Journal articles on the topic 'Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation'
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1
Kostenko, Elena, Vitaly Kostenko, Volodymyr Kuznichenko, and Volodymyr Lapshyn. "Regions of Ukraine: International and Retail Trade in 2016." Research in Applied Economics 9, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v9i4.12163.
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International trade in Ukraine’s regions during 2016 is analyzed. The taxonomy method is used to carry out a multidimensional analysis of the state of trade in all regions, with the goal of determining their attractiveness with respect to investment and international cooperation. Key indicators were chosen to be: export and import of services, export and import of goods, balance of the trade of services, balance of the trade of goods, and retail trade. Using the standardized matrix of statistical values, provided by Ukraine’s national statistics agency, the level of development of each region was determined, as well as its rating. A comparison of this year’s ratings with those of the previous two years is carried out. Based on the calculated inter-regional distance matrix, calculated in the context of the seven chosen parameters, nonlinear structures of regional connections are constructed. Using them, clusters of regions can be constructed that take into account trade dynamics and other economic activity. The constructed linear and nonlinear connection structure of Ukraine’s regions can become the basis of fruitful cooperation in the area of trade. They can also be used when carrying out mutual investment projects and when regulating the exchange of goods between Ukraine’s regions. The determination of the regions’ ratings and the nonlinear structures of their trade relations can provide valuable information to investors both foreign and domestic.
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Upreti, Yukesh. "Association Between Inter-Agencies Cooperation and Border Governance of Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 6, no. 01 (August 15, 2023): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v6i01.57595.
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Border agency cooperation is the process by which different agencies joins together for the purpose of attaining a common goal in building efficiencies for facilitating international trade, cross border travel by improving cross border security. The government of Nepal has established different agencies to enhance border governance. The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between inter-agency cooperation and border governance of Nepal. The research follows a sequential explanatory research design using primary and secondary data. Primary data are extracted from stratified sampling technique using five point likert-scale questionnaires where 202 responses were acquired. The findings show that there is a positive relationship between independent variables of inter-agencies cooperation and border governance of Nepal. Furthermore, inter-agency cooperation and border governance have a positive correlation coefficient of 0.391 at 1 percent level of significant. The regression analysis show interagency cooperation has 30 percent effect in border governance of Nepal. The beta value shows one unit of change in inter-agency cooperation will bring 0.523 unit of change in border governance of Nepal. The study suggest on enhancing information, intelligence & data exchange program on daily basis and improvement on mutual negotiation, synchronized border inspection, and mutual trust within the border governing agencies for maintaining good border governance of Nepal by enhancing service delivery.
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Upreti, Yukesh. "A Study of Inter-Agencies Cooperation in Border Governance of Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 5, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v5i1.49351.
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Coordinated border management (CBM) refers to a coordinated approach by border agencies, both domestic and international for achieving efficiencies by facilitating trade and travel flows, with maintaining a balance with compliance requirements. The core objective of this paper is to identify governmental agencies cooperation for border governance of Nepal. For the purpose of understanding inter agency cooperation the research uses both qualitative and quantitative approach with descriptive design using both primary and secondary data. The findings show that there are 12 ministries at federal level and 14 departments with 670 borderline agencies in Nepal. The central ministry, departments, regional offices, district offices and borderline offices are the hierarchical system in intra- agencies. At national level there are different working groups and committee form different ministry. At district level, District Administration Office plays a lead role for local border management by instructing and upervising others agencies in interagency coordination. In order to maintain peace, security and curtail cross border crime, the security agencies are having cordial cooperation by exchanging high level information exchange, sharing of work, regular training and joint inspection by constructing different working groups. The study suggests establishing a national border management policy to incorporate all tiers agencies by constructing national border management Authority to coordinate all agencies from central level to local level which reduce unnecessary work duplication by amending relevant statutes.
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Bourne, Ross. "National Bibliographies – Do They Have a Future?" Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 5, no. 2 (August 1993): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909300500202.
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National bibliographies serve a variety of functions, but act essentially as archival records of the national imprint. A number of factors may, however, alter our views of their purpose and affect our expectations of their long term future. Coverage and currency are often constrained by inadequate legal deposit mechanisms, but it may be questioned whether the national bibliography needs to include all publications or whether the national bibliographic agency (NBA) should act as a coordinator of current bibliographic data. Some NBAs have been driven to reduce the bibliographic content of their records as a result of declining income and increases in publishing output. Such measures have not met with universal approval, but appear to have resulted in improved currency. Technology continues to have an impact on the production of national bibliographies, with CD-ROMs, the UNIMARC format and, particularly, networking initiatives all facilitating greater availability of and access to bibliographic information. Networking may well render less relevant the local basis of national bibliographies, with possibilities for supranational coverage and the linking of document supply to bibliographic access. Closer cooperation with the book trade should result in the reuse of publishers' bibliographic data, rather than the NBA having to create bibliographic records from scratch. Politically, the concept of what constitutes a national grouping is evolving, with new alliances between countries as well as the disintegration of former federal states taking place. Important questions arise as to the future purpose of the national bibliography, the potential for cooperation with other producers of bibliographic data and whether the role of the national bibliography is likely to be usurped at the international level. NBAs must view these questions as an opening up of opportunities rather than as threats to their existence.
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Yakupova, Daria, and Roman Yakupov. "Détente as a Factor of Modernization of the USSR in the 1970s - the Beginining of the 1980s in the Analytical Reviews of the Central Intelligence Agency." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 398–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2019.20(3).398-424.
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Coverage of the role and importance of the economic policy implemented during the détente period to solve the complex problems of the Soviet Union in the field of intensification of production is relevant in connection with the cyclical completion of the warmer climate between Russia and the West. The study of the historical experience of the development of international cooperation, the analysis of competition for a place in the global division of labor and the results of the struggle for the achievements of the scientific and technical revolution of the XX century make it possible to reconstruct the steps taken by the Soviet leadership to find new foreign economic tools against the background of modernization challenges. The article based on the materials of the electronic archive of the CIA, documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Economics and Russian State Archive of Contemporary History funds provide previously unpublished comprehensive information on the size and content of compensation agreements of the USSR with Western Europe, the USA and Japan during the détente period. The authors reveal the role of the banking capital of the USSR to ensure the country's access to hard currency and implementation of the technology transfer policy. Similarity of the strategy of containment of the USSR in the 1970s and Russia today is emphasized on the example of the analysis of the USA intelligence data. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the considerable mobilization efforts of the Soviet leadership to expand foreign trade operations, the conclusion of large-scale compensation agreements, the creation of sovereign transnational transportation and the development of Soviet financial institutions abroad, the targets set by the modernization of the 1970s were not fully met. The USSR did not maintain the export model in the global economy during the détente period for a number of reasons.
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Jelisavac, Sanja. "International regulation of intellectual property rights." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 2-3 (2004): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0403279j.
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Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and works of art, as well as symbols, names, images, and designs that are used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright which includes literary and works of art such as novels, poems and plays films, musical works, works of art such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programmes. 1883 marked the birth of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the first major international treaty designed to help the people from one country obtain protection in other countries for their intellectual creations in the form of industrial property rights, known as: inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs. In 1886, copyright entered the international arena with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The aim of this Convention was to help nationals of its member States obtain international protection of their right to control, and receive payment for the use of their creative works such as: novels, short stories, poems plays; songs, operas, musicals, sonatas; and drawings, paintings sculptures, architectural works. The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) was adopted in 1952 and formalised in 1955, as a complementary agreement to the Berne Convention. The UCC membership included the United States, and many developing countries that did not wish to comply with the Berne Convention, since they viewed its provisions as overly favourable to the developed world. Patent Cooperation Treaty, signed on June 19,1970, provides for the filing of a single international patent application which has the same effect as national applications filed in the designated countries. An applicant seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory states as needed. On November 6, 1925, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs was adopted within the framework of the Paris Convention. Under the provisions of the Hague Agreement, any person entitled to effect an international deposit has the possibility of obtaining, by means of a single deposit protection for his industrial designs in a number of States with a minimum of formalities and of expense. The system of international registration of marks is governed by two treaties, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, which dates from 1891, and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement that was adopted in 1989. It entered into force on December 1, 1995, and came into operation on April 1, 1996. The reason for adopting the much more recent Protocol, following the original Madrid Agreement of 1891 (last amended at Stockholm in 1967), was the absence from the Madrid Union of some of the major countries in the trademark field, for example, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. The Protocol is intended to make the Madrid system acceptable to more countries. The Rome Convention consists basically of the national treatment that a State grants under its domestic law to domestic performances, phonograms and broadcasts. Apart from the rights guaranteed by the Convention itself as constituting that minimum of protection, and subject to specific exceptions or reservations allowed for by the Convention, performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organisations to which the Convention applies, enjoy in Contracting States the same rights as those countries grant to their nationals. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organisation dedicated to promoting the use and protection of works of the human spirit. These works, intellectual property, are expanding the bounds of science and technology and enriching the world of the arts. Through its work, WIPO plays an important role in enhancing the quality and enjoyment of life, as well as creating real wealth for nations. In 1974, WIPO became a specialised agency of the United Nations system of organisations, with a mandate to administer intellectual property matters recognised by the member states of the UN. With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, WIPO is one of the 16 specialised agencies of the United Nations system of organisations. It administers 21 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection. The Organisation counts 177 nations as member states. One of the successes of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement), which came into effect on 1 January 1995, and up to date it the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. The TRIPS Agreement is a minimum standards agreement, which allows Members to provide more extensive protection of intellectual property if they wish so. Members are left free to determine the appropriate method of implementing the provisions of the Agreement within their own legal system and practice On January 1, 1996, an Agreement Between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization entered into force. It provides for cooperation concerning the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, such as notification of laws and regulations and legal-technical assistance and technical co-operation in favour of developing countries. In the 21st century intellectual property will play an increasingly important role at the international stage. Works of the mind - intellectual property such as inventions, designs, trademarks, books, music, and films, are now used and enjoyed on every continent on the earth. In the new millennium international protection of intellectual property rights faces many new challenges; one of the most urgent is the need for states to adapt to and benefit from rapid and wide-ranging technological change, particularly in the field of information technology and the Internet.
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Hnitii, A. O. "International legal frameworks of cooperation between Ukraine and FRONTEX." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (November 27, 2022): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.04.69.
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The article is devoted to the research of the main directions of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (FRONTEX). The main acts of international and national legislation that determine the legal framework and regulate the mechanisms of interaction are analyzed. The article notes the dual role of FRONTEX in cooperation with Ukraine, which involves both direct interaction with the national competent authority in the field of migration and border management, and through the provision of support based on international agreements.
The author points out four main mechanisms of cooperation between the Agency and the SBGS, namely: 1) operational cooperation through information exchange networks; 2) cooperation within EU initiatives; 3) cooperation within technical assistance projects initiated and financed by the Agency; 4) cooperation on the basis of working The author singles out four main mechanisms of cooperation between the Agency and the DPSU, namely: 1) operational cooperation through information exchange networks; 2) cooperation within EU initiatives; 3) cooperation within technical assistance projects initiated and financed by the Agency; 4) cooperation on the basis of working arrangements. The last of the listed mechanisms is the most effective and includes such areas of cooperation as information exchange, personnel training, interaction in the scientific and research sphere, joint operational activities, etc. At the same time, the article notes that changes in migration processes, expansion of the Agency's mandate, strengthening of cooperation between FRONTEX and Ukraine require improvement of legal regulation. It is proposed to review the Working Arrangement on operational cooperation between FRONTEX and the DPSU and to establish in it a number of important elements that will apply to the rules of information exchange, including confidential; processing and protection of personal data; guarantees of protection of fundamental rights; conditions and procedures for financing activities coordinated by the Agency; dispatch of liaison officers, etc.
The author emphasizes that the conclusion of an updated version of the Working Arrangement on Operational Cooperation and the signing of the Status Agreement should be important measures that will contribute to the approximation of national legislation and law enforcement practice to European standards in the field of protection and surveillance of borders.
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VIVCHAR, Oksana, Inna ZAITSEVA-KALAUR, and Mariia ZIAILYK. "REGULATORY ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: NON-SAFETY CONTEXTS." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-2-15.
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In order to approximate the laws of the EU Member States in the field of handling classified information and to establish a comparable level of protection of such information from illegal receipt, use or disclosure throughout the EU, Directive 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed information was developed and approved in June 2016. how and business information (trade secrets) from illegal receipt, use and disclosure (hereinafter - the Directive). The Directive introduces the concept of "trade secret", defines the lawful and illegal acquisition, use and disclosure of trade secrets, establishes procedures and remedies for the illegal acquisition, use or disclosure of trade secrets in the context of the application of security conditions. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the essential characteristics of trade secrets, as well as to study the legal framework of domestic experience and international cooperation on the basis of a practical mechanism for ensuring safe operating conditions. The article examines the conceptual and categorical apparatus of trade secrets and the regulatory framework for international cooperation, respectively. The practical set of measures to preserve the confidentiality of trade secrets is substantiated. As a result of scientific research, the essential and substantive characteristics of provision the Directive as the main legal vector of ensuring safety conditions have been identified. Based on this, the implementation the legal aspects of international cooperation in the context of secure measurement at trade secrets is demonstrated. Summarizing scientific research, it should be noted that a country like Belgium, taking into account the Directive, has adopted a law aimed at protecting undisclosed know-how and commercial information (trade secrets) from illegal possession, use and disclosure. This Law has implemented all the above-mentioned recommendations on the protection of trade secrets during court proceedings. It is investigated that the German parliament passed the Law on Trade Secrets of the Federal Government. This law implements European Parliament Directive (EU) 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and trade information (trade secrets) against their illegal acquisition, use and disclosure in German national law in order to establish uniform protection of trade secrets. The law provides for the confidentiality of court proceedings. In civil proceedings, by granting jurisdiction to certain specialized courts in cases of commercial secrecy, the possibility of classifying the proceedings as confidential at the request of one of the parties, and the potential limitation of the number of persons entitled to access evidence and / or hearings. Keywords: international cooperation, normative-legal base, Directive, trade secret, security contexts, security conditions.
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Pahre, Robert. "International Cooperation as Interagency Cooperation: Examples from Wildlife and Habitat Preservation." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (December 2009): 883–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709991861.
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Cooperation between two agencies presents much the same problem whether these agencies are found in different countries or in the same country. This similarity is generally overlooked because the issues over which agencies negotiate often differ—defense and trade policy at the international level, transportation or land use at the domestic level. Demonstrating the analytical similarity of international cooperation to domestic interagency cooperation requires holding issue area constant while allowing interstate and intrastate units to vary. To do this, I focus on cooperation over wildlife and habitat preservation at the domestic and international levels in the US and Canada. I explain this variation in cooperation in a simple theory in which agency goals and certain features of species interact. Variation between successful and unsuccessful cooperation in this issue area is governed solely by characteristics of the species and agency goals in each management unit, and does not depend on whether a problem is “international” or “domestic.” For scholars who think in terms of nation-states interacting in an anarchic international system, this points to a very different unit of analysis. For those who emphasize the domestic politics of international cooperation, this moves us away from executives constrained by legislatures to look at sub-units within each executive.
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Ludema, Rodney D., and Ian Wooton. "International Trade Rules and Environmental Cooperation under Asymmetric Information." International Economic Review 38, no. 3 (August 1997): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527283.
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Baker, R. "The Development and Significance of Standards for Smoking-Machine Methodology." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0728.
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AbstractBialous and Yach have recently published an article in Tobacco Control in which they claim that all smoking-machine standards stem from a method developed unilaterally by the tobacco industry within the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA). Using a few highly selective quotations from internal tobacco company memos, they allege, inter alia, that the tobacco industry has changed the method to suit its own needs, that because humans do not smoke like machines the standards are of little value, and that the tobacco industry has unjustifiably made health claims about low “tar” cigarettes. The objectives of this paper are to review the development of smoking-machine methodology and standards, involvement of relative parties, outline the significance of the results and explore the validity of Bialous and Yach's claims. The large volume of published scientific information on the subject together with other information in the public domain has been consulted. When this information is taken into account it becomes obvious that the very narrow and restricted literature base of Bialous and Yach's analysis has resulted in them, perhaps inadvertedly, making factual errors, drawing wrong conclusions and writing inaccurate statements on many aspects of the subject. The first smoking-machine standard was specified by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a federal government agency in the USA, in 1966. The CORESTA Recommended Method, similar in many aspects to that of the FTC, was developed in the late 1960s and published in 1969. Small differences in the butt lengths, smoke collection and analytical procedures in methods used in various countries including Germany, Canada and the UK, developed later, resulted in about a 10% difference in smoke “tar” yields. These differences in methodology were harmonised in a common International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Standard Method in 1991, after a considerable amount of interlaboratory comparisons of the developing methodology had been undertaken by CORESTA. As acknowledged by Bialous and Yach, the purpose of the standards is to determine the “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide content of cigarette smoke when the cigarette is smoked under precisely defined conditions, and hence to allow a comparison of the yields from different cigarettes when smoked under identical conditions. Such yields are not predictive of the yields humans obtain when smoking, nor were they ever expected to be so, since no two smokers smoke exactly the same nor does a smoker smoke a cigarette the same way on every occasion. This purpose has been stated consistently many times, originally by the FTC in 1967 and subsequently in the scientific literature, published by the tobacco industry and health/regulatory authorities, over the last 35 years. From the 1950s onwards numerous public health scientists have advocated that lower “tar” cigarettes should be developed on the grounds that they may reduce to some extent the risks of smoking, while at the same time advocating that the best way to avoid risks is not to smoke. Some health authorities have have used the standard machine-smoking yields to set limits on “tar” as a way of reducing the health impact of cigarette use. The tobacco industry has co-operated with these health authorities by developing cigarettes with lower “tar” but has also followed public health advice by not advertising lower “tar” cigarettes as safe cigarettes. The available evidence, taken as a whole, indicates that compensation by smokers who switch from a high to a low “tar” cigarette is partial in the short term, and that such smokers do obtain a reduction in smoke component uptake.
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Apolinário Júnior, Laerte, Felipe Jukemura, and Anna Ferri Davis. "International Development Cooperation in the Amazon." Novos Estudos - CEBRAP 42, no. 3 (December 2023): 449–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25091/s01013300202300030005.
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Abstract This paper investigates International Development Cooperation projects carried out in the Brazilian Amazon in recent decades, analyzing also the involved agents and resources. To achieve this, we referred to information published by the Brazilian Agency of Cooperation and international funding providers. The results indicate the formation of a complex ecosystem comprising interrelated and independent actors. Keywords: Amazon; international development cooperation; environment; sustainable development
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Wang, Xiaoye, and Qianlan Wu. "Two Steps Forward and One Step Back?: US, EU and China’s Bilateral Antitrust Cooperation and International Trade." World Competition 45, Issue 1 (February 1, 2022): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2022003.
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Greater antitrust enforcement is argued to have positive correlations with the promotion of international trade. By 2019, the US, the EU and China, as global trade powers, have formed and strengthened bilateral antitrust cooperation to seek greater enforcement. However, the impact of such development on international trade has remained underexamined. The article argues that irrespective of their different legal forces, the US-EU, US-China and EU-China antitrust cooperation share convergences at the optimum and minimum levels. Based on the case study of the US, the EU and China’s regulations of the international Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panel cartel, the article illustrates that as the effects doctrine continues to serve as the main normative value underpinning antitrust cooperation, matured competition regimes lack the incentive to share information with new regimes, competition regimes converge to apply comity restrictively and the consultation mechanism plays a limited role in holding the sides accountable under bilateral cooperation. Consequently, international antitrust remains fragmented, positing restraints to trade. The article calls for reconsideration of the effects doctrine as part of the transnational normative repertoire shaping bilateral antitrust cooperation and for devising policy tools to guarantee minimum information exchange among agencies. US, EU, China, International Antitrust, Bilateral Cooperation, Exchange of Information, Confidentiality, Comity, Consultation
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Dolzhikova, Anzhela V. "International conference “Russian school abroad”." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education 2, no. 6 (November 2021): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-21.317.
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The report provides the information about the International Conference “Russian School Abroad”. The conference was held by the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia on request of the Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States, compatriots living abroad, and International humanitarian cooperation (Rossotrudnichestvo). It took place in the Federal Republic of Germany on 30–31 October 2021 at the Russian House in Berlin.
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Wu, Hao. "Customs Cooperation in the WTO: From Uruguay to Doha." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 5 (October 1, 2017): 843–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017033.
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From the Uruguay Round to the Doha Round, the issue of customs cooperation has been discussed in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Customs cooperation in the context of the WTO is mainly conducted in three dimensions: the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), customs valuation, and trade facilitation. Article 69 of the TRIPS provides for customs cooperation against trade in goods infringing intellectual property rights, particularly counterfeit trademark goods and pirated copyright goods. Customs cooperation under customs valuation deals with the truth or accuracy of the good’s declared value and is mainly inscribed in paragraph 8.3 of the Agreement on the Implementation of GATT Article VII and paragraph 12 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration. Article 12 of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) sets forth comprehensive rules on customs cooperation. By examining the relevant WTO legal texts, this article contends that exchange of information is at the core of customs cooperation, and that reciprocity, due diligence, good faith, confidentiality are the central principles for exchange of information between customs authorities
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Goyeneche, Fabienne`, and Eugenia Laurenza. "Regulatory Cooperation in Free Trade Agreements: Perspectives from the Automotive and Information and Communication Technology Sectors." Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2017): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017058.
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Whereas international trade agreements have traditionally focused on reducing and progressively removing tariffs that increase the costs of international trade transactions, as tariffs have come down after successive rounds of tariff negotiations as well as sectorial agreements to eliminate them all together, attention has progressively shifted towards regulatory obstacles in the form of non-tariff measures (NTMs). This contribution aims at showing why regulatory cooperation, the objective of which is to reduce obstacles to trade caused by regulatory divergence between different markets worldwide, is crucial for exporters and how it can be defined and applied in free trade agreements (FTAs). The different forms of regulatory cooperation within FTAs and their evolution in recent years with the emergence of ‘new generation’ FTAs is analysed from the perspective of two sectors: the automotive industry and information and communication technology goods.
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Moravcsik, Andrew M. "Disciplining trade finance: the OECD Export Credit Arrangement." International Organization 43, no. 1 (1989): 173–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300004598.
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The salience of tariffs, quotas, and other import restrictions in current discussions of trade policy obscures what may well become a more significant form of government intervention: subsidized export promotion. Over the past two decades, subsidized trade finance has been one of the most widely used instruments of export promotion. This article offers an historical description and a theoretical explanation for the success of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Export Credit Arrangement, an international regime restricting the provision of subsidized trade finance. The explanation emphasizes three factors: the structure of government institutions, the relative power of states, and the functional value of information. More generally, the analysis demonstrates the inherent weaknesses of monocausal explanations of international cooperation and the advantages of explanations based on a conception of international cooperation as a multistage, process, each stage of which may be explained by a separate theory.
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Revak, Irina, Oleg Pidkhomnyi, Valeriia Prokopenko, and Artur Zubrytskyi. "Innovation’s, and civil servants’ behavioral models’ influence on the formation of customs authorities’ and financial intelligence units' cooperation and document exchange institutional conditions." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2024-1-16.
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The article examines the influence of innovation on the development of institutional conditions for cooperation and document exchange between customs authorities and financial intelligence units, considering the civil servants' behavior patterns as innovative approaches implementers. Cooperation between customs authorities and financial intelligence units provides a critical foundation for ensuring the integrity of international trade and financial systems. In a time of rapid technological advancement, innovation plays a key role in shaping the dynamics of this collaboration. Individual and organizational factors in the behavioral models' formation in the field of relevant cooperation and ways to increase the efficiency of interdepartmental cooperation are substantiated. Particular attention is paid to the procedure for the exchange of documents between customs authorities and financial intelligence units, considering commodity and financial flows in the global economy, and the inconsistency of national and international law in the international trade field certain provisions. The opportunities and challenges of such cooperation, incentives, and the ability to exchange information between customs authorities and financial intelligence units are identified. The need to introduce innovative tools and information exchange mechanisms specifically designed to identify suspicious signals in trade and financial transactions that may indicate crimes in international trade or sanctions evasion is argued. Instead of viewing innovation as a potential threat, customs authorities should actively engage with innovative enterprises to create mechanisms that consider technological advances. Such collaboration can lead to the development of systems and processes that not only ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, but also facilitate more convenient and efficient cross-border trade. The development of digital ecosystems opens promising opportunities for cooperation between customs and financial intelligence units. Such systems not only improve the efficiency of risk assessment, but also ensure financial crimes timely detection. This innovative approach creates a dynamic system that adapts to the changing nature of threats in global trade and finance. Keywords: innovations, behavior patterns of civil servants, customs authorities, financial intelligence units, cooperation, document exchange.
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Prokopiev, P. S. "The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Eurasian Economic Union: opportunities and prospects of trade cooperation." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 6 (July 28, 2022): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2022-6-156-161.
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The article discusses the possibilities of developing trade cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. The purpose of the work is to identify and analyse specific sectors of the economy that may offer potential interest in the event of the creation of a free trade zone between integration associations. As a result of the study, potential opportunities for trade and economic cooperation in the agro-industrial complex were identified. The methods of analysis and comparison of data from information and analytical materials on the advantages and trends of foreign trade relations of the EAEU and GCC countries were used. The state of the matter at the political level is indicated, as well as the main barriers and potential risks to the growth of trade. The relevance of the work lies in the need to diversify foreign trade partners and ensure the sustainability of economic growth for the integration associations under consideration in the conditions of macroeconomic turbulence, global disruption of supply chains and the general degree of high tension in international economic relations.
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E.N., Heriel, and Arnold U. "Effect of Single Custom Territory on Trade Facilitation between Tanzania and Kenya: A Case of Holili Border." African Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2024): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajesd-aidyoj1x.
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This study examined the effect of the Single Custom Territory (SCT) on trade facilitation between Tanzania and Kenya, focusing on the roles of legal frameworks, inter-agency cooperation, and technological integration as independent variables. The study used a quantitative approach through multiple linear regression methods to determine the extent to which SCT’s constituent factors have influenced trade facilitation in the region. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed. The findings suggest that 72.1% of variation in trade facilitation can be explained and attributed by the predictor variables. The legal framework plays a pivotal role in ensuring successful trade facilitation within the SCT context. Harmonization of trade policies and tariffs among the partner states (Tanzania and Kenya) emerged as a critical enabler for seamless cross-border trade. It was further revealed that enhanced inter-agency cooperation and collaborative border management committees contribute significantly to efficient trade processes. The integration of advanced technology, including ICT systems and electronic platforms is a key driver to efficiency in trade facilitation through massive reduction of operational costs and minimization of transit time. The study recommends, Partner states to actively collaborate in harmonizing trade policies, tariffs, and regulations across borders through consistent efforts in enacting and enforcing legislation that promotes transparent and efficient trade processes. Thus reducing ambiguity and fostering a conducive environment for cross-border trade. Partner state governments should facilitate formation of joint border management committees, cross-functional teams, and the implementation of regular training programs to promote collaboration and reduce redundant processes, thereby creating a streamlined trade ecosystem. Member states to embrace and expand technological integration that enable real-time data sharing, efficient information exchange, and provision of online services.
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Yue, Liu, and Yang Gaofei. "Analysis on the Promotion Effect of Logistics Industry Development on China Tobacco Foreign Trade." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 1724–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.97.
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Objectives: The international logistics market is very broad and the system is also very large and complex. It depends on international information science and technology, and has high requirements for standardization. International logistics can realize trade between countries. Its development puts forward higher requirements, higher standards and higher development for international transactions, This paper focuses on the impact of the development of the logistics industry on China tobacco foreign trade in order to promote the development of international logistics and provide practical significance for the globalization of China tobacco foreign trade. In the research, the methods of literature review and case analysis are used to analyze theimpact of the international logistics industry on China tobacco foreign trade. The results show that international logistics is conducive to the adjustment of China tobacco foreign trade demand and supply, mobilizing the international consumption flow, improving the national GDP, and allowing the economic cooperation of various countries to make each country together and interdependent. Therefore, the research on international logistics is conducive to international cooperation and exchange.By studying the development of the logistics industry, this paper analyzes the promotion of China tobacco industry foreign trade, improves the impact of the global tobacco industry on China tobacco trade deficit, and provides practical significance for the globalization of China tobacco trade.
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Zhdanova, V. Р. "PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CUSTOMS AFFAIRS: EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF GOODS." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:119.
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Today, for the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, one of the priority areas of international customs cooperation is cooperation with the customs authorities of other countries on the fulfillment of the terms of current free trade agreements. In this context, the exchange of information on the country of origin of goods moving across the customs border of Ukraine is of particular importance, which is one of the important factors for intensifying trade between Ukraine and the European Union. The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union defines a number of obligations that Ukraine must fulfill in order to harmonize national legislation with the requirements of the relevant legislation of the European Union. Please note that there are now over 400 аgreements about free trade and preferential trade agreements that reduce customs tariffs on certain goods, provided they meet the specified origin criteria. However, many participants in foreign economic activity ignore the fact that they may claim tariff preferences or are uninformed in determining whether the goods they buy or sell are entitled to preferential treatment. As a result, many international trade participants pay a fee for goods originating in countries that are parties to the Free Trade Agreements, losing a financial advantage over their competitors. However, many exporters also lose business opportunities, and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are particularly affected. This article is aimed at exploring the main aspects of legal and organizational support for the exchange of information on issues of the country of origin of goods in the course of customs in Ukraine. The author also intends to explore aspects of international cooperation of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with other customs authorities in determining the country of origin of goods moving across the customs border of Ukraine. Determine the possibility of further application of the preferential conditions provided for in the Free Trade Agreements concluded with the participation of Ukraine in the prevention, detection, and/or termination of customs-related violations of the origin of goods. Keywords. information, exchange of information, product, country of origin of the product, international trade.
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Sohn, Kiyoun. "Analysis of the Digital Trade Agreements among Several APEC Member Countries." APEC Studies Association of Korea 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52595/jas.14.2.1.
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We analyze a variety of digital trade agreements with a view to exploring a useful guidance to clarify and improve the agreements. After examining the key features of the agreements, we compare them in two aspects, market access and policy cooperation. While the market access issues include the cross-border transfer of information by electronic means, the location of computing facilities, no imposition of customs duties on electronic transmissions and the express shipments, the policy cooperation issues do cooperation on standard and conformity assessment for digital trade, FinTech cooperation, and competition policy cooperation. Next, after evaluating the digital trade agreements, we find the need for reasonable definitions of critical terms such as digital trade and digital service. Also we suggest how to clarify and improve the scope of digital product and their relationship with the relevant WTO agreements, primarily GATS. Finally, we conclude with future issues such as the role of APEC, the interconnection between digital trade and trade in services, Korea’s strategies for future digital trade agreements, and the multilateral negotiations on digital trade at several international organizations such as WTO and OECD.
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Qiu, Congtong. "Comparative Study on Quality Characteristics of International Accounting Standards and Chinese Accounting Standards." BCP Business & Management 27 (September 6, 2022): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v27i.1949.
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Whether accounting information can meet the needs of users depends on the quality of accounting information. The internationalization level of accounting standards reflects the degree of integration of a country's economy with the world. With the development of economic globalization and rapid progress of science and technology, the market economy is becoming more and more active. Meanwhile, the trade between various countries is becoming more and more frequent, which promotes the economic and trade cooperation between various countries. The demand for international convergence of accounting standards is becoming increasingly strong, and the relevant concept arises at the historic moment. In order to make the cooperation between countries more convenient and fast, countries began to integrate into the financial regulatory framework reform process of cooperation, and strive for the global unified high-quality accounting standards can be completed in a timely manner. This paper compares and analyzes the differences between Chinese and international accounting standards in terms of information quality characteristics from two aspects of content and level, summarizes the convergence and development trend of international accounting standards, and puts forward some suggestions for China to formulate accounting standards.
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AlHares, Aws, Ali Al-Mohannadi, Tarek Abu-Asi, Yousef AlBaker, and Fatima Al Malki. "Earnings quality and trade credit in the Gulf Cooperation Council." Journal of Governance and Regulation 12, no. 3 (2023): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv12i3art14.
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The primary concern of credit providers is the timely payment of obligations by clients, as most clients tend to pay their obligations late. To obtain accurate information from their buyers, credit providers need to rely on financial reporting or other information channels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of earnings quality on trade credit, with a focus on the moderating role of accounting information comparability. We used Refinitiv Eikon and Fitch Connect databases to measure the variables. The study utilized financial information from 250 companies listed on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and six countries’ stock exchanges between 2016 and 2021 with 1500 firm-year observations. Panel data regression models were used to test the research hypotheses. This study aims to answer if earnings quality has an impact on trade credit and if the impact of earnings quality on trade credit is greater in companies with higher comparability than in companies with lower comparability. The findings revealed that earnings quality has a positive impact on trade credit. Moreover, the results suggested that an increase in accounting information comparability intensifies the effect of earnings quality on trade credit. This paper has repercussions for policymakers, investors, and business organizations. Importantly, our study reveals how higher levels of earnings quality lead to better trade credit practices.
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Nabila, Jihan, and Asma’ Munifatussa’idah. "HOW DO TRADE, INFLATION, EXCHANGE RATES, AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCE INTERNATIONAL TOURIST VISITS IN INDONESIA?" Airlangga Journal of Innovation Management 3, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ajim.v3i1.36922.
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This study aims to determine the short-term and long-term effects of trade, inflation, exchange rates, and information technology on international tourist visits in Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative approach within the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) technique. The data used in this study are annual time series data of Indonesia trade, inflation, exchange rate and information technology on 1991-2019 period. The data used in this study were sourced from World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Central Statistics Agency data. The results of the VECM research in the short term show that the variables of trade and information technology have a significant positive effect on international tourist visits. Meanwhile, inflation and exchange rates have a significant negative effect on international tourist visits. Then the results of VECM research in the long term show that variables of trade and information technology have a significant positive effect on international tourist visits. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant negative effect on international tourist visits. This study bring any literature contribution to future study that macroeconomics variables (trade, inflation) and information technology can influence the rise and fall of tourist visits to Indonesia. Practical contributions also brougt by this study as recommendations to increase international tourist visit in Indonesia for government and tourism stakeholder.
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Liu, Xinyi. "The Effect of Globalization and International Trade Between UK and China on the UK's Economy and the Future of Trade Between China and the UK." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 8, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/8/20230267.
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Globalization refers to the cross and cultural dissemination of commodities, finance, technology and information in various countries, which will make various countries more connected to each other, and within economic point of view globalization will increase the connection between countries, international trade, business /financial cooperation and mutual influence in politics. The further increase in international trade not only increases the global interconnectivity and interdependence, but also has a great impact on UK's domestic economy. This article will take a look at globalization and international trade with China, discussing exactly how China is affecting the UK economy and the future of international trade with China.
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Silitonga, Betrix. "Indonesia's International Trade Opportunities (Based on 2019 Taiwan Partner Country Case Studies)." Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Technology 1, no. 10 (December 1, 2023): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/marcopolo.v1i10.7042.
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Taiwan began collaborating with Indonesia in 1970. This research aims to analyze opportunities for cooperation between Indonesia and Taiwan using descriptive analysis, namely referring to the identification results of literature studies, scientific studies, theoretical understanding, and information obtained from government websites. During the identification period of the last 10 years (2007-2017), Indonesia's total exports to trading partner countries, namely Taiwan, tended to increase every year, and vice versa, Taiwan's total exports to Indonesia also relatively increased. Indonesia needs to take strategic and proactive policies through efforts to increase the added value and competitiveness of Indonesia's leading sectors and strengthen research cooperation to maximize the absorption of technology transfer from Taiwan.
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Citelli, Marco, Marco Barassi, and Ksenia Belykh. "Renewable Energy in the International Arena: Legal Aspects and Cooperation." Groningen Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5a86a7c841628.
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This article aims at investigating the relevant aspects of international law and cooperation in the field of renewable energy. Part I provides an overview of the multiple soft law developments within and outside the UN framework as well as an assessment of a chosen set of extant treaty obligations either fostering or potentially constraining the development of the renewable energy sector. In light of these norms, Part II analyses a series of recent cases and international disputes triggered by non-environmental interests and rights allegedly impaired by the implementation of certain renewable energy-related plans and projects. In particular, this section considers the compatibility of renewable energy development with extant norms in the areas of human rights (ECHR), procedural environmental rights (Aarhus Convention) and international trade law (WTO). Despite the scarcity of binding norms on renewable energy generation and the persistence of various factors leading to disputes, global cooperation in the field of renewable energy is gaining momentum. Starting with an overview on CDM renewable energy projects under the Kyoto Protocol, Part III then shifts to the latest developments in renewable energy cooperation prompted respectively by the creation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and by the growing number of transnational private partnerships operating in the field of renewables.
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Li, Jiaqi, and Xiaoyu Zhu. "Research on Legal Regulations for Facilitating Cross border Paperless Trade in China." International Journal of Education and Humanities 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2023): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v9i2.9722.
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The first comprehensive regulation of paperless trade facilitation, Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific, came into effect on February 21, 2021. This agreement injects new vitality into China's "high-level opening up to the outside world, opening up new prospects for win-win cooperation". How to use modern information technologies such as the Internet to facilitate paperless trade, promote high-level trade development, increase trade opportunities, and enhance international trade competitiveness is worth pondering. In the process of Paperless office cross-border trade, there are difficulties such as the lack of "single window" construction, and the lack of deepening regional trade coordination and cooperation. In view of this, it is necessary to strengthen the top-level design of the legal and policy framework for paperless trade facilitation, unify cross-border data exchange standards, promote electronic data interconnection and cross-border mutual recognition, strengthen regional coordination and cooperation in paperless trade, and other relevant suggestions to promote China's high-level opening-up to the outside world.
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Xu, Qianqian. "Analysis of the Application of Digital Trade in International Business." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 28 (April 9, 2024): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/re05a063.
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In today's world, information technology is becoming more and more widespread, and with it comes ever-deepening digital trade and internationalised commerce. As a brand new form of trade, digital trade is gradually changing the development pattern of international business. This paper argues that digital trade has an important impact on the development of international trade. But at the same time, the development of digital trade has also posed challenges to international trade. For example, trading entities will face intellectual property issues. Consumers have to worry about cyber security issues, etc. To solve these problems, countries should strengthen international cooperation, actively carry out exchanges in the field of digital trade, promote technology research and development, and promote the balanced development of digital trade. In addition, countries should invest more in technology research and development and personnel training to improve technology and enhance competitiveness. This paper argues that paying attention to digital trade and taking measures to ensure its development can promote the process of economic globalization.
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Turlanov, D. A. "«Partnership for Modernization» as an Instrument of Developing the Legal Base of Customs Cooperation between Russia and the EU." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-192-197.
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Russia-EU customs cooperation legal base in force has been outdated and is hardly able to meet demands of trade-economic cooperation between Russia and EU. In particular, structure and substance of Russia-EU customs cooperation regulation do not allow to successfully respond to the challenges of bilateral trade. This is stipulated by legal changes at international level for Russia including ratification of International convention on harmonization and simplification of customs procedures of May 18, 1973, forming of Customs union, WTO accession) and following reforms of custom procedures in Russia. Besides, legal base of Russia-EU customs cooperation does not take into consideration the following measures of modernization of customs regulation in the EU: active use of preliminary information change, electronic methods of fulfilment of customs formalities as well as implementation of modern customs techniques, targeted at simplification and securing of customs formalities. Due to the above-mentioned facts and keeping in mind the high role of mutual trade for well-being of both Russia and EU, improvement of customs cooperation legal base becomes the urgent task. The author of the article points out the Initiative Russia-EU «Partnership for modernization» is able to be one the most crucial instruments of development of Russia-EU customs cooperation legal base. The Initiative is conceived to contribute to economic growth of Russia and EU by virtue of implementation of modernized agenda including in customs sphere. Because of that author analyses customs cooperation issues provided by the Initiative, detects its weak points and proposes approaches towards enhancing Russia-EU trade-economic cooperation by means of modernization of trade flows customs administration.
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Lim, Aik Hoe, and Kateryna Holzer. "Trading in the era of carbon standards: how can trade, standard setting, and climate regimes cooperate?" Oxford Review of Economic Policy 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grac039.
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Abstract Regulatory cooperation is indispensable for increasing the quality of carbon-related product regulations and standards (CPRS), reducing trade tensions over them, facilitating their alignment, and, eventually, promoting the convergence of different national emission reduction levels towards a universal carbon price. In this article, we explore how trade and trade-related arrangements and institutions can be used to intensify regulatory cooperation on CPRS. We focus on the following questions: when, where, and how does regulatory cooperation on CPRS take place within the international trading system, and what are the ways to strengthen regulatory cooperation on CPRS? While admitting the key role of market forces and the large market factor in the alignment of carbon standards, we argue that this de facto trade-driven alignment requires a steering from state-to-state regulatory cooperation, as well as cooperation of government agencies with private certification schemes in helping producers, especially from developing countries, to comply. Moreover, the potential for more systematic collaboration between the multilateral institutions for climate change and trade should be explored. This could include the establishment of a joint UNFCCC–WTO forum for the exchange of policy-relevant technical and scientific information on key issues surrounding CPRS and consolidation of the relevant database.
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Hibner, Jacek. "The Development of an Information Society and Electronic Commerce in the European Union in the Context of Selected Documents of the EU and International Organisations." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0006-x.
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Due to the rapidly growing use of the Internet, the development of electronic commerce (defined by the World Trade Organization as “the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means”1) has become one of the key aspects of today’s sustained growth. It influences productivity, facilitates the international movement of goods and services, and stimulates export and import trade. The European Union, as well as many multinational organisations, is working towards the harmonisation of their rules, and to facilitate and streamline this kind of international exchange. In this article, the author presents selected documents on electronic commerce published by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce and the European Union since 1994.
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Meckling, Jonas. "Governing renewables: Policy feedback in a global energy transition." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654418777765.
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Complex global problems such as climate change have not been met with deep international cooperation but with complex systems of governance across multiple scales. This includes the global governance of renewable energy, the fastest growing source of electric power globally. How did the complex system of governance for renewable energy emerge, evolve, and institutionalize? This article posits that policy feedback on market actors helps to explain the evolution of renewable energy governance. The extent to which policy expands or limits market opportunities for firms shapes significantly the coalitions that emerge in support of new institutions, such as policies and organizations, in global renewable energy governance. This article examines the role of policy feedback for three major periods of renewable energy governance, focusing on a case for each period: (1) the emergence and expansion of domestic policy in Germany’s feed-in tariff, (2) international cooperation in the creation of the International Renewable Energy Agency, and (3) international competition in the European Union-China solar trade dispute. The findings contribute to our understanding of complex interdependence in a policy-driven global energy transition, complementing analyses of domestic energy transitions. They also suggest that policymakers can—to some extent—strategically leverage feedback dynamics to promote market transformations in the absence of comprehensive international cooperation.
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Avilova, V. V. "MECHANISMS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR USE BY THE ENTITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." International Trade and Trade Policy 9, no. 4 (January 8, 2024): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2023-3-128-137.
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In a turbulent economic macro-environment, to ensure sustainable development of the state and its regions, classical commodity exchange operations are being reformatted both through changing basic partners, changing the geography of markets and product lines, and through intensifying the launch of new multinational production projects that make it possible to compensate for the loss of part of foreign supplies in the format of import substitution , generate innovative solutions based on synergy that become domestic intellectual property. The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the supporting regions of the Russian Federation, a leader in many macroeconomic indicators, investment attractiveness and quality of life. Its developments in the field of international relations and trade are analyzed from the standpoint of efficiency, features of the work of infrastructure elements, such as special economic zones, foreign representative offices, business missions, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Investment Development Agency, and the Export Support Center. Conclusions are drawn about the intensification of all types of cooperation with the People's Republic of China, countries of the Muslim world and with various countries of the EAEU and the CIS, indicating the determining role of the economic structure of all partners, including the presence of preferential regimes of interaction. If increasing global trade turnover is clearly a positive process, then the selection of international industrial cooperation projects should be accompanied by in-depth business analysis of the complementarity of the goals and capabilities of the countries participating in industrial cooperation. Another important conclusion is the need to analyze the potential of Russian regions to identify opportunities for scaling the experience of Tatarstan - the presence of a foundation of industrial cooperation that is mutually beneficial for all parties and infrastructure that ensures the effectiveness of international cooperation. Differences between the Russian and regional economy as its meso-level may lead to an unsuccessful attempt to scale the best practices of the Republic of Tatarstan. In this regard, it is proposed to create a system for connecting part of the regions of the Russian Federation to the channels of international cooperation created in the Republic of Tatarstan to enhance interaction primarily with partners from the countries of the Islamic world.
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Grigoruk, N. E., and G. A. Galkin. "International trade through the prism of statistics: problems of accounting, evaluation and analysis." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 232–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-232-257.
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In economic research, much attention is traditionally paid to the issues of trade and economic cooperation between states and the development of international trade. This kind of research is based on the materials of official statistics of countries and international organizations, which are not always published on a comparable basis, making it difficult, and sometimes impossible to do an objective analysis of processes taking place both in bilateral economic relations and in international trade in general. The article deals with this important problem of comparability of statistical sources.Using a large amount of factual and statistical material, the authors trace the changes that have occurred in world trade relations of the 21st century, paying special attention to the post-crisis period, they reveal the main features of the geographical and commodity structure of trade, they present a comparative analysis of the rates of development of world exports and imports by groups of countries, assess Russia's participation in international trade, and also demonstrate the methodological content of the main statistical indicators that are used to characterize foreign economic relations.For many decades, international cooperation in the field of statistics has focused on the problem of unifying information on the foreign economic activity of countries. Solving this problem, the UN Statistical Commission has drawn up methodological documents, which are usually called "international statistical standards". Based on the study of these documents, as well as materials of official statistics of countries and other primary sources, the authors characterize the process of international standardization of information on foreign economic relations of countries. The article presents a critical analysis of the key provisions of the latest methodological standards of statistics, considers the practice of their application in countries, including the Russian Federation, identifies the main achievements and problems in this area.
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Shaghaghi, Mehranguiz. "Evaluation of the Employee Benefits Administration Agency’s Ethics, Cooperation, and Leadership." Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES) 4, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1051.
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This study showed that first, the agency will need to be more transparent where relevant. For instance, it needs to improve how it shares information with the public and other relevant agencies. When sharing the information with the public, all co-principals should be on the same page to avoid division because it can portray a bad image. This will also increase inter-agency transparency and improve the agency’s performance. Second, the agency will need to be more accountable by taking responsibility for its actions. It can do so by creating a healthy system of accountability among the agency staff and this can help it improve performance in the long-term. Third, capacity building.
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Desember Palito Sinaga, Rianto Irvandinata Lumbangaol, and Silvia Agustin Manullang. "Analysis of the Influence of Post-Pandemic International Trade on Economic Growth in Indonesia." International Journal of Business and Applied Economics 2, no. 3 (May 17, 2023): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijbae.v2i3.2165.
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This study aims to determine post-pandemic developments in Indonesia's exports and imports and their impact on economic growth in Indonesia. International trade is an activity or economic activity involving two or more countries to meet the needs of the people of those countries. International trade is where it happens to buy goods and services on a broad scale. This is because trade cooperation is carried out by various countries, and there is a desire to promote certain goods and services freely. With international trade, a country can increase its prosperity and create equity in demand, supply, and services. The research method used in this research is library research, namely collecting information from related documents and photographs to support the writing process.
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Chung, Chan-Mo. "Data Localization: The Causes, Evolving International Regimes and Korean Practices." Journal of World Trade 52, Issue 2 (April 1, 2018): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2018009.
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As control of information is the primary source of power in the information society, countries, corporations, and individuals are eager to gain control over more data and information and to hand over less of them to adversaries. National experiences show that there are some incentives for a country to move toward data localization. Some of the localization measures may be consistent with the current state of free-trade agreements such as the World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services. Even international trade agreements on the horizon, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership and Trade in Services Agreement, allow some room for data localization. Drawing the fine line between prohibited and permitted data localization measures should wait for the future development of case law and state practice. Non-violation of the current international agreements, however, does not guarantee the best policy. Data localization tends to cause Galapagos syndrome, in which a short-term comfortable life in isolation leads to long-term extinction. This is particularly true in the market for electronic commerce, which is by its nature global rather than local. Data localization is a temporary abnormal phenomenon that occurs in a transient situation in which internet service providers fail to meet their social responsibility toward the community where the customers exist and incipient cooperation among national legal authorities fails to tackle the trans-border problems effectively.
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Elmar Hashimova, Elmira. "THE LEGAL REGULATION OF E-GOVERNMENT FORMATION." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/219-222.
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Analyzing the interaction between e-government and citizens in Azerbaijan, it is possible to observe large-scale socio-cultural changes in the lives of the population under the influence of the information society. Although the principles announced at the beginning of the e-government path were far from the real situation, later regulatory frameworks were established, multifunctional centers were established, various e-government regulations for development and implementation, integration of state information systems to develop and expand domestic and international cooperation. Involvement of the population in management processes and cooperation with the state with the help of information and communication technologies began to create a wide range of opportunities. The article examines the legal basis for the formation of e-government, reflects the status of e-government, e-signatures, e-services provided to citizens by the State Agency for Citizen Services and Social Innovations. Key words: e-signature, research concepts, decree, electronic document, state agency, state program, e-government portal
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Mazumder, Soumyajit. "Autocracies and the international sources of cooperation." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 3 (May 2017): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343316687018.
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Under what conditions do autocracies peacefully settle disputes? Existing studies tend to focus on the domestic factors that shape conflict initiation. In this article, I show how domestic institutions interact with international institutions to produce more cooperative outcomes. Particularly, this study argues that as autocracies become more central in the network of liberal institutions such as preferential trade agreements (PTAs), they are less likely to initiate a militarized interstate dispute (MID). As a state becomes more democratic, the effect of centrality within the PTA network on the peaceful dispute settlement dissipates. This is because greater embeddedness in the PTA regime is associated with enhanced transparency for autocracies, which allows autocracies to mitigate ex ante informational problems in dispute resolution. Using a dataset of MID initiation from 1965 to 1999, this study finds robust empirical support for the aforementioned hypothesis. Moreover, the results are substantively significant. Further analysis into the causal mechanisms at work provides evidence in favor of the information mechanism. Autocrats who are more embedded in the PTA network tend to have higher levels of economic transparency and economic transparency itself is associated with lower rates of conflict initiation. The results suggest that an autocrat’s structural position within the international system can help to peacefully settle its disputes.
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Dai, Ningyu. "A TOPSIS-Based Study of State Agency Selection and Species Conservation for Wildlife Conservation." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 99 (June 18, 2024): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/marn4x80.
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Illegal trade in wildlife has serious impacts on ecosystems, the world's environment and other aspects, including species endangerment and extinction, loss of biodiversity, ecosystem destruction, public health risks and illegal activities and crime. These impacts not only jeopardize the ecological balance and the ecosystem, but also pose a threat to human health and social stability. In order to select suitable countries for wildlife protection, this paper proposes five evaluation indicators: financial resources, human resources, technical support, professionalism and experience, and international influence, and constructs a five-dimensional illegal animal trade evaluation model based on the tosis model. By calculating the data of each region, the regional changes of illegal wildlife trade were demonstrated by using spatial geographic information visualization tools. The results show that China and Indonesia are the most frequent and typical regions of illegal wildlife trade. Then, through descriptive statistical analysis, the data showed that the most illegally traded species were Reptilia, Actinopteri, and Anyhozoa. The above results indicate that there is an urgent need to protect wildlife in China and Indonesia. Also, the international community needs to make joint efforts to strengthen regulation and law enforcement to combat illegal trade in wildlife.
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Girich, M. G., and A. D. Levashenko. "Trade-based money laundering: development of the «red flags» system." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 4 (January 16, 2022): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-55-69.
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The OECD and the FATF highlight the problem of money laundering via international trade with a view to disguising illicit gains and moving value through the use of trade transactions. For example, inaccurate invoices may be used, which, according to the Global Financial Integrity estimates, resulted in $0,9 trillion to $1,7 trillion losses in 148 countries in 2006–2015. In Russia, the authorities attempt to reduce the risks of money laundering within the framework of international trade through the use of currency regulation, while foreign countries are using a risk-based approach by developing the “red flags” systems that allow financial intelligence agencies, customs and other state bodies as well as subjects of financial market (through which the payments for export-import transactions are made) and the companies participating in international trade themselves to determine whether a transaction entails risks of money laundering. In addition, internal and international inter-agency exchange of information related to money laundering in international trade, including trade and financial data, is being developed.
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Williams, Clifford. "Artificial harmony." Journal of Money Laundering Control 17, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 428–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-08-2013-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain that the commonly used method allowing for inter-agency cooperation between national financial intelligence units, the memorandum of understanding, is inadequate and ineffective in creating a cooperative global financial intelligence unit capable of combating money laundering typologies on an international scale. Design/methodology/approach – Methods of international financial intelligence unit (FIU) cooperation have chiefly occurred in two ways: first, through the efforts of the Egmont Group; and second, through the inclusion of provisions concerning FIUs contained in international legal documents. The first is an impossibility. Findings – This paper proposes that the result of implementation of the 2012 Financial Action Task Force Recommendations will be an informal network of FIUs where the Egmont group acts as a centralized operator for information exchange, effectively creating an informal global FIU (“GFIU”), but that this system, or a cooperative global financial intelligence unit system based on FIU-to-FIU exchanges will not allow for effective multilateral, international cooperation. Research limitations/implications – This is because national interests and unfamiliarity with capabilities provided in the Egmont Group’s cooperative platform have and will continue to result in under-utilization of cooperative efforts, and because the traditional mechanism employed for FIU-to-FIU exchanges, the memorandum of understanding (“MOU”), makes uniform or standardized information request and transfer procedures that are required for multilateral or multi-agency efforts to combat money laundering across international boundaries an impossibility. Practical implications – The Egmont Group’s cooperational structure should be the primary means by which to achieve a GFIU. Social implications – The global combat on money laundering will be more effective, thereby more fully protecting the global economy. Originality/value – A comparison between the Egmont Group’s network building mechanism and the existing use of MoU to create global cooperation against money laundering has not been analyzed.
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Zadorozhnyy, Oleksandr. "International cooperation of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) in countering the challenges of transnational crime and conducting international search for criminals." Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2023.1.11.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the issues of international cooperation of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) to intensify actions aimed strengthening security at own borders, counteracting the challenges of transnational crime and conducting international search for criminals with the help of existing international organizations.
It is emphasized that Ukraine’s participation in international organizations is an integral part of the state’s foreign policy, which makes it possible to cope with all the negative phenomena and problems that Ukraine is facing in this difficult time.
The author examines the historical aspects of the establishment and further development of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex).
The author analyzes the role of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) in the process of international search for criminals, which is conducted jointly with law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, since the organization provides assistance in searching for criminals using its powerful technical and resource potential.
Attention is paid to the aims and objectives of the international organization, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) tointensify actions related to strengthening security at own borders and counteracting the challenges of transnational crime.
The author analyzes the EUROSUR communication channel used by Frontex as a system for exchanging information on the situation on European borders and in the border area.
The author also discusses the issues of cooperation between law enforcement agencies of Ukraine and the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), which includes assistance in sharing experience and previously acquired skills to overcome negative trends occurring at the borders of Ukraine, to strengthen its own security, to counteract the challenges of cross-border crime and to support national authorities in identifying persons on the international wanted list, which is extremely necessary in such a difficult time.
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Rashevska, Kateryna. "Regulatory and institutional mechanism of human rights impact assessment of international trade agreements in Ukraine." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.65.
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This article provides an analysis of the information obtained as a result of cooperation with the state authorities of Ukraine onthe human rights impact assessment of international trade agreements. The author sent requests for acquiring public information to theMinistry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture. As a result, itwas found that the human rights impact assessment of international trade agreements, despite the existence of a corresponding obligationto conduct it and the attribution of such competence to certain government agencies is not carried out. Accordingly, there is no me -thodology for such an assessment, which excluded the organizational dimension from the subject of the article.The article reflects current approaches to the humanization of international trade law. The author focused on the establishmentand approval of a new concept of cooperation between members of the international community namely R2A (responsibility to act),which in addition to protecting violated human rights also provides for active action to promote them for sustainable development. Itimplies, inter alia, the inclusion of a human rights clause in the text of all international trade agreements. The author concluded that itis necessary to carry out the human rights impact assessment of such agreements in order to increase the positive and minimize thenegative consequences of their implementation.The article represents the positive experience of states and regional associations that assess the impact on human rights, as wellas identifies potential risks and limitations of this mechanism. It was found that the number of international obligations of Ukraine inthe field of the human rights impact assessment is growing, while the implementation of their provisions at the national level is not produced,which requires improving the existing institutional mechanism and avoiding adaptation of ineffective practices in the nationallegal environment.
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Spilker, Gabriele, Quynh Nguyen, and Thomas Bernauer. "Trading Arguments: Opinion Updating in the Context of International Trade Agreements." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa061.
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Abstract Public opinion can often become a key challenge to international cooperation efforts. In their attempt to garner support for their position, stakeholders fight for the hearts and minds of the public based on arguments about the consequences of different policy options. But to what extent do individuals’ preferences change when exposed to such information? And how does this depend on the information being congruent or contradictory to pre-existing preferences? We address these questions in the context of the negotiations on the potentially largest regional trade agreement in history: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Based on a two-waves-panel-survey-experiment fielded in Germany and the United States, we examine how individuals’ prior opinion influences the way they process new information. We argue that individuals’ existing priors about how they generally think about economic openness interact with new information to inform their opinion about the specific policy proposal at hand. Our experimental results show that while prior opinion constrains opinion updating to some degree, overall, citizens update their existing beliefs in line with new information. This updating process can even result in respondents changing their opinion, although only in one direction: namely to turn from a TTIP supporter to a TTIP opponent.
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Avdeev, Vadim Avdeevich, Stanislav Vasilyevich Rozenko, Igor Nikolaevich Fedulov, Dmitry Sergeevich Dyadkin, and Yuri Vladimirovich Truntsevsky. "Information Process Management: Improving Environmental Safety." Webology 18, Special Issue 04 (September 30, 2021): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si04/web18159.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the legal framework for environmental security in the context of globalization. Attention is focused on interstate cooperation in the field of health security. Particular attention is paid to the relationship and correlation of international and national legal acts. The task to unite the efforts in the international community for ensuring the safety of the human environment is being actualized. In modern conditions, the depletion of natural resources and the adverse effects of environmental degradation are an obstacle to sustainable development. Negative trends are recognized land degradation, loss of biodiversity, lack of drinking water, droughts, desertification, aggravating new problems. It is concluded that it is necessary to carry out a set of measures to preserve the environment. Issues related to the rational use of natural resources, seas, oceans, freshwater resources, mountains and forests and protection of wild flora and fauna require solutions within the international community. The importance of international cooperation and consolidation of resources to combat desertification, drought and land degradation is increasing. The international community in the field of environmental protection should be focused on the prevention and limitation of harmful effects on the environment, the rational use of international natural resources and the protection of unique natural objects through conservation from human economic influence. Changes are required in the environmental policies and legal frameworks of states. Consolidation is required by the resources of both government agencies and civil society, including youth, trade unions, the media, academia, the private sector and others.
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Yun, Sungjong. "Analysis of Subsidy and Policy Implications." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2023.25.3.221.
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This paper analyzes the motivation for subsidies and their economic effects through literature research, and then examines policy implications for subsidy analysis. International cooperation on subsidies should be made to correct market failures and provide essential public services while reducing the negative externalities of subsidies. To achieve this goal, governments and international organizations need to share information on subsidies, provide economic analysis of the effects of various subsidies and suggest alternatives, and strengthen global standards and legal measures against subsidies that distort overseas markets and cause the climate crisis. Broader cooperation between countries on subsidies should be made in the direction of enhancing transparency, openness and predictability of international trade.