigrants trafficked by a regional network operating in the Eastern United States drawn from law enforcement records and interviews with legal actors involved in the criminal case. The stories shared with law enforcement by the Latina victims gives insight into their lives, experiences in prostitution, and the operation of a trafficking/prostitution network (all lacking in the literature). Through the analytical frame of social constructionism, this research highlights how strict interpretation of force, fraud, coercion, and agency used to define “severe forms of trafficking” in the TVPA limits its ability to recognize many victimization experiences in trafficking situations at the hands of traffickers. The forms of coercion used in the criminal enterprise under study highlights the numerous ways it can be wielded (even without a physical presence) and its malleability as a concept despite legal definitional rigidity. The lack of legal recognition of the plurality of lived experiences in which agency and choice can be mitigated by social forces, structural violence, intersectional vulnerabilities, and the actions of others contributes to the scholarly critique of issues prosecuting trafficking cases under the TVPA and its strict legal definitions.
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Ephraimson, Hans, and Anna Konert. "Passengers with Reduced Mobility in the EU, Canada and the US." Air and Space Law 33, Issue 3 (June 1, 2008): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2008019.
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Over the last few years the protection of the rights of passengers with reduced mobility have attracted ever increasing attention of the international community. Two years ago Constance O’Keefe has already discussed in two articles the ongoing proposed Rule Making process in the United States. This article will address now the European Community. Regulation 1107/2006 as well as the recent decision of the Canadian Transportation Agency determining the rights and obligations of the handicapped public travelling by air as well as those of the carriers, airports and third–party providers.
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Family, Jill. "Easing the Guidance Document Dilemma Agency by Agency: Immigration Law and Not Really Binding Rules." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 47.1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.47.1.easing.
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Immigration law relies on rules that bind effectively, but not legally, to adjudicate millions of applications for immigration benefits every year. This Article provides a blueprint for immigration law to improve its use of these practically binding rules, often called guidance documents. The agency that adjudicates immigration benefit applications, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), should develop and adopt its own Good Guidance Practices to govern how it uses guidance documents. This Article recommends a mechanism for reform, the Good Guidance Practices, and tackles many complex issues that USCIS will need to address in creating its practices. The recommended reforms promote increased accessibility, transparency, and fairness for immigration law stakeholders, including unrepresented parties. This Article also contributes to the larger administrative law debate about guidance documents. Guidance documents present a conundrum for administrative law because they have powerful positive and negative features. Because the Administrative Procedure Act does not require agencies to consider public input in the crafting of these rules, agencies may respond more quickly and flexibly than notice and comment rulemaking would allow. On the other hand, an agency policy statement (a type of guidance document that explains an agency’s current thinking on a particular issue) is effectively binding even though it is not legally binding. Applicants are free to argue in an adjudication that a different approach should apply. Yet, stakeholders tend to follow the rule announced in the policy statement as if it were legally binding. Thus, there is a practically binding effect without the opportunity for notice and comment. In developing a prescription for USCIS, this Article concludes that the best approach to reforming agency use of guidance documents is an agency-by-agency approach. It rejects a one-size-fits-all approach in favor of the opportunity for each agency to formalize its own practices. Such tailored reform recognizes that every agency is different, with its own guidance culture and communities of stakeholders. This approach is designed to ease the negative effects of guidance documents while maximizing their positive features.
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Rissy, Yafet Yosafet W. "DOKTRIN PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL: KETENTUAN DAN PENERAPANNYA DI INGGRIS, AUSTRALIA DAN INDONESIA." Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2019.v4.i1.p1-20.
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This article discusses about provisions and application of the Piercing The Corporate Veil (PVC) doctrine in the United Kingdom, Australia and Indonesia. The main issue is when and how the courts apply the PVC doctrine, also whether the doctrine can be applied outside the courts or not. In some states such as the United Kingdom and Australia which exercise common law tradition, the courts may apply the PVC doctrine on share holders and directors when there is an exceptional circumstance which requires to apply the doctrine. Similar to both states, Indonesia, through the Indonesian Supreme Court, has already applied the doctrine long before the law on Limited Liability Company was enacted. In 1998, a unique legal case about the Liquidity Aid of Bank Indonesia shows a phenomenon that was beyond the normal understanding of the Law. In that time, the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency applied an out-of-court settlement model to hold shareholders' liability. Finally, this article recommends that a legal and economic study should be considered to examine the effectiveness of this approach.
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Chand, Daniel E. "Protecting Agency Judges in an Age of Politicization: Evaluating Judicial Independence and Decisional Confidence in Administrative Adjudications." American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 4 (February 24, 2019): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074019829608.
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Administrative judges, who serve in state and federal agencies, as opposed to a separate branch of government, are an understudied, and occasionally controversial, type of public administrator. Many who find themselves in administrative courts protest the agency judge’s lack of independence. According to critics, because agency judges are members of—and often evaluated by—the very agency with a vested interest in the case, they are subject to political influence and cannot possibly be an impartial arbitrator. In the United States, various approaches to addressing this concern have been employed. At the federal level, Congress grants some administrative judges statutory protections from agency evaluation. Most states have utilized an organizational independence approach by placing administrative judges in separate agencies dedicated to administrative adjudications. Via a national survey returned by 250 agency judges, this study compares perceptions of judicial independence and decisional confidence. It finds that administrative judges serving in independent agencies (known as central panels) report higher levels of judicial independence and more confidence their rulings will not be overturned. The theoretical implications are significant for public administration and administrative law scholars, especially those concerned about the politicization of administrative duties.
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Treece, S. J. "An Evaluation of Medicines Regulation." Medical Law International 2, no. 4 (March 1997): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329700200403.
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The regulation of medicines in the United Kingdom has changed radically over the course of the last thirty years. Originally regulation was generally concerned with maintaining the quality and purity of drugs, investigations concerning the efficiency or safety of medicinal products are a more recent phenomenon. Regulation of medicine is now overseen by the European Union and licensing applications that are approved under this new scheme are likely to have wide implications not only for the Member States of the EU, but for non-Member States who have signed to the European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA), and possibly for producers of medicines in the United States. The regulatory system that currently applies in the UK, named the “Future System” of medicinal regulation came into being in January 1995. Although in its early days this paper examines the regulation of medicine in both the United Kingdom, and Europe; giving a broad outline of the new regulatory structure; and comparing and contrasting the way that Europe and the United States of America regulates and approves medicines. The final section considers the performance of the new regulatory structure by an examination of the first general report of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, along with the results of a questionnaire survey conducted primarily with pharmaceutical manufacturers in the UK which aimed to elicit their views on how the new regulatory system is working, and whether it is operating to the standards which are expected of it.
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Hamlin, Rebecca. "International Law and Administrative Insulation: A Comparison of Refugee Status Determination Regimes in the United States, Canada, and Australia." Law & Social Inquiry 37, no. 04 (2012): 933–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01292.x.
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International law provides nations with a common definition of a refugee, yet the processes by which countries determine who should be granted refugee status look strikingly different, even across nations with many institutional, cultural, geographical, and political similarities. This article compares the refugee status determination regimes of three popular asylum seeker destinations—the United States, Canada, and Australia. Despite these nations' similar border control policies, asylum seekers crossing their borders access three very different systems. These differences have less to do with political debates over admission and border control policy than with the level of insulation the administrative decision-making agency enjoys from political interference and judicial review. Bureaucratic justice is conceptualized and organized differently in different states, and so states vary in how they draw the line between refugee and nonrefugee.
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SALMAN, HAMZA, Shahrul Mizan bin Ismail, and Rohaida Nordin. "A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE UNRWA-USA FRAMEWORK FOR COOPERATION (2021-2022) REGARDING PALESTINIAN REFUGEES." IIUM Law Journal 30, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v30i2.735.
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Recently, issues related to Palestinian refugees have been diminishing in support due to multiple attempts made by the United States and Israel, which include measures to restrict the activities of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA). These attempts escalated when former US President Donald Trump announced a complete suspension of funding for the UNRWA in 2018, plunging the Agency into an unusual financial crisis that harmed the assistance to refugees in its operation areas. However, the current US President Joe Biden announced his intention to resume funding for the UNRWA and, in July 2021, signed a cooperation framework known as "framework agreement" but its terms and details were widely rejected by the Palestinians and the general public because of political and security reasons. According to the Agreement, individuals receiving military training under the UNRWA programmes are not eligible for UNRWA health or educational assistance. The framework agreement between the US and the UNRWA tries to change UNRWA's operating mandate without the authorisation of the United Nations General Assembly. Therefore, this article follows a doctrinal analytical approach to both the framework agreement and the UNRWA's operational mandate. It also critically appraises this Agreement in light of international humanitarian law and verifies its impact on the human rights of both beneficiaries and UNRWA workers, including rights to education and freedom of speech. This article concludes that the Agreement violates the norms of public international law by switching the Agency's missions and avoiding the need for an important decision-making process.
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Orts, Eric W. "A Reflexive Model of Environmental Regulation." Business Ethics Quarterly 5, no. 4 (October 1995): 779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857414.
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Although contemporary methods of environmental regulation have registered some significant accomplishments, the current system of environmental law is not working well enough. First the good news: Since the first Earth Day in 1970, smog has decreased in the United States by thirty percent. The number of lakes and rivers safe for fishing and swimming has increased by one-third. Recycling has begun to reduce levels of municipal waste. Ocean dumping has been curtailed. Forests have begun to expand. One success story is the virtual elimination of airborne lead in the United States. Another is the rapid phase-out of ozone-layer depleting chemicals worldwide. Nevertheless, prominent commentators of diverse political persuasions agree in an assessment that conventional models of environmental law have “failed.” Many environmental problems remain unsolved: species extinction, global desertification and deforestation, possible global climate change, and continuing severe air and water pollution in urban areas and poor countries. What is more, successful environmental protection has come only at enormous economic cost. By the year 2000, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the United States will spend approximately two percent of its gross national product on environmental pollution control. Academic economists have pointed out the nonsensical inefficiency of many environmental regulations, but usually to no avail.
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Maskály, Jon, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, and Peter Neyroud. "A comparative study of the police officer views on policing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States." Policing: An International Journal 45, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2021-0081.
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PurposeThis study adds to the developing literature on how coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected policing. Unlike prior research, which focused on police agencies, the authors focus on the perceptions and experiences of police officers. Specifically, about changes in workload or activities during the peak of the pandemic compared to prior to the pandemic. Additionally, officers report on changes in potential second-order effects resulting in changes from the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe data come from the survey responses of 167 police officers from seven police agencies of various sizes from around the USA. The authors assessed mean level differences between organizations using a general linear model/ANOVA approach and report a standardized effect size.FindingsThere is a considerable heterogeneity in police officers' perceptions of organizational and operational changes made by their police agencies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that perceptions of some changes were more strongly by the agency than were others. The study’s results show there are substantive differences in how police officers from different police agencies viewed these operational and organizational changes (i.e. between agency differences). Most of the variance was primarily explained by differences between police officers within the same agency (i.e. within organization differences).Originality/valueThis study moves beyond the monolithic approach to studying how the pandemic affected the police agency and moves to asking officers about their experiences with these changes and the second-order effects of these changes.
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Musarra, Raíssa Moreira Lima Mendes, and Hirdan K. de Medeiros Costa. "Comparative International Law: The Scope and Management of Public Participation Rights Related to CCS Activities." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 9, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i2.14559.
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The paper proposes the presentation of the public participation item in the regulatory standards of CCS in Australia, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom and the United States and their possible relations with the Brazilian configuration. The choice of territories is due to the existence of the item in its legal norms and or regulations. The standards available from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database on Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage were used. The methodology used is the comparative, cumulatively with the deductive method, assuming that public participation is a fundamental issue for the governance of CCS activities and that Brazil, when inserting such activities into its code, should take into account the adoption of the best practices of public participation, which, in addition to being consultative, provides deliberative powers to citizens.
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Nicholson, Laura A. "Adoption Medicine and the Internationally Adopted Child." American Journal of Law & Medicine 28, no. 4 (2002): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800002720.
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Throughout its history, this nation has opened its doors to people who, for more reasons than anyone can count, have needed new homes. It has taken us in, given us new lives. Adopted us.Dave and Susan brought five-year-old Liliana home from Romania in January. The couple was ecstatic about their new beautiful blonde-haired daughter. They had waited months for Liliana after beginning the international adoption process with a reputable agency based in the United States. Many aspects of the process—carrying large amounts of cash to Romania, bribing officials to release their new daughter from the orphanage and the total lack of information about Liliana's health or background—had disturbed them. Dave and Susan were relieved when Liliana received a visa to travel to the United States because they thought that the physical examination for her visa had revealed nothing of import. Their concerns disappeared when they boarded the plane to head home to the United States. Liliana seemed healthy and happy, and she would adjust in no time.
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Kimble, Gina, James Amburgey, and Helene Hilger. "Improvements inCryptosporidiumrecovery and variability through modifications to United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623." Water and Environment Journal 27, no. 2 (November 26, 2012): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12010.
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