Academic literature on the topic 'Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation"
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Kostenko, Elena, Vitaly Kostenko, Volodymyr Kuznichenko, and Volodymyr Lapshyn. "Regions of Ukraine: International and Retail Trade in 2016." Research in Applied Economics 9, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v9i4.12163.
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International trade in Ukraine’s regions during 2016 is analyzed. The taxonomy method is used to carry out a multidimensional analysis of the state of trade in all regions, with the goal of determining their attractiveness with respect to investment and international cooperation. Key indicators were chosen to be: export and import of services, export and import of goods, balance of the trade of services, balance of the trade of goods, and retail trade. Using the standardized matrix of statistical values, provided by Ukraine’s national statistics agency, the level of development of each region was determined, as well as its rating. A comparison of this year’s ratings with those of the previous two years is carried out. Based on the calculated inter-regional distance matrix, calculated in the context of the seven chosen parameters, nonlinear structures of regional connections are constructed. Using them, clusters of regions can be constructed that take into account trade dynamics and other economic activity. The constructed linear and nonlinear connection structure of Ukraine’s regions can become the basis of fruitful cooperation in the area of trade. They can also be used when carrying out mutual investment projects and when regulating the exchange of goods between Ukraine’s regions. The determination of the regions’ ratings and the nonlinear structures of their trade relations can provide valuable information to investors both foreign and domestic.
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Upreti, Yukesh. "Association Between Inter-Agencies Cooperation and Border Governance of Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 6, no. 01 (August 15, 2023): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v6i01.57595.
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Border agency cooperation is the process by which different agencies joins together for the purpose of attaining a common goal in building efficiencies for facilitating international trade, cross border travel by improving cross border security. The government of Nepal has established different agencies to enhance border governance. The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between inter-agency cooperation and border governance of Nepal. The research follows a sequential explanatory research design using primary and secondary data. Primary data are extracted from stratified sampling technique using five point likert-scale questionnaires where 202 responses were acquired. The findings show that there is a positive relationship between independent variables of inter-agencies cooperation and border governance of Nepal. Furthermore, inter-agency cooperation and border governance have a positive correlation coefficient of 0.391 at 1 percent level of significant. The regression analysis show interagency cooperation has 30 percent effect in border governance of Nepal. The beta value shows one unit of change in inter-agency cooperation will bring 0.523 unit of change in border governance of Nepal. The study suggest on enhancing information, intelligence & data exchange program on daily basis and improvement on mutual negotiation, synchronized border inspection, and mutual trust within the border governing agencies for maintaining good border governance of Nepal by enhancing service delivery.
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Upreti, Yukesh. "A Study of Inter-Agencies Cooperation in Border Governance of Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 5, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v5i1.49351.
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Coordinated border management (CBM) refers to a coordinated approach by border agencies, both domestic and international for achieving efficiencies by facilitating trade and travel flows, with maintaining a balance with compliance requirements. The core objective of this paper is to identify governmental agencies cooperation for border governance of Nepal. For the purpose of understanding inter agency cooperation the research uses both qualitative and quantitative approach with descriptive design using both primary and secondary data. The findings show that there are 12 ministries at federal level and 14 departments with 670 borderline agencies in Nepal. The central ministry, departments, regional offices, district offices and borderline offices are the hierarchical system in intra- agencies. At national level there are different working groups and committee form different ministry. At district level, District Administration Office plays a lead role for local border management by instructing and upervising others agencies in interagency coordination. In order to maintain peace, security and curtail cross border crime, the security agencies are having cordial cooperation by exchanging high level information exchange, sharing of work, regular training and joint inspection by constructing different working groups. The study suggests establishing a national border management policy to incorporate all tiers agencies by constructing national border management Authority to coordinate all agencies from central level to local level which reduce unnecessary work duplication by amending relevant statutes.
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Bourne, Ross. "National Bibliographies – Do They Have a Future?" Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 5, no. 2 (August 1993): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909300500202.
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National bibliographies serve a variety of functions, but act essentially as archival records of the national imprint. A number of factors may, however, alter our views of their purpose and affect our expectations of their long term future. Coverage and currency are often constrained by inadequate legal deposit mechanisms, but it may be questioned whether the national bibliography needs to include all publications or whether the national bibliographic agency (NBA) should act as a coordinator of current bibliographic data. Some NBAs have been driven to reduce the bibliographic content of their records as a result of declining income and increases in publishing output. Such measures have not met with universal approval, but appear to have resulted in improved currency. Technology continues to have an impact on the production of national bibliographies, with CD-ROMs, the UNIMARC format and, particularly, networking initiatives all facilitating greater availability of and access to bibliographic information. Networking may well render less relevant the local basis of national bibliographies, with possibilities for supranational coverage and the linking of document supply to bibliographic access. Closer cooperation with the book trade should result in the reuse of publishers' bibliographic data, rather than the NBA having to create bibliographic records from scratch. Politically, the concept of what constitutes a national grouping is evolving, with new alliances between countries as well as the disintegration of former federal states taking place. Important questions arise as to the future purpose of the national bibliography, the potential for cooperation with other producers of bibliographic data and whether the role of the national bibliography is likely to be usurped at the international level. NBAs must view these questions as an opening up of opportunities rather than as threats to their existence.
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Yakupova, Daria, and Roman Yakupov. "Détente as a Factor of Modernization of the USSR in the 1970s - the Beginining of the 1980s in the Analytical Reviews of the Central Intelligence Agency." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 398–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2019.20(3).398-424.
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Coverage of the role and importance of the economic policy implemented during the détente period to solve the complex problems of the Soviet Union in the field of intensification of production is relevant in connection with the cyclical completion of the warmer climate between Russia and the West. The study of the historical experience of the development of international cooperation, the analysis of competition for a place in the global division of labor and the results of the struggle for the achievements of the scientific and technical revolution of the XX century make it possible to reconstruct the steps taken by the Soviet leadership to find new foreign economic tools against the background of modernization challenges. The article based on the materials of the electronic archive of the CIA, documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Economics and Russian State Archive of Contemporary History funds provide previously unpublished comprehensive information on the size and content of compensation agreements of the USSR with Western Europe, the USA and Japan during the détente period. The authors reveal the role of the banking capital of the USSR to ensure the country's access to hard currency and implementation of the technology transfer policy. Similarity of the strategy of containment of the USSR in the 1970s and Russia today is emphasized on the example of the analysis of the USA intelligence data. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the considerable mobilization efforts of the Soviet leadership to expand foreign trade operations, the conclusion of large-scale compensation agreements, the creation of sovereign transnational transportation and the development of Soviet financial institutions abroad, the targets set by the modernization of the 1970s were not fully met. The USSR did not maintain the export model in the global economy during the détente period for a number of reasons.
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Jelisavac, Sanja. "International regulation of intellectual property rights." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 2-3 (2004): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0403279j.
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Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and works of art, as well as symbols, names, images, and designs that are used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright which includes literary and works of art such as novels, poems and plays films, musical works, works of art such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programmes. 1883 marked the birth of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the first major international treaty designed to help the people from one country obtain protection in other countries for their intellectual creations in the form of industrial property rights, known as: inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs. In 1886, copyright entered the international arena with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The aim of this Convention was to help nationals of its member States obtain international protection of their right to control, and receive payment for the use of their creative works such as: novels, short stories, poems plays; songs, operas, musicals, sonatas; and drawings, paintings sculptures, architectural works. The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) was adopted in 1952 and formalised in 1955, as a complementary agreement to the Berne Convention. The UCC membership included the United States, and many developing countries that did not wish to comply with the Berne Convention, since they viewed its provisions as overly favourable to the developed world. Patent Cooperation Treaty, signed on June 19,1970, provides for the filing of a single international patent application which has the same effect as national applications filed in the designated countries. An applicant seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory states as needed. On November 6, 1925, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs was adopted within the framework of the Paris Convention. Under the provisions of the Hague Agreement, any person entitled to effect an international deposit has the possibility of obtaining, by means of a single deposit protection for his industrial designs in a number of States with a minimum of formalities and of expense. The system of international registration of marks is governed by two treaties, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, which dates from 1891, and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement that was adopted in 1989. It entered into force on December 1, 1995, and came into operation on April 1, 1996. The reason for adopting the much more recent Protocol, following the original Madrid Agreement of 1891 (last amended at Stockholm in 1967), was the absence from the Madrid Union of some of the major countries in the trademark field, for example, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. The Protocol is intended to make the Madrid system acceptable to more countries. The Rome Convention consists basically of the national treatment that a State grants under its domestic law to domestic performances, phonograms and broadcasts. Apart from the rights guaranteed by the Convention itself as constituting that minimum of protection, and subject to specific exceptions or reservations allowed for by the Convention, performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organisations to which the Convention applies, enjoy in Contracting States the same rights as those countries grant to their nationals. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organisation dedicated to promoting the use and protection of works of the human spirit. These works, intellectual property, are expanding the bounds of science and technology and enriching the world of the arts. Through its work, WIPO plays an important role in enhancing the quality and enjoyment of life, as well as creating real wealth for nations. In 1974, WIPO became a specialised agency of the United Nations system of organisations, with a mandate to administer intellectual property matters recognised by the member states of the UN. With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, WIPO is one of the 16 specialised agencies of the United Nations system of organisations. It administers 21 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection. The Organisation counts 177 nations as member states. One of the successes of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement), which came into effect on 1 January 1995, and up to date it the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. The TRIPS Agreement is a minimum standards agreement, which allows Members to provide more extensive protection of intellectual property if they wish so. Members are left free to determine the appropriate method of implementing the provisions of the Agreement within their own legal system and practice On January 1, 1996, an Agreement Between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization entered into force. It provides for cooperation concerning the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, such as notification of laws and regulations and legal-technical assistance and technical co-operation in favour of developing countries. In the 21st century intellectual property will play an increasingly important role at the international stage. Works of the mind - intellectual property such as inventions, designs, trademarks, books, music, and films, are now used and enjoyed on every continent on the earth. In the new millennium international protection of intellectual property rights faces many new challenges; one of the most urgent is the need for states to adapt to and benefit from rapid and wide-ranging technological change, particularly in the field of information technology and the Internet.
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Hnitii, A. O. "International legal frameworks of cooperation between Ukraine and FRONTEX." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (November 27, 2022): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.04.69.
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The article is devoted to the research of the main directions of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (FRONTEX). The main acts of international and national legislation that determine the legal framework and regulate the mechanisms of interaction are analyzed. The article notes the dual role of FRONTEX in cooperation with Ukraine, which involves both direct interaction with the national competent authority in the field of migration and border management, and through the provision of support based on international agreements.
The author points out four main mechanisms of cooperation between the Agency and the SBGS, namely: 1) operational cooperation through information exchange networks; 2) cooperation within EU initiatives; 3) cooperation within technical assistance projects initiated and financed by the Agency; 4) cooperation on the basis of working The author singles out four main mechanisms of cooperation between the Agency and the DPSU, namely: 1) operational cooperation through information exchange networks; 2) cooperation within EU initiatives; 3) cooperation within technical assistance projects initiated and financed by the Agency; 4) cooperation on the basis of working arrangements. The last of the listed mechanisms is the most effective and includes such areas of cooperation as information exchange, personnel training, interaction in the scientific and research sphere, joint operational activities, etc. At the same time, the article notes that changes in migration processes, expansion of the Agency's mandate, strengthening of cooperation between FRONTEX and Ukraine require improvement of legal regulation. It is proposed to review the Working Arrangement on operational cooperation between FRONTEX and the DPSU and to establish in it a number of important elements that will apply to the rules of information exchange, including confidential; processing and protection of personal data; guarantees of protection of fundamental rights; conditions and procedures for financing activities coordinated by the Agency; dispatch of liaison officers, etc.
The author emphasizes that the conclusion of an updated version of the Working Arrangement on Operational Cooperation and the signing of the Status Agreement should be important measures that will contribute to the approximation of national legislation and law enforcement practice to European standards in the field of protection and surveillance of borders.
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VIVCHAR, Oksana, Inna ZAITSEVA-KALAUR, and Mariia ZIAILYK. "REGULATORY ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: NON-SAFETY CONTEXTS." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-2-15.
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In order to approximate the laws of the EU Member States in the field of handling classified information and to establish a comparable level of protection of such information from illegal receipt, use or disclosure throughout the EU, Directive 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed information was developed and approved in June 2016. how and business information (trade secrets) from illegal receipt, use and disclosure (hereinafter - the Directive). The Directive introduces the concept of "trade secret", defines the lawful and illegal acquisition, use and disclosure of trade secrets, establishes procedures and remedies for the illegal acquisition, use or disclosure of trade secrets in the context of the application of security conditions. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the essential characteristics of trade secrets, as well as to study the legal framework of domestic experience and international cooperation on the basis of a practical mechanism for ensuring safe operating conditions. The article examines the conceptual and categorical apparatus of trade secrets and the regulatory framework for international cooperation, respectively. The practical set of measures to preserve the confidentiality of trade secrets is substantiated. As a result of scientific research, the essential and substantive characteristics of provision the Directive as the main legal vector of ensuring safety conditions have been identified. Based on this, the implementation the legal aspects of international cooperation in the context of secure measurement at trade secrets is demonstrated. Summarizing scientific research, it should be noted that a country like Belgium, taking into account the Directive, has adopted a law aimed at protecting undisclosed know-how and commercial information (trade secrets) from illegal possession, use and disclosure. This Law has implemented all the above-mentioned recommendations on the protection of trade secrets during court proceedings. It is investigated that the German parliament passed the Law on Trade Secrets of the Federal Government. This law implements European Parliament Directive (EU) 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and trade information (trade secrets) against their illegal acquisition, use and disclosure in German national law in order to establish uniform protection of trade secrets. The law provides for the confidentiality of court proceedings. In civil proceedings, by granting jurisdiction to certain specialized courts in cases of commercial secrecy, the possibility of classifying the proceedings as confidential at the request of one of the parties, and the potential limitation of the number of persons entitled to access evidence and / or hearings. Keywords: international cooperation, normative-legal base, Directive, trade secret, security contexts, security conditions.
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Pahre, Robert. "International Cooperation as Interagency Cooperation: Examples from Wildlife and Habitat Preservation." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (December 2009): 883–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709991861.
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Cooperation between two agencies presents much the same problem whether these agencies are found in different countries or in the same country. This similarity is generally overlooked because the issues over which agencies negotiate often differ—defense and trade policy at the international level, transportation or land use at the domestic level. Demonstrating the analytical similarity of international cooperation to domestic interagency cooperation requires holding issue area constant while allowing interstate and intrastate units to vary. To do this, I focus on cooperation over wildlife and habitat preservation at the domestic and international levels in the US and Canada. I explain this variation in cooperation in a simple theory in which agency goals and certain features of species interact. Variation between successful and unsuccessful cooperation in this issue area is governed solely by characteristics of the species and agency goals in each management unit, and does not depend on whether a problem is “international” or “domestic.” For scholars who think in terms of nation-states interacting in an anarchic international system, this points to a very different unit of analysis. For those who emphasize the domestic politics of international cooperation, this moves us away from executives constrained by legislatures to look at sub-units within each executive.
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Ludema, Rodney D., and Ian Wooton. "International Trade Rules and Environmental Cooperation under Asymmetric Information." International Economic Review 38, no. 3 (August 1997): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527283.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation"
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Onder, Harun. "Structure of International Cooperation in Trade, Investment and Environment." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/240.
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This dissertation analyzes the obstacles against further cooperation in international economic relations. The first essay explains the gradual nature of trade liberalization. I show that existence of asymmetric information between governments provides a sufficient reason for gradualism to exist. Governments prefer starting small to reduce the cost of partner’s betrayal when there is sufficient degree of information asymmetry regarding the partner’s type. Learning about partner’s incentive structure enhances expectations, encouraging governments to increase their current level of cooperation. Specifically, the uninformed government’s subjective belief for the trading partner being good is improved as the partner acts cooperatively. This updated belief, in turn, lowers the subjective probability of future betrayal, enabling further progress in cooperation. The second essay analyzes the relationship between two countries facing two policy dilemmas in an environment with two way goods and capital flows. When issues are independent and countries are symmetric, signing separate agreements for tariffs (Free Trade Agreements-FTA) and for taxes (Tax Treaties-TT) provides the identical level of enforcement as signing a linked agreement. However, linkage can still improve the joint welfare by transferring the slack enforcement power in a case of asymmetric issues or countries. I report non-results in two cases where the policy issues are interconnected due to technological spillover effect of FDI. Moreover, I show that linking the agreements actually reduces enforcement when agreements are linked under a limited punishment rule and policy variables are strategic substitutes. The third essay investigates the welfare/enforcement consequences of linking trade and environmental agreements. In the standard literature, linking the agreements generate non-trivial results only when there is structural relation between the issues. I focus on institutional design of the linkage and show that even if environmental aspects of international trade are negligible linking the agreements might still have some interesting welfare implications under current GATT Rules. Specifically, when traded goods are substitutes in consumption, linking the environmental agreement with trade agreement under the Withdrawal of Equivalent Concession Rule (Article XXVIII) will reduce the enforcement. However, enforcement in environmental issue increases when the same rule is implemented in the absence of linkage.
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Bussara, Tirakalyanapan Sittipong Dilokwanich. "The cooperation between government agency and environmental NGOS : a case study on convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna nad flora /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd379/4537409.pdf.
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Magwaza, Mayibuye Matthew. "South Africa and Japan - a bureaucratic policy analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85570.
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Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study applies a modified bureaucratic policy process model to analyse contemporary South African – Japanese relations, particularly in regards to a proposed Economic Partnership Agreement, and the experiences of Japanese agencies within South Africa. South Africa and Japan are major trade partners, and the Japanese government has a significant presence in the African aid scene via the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), and through the works of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). South African – Japanese relations have been documented in a modest but respectable fashion by a range of researchers, including Alden, Skidmore and Osada. The bureaucratic policy process model has been used in an array of studies on international relations and decision making, notably by Graham Allison. However, it has not been previously applied to South African – Japanese relations. As a result, there is a dearth of information on how bureaucratic dynamics affect Japanese – South African relations. In response to this, a modified bureaucratic policy process model is used to analyse contemporary South African – Japanese governmental relations. A literature review of primary and secondary sources is undertaken, consisting of a historical review of South African – Japanese relations. Following this, a brief overview of contemporary literature on South African – Japanese relations is performed. This includes both secondary sources and primary sources relating to government bureaucracies current priorities and strategies. Material on TICAD is included in this section. Interviews with government officials from both the Japanese and South African governments are carried out using a modified snowball sampling system. The interviews provide insights into the different bureaucratic organization’s priorities and programmes, as well as their relationships with other organizations. From this data, two emergent themes are addressed: the failure of a contemplated Free Trade Agreement / Economic Partnership Agreement and the way in which Japanese agencies, particularly JICA, operate within the South Africa context. It is found that the FTA failed due to welfare concerns from the South African Department of Trade and Industry, as well as greater complications relating to trade agreements in general. These greater complications stem from the involvement of regional bodies such as the South African Customs Union. Japanese agencies are found to be constrained within South Africa by a lack of resources as well as by the independent and somewhat sceptical attitude of South African government agencies towards Japanese aid efforts. It is proposed that the relevance of extra national bureaucracies to the decision making process surrounding the FTA has implications for deploying the bureaucratic policy process model, which has generally only considered national bureaucracies in discussing how decisions are made. It is further suggested that South African trade deals are complicated by the country’s location within the South African Customs Union and the South African Development Community, and the consequent need to consult and negotiate with third parties who are likely to be impacted by such deals. Finally, it is suggested that because both South Africa and Japan face significant, but different economic challenges, they should prioritise improving their economic relations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ’n aangepaste burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel gebruik om die hedendaagse betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan te ontleed, veral wat betref ’n voorgestelde ekonomiese vennootskapsooreenkoms tussen die twee lande en die ervarings van Japannese agentskappe in Suid-Afrika. Suid-Afrika en Japan is groot handelsvennote, en die Japannese regering handhaaf ’n beduidende teenwoordigheid op die Afrika-hulptoneel deur middel van die Tokiose Internasionale Konferensie oor Afrika-ontwikkeling (TICAD) en die werk van die Japannese Internasionale Samewerkingsagentskap (JICA). Verskeie navorsers, waaronder Alden, Skidmore en Osada, het die betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan al op beskeie dog aansienlike wyse beskryf. Die burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel is al in ’n rits studies oor internasionale betrekkinge en besluitneming gebruik, in die besonder deur Graham Allison. Tog is dit nog nooit voorheen op betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan toegepas nie. Dus bestaan daar weinig inligting oor hoe burokratiese dinamiek die betrekkinge tussen hierdie twee lande raak. In antwoord hierop is ’n aangepaste burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel dus gebruik om die hedendaagse staatsbetrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan te ontleed. Eerstens is ’n literatuuroorsig van primêre en sekondêre bronne onderneem wat uit ’n historiese oorsig van betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan bestaan het. Daarná is ’n oorsig van kontemporêre literatuur oor die verhoudinge tussen die twee lande onderneem. Dít het sowel sekondêre as primêre bronne met betrekking tot die huidige prioriteite en strategieë van staatsburokrasieë ingesluit. Hierdie afdeling sluit ook materiaal oor TICAD in. Onderhoude met staatsamptenare van die Japannese sowel as die Suid-Afrikaanse regerings is met behulp van ’n aangepaste stelsel van sneeubalsteekproefneming gevoer. Die onderhoude bied insig in die verskillende burokratiese organisasies se prioriteite en programme, sowel as hul verhoudings met ander organisasies. Twee temas wat uit hierdie data na vore gekom het, is vervolgens bespreek: die mislukking van ’n beoogde vryehandel-/ekonomiese vennootskapsooreenkoms, en die funksionering van Japannese agentskappe, veral JICA, in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Daar word bevind dat die vryehandelsooreenkoms misluk het weens welsynsbesware van die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Handel en Nywerheid, sowel as groter komplikasies met betrekking tot handelsooreenkomste in die algemeen. Hierdie groter komplikasies hou verband met die betrokkenheid van streeksliggame soos die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie. Voorts blyk Japannese agentskappe in Suid-Afrika aan bande gelê te word deur ’n gebrek aan hulpbronne, sowel as Suid-Afrikaanse staatsagentskappe se onafhanklike en effens skeptiese houding jeens Japannese hulppogings. Die studie doen aan die hand dat die relevansie van bykomende nasionale burokrasieë in die besluitnemingsproses oor die vryehandelsooreenkoms bepaalde implikasies inhou vir die gebruik van die burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel, wat meestal slegs rekening hou met enkele nasionale burokrasieë se rol in besluitneming. Voorts blyk dit dat Suid-Afrikaanse handelstransaksies bemoeilik word deur die land se lidmaatskap van die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie en die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap, en die gevolglike behoefte om oorleg te pleeg met derde partye wat waarskynlik deur sulke transaksies geraak sal word. Laastens word aangevoer dat aangesien Suid-Afrika en Japan met beduidende dog verskillende ekonomiese uitdagings te kampe het, die verbetering van ekonomiese betrekkinge tussen die twee lande nou voorrang behoort te geniet.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Books on the topic "Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation"
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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. First Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation. Draft Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation (Legal Capacities) Order 2004, Monday 13 December 2004. London: Stationery Office, 2004.
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1936-, Hajnal Peter I., ed. International information: Documents, publications, and information systems of international governmental organizations. Englewood, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1988.
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Office, General Accounting. U.S. Information Agency: Issues related to reinvention planning in the Office of Cuba Broadcasting : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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Office, General Accounting. U.S. Information Agency: Issues related to reinvention planning in the Office of Cuba Broadcasting : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Theater Missile Defense Cooperation account. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.
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Yokobori, Keiichi. Kokusai kōkyōzai to shite no sekiyu kinkyūji taisaku: Kokusai Enerugī Kikan (IEA) no yakuwari. Tōkyō: Tsūshō Sangyō Kenkyūjo, 1990.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power. International energy program: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, May 17, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Office, General Accounting. U.S. Information Agency: Options for addressing possible budget reductions : report to the Chairman, Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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1925-, Robinson Peter, Sauvant Karl P, and Govitrikar Vishwas P, eds. Electronic highways for world trade: Issues in telecommunication and data services. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
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United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., ed. Global communications: Opportunities for trade and aid. Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the U.S., 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation"
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Arkhipova, Mariana V., Elena G. Bormotova, Elena A. Yakushevskaya, Yuri O. Golovin, and Valentina S. Arsentyeva. "International Cooperation in the Fight Against Environmental Crime: A Modern Mechanism for Combating Illegal Trade in Wildlife." In Frontier Information Technology and Systems Research in Cooperative Economics, 889–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57831-2_95.
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Hebbar, Anish Arvind, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, and Serdar Yildiz. "Vessel Traffic Management in the Era of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships and Digitalization: Experiences in European Waters." In Area-Based Management of Shipping, 185–205. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60053-1_8.
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AbstractThe safety of navigation in approaches to harbours and along coasts has been a concern since the beginning of maritime trade approximately 2000 years ago. The ways and means for facilitating the safety and efficiency of maritime navigation have undergone a remarkable transformation from lighthouses, first established in 300–280 BC in Alexandria, Egypt, combined with the use of flag signals by ships to announce their arrival when approaching a harbour, through the use of radars for electronic monitoring combined with radio communications by ships, to the use of satellite-based automatic identification systems combined with automated digital information exchange between maritime autonomous surface ships and geographically distant shore control centres.This chapter examines vessel traffic management from an interwoven, regulatory, and technological perspective. It attempts to trace the evolution of international and European Union regulatory and organizational frameworks in response to the emerging needs of navigational safety and efficiency. In this context, essential technical jargon as key to an understanding of the topic of vessel traffic management is unpacked. Relevant work of the International Maritime Organization, International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities, European Commission, and European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) is discussed. The transformative role of the European Maritime Single Window environment stands out while traversing the contribution of technological advancements in the maritime domain leading to the development of vessel traffic management system architecture and capabilities. Digitalization and automation in maritime infrastructure are explored for their influence and significance of contribution to navigational safety. The ensuing discussion highlights the role of maritime single windows and the EMSA’s SafeSeaNet as key pillars for enhanced situational awareness in European waters together with the cutting-edge approach of sea traffic management. The chapter concludes with a fascinating outlook on the vessel traffic management system of the future in the emerging context of the fourth industrial revolution driven by artificial intelligence, machine learning, and maritime autonomous surface ships.
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"Selected International Data and Information Sources on Subsidies." In Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation, 48–50. WTO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/9789287072306c014.
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Gupta, S. K., Vijay Prakash Bhatt, and Abhishek Vaishnava. "Online Travel Trade in India." In Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management, 116–32. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.ch008.
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India, as the second largest internet population after China with 330-370 million users which is expected to grow by at least 50 million yearly until 2020, is at the cusp of a digital revolution. Various reports show that India's revenue in the online travel booking segment amount to 569 million USD in 2018 and is expected to show an annual growth rate of 14.6% resulting in a market volume of 9,594 million USD in 2022. This article emphasizes the opportunities and challenges of online travel agencies (OTAs) particularly in India. For the success of e-tourism in India, it is essential to increase the operational efficiency of the staff and attitude/ behavior of the staff, delivery of services as committed, provision of customer data management and insurance coverage services. All of these are the keys for an excellent and prompt service delivery system and which effects the success of the online travel provider. A large youth population, changing lifestyle, plethora of travel deals and authenticated travel related information are some of the major opportunities and challenges for e-travel commerce in India. This article summarizes information on the challenges and opportunities of Indian online travel agencies, with a conviction that India will make a huge break through and be a success story particularly in online travel retail. This study will give insight to the industry players to understand the opportunities and challenges and develop strategies for retaining more satisfied users and increasing the number of repeat customers accordingly.
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Cowhey, Peter F. "Public and Private Cooperation in International Informatics." In Telecommunications in the Pacific Basin, 45–70. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195084214.003.0004.
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Abstract The melding of communications and information technologies forms the core of the world’ s electronics and advanced services sectors. Producers and service providers utilizing these merged technologies are commonly collectively called the informatics industries. Informatics faces the market traditions of its precursor components, and these traditions are incompatibly different. Thus, domestic communications markets have been routinely closed to foreign competitionparticularly in services, but also even in goods. At the same time, significant, although far from complete, openness in information (computing) has been allowed. This means more firms have been able to trade internationally and invest freely in other countries (and their own) in computing than has been the case in communications.
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Saito, Nagayuki. "Comparative Analysis of Applying Behavioral Public Policy to Telecommunication Market by International Organizations." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition, 1537–49. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch106.
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Since the latter half of the 1990s, various policy methods to replace government regulations have been studied in Western countries. Among the trends, in recent years, international organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) have considered introducing behavioral public policy as a new policy method, substituting for governmental regulation. This article reviews the status of behavioral public policy being introduced in each international organization. Furthermore, we compare and verify the stages of behavioral public policy in terms of consumer protection policy in each international organization in the telecommunications market, based on a literature review.
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Shimazu, Yuki, Atsushi Tsujimoto, and Shoko Yamada. "Japan’s Government-Led and Private Sector: Led Cooperation for Industrial Human Resource Development in Developing Countries: Changing Patterns of JICA’s and AOTS’s Projects." In Education and Human Development. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112514.
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Japan has supported industrial human resource development in developing countries for over 50 years through official development assistance (ODA) provided by its government via the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Japanese private businesses, including the Association for Overseas Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Partnerships (AOTS), have also played a significant role in training skilled workers through public-private partnerships. This chapter compares the projects of JICA and AOTS, highlighting their different approaches. JICA has focused on diplomacy and international cooperation, aiming to enhance the overall technological and industrial capacities in developing countries. In contrast, AOTS has supported the private sector by addressing investment and trade promotion needs, facilitating the gradual overseas expansion of Japanese businesses by cultivating and supplying skilled workforces in specific specialized fields required for their operations in overseas markets.
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Vieira, Patricia, and Emese Panyik. "Online Competition in the Distribution Chain." In Handbook of Research on International Travel Agency and Tour Operation Management, 133–43. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8434-6.ch009.
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Until recently, travel agents have been the principal intermediary between travel suppliers and consumers, with information as their primary trade. However, changes to information and communication technology (ICT) and the beginning of the internet have the potential to allow travel suppliers and consumers to interact directly. Today, consumer websites that integrate global distribution systems (GDSs) are no longer only an emerging threat but show fierce global competition between travel agencies and tour operators worldwide. Subsequently, one of the most pertinent questions today is how local, small-scale travel agencies respond to these market changes and what practices do they use to maintain their comparative advantage and offer competitive services? However, despite the relevancy of this issue, literature is generally scarce on travel agency strategies to confront the competition of consumer websites. Thus, in order to address this question, this article provides an analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies are available to travel agencies and strategies and practices that travel agencies can use to compete with websites.
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Wong, Yu Mei. "Fair Share of Supply Chain Responsibility for Low Carbon Manufacturing." In International Business, 235–66. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9814-7.ch012.
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Large amounts of carbon emissions and pollution are generated during the manufacturing process for consumer goods. Low carbon manufacturing has been increasingly enquired or requested by stakeholders. However, international trade blurs the responsibility for carbon emissions reduction and raises the questions of responsibility allocation among producers and consumers. Scholars have been examining the nexus of producer versus consumer responsibility among supply chains. Recently, there have been discussions on the share of producer and consumer responsibility. Both producer and consumer responsibility approaches have intrinsic shortcomings and are ineffective in curbing the rise of carbon emissions in supply chains. Shared responsibility based on the equity principle attempts to address these issues. This chapter relates a case study of carbon impact on China's export and economy with scenarios which show that the benefits of carbon reduction by producers can trickle down along the supply chain and motivate the sharing responsibility under certain circumstances. The share of producer and consumer responsibility for low carbon manufacturing can be enabled when embodied carbon emissions in goods and services are priced and such accurate information is available. A mechanism engaging the global participation is recommended. The author calls for further research on the system pricing embodied carbon emission, the universal standard to calculate the embodied carbon emissions and to disclose the information, and the way to secure global cooperation and participation.
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Kondapalli, Srikanth. "Regional Multilateralism with Chinese Characteristics." In China and the World, 313–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190062316.003.0015.
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While it is notable that China has become a member of almost all international organizations (excepting the OECD, International Energy Agency, and Missile Technology Control Regime), much less noticeable has been China’s steadily increasing involvement in regional multilateral organizations and groups of nations. As China has expanded its global footprint into literally every continent and part of the planet, Beijing has sought to join existing institutions in those regions—but what is particularly noteworthy is that China has stimulated and created a wide range of new organizations and regional groupings all around the world. That is what this chapter is about—China’s regional multilateralism. Such Chinese initiatives most notably include: the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus China (ASEAN + 10), Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS), Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), China–Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF), China–Central and Eastern Europe Countries (CEEC), and a series of groupings in Latin America (China–Latin America Forum, China-Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum, China–Latin America Common Market Dialogue, and China–Latin America Business Summit). China has been either the initiator of, or actively engaged in, the creation of all these groupings.
Conference papers on the topic "Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation"
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Reese, Paul. "Calibration in Regulated Industries: Federal Agency Use of ANSI Z540.3 and ISO 17025." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.21.
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ANSI/NCSL Z540.3-2006 and ISO/IEC 17025:2005 are voluntary consensus standards which prescribe requirements for the calibration of measuring and test equipment and for the technical competency of the performing laboratories. Many agencies in the U.S. which are part of, or regulated by, the Federal Government are required to use instruments which have been calibrated in accordance with one or both of these standards. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 compels all federal agencies to use technical standards that are developed by consensus standards bodies, in lieu of "government-unique" standards. ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3 have evolved over a half-century of metrological advancement, drawing upon expertise in the public and private sector. They are now supported by a mature infrastructure that facilitates mutual recognition and global trade, ensuring calibrations are accepted worldwide. However, some federal agencies and regulatory bodies in the U.S. have not yet adopted these standards. Calibrations are routinely performed on instruments, utilized in some government-regulated industries, which may not conform to these requirements. This paper discusses risks imparted to products and services produced in such environments. Particular focus is given to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulation of calibration requirements in the Quality System Regulation (QSR) found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Currently, a paucity of official guidance exists with respect to what constitutes an acceptable calibration program in medical device and pharmaceutical industries. Ambiguities persist due to lack of agreement upon voluntary consensus standards such as ISO 17025 and ANSI Z540.3. Fundamental requirements such as traceability, measurement uncertainty, measurement decision-rules, as well as basic metrological definitions are ill-defined in the CFR. The objective of this paper is to provide relevant background information and to encourage constructive dialogue between government agencies, standards writing committees, industry partners, and third party assessment/accreditation bodies. Cooperation of this type is consistent with public law and White House policy objectives. Ultimately, such dialogue may foster agreement on the use of these voluntary consensus standards for calibration in regulated industries, resulting in improved quality and reduced risk to consumers and patients.
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"TOWARDS COOPERATION AMONG COMPETITIVE TRADER AGENTS." In 9th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002388101380143.
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Kaufmane, Dace, Liga Paula, Kaspars Naglis-Liepa, Liga Proskina, and Laura Andriana Indriksone. "Municipal activities in local food systems: case study of Zemgale region." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.030.
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According to the Actor Network Theory, the local food system is a set of interconnected processes and social agents including municipalities as a business environment. In the context of rural studies, support for local food producers is important for local communities. By content analysis of the information available on the websites of Zemgale region’s municipalities and the opinions of municipal specialists on local support measures for entrepreneurs, the aim of the paper was to identify the activities of municipalities in local food systems. Within a context of local food systems, the authors revealed that municipalities in Zemgale region provide support activities in two main directions: food businesses and tourism activities. The analysis of business support measures showed that local food producers in municipalities are promoted and supported in a number of ways through branding, special events and trade facilitation, seminars and annual awards. Activities in the field of tourism revealed cooperation, involving local food producers in the tourism system and ensuring the recognition of local food products to a wider group of consumers. Integrating local food businesses into tourism routes and thematic activities, in other words making locally produced food an integral part of the tourism product, develops small and medium-sized enterprises that contribute to the socio-economic resilience and environmental sustainability of rural communities, local innovations and creativity. In Zemgale, municipal activities for support of local food producers in the context of COVID-19 crisis are strengthening rural communities thus supporting and helping entrepreneurs to adapt to changes.
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Qiu Zhao-yi. "Effects of China-U.S. energy cooperation on rebalancing trade." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icise.2010.5688865.
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Shirani, Farhad, and S. Sandeep Pradhan. "Trade-off between communication and cooperation in the Interference Channel." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2016.7541692.
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Brase, Jan. "DataCite - A Global Registration Agency for Research Data." In 2009 Fourth International Conference on Cooperation and Promotion of Information Resources in Science and Technology (COINFO). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coinfo.2009.66.
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Xiao-Mi, An, Bai Wen-Lin, and Sun Shu-Yang. "Legal Requirements for Effective Personal Information Protection through Information Resources Management for Chinese Public Services." In 2014 International Conference on Economic Management and Trade Cooperation (EMTC 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emtc-14.2014.71.
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Ying Zhang. "The research on SMEs' trade cooperation capacity with Russia in Heilongjiang province." In 2012 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2012.6339766.
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Yu Liang and Liang Tongying. "The performance of dividend policy—Based on financing constraints and agency cost trade-off." In 2012 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2012.6339701.
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Jiu-Fang, Tang, Wang Xue-Zhi, Lin Xiao-Hua, and Li Peng-Fei. "Environmental Performance Information Disclosure of A-share Listed Companies." In 2014 International Conference on Economic Management and Trade Cooperation (EMTC 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emtc-14.2014.59.
Full textReports on the topic "Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation"
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Jiménez Piernas, Carlos, María F. Granato, Oscar Guardianelli, Juan S. Blyde, Álvaro Barrantes Hidalgo, Luz María De la Mora, Edeon Vaz Ferreira, et al. Integration & Trade Journal: Volume 14 : No. 31 : July-December, 2010. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008373.
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The IDB's Integration & Trade Journal includes articles on the different aspects of integration in Latin America and the Caribbean, on hemispheric integration and, furthermore, on similar processes in other parts of the world. The aim is to address the topics included herein from a remarkably conceptual viewpoint, adding information to the knowledge of the topics, ensuring that they are useful for those responsible for adopting governmental policies in the region as well as for those integration scheme bodies in the fields of integration, cooperation and international trade. This issue contains the following articles: Some Empirical Results from Economic Geography and Their Regional Policy Implications: The European Experience; Trade, Proximity and Growth: The Impact of Economic Integration on Mexico's Regional Disparities; Internal Transport Infrastructure in Argentina and Its Impact on Provincial Exports; and, Freight Logistics in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Agenda to Improve Performance. This issue also contains selections from the Call for Papers: "Physical Integration for the International Insertion and Regional Connectivity of Latin America and the Caribbean," as well as interviews, statistical indicators, book and essay reviews.
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Bolton, Laura. Donor Support for the Human Rights of LGBT+. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.100.
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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the bilateral and multilateral donors promoting and protecting the human rights of LGBT+ people on a global scale. It focusses on those donors that have policies, implementation plans and programmes on LGBT+ rights. This review also examines the evidence on the impact of their work. The bilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, +) communities in 2017-18 are the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), UK Department for International Development (DFID), The Netherlands Development Cooperation, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the European Commission (EC). Whilst the multilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ are the UN and World Bank. The United Nations (UN) is doing a huge amount of work on LGBT+ rights across the organisation which there was not scope to fully explore in this report. The UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (UNOCHR) in particular is doing a lot on this theme. They publish legal obligation information, call attention to rights abuses through general assembly resolutions. The dialogue with governments, monitor violations and support human rights treaties bodies. The work of the World Bank in this area focuses on inclusion rather than rights. A small number of projects were identified which receive funding from bilateral and multilateral donors. These were AMSHeR, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), and Stonewall. This rapid review focused on identifying donor support for LGBT+ rights, therefore, searches were limited to general databases and donor websites, utilising non-academic and donor literature. Much of the information comes directly from websites and these are footnoted throughout the report. Little was identified in the way of impact evaluation within the scope of this report. The majority of projects found through searches were non-governmental and so not the focus of this report.
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Estevadeordal, Antoni, and Ekaterina Krivonos. Negotiating Market Access between the European Union and MERCOSUR: Issues and Prospects. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008654.
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The European Union (EU) and MERCOSUR are the largest and most influential regions, both by population and in terms of size of the economy, of their respective continents. The renewed priority given to biregional cooperation launched by the Inter-Regional Framework Agreement signed in 1995 is based on deep historical, political, economic and cultural links between the two regions. The potential advantages of an agreement that will foster a process of dynamic cooperation are enormous, ranging from political influence to economic returns, including the gains from comparative advantage, expanding markets, improved environment for investments, and positive spillovers on human and social capital, democracy, and justice. A free trade agreement between the two regions should also be evaluated in the context of the new regionalism initiatives taking place around the world, in particular the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) negotiations and the process of enlargement and deepening of the two regional blocs. The objective of this paper is to offer an X-ray of the current status of existing market access provisions both in MERCOSUR and the EU. This is an important and necessary first step to identify the key issues facing market access negotiators from the very outset of the negotiations. As has already been agreed during the first meeting of the European Union - Mercosur Biregional Negotiations Committee, one of the first tasks of the Technical Group charged with market access issues will be the exchange of information in the areas of tariff and non-tariff measures. This initial exchange of information among negotiating parties usually plays a key role in the overall formulation of each party's negotiating strategy. This paper attempts, using mostly secondary sources and data compiled by international agencies, to take a seat at the negotiating table and provide the best snapshot possible of the situation. In this regard, it is important to stress that the information used and analyzed in this paper should not be taken in any way as the official picture of the market access profiles of each region.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.
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Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.
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Exploring methods of measuring and collecting data relating to imported food production standards. Food Standards Agency, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ard467.
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As global trade markets have expanded, there has been an increasing volume of agricultural commodities and food products imported to, and exported from, the United Kingdom (UK). In response to these market and political changes, standards for imported foods are being implemented to control the trade of goods and services. Alongside the development and implementation of standards for imported foods, there has been a growing public desire to understand where the food we eat comes from, and increasingly, to understand not just the safety of food, but the inter-country variation in the sustainability of food production practices. For example, is a product sourced from one country comparable to another country in terms of animal welfare, environmental sustainability (for example, greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, biodiversity etc.) and nutritional composition. To inform future research needs, the Food Standards Agency required a detailed understanding of the current data and literature landscape regarding imported food standards, with a particular focus on data availability around three themes: animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and nutritional composition. Data on food safety was not considered as part of the review as this has been well documented in previous research by the Food Standards Agency. To achieve the research needs, a review was undertaken to explore and assess measurable metrics, which could be used to measure and monitor the consistency or differences of imported food production standards across the three themes. The assessment of each theme was coupled with parameters relevant to imported food products consumed in the UK. In addition, the research aimed to inform data gaps and requirements. The information outlined in this report provides an independent assessment of how the three themes are currently considered within international imported food standards and trade agreements. The outputs will inform the Food Standard Agency’s 2023 Annual Review of Food Standards across the UK.