Journal articles on the topic 'Agences inbound'

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of international exhibition of tourism and travels “ SITEV” in improving the Algerian tourism destination image, and its impact on attractiveness of tourists, through the questionnaire that was sent by e-mail and Facebook, and it was conducted on a sample of responsible of Algerian travels and tourism agencies especially in inbound tourism and its participation in the 19th edition that was organized in 2018.The findings indicate that the SITEV has many positive aspects and reflects the history, authenticity and cultural heritage of Algeria tourism destination that it was contributing in improving Algeria tourism destination image. However, the weakness of media coverage and the high costs of venue are contributed to reluctance of foreign operators and tourists to participate in the last editions which will require great efforts and promotion campaigns across big media channels and diminishing costs. Cette étude vise à examiner l'efficacité du Salon International du Tourisme et des Voyages « SITEV » dans l'amélioration de l'image de la destination touristique Algérienne, et son impact sur l'attractivité des touristes étrangers. Et ce à travers le questionnaire qui a été envoyé par e-mail et Facebook, et qui a été réalisé chez un échantillon de responsables Algériens au niveau d'agences de voyages et de tourisme ; notamment les agences qui s’occupent des touristes étrangers et spécialement celles qui ont participés à la 19ème édition du Salon organisée en 2018.Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le SITEV dispose de nombreux aspects positifs et reflète réellement l'histoire, l'authenticité et le patrimoine culturel de l'Algérie. Ces éléments ont contribué à leur tour à l’amélioration de l'image de la destination touristique Algérienne. Néanmoins ; la faiblesse de la couverture médiatique et les coûts élevés de loyer des stands contribuent à la réticence des opérateurs étrangers et des touristes à participer surtout aux dernières éditions, ce qui nécessitera de grands efforts et des campagnes de promotion sur les grandes chaines médiatiques internationales spécialisées, ainsi que la révision des coûts de loyer des stands afin de les diminuer.

This study presented an overview of Bangladesh's tourism sector, which also strived to identify the opportunities and challenges that warrant policy interventions. Both primary and secondary data were used in this research. It was found that the frequency of inbound tourists' arrival showed a declining trend. The tourism sector's growth cannot keep pace with national growth domestic product though Bangladesh's global rank and score showed an increasing trend. Despite economic upsurging and vast potentiality, Bangladesh could not be a popular destination for foreign tourists. Cultural and natural resources and tourist and airport infrastructure have been identified as the disadvantaged pillars. The country cannot offer cheaper and more comfortable accommodation and transportation facilities. There is a lack of diversity in tourism events and fun-making elements. Online tourist platforms, booking, and financial transactions are not widely available and accessible. Supermall and safe food providing agencies have not been developed across the country. The study advocates for formulating a holistic national tourism policy eyeing achieving sustainable development goals. There is ample scope for developing a regional tourism hub taking Bhutan and Nepal.

Since the COVID-19 spread, tourism has been hit particularly hard globally, also in Albania, in particular inbound tourism with a drastic drop in tourist arrivals out from the country because of travel restrictions, airport closures, nationwide lockdowns, health risks etc. There is evidence, that incoming tourism agencies in the tourism sector have registered lots of cancellations, decline in the visits and spending of tourists. To give a deep and practical insight related to whatabovementioned, this paper introduces a study on the impact of Covid-19 pandemic situation to the development of inbound tourism in Albania in general, and in specific in the region of Shkodra. The focus of the research was to analyse the challenges faced and changes made in the activity of some incoming tourist agencies in Albania which organize tourist visits in Shkodra region. For this paper was raised the hypothesis “Covid-19 changed the way of offering tourism”. The methodology used was primary research based on a survey completed by a sample of 25 incoming tourist agencies operating in Tirana and Shkodra city which organize tourist visits to Shkodra region, as well as the secondary research based on an analyse of books, journal articles, academic papers, web posts etc. Based on the findings of the study it resulted that incoming tourist agencies, negatively impacted because of pandemic spread, were changing their tourist offer, rearranging their offer by taking measures to be safely adapted considering Covid-19 situation, by making new planning of tourist group size, types of adequate segments, destinations to visit, promotional and price strategies etc. With the progression of vaccination of people, and improvement of the situation, the forecast for the future inbound tourism assume a start and gradual recovery albeit slow at first, during the summer and autumn 2021 with visits to friends and relatives; holiday visits, business trips.

Ports are primary generators of truck traffic in the United States. Seaport operations will require operational and infrastructure changes to maintain the growth of international cargo operations. Truck trip generation models will provide transportation planners and public agencies with valuable information necessary for prioritizing funds for roadway upgrade projects and port infrastructure modifications. A new methodology is presented that combines backpropagation neural networks (BPN) and time series to forecast inbound and outbound heavy truck movements at seaports. The new method uses vessel freight data to identify which parameters are relevant for use as model input in predicting truck traffic at seaports. The method is successfully applied to five ports in Florida—Miami, Tampa, Palm Beach, Jacksonville, and Everglades—thus demonstrating its transferability. Details are provided for the Port of Everglades. The commodities at this port are classified into tons, barrels, and containers. It was found that the primary factors affecting truck traffic are imported containers, imported tonnage, imported barrels, exported containers, exported tonnage, and the particular weekday of operation. Separate BPN models were developed for inbound and outbound truck traffic at the ports. The new method forecasts that the Port of Everglades will have a 33% increase in average daily inbound heavy trucks and a 30% increase in average daily outbound heavy trucks by 2005 (2000 is the base year). The accuracy of the inbound and the outbound truck models is 93% and 92%, respectively.

Cultural tourism is less seasonal than nature tourism. However, previous studies have mainly compared the tourist flow of scenic spots, and it is still unclear how cultural tourism affects regional tourism seasonality. This study investigated the seasonal patterns by analyzing the monthly inbound tourist flow of the 28 typical Chinese tourist cities from 2001 to 2012, and examined the effect of cultural tourism on weakening seasonality by using the random-response panel Tobit model. It was found that the seasonal patterns of inbound tourists present non-peak, one-peak, two-double, and three-peak regular fluctuations, and also have irregular fluctuations affected by emergencies and festivals. Cultural tourism can weaken the seasonality of regional tourism, while nature tourism products enhance tourism seasonality. Suitable travel times throughout the year and destination reception industry levels, locations, and external connections have a significant impact on the regional tourism seasonality, but climate comfort, foreign direct investment, and simply the number of hotels and international travel agencies are not significant for tourism seasonality.

Emerging non-traditional data (NTD) such as transit agencies' smartcard data and Google's General Transit Feed Specifications (GTFS) have made it easier to unveil the way in which public transit remains relevant, reveal how it facilitates daily mobility, and highlight the way in which different locales across a metropolitan area are connected by public transit. Based on a 24-h period of smartcard data for Brisbane (4 March 2014) allied with GTFS data, we retrieved 205,560 distinct transit riders' trip trajectories by direction (AM/inbound vs. PM/outbound) in Brisbane, Australia. It visualises the trajectories using a waterpark metaphor, in that, like water, people flow downhill.

The field of electronic government (e-government) is gaining prominence in contemporary society, as it has a significant influence on the wider populace within the context of a technologically advanced world. E-government makes use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) at various levels and domains within government agencies and the public sector. ICT reduces manual labour, potential fraud points, errors, and process lapses. The Internet’s quick accessibility and the widespread adoption of modern technologies and disciplines, such as big data, the Internet of Things, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, have accelerated the need for e-government. However, these developments raise a number of data reliability and precision concerns. The adoption of blockchain technology by researchers demonstrates its efficacy in addressing such issues. The present study proposes the SECHash system model, which integrates blockchain and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technologies for the purpose of regulating the processing of incoming documents by governmental agencies. As a case study to assess the proposed system paradigm, the study uses a document containing incoming invoices. The proposal seeks to maintain the integrity of document data by prohibiting its modification after acceptance. Additionally, SECHash guarantees that accepted documents will not be destroyed or lost. The analysis demonstrates that using the SECHash model system will decrease fraudulent transactions by eradicating manual labour and storing documents on a blockchain network.

The relationship between COVID-19 and the tourism industry has important lessons for the post-pandemic period. The tourism industry is undergoing major changes after the pandemic. Analyzing the impact of tourism on the spread of coronavirus around the world may help us to understand how it could be a catalyst for spreading epidemics. To investigate the impact of the tourism industry on the spread of coronavirus, tourism data, as well as cases of coronavirus in the year 2020–2021, were used for OECD countries. The quantile regression method was used to estimate the effects of different types of tourism on the spread of coronavirus. The results showed that, in the first season of 2020, all types of tourists had an impact on the spread of the coronavirus. However, until the end of 2020, only outbound tourism had a significant impact on total deaths caused by the coronavirus, and in 2021, the tourism industry did not have any significant effect on the total deaths caused by the coronavirus. The findings of this article show that prior preparedness, comprehensive guidelines and roadmaps, and the establishment of international travel monitoring agencies are required to assess global constraints in critical situations. Advanced systems for controlling domestic travel in a country at a time of contagious diseases are essential.

Em uma sociedade em que se observa, ao mesmo tempo, agentes que produzem e consomem informação, o intento de obter destaque em meio a imensidão informacional tende a ser uma tarefa desafiadora. Nesse contexto, as empresas têm utilizado os canais digitais para atingir novos consumidores, além de fidelizar clientes antigos. Por essa razão, o presente artigo tem por objetivo promover a discussão teórica de conceitos referentes ao inbound marketing, a user experience e as mídias sociais à luz de uma ótica da área da Ciência da Informação. Para tal, utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica para levantar uma base teórica para sustentar o debate proposto. Com efeito, as relações conceituais observadas permitiram observar convergências entre os objetos estudados, pois ambos dão importância ao fato de compreender as características dos usuários e projetar experiências adequadas a partir disso, além de explicitar a relevância da temática para o campo da Ciência da Informação, visto que este pode se beneficiar adequadamente com o aperfeiçoamento do conhecimento sobre tais estratégias, acerca da sua atuação em mídias sociais digitais. Conclui-se que existem convergências entre as temáticas analisadas e que estão dentro do compêndio de conhecimento necessário para a atuação presente dos profissionais da Ciência da Informação.

It has been a crucial achievement for most of the destinations to open up and develop a new inbound market, which means a great opportunity to increase the arrivals and economic benefits. The mighty Chinese outbound market is a welcomed resource but not always the assurance of the economics growth and industries’ profits. While foreseeing the excessive arrivals and low-price groups are harmful to the tourism business and society, the criticism and negative impression shall be prevented in advance. With the considerations of sustainable tourism and a good relationship with China, Taiwan has established a comprehensive administrative tourism mechanism on receptions of travel agencies. The unique mechanism was designed to foster the healthy business models, to construct the win-win political and economic situations, and to ease the possible impacts. By applying the Importance–Performance Analysis, this study reveals the administrative direction that needs to be revised. Among these control requests, the reasonable group fee is the key to fitting the anticipation of receptions of travel agencies. This study further proposes the Importance–Support Analysis and Importance–Performance–Support Analysis frames to enhance the validity of the Importance.

Freight movement throughout the United States continues to evolve as a significant challenge to the transportation industry. Seaport operations dominated by container and trailer movements will require operational and infrastructure changes to maintain the growth of international cargo operations. Transportation planning models can be used to determine the needs of port and street network modifications. Described is the research and initial development process of models for predicting the levels of cargo truck traffic moving inbound and outbound at the Port of Miami. The models were restricted to container and trailer truck configurations that transport virtually all of the Port of Miami’s freight. Consequently, this associated truck traffic moves through the nearby street network within downtown Miami. The purpose of the trip generation models is to predict volumes of large inbound and outbound trucks for specified time frames. The concern is to know how many large cargo vehicles are traveling on the only road leading to the port. Primary factors affecting truck volume were found to be the amount and direction of cargo vessel freight and the particular weekday of operation. Time series models for predicting seasonal variations in freight movements were developed as part of the study. These models are useful for long-term forecasts of the input variables used in the trip generation models. Truck trip generation models will provide transportation planners and public agencies with valuable information when making transportation management decisions and infrastructure modifications. This information also is necessary for prioritizing funds for roadway upgrade projects.

El sector del turismo atravesó por una crisis sin precedentes a nivel global durante el año 2020 como consecuencia de la pandemia provocada por el virus Sars-CoV-2, lo que ha obligado a todos los actores públicos y privados de la cadena de valor turística a concentrar sus esfuerzos en superar la crisis. En este sentido, resulta indispensable que las agencias de viajes realicen estudios para reformular sus metas y modos de actuación en una posible etapa de recuperación. En un entorno caracterizado por tendencias diferenciadas, resulta necesario que los procesos de marketing busquen satisfacer las verdaderas necesidades de los clientes desde todas sus posibles perspectivas. Por lo que el presente trabajo propone determinar las mejores prácticas en cuanto a la comercialización digital de los productos de las agencias de viajes en tiempos de COVID-19. Para ello se propuso realizar un estudio tomando en cuenta la gestión de diferentes agencias tradicionales que hayan adaptado sus modelos de negocios al nuevo escenario tecnológico. Finalmente se identificaron diferentes tendencias como la automatización del marketing, el uso del inbound marketing, el uso de las herramientas Search Engine Optimization y Social Media Marketing, así como el empleo de la Inteligencia Artificial y el Big Data para una mejor atención al cliente en las agencias de viajes. Palabras clave: Agencias de viajes; comercialización digital; COVID-19; tendencias.

There is growing international interest in how market imperatives interact with the socio-cultural and academic rationales of higher education internationalisation. This study provides new empirical material to examine the core rationales of international student recruitment in Latvia, where international students constitute 10% of the total tertiary enrolments. The nuanced analysis of narrative data from the interviews with university international officers is complemented by the analysis of policy documents and numeric data from the government and the UNESCO Institute of Statistics. By carefully interpreting the evidence, the study shows that international student recruitment has been stimulated by the demographic calculus and driven by the economic rationale. Universities have played an active role in increasing the numbers of mobile students and many institutions seem to benefit from working closely with student recruitment agencies. The scale of university–agency collaboration appears to vary by the type of institution; those with lower entry requirements have more extensive business relations with agencies than the relatively more reputable institutions. The study advances the understanding of internationalisation by arguing that a focus on market imperatives can undermine socio-cultural, academic and political benefits of inbound student mobility, which are viewed by universities as inferior to the immediate pecuniary interest.

This study is devoted to assessing the pandemic’s impact on the Russian tourism sector functioning. The authors determine that the spread of coronavirus in the world significantly affected the state of tourism in Russia, greatly reducing the volume of outbound and inbound tourism and depriving tourist companies of the source of income. All representatives of the tourism industry, such as travel agencies and operators, accommodation facilities, as well as transport companies specializing in tourist transportation, face negative effects of COVID-19. The article calculates the effects for the Russian economy caused by decreased tourist demand in 2020 in the context of indicators, such as gross output, employee number and wage fund for all types of economic activity. In conclusion, the work proposes scenarios for boosting the Russian tourism sector in the near future with regard to current conditions, and for each scenario identifies measures for their implementation.

An approach is described for aiding managers of a container-transshipment seaport in understanding the balance between the number of containers to undergo security inspection and two alternative objectives: first, the vessel cost as measured by the concomitant departure delays of outbound vessels and, second, the port costs as measured by the total number of container moves. Security concerns heightened by the events in the United States on September 11, 2001, have resulted in the U.S. Customs Service’s seeking partnerships with foreign ports so that some containers bound for the United States might undergo security checks before they enter that country. However, outbound-vessel departure delays and additional container moves in the yard associated with security checks could create significant costs and negatively affect the competitive position of a port. A best-first optimal search procedure, A*, is used to solve a simplified container-yard management problem for transshipment seaports. A methodology is developed to optimize transshipment-container movements from inbound vessels to outbound vessels through yard-storage areas when a subset of the containers must be moved to an inspection area for a security check. It is assumed that the container stow plans for the inbound and outbound vessels are known and that the containers to be inspected have been determined by regulatory agencies before ship arrival. Modeling details and extensions of the problem are discussed. Due to the intractability of the generic A* technique for problems of realistic size, a fast heuristic based on simple rules is developed for a simplified transshipment model. Finally, a modified A* algorithm incorporating both fast optimal rules and a branching procedure is introduced.

The article examines the impact of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic on the tourism and hospitality industry. Based on an assessment of the scale of losses incurred by enterprises in this sector of the economy in an unfavorable epidemiological situation, it was concluded that tourism was among the industries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The identified problems faced by small and medium-sized businesses from among tour operators and travel agencies confirmed the correctness of the measures of state support provided by the state to this sector of the economy. A comparative analysis of the development of the tourism sector in 2019 and 2020 in terms of such parameters as the number of inbound and outbound trips of citizens, the volume of demand for tourism services, made it possible to assess the threats and opportunities for the functioning of the tourism sector during the pandemic for the Russian economy and suggest that the recovery of the tourism industry it may take at least three years. There have been illustrated the diagrams comparing the demand for outbound and inbound tourism in 2019 and 2020, the demand for tourist services among different strata of the population, and hotel occupancy in Russia. In addition to identifying general factors that hinder the balanced growth of the Russian market of tourist services, the problem of information asymmetry was stated, which hinders the realization of the tourist potential in the regions: lack/ insufficient data, or distorted data on the tourism potential in certain territories. The highlighted trends in the development of the Russian tourism industry in the current conditions and promising trends in the tourism and hospitality industry include greening, digitalization, individualization of both demand and supply, an orientation towards domestic tourism.

Purpose: This article delves into the mindset of small family business owners in tourism during the COVID-19 crisis, their strategies, and the barriers they faced in recovery. The study is particularly significant as it sheds light on the experiences of entrepreneurs in both urban and backward/rural areas of West Bengal, providing valuable insights for policymakers and professionals in the tourism and hospitality industry. Methodology: The qualitative research approach involved semi-structured interviews with thirteen family-owned tour operators or travel agency owners/managers. A fixed semi-structured questionnaire was used to explore their views on management operations during and after the crisis, allowing for open discussion and new insights. Principal Findings: The findings underscore the remarkable resilience of small family-operated tour operators and travel agencies. Despite facing multiple challenges, including threats of existence, the pressure of fixed costs, non-performing travel inventories, feeling unethical, uncertainty about the future, and feelings of loss of goodwill with lenders, these entrepreneurs have shown remarkable adaptability and determination. Originality: This research offers unique insights into the mindset of family business owners in the Indian context, particularly the urban-peripheral context. The study also highlights the gap between the government's measures and the needs of entrepreneurs in this post-COVID-19 era, providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities in the tourism industry.

Public transportation authorities rely on electronic fare transaction records for revenue collection, service planning, and performance measurement. When passengers make public transportation trips without interacting with the fare system, demand is underreported and fare revenue is lost. In some cases, this issue is studied through costly manual surveys that cover a small portion of stops and times. Based on disaggregate fare transaction data, this research introduces a framework and stochastic model for estimating fare noninteraction and evasion on systems without automatic passenger counting. The model produces estimates by stop and time of day that could be used by agencies to effectively target fare inspection and off-board validation resources, as well as to improve the accuracy of scaling for inferred origin–destination matrices. Applying the model to morning peak trips originating at inbound surface stations of Boston’s Green Line, it is estimated that the authority loses $3,600 per weekday to fare evasion seen in about one-third of noninteractions and 9% of all trips. A card-specific parameter estimated by the model sheds light on personal attitudes toward noninteraction.

Transnational competition cases pose numerous challenges – from accessing foreign-based evidence to effectively enforcing decisions or judgments in their aftermath. Some of such cases are quite special in that the underlying conduct involves or implicates a foreign State. This article makes an original contribution to the scholarship by filling the existing gap and developing a typology of State’s entanglement in conduct causing competitive harm abroad. It also examines the way in which foreign State’s involvement or implication can be addressed in the adversely affected forum. Moreover, the key broader considerations which need to inform policies and approaches towards such cases are identified and evaluated. It is argued that competitive harm resulting from commercial dealings should be pursued under competition laws regardless of the character of the parties involved, unless there are overriding reasons justifying abstention. States should not enjoy immunity for competitive harm resulting from their commercial dealings. Agencies and courts in the affected fora should strive to clarify this matter. A clear State’s policy on dealing with inbound competitive harm may also make foreign partners more receptive to concerns about policies which facilitate competitive harm which they may be pursuing.

Transport agencies require accurate and updated information about public transport systems for the optimal decision-making processes regarding design and operation. In addition to assessing topology and service components, users’ behaviors must be considered. To this end, a data-driven performance evaluation based on passengers’ actual routes is key. Automatic fare collection platforms provide meaningful smart card data (SCD), but these are incomplete when gathered by entry-only systems. To obtain origin–destination (OD) matrices, we must manage complete journeys. In this paper, we use an adapted trip chaining method to reconstruct incomplete multi-modal journeys by finding spatial similarities between the outbound and inbound routes of the same user. From this dataset, we develop a performance evaluation framework that provides novel metrics and visualization utilities. First, we generate a space-time characterization of the overall operation of transport networks. Second, we supply enhanced OD matrices showing mobility patterns between zones and average traversed distances, travel times, and operation speeds, which model the real efficacy of the public transport system. We applied this framework to the Comunidad de Madrid (Spain), using 4 months’ worth of real SCD, showing its potential to generate meaningful information about the performance of multi-modal public transport systems.

International travel offers an extensive network for new and recurring human-mediated introductions of exotic infectious pathogens and biota, freeing geographical constraints. We present a predictive census-travel model that integrates international travel with endpoint census data and epidemiological characteristics to predict points of introduction. Population demographics, inbound and outbound travel patterns, and quantification of source strength by country are combined to estimate and rank risk of introduction at user-scalable land parcel areas (e.g. state, county, zip code, census tract, gridded landscapes (1 mi 2 , 5 km 2 , etc.)). This risk ranking by parcel can be used to develop pathogen surveillance programmes, and has been incorporated in multiple US state/federal surveillance protocols. The census-travel model is versatile and independent of pathosystems, and applies a risk algorithm to generate risk maps for plant, human and animal contagions at different spatial scales. An interactive, user-friendly interface is available online (https://epi-models.shinyapps.io/Census_Travel/) to provide ease-of-use for regulatory agencies for early detection of high-risk exotics. The interface allows users to parametrize and run the model without knowledge of background code and underpinning data. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’.

How a California metropolitan planning organization (MPO) overcame data limitations and developed innovative solutions to regional agricultural freight transportation problems is described. Data from government agencies and trade groups on annual fruit and vegetable production, fish landings, and wine production were combined with survey data on truck volumes and loading practices to develop novel approaches for estimating truck and rail trips. Similar methods were used to project future freight volumes by using key population, income, and agricultural productivity indexes to project agricultural production volumes and employment forecasts in the processed food industries and thereby forecast freight volumes in their industries. To identify problems and deficiencies in the system, new performance indicators such as number of internal truck trips per outbound line-haul trip, wait time per pickup, comparisons of hourly inbound and outbound line-haul truck trip distributions, and truck trips as a percent of total traffic volume on roadways with poor level of service were used. It was concluded that poor logistics planning, lack of coordinated information and communications about load availability, poor load consolidation practices, and inadequate truck parking and driver waiting facilities were among the biggest problems facing the region. A proposed freight logistics center, which may be developed as a public-private partnership, is now under consideration. The methods and programs developed in this study may have applications in other small to medium-sized MPOs.

One of the core resources for destination appeal stems from the availability of quality accommodation. As destinations compete to improve their global ranking, those responsiblefor managing the hotel and accommodation sector will play a major role in the delivery of positive destination image. Hotels like any other product must, like any market-driven business, become attractive “products”. The need to improve skills, particularly those of the front-line service staff, in communicating its corporate responsibility to society effectively to target markets is seen to be critical. This research paper reports on the findings of a fourteen months study on “Redefining Tourism Management: Identifying Critical Success Factors on Tourism Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility” in Malaysia. It examines the challenges faced by the hotel industry as guests become more selective in terms of accommodation choices while on vacation and comparatively seen as a reflection of their lifestyle at home. A qualitative approach to in-depth interviews was conducted with 64 respondents. This included outbound travel agencies and inbound tour operators, accommodation facilities, tourism related non-government organisations and international tourists vacationing in Malaysia. The evidence has shown that corporate social responsibility can no longer be seen as a trend but has implications on the sustainability of the business and may improve market share in the long term.

One of the core resources for destination appeal stems from the availability of quality accommodation. As destinations compete to improve their global ranking, those responsible for managing the hotel and accommodation sector will play a major role in the delivery of positive destination image.  Hotels like any other product must, like any market-driven business, become attractive “products”. The need to improve skills, particularly those of the front-line service staff, in communicating its corporate responsibility to society effectively to target markets is seen to be critical.  This research paper reports on the findings of a fourteen months study on “Redefining Tourism Management: Identifying Critical Success Factors on Tourism Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility” in Malaysia. It examines the challenges faced by the hotel industry as guests become more selective in terms of accommodation choices while on vacation and comparatively seen as a reflection of their lifestyle at home. A qualitative approach to in-depth interviews was conducted with 64 respondents. This included outbound travel agencies and inbound tour operators, accommodation facilities, tourism related non-government organisations and international tourists vacationing in Malaysia. The evidence has shown that corporate social responsibility can no longer be seen as a trend but has implications on the sustainability of the business and may improve market share in the long term.

There are not a few travel agencies that move in the field of Hajj and Umrah that do not have business legality, therefore there needs to be supervision and application of business standards for businesses BPW Hajj and Umrah. The business standard of this travel agency not only applies to BPW who are active in inbound and outbound tour packages but this regulation also applies to BPW which focuses on Hajj and Umrah spiritual travel. Even every BPW Hajj and Umrah is required to have a business certificate of travel agency services in order to obtain a permit for The Umrah Ibadah Travel (PPIU). This research will be carried out on BPW Hajj and Umrah who have certified BPW business field in Yogyakarta which aims to see the extent to which standardization of this business can be applied to businesses and what obstacles faced in the application of business standards. This research uses qualitative research method to obtain data and information needed data collection techniques used in this research including Indepth Interview, observation and policy studies. The results of this study showed that the fundamental problems that are addressed by BPW Hajj and Umrah businesses do not have a valid business license, current and adequate, do not have cooperation with outside parties, especially with vendors, often found BPW business which is a cooperation between friends and family members, as well as the lack of socialization of BPW standards to BPW Hajj and Umrah businesses that are more focused on Umrah activities.

The article analyzes current trends in tourism development in Ukraine and its place at the global and European tourism market. The location of Ukraine within the European tourist macro-region is characterized. The contribution of tourism to the country’s economy is determined; the dynamics of direct and total contribution of tourism to GDP and employment are analyzed. It is shown that Ukraine has a rich tourist potential, but it is not fully claimed. The modern and forecasted main economic indicators of tourism development are characterized in comparison with the average numbers for the world and Europe. The changes in Ukraine’s place in the TTCI rating for 2013, 2017 and 2019 are considered, the reasons for the positive changes in the rating between the latest reports are determined. The dynamics of inbound and outbound tourism in 2000–2017 is analyzed, its main determining reasons are considered. The article characterizes the structural changes in goals and geography of tourist arrivals and departures. The author examines dynamics of the activities of tour operators and travel agencies. The concentration coefficients of tourist arrivals, income from tourism and the population are calculated, which indicate the extremely uneven development of tourism in the regions of Ukraine. Based on the index presentation of indicators of tourism entities development and the calculation of the integral index, 4 groups of regions were identified that confirms the absolute leadership of the capital region in the provision of tourism services. The main factors which further trends in tourism activity will depend on are determined.

The idea of a global world with free movement of people, goods and capital around the world is being revised not only by unorthodox economists, but also by adherents of liberal concepts. The tourism sector is no exception: entire countries are closing their borders, direct fl ights between them are canceled, security threats are increasing, and the geopolitical situation is changing dramatically. The purpose of this work is to analyze the trends in the development of tourism in Russia in the new reality, to analyze the dynamics of the development of individual sub–sectors of this sector, which in the future will allow the authors to develop recommendations for the development of institutional measures to support domestic tourism. The results of the presented work are the identifi ed trends in the development of tourism at the present stage and the analysis of economic indicators of the tourism sector of Russia in 2017–2021. The paper also highlights the main trends in the development of tourism in the Chelyabinsk region. In Russia, there is an active reorientation of tourism to the domestic, new regions are emerging — leaders in tourism. The volume of hotel services and other means of collective accommodation is increasing. Inbound tourism is signifi cantly reduced. The volume of tourist services provided has increased compared to the pandemic indicators. A study of the economic indicators of travel agencies and tour operators showed that there is an active investment, despite the decline in fi nancial indicators, companies see signifi cant prospects for long-term development of the industry due to internal potential. Travel agencies in general demonstrate an increase in fi nancial indicators, actively increase investments with the support of the state. Many regions, including the Chelyabinsk Region, demonstrate signifi cant progress in the development of domestic tourism, off ering new tourist routes and products. When conducting the study, the authors used data from open sources in the sectoral and regional context, in particular, the FiraPro information and statistical database, Rosstat data. Methods of statistical analysis, graphical interpretation of data, methods of analysis and synthesis were used in the study.

ABSTRACT On September 27, 1996, the T/V JULIE N inbound with a cargo of 8.8 million gallons of #2 fuel oil struck the Million Dollar Bridge, spanning Portland Harbor between Portland and South Portland, Maine. The incident resulted in a spill of approximately 180,000 gallons of oil, which spread throughout a large area of Portland Harbor. The marine and coastal resources of Portland Harbor and the Fore River, including water resources, shellfish, wetlands, sediments, and birds were exposed and/or injured by the oil. The spill also had an adverse impact on several different public use services. The natural resource trustee agencies (including the State of Maine, NOAA, and the Department of the Interior) and Amity Products Carriers, Inc. (Responsible Party, RP) conducted a cooperative natural resource damage assessment to assess and restore natural resources exposed and/or injured by the spill. The trustees and RP operated under an initial verbal agreement to cooperate until a written agreement was executed over a year after the incident. The cooperative process and lessons learned are described in the paper. Particularly positive components included cooperative data collection and active collaboration on study design and endpoints. The trustees expended $782,860 in assessment costs. The RP expended an additional $169,101 in cooperative laboratory and field investigations, as well as $364,720 in consultant costs. The total assessment costs were $1,316,681. The trustees and the RP were then able to successfully negotiate a $1 million dollar settlement for the purpose of planning, implementing, and overseeing selected restoration projects. These projects included reducing the discharge of PAH's into the Fore River, wetland and bird habitat restoration, and construction of a recreational trail along the Fore River. The RP sought compensation from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund under the limitation of liability provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Compensation included expenses beyond statutory liability for response, NRDA assessment, and damages to natural resources among others.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to draw lessons for logistics management in humanitarian disasters, using the earthquake in Haiti as a case study. In Haiti, there were problems with the logistical response. This study investigates the humanitarian logistics challenges faced by various stakeholders in Haiti during the disaster-relief operations.Design/methodology/approachIn this exploratory case study, the central methodology used was data triangulation. Data triangulation involved interviews with respondents grouped into three categories, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the military establishment and the governmental agencies. Prominence is given to the common themes expressed by each group. These common themes are then compared to the themes of other groups to identify opportunities and problems for future disaster relief operations.FindingsThe study indicates that there is a clear gap in terms of how the humanitarian efforts were coordinated between different actors. Lack of civil–military cooperation and coordination was one of the findings from the interviews, and many of the resources and initiatives were overlapping or redundant. Timeliness and efficiency need to be at the forefront of all planning and would result in more saved lives and reduced human suffering. The key goal of humanitarian logistics stipulates is to form connections and relationships, which was well illustrated through the informants' interviews. It was found that organizing different stakeholders/actors to work together by sharing processes and distribution channels demands a vision that goes beyond logistics management. Government agencies, the military establishment, NGOs, locals and victims need to collaborate to create a synergy in generating solutions that are tailored to the shock of the disaster in the first place.Research limitations/implicationsThe current study relies on a single case study approach as disaster scenarios are unique in terms of their impact, magnitude, timing and location. Despite these limitations, this study provides a detailed account of the logistical challenges in dealing with the disaster that took place in Haiti. The logistics-related lessons learned from this case study should be carefully applied in other settings, taken into consideration contextual differences.Practical implicationsOne important aspect of measuring efficiency for any commercial logistics system is key performance indicators (KPIs) that indicate how well the firm is doing in managing its inbound and outbound operations. From a practical standpoint, the Haiti case raised a challenging concern with regard to how to measure the performance of humanitarian disaster logistics. This is a starting point to understand the dynamics of disaster system efficiency and logistics interplay and offers a few lessons to improve the resource availability in the case of future emergencies.Originality/valueThis study lays the groundwork for future researchers to explore and debrief on the topic once disaster relief draws to a close and time has allowed logisticians and relief workers to analyze the response mechanisms used in disasters.

The authors discuss the role of interdisciplinary integration (interdisciplinary connections) when filling the content of the English language in order to create a regionally-oriented communicative competence for bachelors of tourism. Interdisciplinary integration allows content to fill the features of professional work and professional activity peculiarities of the region, all of which prepares young specialists to perform professional tasks in the region. Practice shows that currently travel agencies reoriented to the Russian regions and CIS countries, which in turn causes the need for professional training of the tourism industry in regions for tourism development in the field. Accordingly, the objective of training is to train specialists on demand for regions´ tourism industries — solving this problem contributes to the formation of a regionally-oriented communicative competence of bachelors of tourism. This article describes how interdisciplinary integration of the content of disciplines from the professional cycle in foreign language teaching of undergraduates in tourism on the example of the English language. In particular, identified are the following characteristics of the study: 1) the formation of a regional and linguistic competence occurs in the process of learning material, reflecting everyday life, especially in the region and specifics of professional activities. Working with similar material, bachelors of the tourism industry master professional vocabulary, learn grammar of the English language, learn the correct pronunciation with the realities of the region´s language, learn to build theirr own grammatically correct phrases aimed at communication in professional activities and that contributes to the formation of regionally-speech competence; 2) the formation of regional-speech competence occurs in the preparation of dialogue and monologue sentences using vocabulary that reflects the professional activities and cultural characteristics of the region, in discussing problems, discussions, when writing an essays; 3) the formation of a regional and socio-cultural competence is carried out during the development of the content of the English language that reflects the characteristics of the region for professional activities: for the development of inbound tourism — knowledge of the customs and traditions of the peoples of the Far East, tourist objects of Far East, attractions, history and geography of the region; for the development of outbound tourism — knowledge of cultural traditions of China, China´s attractions, geography, China´s history

The article is focused on studying such means of administrative and legal guaranteeing as registration and authorization procedures. The purpose of the article is to provide characteristics to authorization and registration procedures as type of administrative and legal means to guarantee the development of medical tourism on the basis of the analysis of the current legislation in the field of medical tourism. The objective of the scientific research is to prepare recommendations for further improvement of the current legislation on the researched issue in the tourist and health care sectors. To achieve scientific objectivity the author has used both general and special legal research methods; the methodological basis of which was universal dialectical methods used to reveal the nature and content of authorization and registration procedures as administrative and legal means of guaranteeing the development of medical tourism. The current regulatory legal acts regulating authorization and registration procedures in the field of tourism operations and health care sector related to medical tourism have been analyzed. It has been stated that the current legislation in the field of tourism operations and health care, regulating authorization and registration procedures, requires further improvement in order to ensure the efficient development of medical tourism, the effective attraction of investment in this area. Thus, the legislation on licensing activities in the field of medical tourism should be improved due to the peculiarities and specifics of medical services as an element of the tourist product, because the activities of travel agents under the current Ukrainian legislation are not subject to licensing, as well as the operations of the companies that are providers of medical services, where licensing of travel agencies’ operations is carried out without taking into account the peculiarities of medical tourism in terms of the content of this activity. Taking into account the conflicting provisions of the current legislation regarding the nature of accreditation of health care institutions, the author has offered to establish their mandatory accreditation at the legislative level, taking into account the risk of medical activities for health and life of consumers of health care services and in order to have real quality staffing, logistical and organizational provision of such services. Visa-requiring procedures need to be simplified in order to ensure the effective development of inbound medical tourism. The formation of the Unified Information Register of Medical Institutions (national and foreign), which have agreements (concluded agreements) in the field of medical tourism acquires special significance among registration procedures.

The resource and recreational potential of Cherkasy region is analyzed. A large number of monuments of archeology, architecture, history, nature, developed centers of traditional crafts and trades, and a fairly dense network of sacred structures stands out among the objects of recreation.Forests and reservoirs play an important role in the recreational area. Conservation areas, which are valuable in recreational terms, occupy 1.2% of the area of the region. Mineral waters and healing properties of the forest climate are the main manifestations of the recreational properties of space in Cherkasy region. A significant contribution to the resource component of the recreational potential of Cherkasy region was made by a large number of historical and cultural reserves – of which there are 8 in the region, two of which have national status. The sanatorium-resort and preventive-health establishments of the region are considered. It is established that they are represented by sanatoriums (including children’s ones), tourist bases and other recreation establishments, whose number is decreasing every year. It is established that according to the capacity index, the largest number of tourists can spend the night at such resorts as «Svitanok» in the village of Svidovok, «Moshnohirya» in the village of Budyshche, «Akvadar» in the town of Mankivka, children’s «Ruska Polyana» in the village of Ruska Polyana of Cherkasy district and «Ukraine» and «Sosnoviy bir», which are located in the city of Cherkasy. The most significant recreation facilities are located in the village of Vigraev, Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi district («Ros» VAT «SPK Merydian», «Dubky», «Ros» (Relay and Automation Plant, Kazar-Ros), Prokhorovka village, Kaniv district («Sonyachna», «Komsomolska»), in the village of Chapayevka of the Zolotonisky district («Prydniprovska»).It is established that there is an increase in the number of subjects of tourist activity. More than 80% of them are travel agencies that are not focused on domestic and inbound tourism. It is found that the transport structure of Cherkasy region is represented by all major passenger types (rail, road, river and air) and its functioning is provided by appropriate infrastructure. The rating of level of development of Cherkasy region on such indicators as hotel infrastructure, restaurant infrastructure, healthimprovement establishments, archeology monuments, architectural monuments and historical monuments was conducted. It is revealed that five districts of the region (Zolotonisky, Kaniv, Uman, Cherkasy, Chyhyryn) have a high level of tourist potential supply, ten districts of the region have a medium level of provision (Horodyshche, Zvenihorod, Kamyansky, Korsun-Shevchenkivsky, Mankiv, Smilyansky, Talne, Khrystyniv, Chornobaiv, Shpolyan), five areas are outsiders with low levels of tourism potential (Drabiv, Zhashkiv, Katerynopil, Lysyansky, Monastyrische).

In connection with the launch of the "Strategy of development of tourism in the Russian Federation until 2020", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on May 31, 2014 №941-p, opportunities for coordination of tourism activities of municipalities have increased significantly. The complex of effective mechanisms is presented in the Strategy and Action Plan for its implementation, and they have opened up great opportunities for municipalities to develop the potential for domestic tourism. The primary purposes of the current step for the coordination of tourism activities in municipalities are to assist in the promotion of tourist resources of small cities, towns, and villages, programming event-tourism activities taking place in towns of Russia, participation in festivals of Russian towns, development of measures to support efforts to promote tourism services in small cities of Russia, including through public-private partnerships. This corresponds to the documents of Federal Target Program "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2011—2018 years) " in terms of solving the problem of the development of tourist and recreational complex of the Russian Federation. The article is based on materials of the research carried out with the direct participation of the author, the main result of which is the development of the program content of the subject "Management of tourism in at state and municipal levels " in the programme of master training 43.04.02 "Tourism ". The article deals with the organizational support of the process of coordination of tourism activities at the state and municipal levels, aimed at obtaining a specific socio-economic result of the introduction of innovative technologies. The results obtained directly by the author are based on a fairly extensive empirical basis, which consists of the legal documents developed in the regions and municipalities for tourist activities coordination, as well as the programs and subprograms of tourism development in regions and municipalities. Technology developed to improve the efficiency of tourism activities in municipalities take into account the requirements of government agencies, businesses and social forces aimed at the development of tourism in the Russian Federation, and they are conducive to the processes of self-identification and promotion of domestic tourism. Tourism in Russia today is more than an economic phenomenon; it is, above all, an opportunity to carry out educational activities by means of tourism, to educate the historical memory of the population.

Our research is devoted to the implementation of educational tourism in the education system of higher education students, identifying the prospects for its development based on expert and consumer surveys. The article proposes the author’s definition of educational tourism, reveals its essence and component composition, as well as possible positive effects from its implementation; the connection between the educational and tourist components is emphasized, the primary and secondary nature of which is determined by motivational factors. The key directions for the development of educational tourism are identified through the study of current works presented in the scientometric databases WoS and Scopus. We conducted a study of the main participants in the educational tourism market in Kazakhstan, in particular, we analyzed the indicators of academic mobility of students and employees of scientific and educational institutions; international activities of universities in countries; as well as the number of students, teaching staff in organizations of technical and professional, higher and postgraduate education. The examples of educational tours provided by travel agencies in Kazakhstan are shown. Based on expert surveys and polls, the features of consumer demand and supply in the field of educational tourism were identified, as well as the main communication channels for promoting this product on the market; main promising directions for the development of educational tourism; the degree of awareness of students of higher educational institutions about the essence and specifics of educational tourism; the need to include educational tourism in the educational trajectory of university students. In terms of the characteristics of consumption and provision of services in the field of educational tourism, the authors identified: seasonality and frequency of consumers’ requests to obtain information, form and arrange an educational tour; key motivational factors that guide consumers when choosing an educational tour; average duration and geographic focus of organized educational tours; problems that travel companies face when designing and organizing such tours. In terms of the selection of information and communication tools used to promote educational tours, the main and additional communication channels for promoting educational tours have been identified. In terms of identifying the main promising directions for the development of educational tourism, the average expert assessment of the level of development of outbound and inbound educational tourism was determined. Experts proposed the main promising directions for the development of educational tourism in Kazakhstan, including studying abroad, participation in educational events, learning foreign languages and ecological tours with a scientific focus; the need to include educational tourism in the educational process of university students is emphasized.

The purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is to assess the state of the tourism industry using statistical methods, analysis of scientific literature and identification of the main trends and promising directions of its development. The article is devoted to the possibilities of statistical analysis in the conditions of limited statistical information on Russia in relation to the tourism industry.Materials and methods. The following scientific methods are used in the article: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of dynamics and structure, coefficient analysis, correlation and regression analysis, graphical analysis, forecasting of indexes of the tourism industry. The analysis of Russian and foreign literature allowed us to formulate conclusions about modern methods of analysis used to assess the problems of the tourism industry. The analysis of the indexes in dynamics made it possible to identify and describe the main trends in the development of tourist flows, the volume and cost of selling tourist packages. The calculated structure of collective accommodation facilities showed their percentage ratio during the study period and the change in their shares. The use of correlation analysis made it possible to establish the closeness and direction of statistical relationships between individual factors affecting the state of the industry and the volume of tourist trips. A multiple regression model based on indexes characterizing the dynamics of prices for tours sold, the state of the transport sector and the food sector methodology is created. Based on the Box–Jenkins methodology, predictive models were created and medium-term forecasts were calculated for variables characterizing the number of tourist firms and the number of sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations. The initial data for the study were Rosstat data in annual and spatial dimensions for the period 2011–2020.Results. The article highlights the main directions of research in the field of tourism industry, presented in the works of domestic and foreign authors. The foreign approach to its assessment is carried out through evidence-based methods. The research of domestic authors is more focused on the implementation of program-targeted methods and the identification of problems of assessment and prospects for the development of the industry in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the dynamics of inbound and outbound tourist trips showed a tendency to decrease their total number, which is due to the low level of tourist attractiveness, shocks and restrictive measures caused by the SARSCoV-2 pandemic, the tense foreign policy situation. It is established that the most active external tourist flows of the Russian Federation are observed with neighboring countries. Correlation analysis showed the presence of a statistical relationship between the number of trips made with the state of the transport infrastructure and the cost of the tour packages sold. The trend of growth in the implementation of tour packages in Russian destinations and a reduction in their number in foreign destinations, which is due to an increase in the disparity between the average cost of tour packages depending on the destination of the holiday, is established. The carried out regression analysis procedure showed the relationship between the number of tourist packages sold to citizens of the Russian Federation with the variables “average cost of sold tourist packages” and “fleet of aircraft”, which indicates the need to develop transport infrastructure and optimize the cost of recreation. Forecast calculations on the number of travel agencies and sanatorium-resort organizations have shown their decline in the medium term, which indicates the need to take appropriate measures to activate tourism entrepreneurship.Conclusion. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, the analysis of scientific literature and the content of tourism development programs in the Russian Federation, the authors identified common problems and directions of development of the industry. The main problems of the industry are the following: weak tourist attractiveness, insufficient development of tourist and transport infrastructure, lack of accommodation facilities aimed at mass tourists, low quality of domestic accommodation services, and high cost of foreign tours. The priority directions of the development of the domestic tourism business are related to: the introduction of modern digital technologies, active advertising of domestic tourism, optimization of the costs of tourism industry enterprises, activation of state support in difficult economic conditions.

This research is to answer the concerns of the members of Association of Indonesia Tour Operators and Travel Agencies (ASITA) Bali about the presence of online travel agents that disrupt their business, which operates in the form of a platform and as well as a marketplace, such as: Agoda.com, Booking.com, and others. Concerns that eventually developed into discussions about how the inbound tour operator can stay alive continuously to emerge among ASITA members when they witnessed the phenomenon of cooperative relations between inbound tour operators and hotels which were indicated to provide far cheaper prices to online travel agents than the prices given to the inbound tour operators. This research was designed as deep interview period April – September 2019, which took place in Denpasar, Badung, Tanah Lot and Ubud-Bali. The data collection technique carried out was purposive sampling by conducting in-depth interviews with 34 (thirty four) well experienced owner of inbound tour operators, the government officials (Bali Provincial Tourism Office, Denpasar Municipal Tourism Office and Badung Regency Tourism Office) and Bali tourism organizations, they are: PHRI (Indonesia Hotel & Restaurant Association), PAWIBA (Bali Tourism Transportation Association), PUTRI (Indonesia Tourism Attraction Organization), HPI (Indonesia Guide Association) and online travel agents. The analysis procedure uses the MICMAC analysis method, MACTOR analysis, and PROMETHEE analysis. This study concludes that the most influential factors that cause many inbound tour operators to be inactive are: motivation, innovation, regulation, access and ICT. While the role of the government to maintain the inbound tour operator member of Asita Bali has little influence on the sustainability of the inbound tour operator member of ASITA Bali. In the context of the strategy for maintaining inbound tour operator in the online business era, are formulated through a Hybrid, Business as usual and Collaboration model. The new findings of this study is the Hybrid Model, which is a combination of business as usual and ICT (information, communication, technology).

The collection contains materials from reports of the All-Russian Forum with international participation “Image of Udmurtia” in the modern cultural space" (October 25-27, 2023). The Forum was attended by scientists, teachers, students, representatives of government agencies and industrial enterprises. The presented materials are devoted to issues and problems of education, culture, art, media and public relations, inbound tourism, as well as their development in Udmurtia and the Volga region.

The research objectives include a review of international and national organizations in the field of tourism destination management; analyzes of cluster policy and public-private partnerships (PPPs), national tourism agencies and administrations of Kazakhstan; key factors identification of the DMOs effectiveness for the domestic and inbound tourism development in Kazakhstan. The article discusses the industry management system through DMOs, which at various levels play a key role in tourism destinations development. The author considers three levels of DMOs: national, regional and local; their goals, objectives, activities, legal status and budget, possible forms of management, role and authority. Cluster policy and PPPs as a form of management and development of tourism in Kazakhstan are new approaches. The author researched the principles of DMO management in the scientific and business environment. Based on the analysis, the affiliation of Kazakhstani DMOs by the level of destination management were identified, and the relevancy of implementation the DMO management model for sustainable tourism development in Kazakhstan was also justified.

After the disintegration of the USSR, Russia confronted the task of reforming its border security policy, which had previously emphasized stringent control over both inbound and outbound cross-border movements. This challenge was further compounded by the unprecedented management of 13 thousand kilometers of newly established borders with other states of the former Soviet Union. This article examines the evolving trends in Russian border security policy, encompassing the management of these new borders, endeavors to integrate Russia’s border security spaces with those of its post-Soviet allies, and the impacts of geopolitical expansionism. The transformation of Russian border security policy has yielded mixed results. On one hand, Russia has effectively embraced modern approaches to cross-border flow management. On the other hand, the scope of issues covered by Russia’s border security agenda remains extensive, encompassing geopolitical fears and other issued that cannot be managed effectively by the agencies tasked with routine border management.

The article presents the main factors influencing the functioning of hotel-restaurant complexes and tourism in Ukraine. It has been established that hotel and restaurant and tourist complexes are included in the structure of the subjects of tourist activity. It was found that in the period 2013– 2019 the volume of services provided by temporary accommodation and catering companies, travel agencies, travel operators, companies providing other services, in particular, booking and related activities, has an unstable dynamic. It was determined that the dynamics of the total number of inbound (foreign), outbound and domestic tourists who were served by tour operators and travel agents by type of tourism was unstable, since the main reason that negatively affected this trend was the economic crisis of 2013–2015 in Ukraine, caused primarily by the instability of the situation in the political sphere. It was determined that in the species classification of tourism, that is, the distribution of tourists who were served by tour operators and travel agents, the highest is the number of outbound tourists traveling outside Ukraine. It was found that the number of domestic tourists is significantly lower than the number of outbound tourists, since on average for 2011–2020 was 23,6 %, and the lowest was in 2019 – 9,4 %, due to the COVID–2019 pandemic, under the influence of which another economic crisis arose not only in Ukraine, but also in the world as a whole. It was found that the proportion of inbound (foreign) tourists in the period 2011–2020 decreased sharply – from 10,6 % in 2010 to 0,5 % in 2020, the reason for which is the decrease in the attractiveness of the tourism industry of Ukraine for foreign tourists. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this direction are the development of a methodological approach to assessing the quality of tourism and hotel and restaurant services.

Alindo Dewata Tours Bali as an inbound tours companydeals with the competitors by applying competitive strategy.Nevertheless the competitive strategy applied is not maximumyet. It is apparently seen at the average growth of touristsnumber handled since 2004-2013 by the company only 5,97 %.Therefore, this study has the objective to know what internalexternal factors that give influences and competitive strategy tobe applied in the company. This research using analysis toolsof Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix, External FactorEvaluation (EFE) matrix for general strategy, Internal External(IE) matrix, Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT)matrix for alternative strategy and Quantitative StrategicPlanning Matrix (QSPM) for priority strategy. The result of IFEmatrix indicates bundle pricing policy as the prime strengthand the application of the management information system notmaximum as the prime weakness. EFE matrix indicates qualitystrategy contributes the service as prime opportunity and thedependency on the foreign travel agencies as prime threat.Based on IE matrix, the company’s position is at five (V) levelfor resistance and endurance strategy. SWOT matrix indicateseight competitive strategic alternatives. Suggested first priorityby QSPM is to develop market segment, both overseas anddomestic market.

PurposeThere is a growing interest among academics, government agencies and private organisations to examine the scale, characteristics, and impact of Open Innovation (OI). Studies have examined these issues mainly in the context of a developed world. Because firms in developing economies face unique challenges of OI such as building networks, inter-firm interactions, collaboration for resource utilisation and knowledge sharing, these warrant an examination of the theoretical relationships between the antecedents of OI and their impact on performance as well as mediators of these relationships. Therefore, this study develops a comprehensive OI framework to measure open innovation and analyse its effect on the innovation performance of Indian IT organisations.Design/methodology/approachTheoretically, the study draws upon the Resource-Based View, Relational View, and Absorptive Capacity theories. Empirically, a survey questionnaire was distributed to Indian IT organisations through the online survey tool “Qualtrics”. The research framework was tested using the data collected from 346 Indian IT organisations.FindingsThe results highlight the positive effect of OI activities on innovation performance and the mediating role of absorptive capacity. IT organisations with a higher inbound knowledge and absorptive capacity demonstrated better innovation performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited to understanding the mediating effect of absorptive capacity for inbound innovation. Future studies into the mediating role of desorption capacity could reveal its impact on innovation performance.Practical implicationsFrom a management perspective, this knowledge will enable managers and policymakers to emphasise OI to achieve better innovation performance. This knowledge will provide both government decision-makers and IT managers with definite OI implications for innovation performance.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this study lies in exploring the interconnectedness among IT organisations and collaborative processes on OI and innovation performance. This empirical study pinpoints the causes and sources of OI that would lead to innovation performance and the mediating role of absorptive capacity in achieving innovation performance. It extends the empirical base of OI scholarship based on firms in an emerging economy.

PurposeThis paper delves into the multi-faceted factors influencing the adoption and utilisation of online travel agencies (OTAs) for reserving hotel accommodations. The study aims to expand upon the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) framework to accomplish this objective by integrating the critical dimension of technology readiness (TR).Design/methodology/approachFour hundred and fifty-three (453) inbound tourists were asked to share their feedbacks on their recent OTA booking experience. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to confirm the study model and test the study hypotheses.FindingsThis study found that the motivating TR attributes favourably affect the acceptance and actual use of OTAs, while the inhibitors TR reflects adverse effects on OTA’s usage. On the other hand, the OTAs usage attributes: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, hedonic motivation, price value and habit are all significant determinants of consumers' behavioural intention.Originality/valueThe originality of this study lies in providing a more comprehensive explanation and prediction of consumer behaviour in relation to OTAs. Specifically, it recognises the importance of TR as a significant determinant of technology adoption and usage within the service industry realm.

The article examines and analyzes the state and economic development of the tourist market of Ukraine. The tourism sector is one of the strategic sectors of the economy, through which further socio-economic development of the state takes place. The tourism industry is an important factor in improving the quality of life in Ukraine, creating additional jobs, replenishing the state's foreign exchange reserves and increasing its authority in the international arena. Economic processes in the tourism industry that change over time can be studied on the basis of linear and nonlinear Dynamic models. The article applies an economic and mathematical model of competition of the Lotki - Volterra type, which describes the dynamics of changes in market shares by types of tourism (inbound, outbound, domestic). The projected market share by type of tourism is calculated within the framework of the proposed model. Unlike classical econometric models of competition, the Lotka-Volterra economic model allows us to fully assess the dynamics of economic processes, achieve a state of equilibrium of the studied competitive systems, and theoretically predict and control the main parameters of the model. A mathematical dependence of the dynamics of changes in the income of tour operators and travel agents on the number of tourists is also constructed. In the course of the research, methods of statistical analysis, methods of economic and mathematical modeling were used to determine the share of the tourist market and its dynamics. As a result of the study, it was found that the rate of income change is most influenced by the number of incoming tourists. A decrease in the flow of domestic tourists has a negative impact on income growth. According to the constructed Lotkа-Volterra competitive model, there is a decrease in the share of incoming and domestic tourists. The development of inbound tourism, the share of which in Ukraine has remained the smallest since 2005, will significantly increase the income of tour operators and travel agencies. These dynamic models allow you to analyze processes in the tourism industry, perform forecast assessments, develop a strategy, make management decisions and carry out planning at various levels.

Despite the current catastrophic reduction of tourism services and related services in the world in a pandemic, the development of tourism in the long run remains very relevant, especially in anticipation of the reformatting of the global tourism market as one of the results of the end of the pandemic. At the same time, along with the traditional world centers of tourism, we can assume the emergence of new regional and global countries, leaders in tourism. The forthcoming restart of the market will provide a good, rare opportunity for new tourist destinations to express themselves, intensify the attraction of tourists and take certain positions in the resetting tourist market. Therefore, working out their potential and realizing their competitive marketing advantages is important for such tourism-developing countries. Accordingly, this study is devoted to the development of the tourism industry, in particular, the description and analysis of natural conditions and relevant opportunities for the development of health, sports, educational tourism in the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan. A detailed comparative analysis of socio-cultural and natural-geographical components of the marketing environment for the development of tourism in both countries is given. Such popular and demanded in international tourism areas as mountain and skiing, cultural-historical and cognitive, medical and health-improving, as well as recreational tourism are considered in detail. In general, the countries in question have much in common regarding the diverse opportunities and types of tourism. However, due to a number of historical, geographical, socio-social reasons, the level of development of tourist services in them is very different. This study also compares opportunities for the development of relevant tourism in Slovakia and Kazakhstan. In order to present tourism for foreign tourists and create a positive image of Slovakia and Kazakhstan as favorable countries for inbound tourism, it is necessary to actively use modern information technologies and innovations. This article presents such sources of information about tourism potential as websites, links to Internet resources of travel agencies and operators, the main video resources about tourism opportunities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The development of these innovations will allow the Republic of Kazakhstan to become one of the most competitive countries in the tourist service and become a new significant world tourist center.

Introduction Most developed countries, including Australia, have a strong focus on national, state and local strategies for emergency management and response in the face of disasters and crises. This framework can include coping with catastrophic dislocation, service disruption, injury or loss of life in the face of natural disasters such as major fires, floods, earthquakes or other large-impact natural events, as well as dealing with similar catastrophes resulting from human actions such as bombs, biological agents, cyber-attacks targeting essential services such as communications networks, or other crises affecting large populations. Emergency management frameworks for crisis and disaster response are distinguished by their focus on the domestic context for such events; that is, how to manage and assist the ways in which civilian populations, who are for the most part inexperienced and untrained in dealing with crises and disasters, are able to respond and behave in such situations so as to minimise the impacts of a catastrophic event. Even in countries like Australia that demonstrate a strong public commitment to cultural pluralism and social cohesion, ethno-cultural diversity can be seen as a risk or threat to national security and values at times of political, natural, economic and/or social tensions and crises. Australian government policymakers have recently focused, with increasing intensity, on “community resilience” as a key element in countering extremism and enhancing emergency preparedness and response. In some sense, this is the result of a tacit acknowledgement by government agencies that there are limits to what they can do for domestic communities should such a catastrophic event occur, and accordingly, the focus in recent times has shifted to how governments can best help people to help themselves in such situations, a key element of the contemporary “resilience” approach. Yet despite the robustly multicultural nature of Australian society, explicit engagement with Australia’s cultural diversity flickers only fleetingly on this agenda, which continues to pursue approaches to community resilience in the absence of understandings about how these terms and formations may themselves need to be diversified to maximise engagement by all citizens in a multicultural polity. There have been some recent efforts in Australia to move in this direction, for example the Australian Emergency Management Institute (AEMI)’s recent suite of projects with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities (2006-2010) and the current Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee-supported project on “Harnessing Resilience Capital in Culturally Diverse Communities to Counter Violent Extremism” (Grossman and Tahiri), which I discuss in a longer forthcoming version of this essay (Grossman). Yet the understanding of ethno-cultural identity and difference that underlies much policy thinking on resilience remains problematic for the way in which it invests in a view of the cultural dimensions of community resilience as relic rather than resource – valorising the preservation of and respect for cultural norms and traditions, but silent on what different ethno-cultural communities might contribute toward expanded definitions of both “community” and “resilience” by virtue of the transformative potential and existing cultural capital they bring with them into new national and also translocal settings. For example, a primary conclusion of the joint program between AEMI and the Australian Multicultural Commission is that CALD communities are largely “vulnerable” in the context of disasters and emergency management and need to be better integrated into majority-culture models of theorising and embedding community resilience. This focus on stronger national integration and the “vulnerability” of culturally diverse ethno-cultural communities in the Australian context echoes the work of scholars beyond Australia such as McGhee, Mouritsen (Reflections, Citizenship) and Joppke. They argue that the “civic turn” in debates around resurgent contemporary nationalism and multicultural immigration policies privileges civic integration over genuine two-way multiculturalism. This approach sidesteps the transculturational (Ortiz; Welsch; Mignolo; Bennesaieh; Robins; Stein) aspects of contemporary social identities and exchange by paying lip-service to cultural diversity while affirming a neo-liberal construct of civic values and principles as a universalising goal of Western democratic states within a global market economy. It also suggests a superficial tribute to cultural diversity that does not embed diversity comprehensively at the levels of either conceptualising or resourcing different elements of Australian transcultural communities within the generalised framework of “community resilience.” And by emphasising cultural difference as vulnerability rather than as resource or asset, it fails to acknowledge the varieties of resilience capital that many culturally diverse individuals and communities may bring with them when they resettle in new environments, by ignoring the question of what “resilience” actually means to those from culturally diverse communities. In so doing, it also avoids the critical task of incorporating intercultural definitional diversity around the concepts of both “community” and “resilience” used to promote social cohesion and the capacity to recover from disasters and crises. How we might do differently in thinking about the broader challenges for multiculturalism itself as a resilient transnational concept and practice? The Concept of Resilience The meanings of resilience vary by disciplinary perspective. While there is no universally accepted definition of the concept, it is widely acknowledged that resilience refers to the capacity of an individual to do well in spite of exposure to acute trauma or sustained adversity (Liebenberg 219). Originating in the Latin word resilio, meaning ‘to jump back’, there is general consensus that resilience pertains to an individual’s, community’s or system’s ability to adapt to and ‘bounce back’ from a disruptive event (Mohaupt 63, Longstaff et al. 3). Over the past decade there has been a dramatic rise in interest in the clinical, community and family sciences concerning resilience to a broad range of adversities (Weine 62). While debate continues over which discipline can be credited with first employing resilience as a concept, Mohaupt argues that most of the literature on resilience cites social psychology and psychiatry as the origin for the concept beginning in the mid-20th century. The pioneer researchers of what became known as resilience research studied the impact on children living in dysfunctional families. For example, the findings of work by Garmezy, Werner and Smith and Rutter showed that about one third of children in these studies were coping very well despite considerable adversities and traumas. In asking what it was that prevented the children in their research from being negatively influenced by their home environments, such research provided the basis for future research on resilience. Such work was also ground-breaking for identifying the so-called ‘protective factors’ or resources that individuals can operationalise when dealing with adversity. In essence, protective factors are those conditions in the individual that protect them from the risk of dysfunction and enable recovery from trauma. They mitigate the effects of stressors or risk factors, that is, those conditions that predispose one to harm (Hajek 15). Protective factors include the inborn traits or qualities within an individual, those defining an individual’s environment, and also the interaction between the two. Together, these factors give people the strength, skills and motivation to cope in difficult situations and re-establish (a version of) ‘normal’ life (Gunnestad). Identifying protective factors is important in terms of understanding the particular resources a given sociocultural group has at its disposal, but it is also vital to consider the interconnections between various protective mechanisms, how they might influence each other, and to what degree. An individual, for instance, might display resilience or adaptive functioning in a particular domain (e.g. emotional functioning) but experience significant deficits in another (e.g. academic achievement) (Hunter 2). It is also essential to scrutinise how the interaction between protective factors and risk factors creates patterns of resilience. Finally, a comprehensive understanding of the interrelated nature of protective mechanisms and risk factors is imperative for designing effective interventions and tailored preventive strategies (Weine 65). In short, contemporary thinking about resilience suggests it is neither entirely personal nor strictly social, but an interactive and iterative combination of the two. It is a quality of the environment as much as the individual. For Ungar, resilience is the complex entanglements between “individuals and their social ecologies [that] will determine the degree of positive outcomes experienced” (3). Thinking about resilience as context-dependent is important because research that is too trait-based or actor-centred risks ignoring any structural or institutional forces. A more ecological interpretation of resilience, one that takes into a person’s context and environment into account, is vital in order to avoid blaming the victim for any hardships they face, or relieving state and institutional structures from their responsibilities in addressing social adversity, which can “emphasise self-help in line with a neo-conservative agenda instead of stimulating state responsibility” (Mohaupt 67). Nevertheless, Ungar posits that a coherent definition of resilience has yet to be developed that adequately ‘captures the dual focus of the individual and the individual’s social ecology and how the two must both be accounted for when determining the criteria for judging outcomes and discerning processes associated with resilience’ (7). Recent resilience research has consequently prompted a shift away from vulnerability towards protective processes — a shift that highlights the sustained capabilities of individuals and communities under threat or at risk. Locating ‘Culture’ in the Literature on Resilience However, an understanding of the role of culture has remained elusive or marginalised within this trend; there has been comparatively little sustained investigation into the applicability of resilience constructs to non-western cultures, or how the resources available for survival might differ from those accessible to western populations (Ungar 4). As such, a growing body of researchers is calling for more rigorous inquiry into culturally determined outcomes that might be associated with resilience in non-western or multicultural cultures and contexts, for example where Indigenous and minority immigrant communities live side by side with their ‘mainstream’ neighbours in western settings (Ungar 2). ‘Cultural resilience’ considers the role that cultural background plays in determining the ability of individuals and communities to be resilient in the face of adversity. For Clauss-Ehlers, the term describes the degree to which the strengths of one’s culture promote the development of coping (198). Culturally-focused resilience suggests that people can manage and overcome stress and trauma based not on individual characteristics alone, but also from the support of broader sociocultural factors (culture, cultural values, language, customs, norms) (Clauss-Ehlers 324). The innate cultural strengths of a culture may or may not differ from the strengths of other cultures; the emphasis here is not so much comparatively inter-cultural as intensively intra-cultural (VanBreda 215). A culturally focused resilience model thus involves “a dynamic, interactive process in which the individual negotiates stress through a combination of character traits, cultural background, cultural values, and facilitating factors in the sociocultural environment” (Clauss-Ehlers 199). In understanding ways of ‘coping and hoping, surviving and thriving’, it is thus crucial to consider how culturally and linguistically diverse minorities navigate the cultural understandings and assumptions of both their countries of origin and those of their current domicile (Ungar 12). Gunnestad claims that people who master the rules and norms of their new culture without abandoning their own language, values and social support are more resilient than those who tenaciously maintain their own culture at the expense of adjusting to their new environment. They are also more resilient than those who forego their own culture and assimilate with the host society (14). Accordingly, if the combination of both valuing one’s culture as well as learning about the culture of the new system produces greater resilience and adaptive capacities, serious problems can arise when a majority tries to acculturate a minority to the mainstream by taking away or not recognising important parts of the minority culture. In terms of resilience, if cultural factors are denied or diminished in accounting for and strengthening resilience – in other words, if people are stripped of what they possess by way of resilience built through cultural knowledge, disposition and networks – they do in fact become vulnerable, because ‘they do not automatically gain those cultural strengths that the majority has acquired over generations’ (Gunnestad 14). Mobilising ‘Culture’ in Australian Approaches to Community Resilience The realpolitik of how concepts of resilience and culture are mobilised is highly relevant here. As noted above, when ethnocultural difference is positioned as a risk or a threat to national identity, security and values, this is precisely the moment when vigorously, even aggressively, nationalised definitions of ‘community’ and ‘identity’ that minoritise or disavow cultural diversities come to the fore in public discourse. The Australian evocation of nationalism and national identity, particularly in the way it has framed policy discussion on managing national responses to disasters and threats, has arguably been more muted than some of the European hysteria witnessed recently around cultural diversity and national life. Yet we still struggle with the idea that newcomers to Australia might fall on the surplus rather than the deficit side of the ledger when it comes to identifying and harnessing resilience capital. A brief example of this trend is explored here. From 2006 to 2010, the Australian Emergency Management Institute embarked on an ambitious government-funded four-year program devoted to strengthening community resilience in relation to disasters with specific reference to engaging CALD communities across Australia. The program, Inclusive Emergency Management with CALD Communities, was part of a wider Australian National Action Plan to Build Social Cohesion, Harmony and Security in the wake of the London terrorist bombings in July 2005. Involving CALD community organisations as well as various emergency and disaster management agencies, the program ran various workshops and agency-community partnership pilots, developed national school education resources, and commissioned an evaluation of the program’s effectiveness (Farrow et al.). While my critique here is certainly not aimed at emergency management or disaster response agencies and personnel themselves – dedicated professionals who often achieve remarkable results in emergency and disaster response under extraordinarily difficult circumstances – it is nevertheless important to highlight how the assumptions underlying elements of AEMI’s experience and outcomes reflect the persistent ways in which ethnocultural diversity is rendered as a problem to be surmounted or a liability to be redressed, rather than as an asset to be built upon or a resource to be valued and mobilised. AEMI’s explicit effort to engage with CALD communities in building overall community resilience was important in its tacit acknowledgement that emergency and disaster services were (and often remain) under-resourced and under-prepared in dealing with the complexities of cultural diversity in emergency situations. Despite these good intentions, however, while the program produced some positive outcomes and contributed to crucial relationship building between CALD communities and emergency services within various jurisdictions, it also continued to frame the challenge of working with cultural diversity as a problem of increased vulnerability during disasters for recently arrived and refugee background CALD individuals and communities. This highlights a common feature in community resilience-building initiatives, which is to focus on those who are already ‘robust’ versus those who are ‘vulnerable’ in relation to resilience indicators, and whose needs may require different or additional resources in order to be met. At one level, this is a pragmatic resourcing issue: national agencies understandably want to put their people, energy and dollars where they are most needed in pursuit of a steady-state unified national response at times of crisis. Nor should it be argued that at least some CALD groups, particularly those from new arrival and refugee communities, are not vulnerable in at least some of the ways and for some of the reasons suggested in the program evaluation. However, the consistent focus on CALD communities as ‘vulnerable’ and ‘in need’ is problematic, as well as partial. It casts members of these communities as structurally and inherently less able and less resilient in the context of disasters and emergencies: in some sense, as those who, already ‘victims’ of chronic social deficits such as low English proficiency, social isolation and a mysterious unidentified set of ‘cultural factors’, can become doubly victimised in acute crisis and disaster scenarios. In what is by now a familiar trope, the description of CALD communities as ‘vulnerable’ precludes asking questions about what they do have, what they do know, and what they do or can contribute to how we respond to disaster and emergency events in our communities. A more profound problem in this sphere revolves around working out how best to engage CALD communities and individuals within existing approaches to disaster and emergency preparedness and response. This reflects a fundamental but unavoidable limitation of disaster preparedness models: they are innately spatially and geographically bounded, and consequently understand ‘communities’ in these terms, rather than expanding definitions of ‘community’ to include the dimensions of community-as-social-relations. While some good engagement outcomes were achieved locally around cross-cultural knowledge for emergency services workers, the AEMI program fell short of asking some of the harder questions about how emergency and disaster service scaffolding and resilience-building approaches might themselves need to change or transform, using a cross-cutting model of ‘communities’ as both geographic places and multicultural spaces (Bartowiak-Théron and Crehan) in order to be more effective in national scenarios in which cultural diversity should be taken for granted. Toward Acknowledgement of Resilience Capital Most significantly, the AEMI program did not produce any recognition of the ways in which CALD communities already possess resilience capital, or consider how this might be drawn on in formulating stronger community initiatives around disaster and threats preparedness for the future. Of course, not all individuals within such communities, nor all communities across varying circumstances, will demonstrate resilience, and we need to be careful of either overgeneralising or romanticising the kinds and degrees of ‘resilience capital’ that may exist within them. Nevertheless, at least some have developed ways of withstanding crises and adapting to new conditions of living. This is particularly so in connection with individual and group behaviours around resource sharing, care-giving and social responsibility under adverse circumstances (Grossman and Tahiri) – all of which are directly relevant to emergency and disaster response. While some of these resilient behaviours may have been nurtured or enhanced by particular experiences and environments, they can, as the discussion of recent literature above suggests, also be rooted more deeply in cultural norms, habits and beliefs. Whatever their origins, for culturally diverse societies to achieve genuine resilience in the face of both natural and human-made disasters, it is critical to call on the ‘social memory’ (Folke et al.) of communities faced with responding to emergencies and crises. Such wellsprings of social memory ‘come from the diversity of individuals and institutions that draw on reservoirs of practices, knowledge, values, and worldviews and is crucial for preparing the system for change, building resilience, and for coping with surprise’ (Adger et al.). Consequently, if we accept the challenge of mapping an approach to cultural diversity as resource rather than relic into our thinking around strengthening community resilience, there are significant gains to be made. For a whole range of reasons, no diversity-sensitive model or measure of resilience should invest in static understandings of ethnicities and cultures; all around the world, ethnocultural identities and communities are in a constant and sometimes accelerated state of dynamism, reconfiguration and flux. But to ignore the resilience capital and potential protective factors that ethnocultural diversity can offer to the strengthening of community resilience more broadly is to miss important opportunities that can help suture the existing disconnects between proactive approaches to intercultural connectedness and social inclusion on the one hand, and reactive approaches to threats, national security and disaster response on the other, undermining the effort to advance effectively on either front. This means that dominant social institutions and structures must be willing to contemplate their own transformation as the result of transcultural engagement, rather than merely insisting, as is often the case, that ‘other’ cultures and communities conform to existing hegemonic paradigms of being and of living. In many ways, this is the most critical step of all. A resilience model and strategy that questions its own culturally informed yet taken-for-granted assumptions and premises, goes out into communities to test and refine these, and returns to redesign its approach based on the new knowledge it acquires, would reflect genuine progress toward an effective transculturational approach to community resilience in culturally diverse contexts.References Adger, W. Neil, Terry P. Hughes, Carl Folke, Stephen R. Carpenter and Johan Rockström. “Social-Ecological Resilience to Coastal Disasters.” Science 309.5737 (2005): 1036-1039. ‹http://www.sciencemag.org/content/309/5737/1036.full> Bartowiak-Théron, Isabelle, and Anna Corbo Crehan. “The Changing Nature of Communities: Implications for Police and Community Policing.” Community Policing in Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) Reports, Research and Policy Series 111 (2010): 8-15. Benessaieh, Afef. “Multiculturalism, Interculturality, Transculturality.” Ed. A. Benessaieh. Transcultural Americas/Ameriques Transculturelles. Ottawa: U of Ottawa Press/Les Presses de l’Unversite d’Ottawa, 2010. 11-38. Clauss-Ehlers, Caroline S. “Sociocultural Factors, Resilience and Coping: Support for a Culturally Sensitive Measure of Resilience.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29 (2008): 197-212. Clauss-Ehlers, Caroline S. “Cultural Resilience.” Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Ed. C. S. Clauss-Ehlers. New York: Springer, 2010. 324-326. Farrow, David, Anthea Rutter and Rosalind Hurworth. Evaluation of the Inclusive Emergency Management with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Communities Program. Parkville, Vic.: Centre for Program Evaluation, U of Melbourne, July 2009. ‹http://www.ag.gov.au/www/emaweb/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(9A5D88DBA63D32A661E6369859739356)~Final+Evaluation+Report+-+July+2009.pdf/$file/Final+Evaluation+Report+-+July+2009.pdf>.Folke, Carl, Thomas Hahn, Per Olsson, and Jon Norberg. “Adaptive Governance of Social-Ecological Systems.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005): 441-73. ‹http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511>. Garmezy, Norman. “The Study of Competence in Children at Risk for Severe Psychopathology.” The Child in His Family: Children at Psychiatric Risk. Vol. 3. Eds. E. J. Anthony and C. Koupernick. New York: Wiley, 1974. 77-97. Grossman, Michele. “Resilient Multiculturalism? Diversifying Australian Approaches to Community Resilience and Cultural Difference”. Global Perspectives on Multiculturalism in the 21st Century. Eds. B. E. de B’beri and F. Mansouri. London: Routledge, 2014. Grossman, Michele, and Hussein Tahiri. Harnessing Resilience Capital in Culturally Diverse Communities to Counter Violent Extremism. Canberra: Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee, forthcoming 2014. Grossman, Michele. “Cultural Resilience and Strengthening Communities”. Safeguarding Australia Summit, Canberra. 23 Sep. 2010. ‹http://www.safeguardingaustraliasummit.org.au/uploader/resources/Michele_Grossman.pdf>. Gunnestad, Arve. “Resilience in a Cross-Cultural Perspective: How Resilience Is Generated in Different Cultures.” Journal of Intercultural Communication 11 (2006). ‹http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr11/gunnestad.htm>. Hajek, Lisa J. “Belonging and Resilience: A Phenomenological Study.” Unpublished Master of Science thesis, U of Wisconsin-Stout. Menomonie, Wisconsin, 2003. Hunter, Cathryn. “Is Resilience Still a Useful Concept When Working with Children and Young People?” Child Family Community Australia (CFA) Paper 2. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2012.Joppke, Christian. "Beyond National Models: Civic Integration Policies for Immigrants in Western Europe". West European Politics 30.1 (2007): 1-22. Liebenberg, Linda, Michael Ungar, and Fons van de Vijver. “Validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28) among Canadian Youth.” Research on Social Work Practice 22.2 (2012): 219-226. Longstaff, Patricia H., Nicholas J. Armstrong, Keli Perrin, Whitney May Parker, and Matthew A. Hidek. “Building Resilient Communities: A Preliminary Framework for Assessment.” Homeland Security Affairs 6.3 (2010): 1-23. ‹http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=6.3.6>. McGhee, Derek. The End of Multiculturalism? Terrorism, Integration and Human Rights. Maidenhead: Open U P, 2008.Mignolo, Walter. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton: Princeton U P, 2000. Mohaupt, Sarah. “Review Article: Resilience and Social Exclusion.” Social Policy and Society 8 (2009): 63-71.Mouritsen, Per. "The Culture of Citizenship: A Reflection on Civic Integration in Europe." Ed. R. Zapata-Barrero. Citizenship Policies in the Age of Diversity: Europe at the Crossroad." Barcelona: CIDOB Foundation, 2009: 23-35. Mouritsen, Per. “Political Responses to Cultural Conflict: Reflections on the Ambiguities of the Civic Turn.” Ed. P. Mouritsen and K.E. Jørgensen. Constituting Communities. Political Solutions to Cultural Conflict, London: Palgrave, 2008. 1-30. Ortiz, Fernando. Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar. Trans. Harriet de Onís. Intr. Fernando Coronil and Bronislaw Malinowski. Durham, NC: Duke U P, 1995 [1940]. Robins, Kevin. The Challenge of Transcultural Diversities: Final Report on the Transversal Study on Cultural Policy and Cultural Diversity. Culture and Cultural Heritage Department. Strasbourg: Council of European Publishing, 2006. Rutter, Michael. “Protective Factors in Children’s Responses to Stress and Disadvantage.” Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 8 (1979): 324-38. Stein, Mark. “The Location of Transculture.” Transcultural English Studies: Fictions, Theories, Realities. Eds. F. Schulze-Engler and S. Helff. Cross/Cultures 102/ANSEL Papers 12. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2009. 251-266. Ungar, Michael. “Resilience across Cultures.” British Journal of Social Work 38.2 (2008): 218-235. First published online 2006: 1-18. In-text references refer to the online Advance Access edition ‹http://bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2006/10/18/bjsw.bcl343.full.pdf>. VanBreda, Adrian DuPlessis. Resilience Theory: A Literature Review. Erasmuskloof: South African Military Health Service, Military Psychological Institute, Social Work Research & Development, 2001. Weine, Stevan. “Building Resilience to Violent Extremism in Muslim Diaspora Communities in the United States.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 5.1 (2012): 60-73. Welsch, Wolfgang. “Transculturality: The Puzzling Form of Cultures Today.” Spaces of Culture: City, Nation World. Eds. M. Featherstone and S. Lash. London: Sage, 1999. 194-213. Werner, Emmy E., and Ruth S. Smith. Vulnerable But Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of\ Resilience and Youth. New York: McGraw Hill, 1982. NotesThe concept of ‘resilience capital’ I offer here is in line with one strand of contemporary theorising around resilience – that of resilience as social or socio-ecological capital – but moves beyond the idea of enhancing general social connectedness and community cohesion by emphasising the ways in which culturally diverse communities may already be robustly networked and resourceful within micro-communal settings, with new resources and knowledge both to draw on and to offer other communities or the ‘national community’ at large. In effect, ‘resilience capital’ speaks to the importance of finding ‘the communities within the community’ (Bartowiak-Théron and Crehan 11) and recognising their capacity to contribute to broad-scale resilience and recovery.I am indebted for the discussion of the literature on resilience here to Dr Peta Stephenson, Centre for Cultural Diversity and Wellbeing, Victoria University, who is working on a related project (M. Grossman and H. Tahiri, Harnessing Resilience Capital in Culturally Diverse Communities to Counter Violent Extremism, forthcoming 2014).

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, where income has become precarious and Internet use has soared, the influencer industry has to strategise over new ways to sustain viewer attention, maintain income flows, and innovate around formats and messaging, to avoid being excluded from continued commercial possibilities. In this article, we review the press coverage of the influencer markets in Australia, Japan, and Korea, and consider how the industry has been attempting to navigate their way through the pandemic through deviations and detours. We consider the narratives and groups of influencers who have been included and excluded in shaping the discourse about influencer strategies in the time of COVID-19. The distinction between inclusion and exclusion has been a crucial mechanism to maintain the social normativity, constructed with gender, sexuality, wealth, able-ness, education, age, and so on (Stäheli and Stichweh, par. 3; Hall and Du Gay 5; Bourdieu 162). The influencer industry is the epitome of where the inclusion-exclusion binary is noticeable. It has been criticised for serving as a locus where social norms, such as femininity and middle-class identities, are crystallised and endorsed in the form of visibility and attention (Duffy 234; Abidin 122). Many are concerned about the global expansion of the influencer industry, in which young generations are led to clickbait and sensational content and normative ways of living, in order to be “included” by their peer groups and communities and to avoid being “excluded” (Cavanagh). However, COVID-19 has changed our understanding of the “normal”: people staying home, eschewing social communications, and turning more to the online where they can feel “virtually” connected (Lu et al. 15). The influencer industry also has been affected by COVID-19, since the images of normativity cannot be curated and presented as they used to be. In this situation, it is questionable how the influencer industry that pivots on the inclusion-exclusion binary is adjusting to the “new normal” brought by COVID-19, and how the binary is challenged or maintained, especially by exploring the continuities and discontinuities in industry. Methodology This cross-cultural study draws from a corpus of articles from Australia, Japan, and Korea published between January and May 2020, to investigate how local news outlets portrayed the contingencies undergone by the influencer industry, and what narratives or groups of influencers were excluded in the process. An extended discussion of our methodology has been published in an earlier article (Abidin et al. 5-7). Using the top ranked search engine of each country (Google for Australia and Japan, Naver for Korea), we compiled search results of news articles from the first ten pages (ten results per page) of each search, prioritising reputable news sites over infotainment sites, and by using targeted keyword searches: for Australia: ‘influencer’ and ‘Australia’ and ‘COVID-19’, ‘coronavirus’, ‘pandemic’; for Japan: ‘インフルエンサー’ (influensā) and ‘コロナ’ (korona), ‘新型コロ ナ’ (shin-gata korona), ‘コロナ禍’ (korona-ka); for Korea: ‘인플루언서’ (Influencer) and ‘코로나’ (corona) and ‘팬데믹’ (pandemic). 111 articles were collected (42 for Australia, 31 for Japan, 38 for Korea). In this article, we focus on a subset of 60 articles and adopt a grounded theory approach (Glaser and Strauss 5) to manually conduct open, axial, and close coding of their headline and body text. Each headline was translated by the authors and coded for a primary and secondary ‘open code’ across seven categories: Income loss, Backlash, COVID-19 campaign, Misinformation, Influencer strategy, Industry shifts, and Brand leverage. The body text was coded in a similar manner to indicate all the relevant open codes covered in the article. In this article, we focus on the last two open codes that illustrate how brands have been working with influencers to tide through COVID-19, and what the overall industry shifts were on the three Asia-Pacific country markets. Table 1 (see Appendix) indicates a full list of our coding schema. Inclusion of the Normal in Shifting Brand Preferences In this section, we consider two main shifts in brand preferences: an increased demand for influencers, and a reliance on influencers to boost viewer/consumer traffic. We found that by expanding digital marketing through Influencers, companies attempted to secure a so-called “new normal” during the pandemic. However, their marketing strategies tended to reiterate the existing inclusion-exclusion binary and exacerbated the lack of diversity and inequality in the industry. Increased Demand for Influencers Across the three country markets, brokers and clients in the influencer industry increased their demand for influencers’ services and expertise to sustain businesses via advertising in the “aftermath of COVID-19”, as they were deemed to be more cost-efficient “viral marketing on social media” (Yoo). By outsourcing content production to influencers who could still produce content independently from their homes (Cheik-Hussein) and who engage with audiences with their “interactive communication ability” (S. Kim and Cho), many companies attempted to continue their business and maintain their relationships with prospective consumers (Forlani). As the newly enforced social distancing measures have also interrupted face-to-face contact opportunities, the mass pivot towards influencers for digital marketing is perceived to further professionalise the industry via competition and quality control in all three countries (Wilkinson; S. Kim and Cho; Yadorigi). By integrating these online personae of influencers into their marketing, the business side of each country is moving towards the new normal in different manners. In Australia, businesses launched campaigns showcasing athlete influencers engaging in meaningful activities at home (e.g. yoga, cooking), and brands and companies reorganised their marketing strategies to highlight social responsibilities (Moore). On the other hand, for some companies in the Japanese market, the disruption from the pandemic was a rare opportunity to build connections and work with “famous” and “prominent” influencers (Yadorigi), otherwise unavailable and unwilling to work for smaller campaigns during regular periods of an intensely competitive market. In Korea, by emphasising their creative ability, influencers progressed from being “mere PR tools” to becoming “active economic subjects of production” who now can play a key role in product planning for clients, mediating companies and consumers (S. Kim and Cho). The underpinning premise here is that influencers are tech-savvy and therefore competent in creating media content, forging relationships with people, and communicating with them “virtually” through social media. Reliance on Influencers to Boost Viewer/Consumer Traffic Across several industry verticals, brands relied on influencers to boost viewership and consumer traffic on their digital estates and portals, on the premise that influencers work in line with the attention economy (Duffy 234). The fashion industry’s expansion of influencer marketing was noticeable in this manner. For instance, Korean department store chains (e.g. Lotte) invited influencers to “no-audience live fashion shows” to attract viewership and advertise fashion goods through the influencers’ social media (Y. Kim), and Australian swimwear brand Vitamin A partnered with influencers to launch online contests to invite engagement and purchases on their online stores (Moore). Like most industries where aspirational middle-class lifestyles are emphasised, the travel industry also extended partnerships with their current repertoire of influencers or international influencers in order to plan for the post-COVID-19 market recovery and post-border reopening tourism boom (Moore; Yamatogokoro; J. Lee). By extension, brands without any prior relationships with influencers, whcih did not have such histories to draw on, were likely to have struggled to produce new influencer content. Such brands could thus only rely on hiring influencers specifically to leverage their follower base. The increasing demand for influencers in industries like fashion, food, and travel is especially notable. In the attention economy where (media) visibility can be obtained and maintained (Duffy 121), media users practice “visibility labor” to curate their media personas and portray branding themselves as arbiters of good taste (Abidin 122). As such, influencers in genres where personal taste can be visibly presented—e.g. fashion, travel, F&B—seem to have emerged from the economic slump with a head start, especially given their dominance on the highly visual platform of Instagram. Our analysis shows that media coverage during COVID-19 repeated the discursive correlation between influencers and such hyper-visible or visually-oriented industries. However, this dominant discourse about hyper-visible influencers and the gendered genres of their work has ultimately reinforced norms of self-presentation in the industry—e.g. being feminine, young, beautiful, luxurious—while those who deviate from such norms seem to be marginalised and excluded in media coverage and economic opportunities during the pandemic cycle. Including Newness by Shifting Format Preferences We observed the inclusion of newness in the influencer scenes in all three countries. By shifting to new formats, the previously excluded and lesser seen aspects of our lives—such as home-based content—began to be integrated into the “new normal”. There were four main shifts in format preferences, wherein influencers pivoted to home-made content, where livestreaming is the new dominant format of content, and where followers preferred more casual influencer content. Influencers Have Pivoted to Home-Made Content In all three country markets, influencers have pivoted to generating content based on life at home and ideas of domesticity. These public displays of homely life corresponded with the sudden occurrence of being wired to the Internet all day—also known as “LAN cable life” (랜선라이프, lan-seon life) in the Korean media—which influencers were chiefly responsible for pioneering (B. Kim). While some genres like gaming and esports were less impacted upon by the pivot, given that the nature and production of the content has always been confined to a desktop at home (Cheik-Hussein), pivots occurred for the likes of outdoor brands (Moore), the culinary industry (Dean), and fitness and workout brands (Perelli and Whateley). In Korea, new trends such as “home cafes” (B. Kim) and DIY coffees—like the infamous “Dalgona-Coffee” that was first introduced by a Korean YouTuber 뚤기 (ddulgi)—went viral on social media across the globe (Makalintal). In Japan, the spike in influencers showcasing at-home activities (Hayama) also encouraged mainstream TV celebrities to open social media accounts explicitly to do the same (Kamada). In light of these trends, the largest Multi-Channel Network (MCN) in Japan, UUUM, partnered with one of the country’s largest entertainment industries, Yoshimoto Kogyo, to assist the latter’s comedian talents to establish a digital video presence—a trend that was also observed in Korea (Koo), further underscoring the ubiquity of influencer practices in the time of COVID-19. Along with those creators who were already producing content in a domestic environment before COVID-19, it was the influencers with the time and resources to quickly pivot to home-made content who profited the most from the spike in Internet traffic during the pandemic (Noshita). The benefits of this boost in traffic were far from equal. For instance, many others who had to turn to makeshift work for income, and those who did not have conducive living situations to produce content at home, were likely to be disadvantaged. Livestreaming Is the New Dominant Format Amidst the many new content formats to be popularised during COVID-19, livestreaming was unanimously the most prolific. In Korea, influencers were credited for the mainstreaming and demotising (Y. Kim) of livestreaming for “live commerce” through real-time advertorials and online purchases. Livestreaming influencers were solicited specifically to keep international markets continuously interested in Korean products and cultures (Oh), and livestreaming was underscored as a main economic driver for shaping a “post-COVID-19” society (Y. Kim). In Australia, livestreaming was noted among art (Dean) and fitness influencers (Dean), and in Japan it began to be adopted among major fashion brands like Prada and Chloe (Saito). While the Australian coverage included livestreaming on platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, Twitch, and Douyin (Cheik-Hussein; Perelli and Whateley; Webb), the Japanese coverage highlighted the potential for Instagram Live to target young audiences, increase feelings of “trustworthiness”, and increase sales via word-of-mouth advertising (Saito). In light of reduced client campaigns, influencers in Australia had also used livestreaming to provide online consulting, teaching, and coaching (Perelli and Whateley), and to partner with brands to provide masterclasses and webinars (Sanders). In this era, influencers in genres and verticals that had already adopted streaming as a normative practice—e.g. gaming and lifestyle performances—were likely to have had an edge over others, while other genres were excluded from this economic silver lining. Followers Prefer More Casual Influencer Content In general, all country markets report followers preferring more casual influencer content. In Japan, this was offered via the potential of livestreaming to deliver more “raw” feelings (Saito), while in Australia this was conveyed through specific content genres like “mental or physical health battles” (Moore); specific aesthetic choices like appearing “messier”, less “curated”, and “more unfiltered” (Wilkinson); and the growing use of specific emergent platforms like TikTok (Dean, Forlani, Perelli, and Whateley). In Korea, influencers in the photography, travel, and book genres were celebrated for their new provision of pseudo-experiences during COVID-19-imposed social distancing (Kang). Influencers on Instagram also spearheaded new social media trends, like the “#wheredoyouwannago_challenge” where Instagram users photoshopped themselves into images of famous tourist spots around the world (Kang). Conclusion In our study of news articles on the impact of COVID-19 on the Australian, Japanese, and Korean influencer industries during the first wave of the pandemic, influencer marketing was primed to be the dominant and default mode of advertising and communication in the post-COVID-19 era (Tate). In general, specific industry verticals that relied more on visual portrayals of lifestyles and consumption—e.g. fashion, F&B, travel—to continue partaking in economic recovery efforts. However, given the gendered genre norms in the industry, this meant that influencers who were predominantly feminine, young, beautiful, and luxurious experienced more opportunity over others. Further, influencers who did not have the resources or skills to pivot to the “new normals” of creating content from home, engaging in livestreaming, and performing their personae more casually were excluded from these new economic opportunities. Across the countries, there were minor differences in the overall perception of influencers. There was an increasingly positive perception of influencers in Japan and Korea, due to new norms and pandemic-related opportunities in the media ecology: in Korea, influencers were considered to be the “vanguard of growing media commerce in the post-pandemonium era” (S. Kim and Cho), and in Japan, influencers were identified as critical vehicles during a more general consumer shift from traditional media to social media, as TV watching time is reduced and home-based e-commerce purchases are increasingly popular (Yadogiri). However, in Australia, in light of the sudden influx of influencer marketing strategies during COVID-19, the market seemed to be saturated more quickly: brands were beginning to question the efficiency of influencers, cautioned that their impact has not been completely proven for all industry verticals (Stephens), and have also begun to reduce commissions for influencer affiliate programmes as a cost-cutting measure (Perelli and Whateley). While news reports on these three markets indicate that there is some level of growth and expansion for various influencers and brands, such opportunities were not experienced equally, with some genres and demographics of influencers and businesses being excluded from pandemic-related pivots and silver linings. Further, in light of the increasing commercial opportunities, pressure for more regulations also emerged; for example, the Korean government announced new investigations into tax avoidance (Han). Not backed up by talent agencies or MCNs, independent influencers are likely to be more exposed to the disciplinary power of shifting regulatory practices, a condition which might have hindered their attempt at diversifying their income streams during the pandemic. Thus, while it is tempting to focus on the privileged and novel influencers who have managed to cling on to some measure of success during the pandemic, scholarly attention should also remember those who are being excluded and left behind, lest generations, cohorts, genres, or subcultures of the once-vibrant influencer industry fade into oblivion. References Abidin, Crystal. “#In$tagLam: Instagram as a repository of taste, a burgeoning marketplace, a war of eyeballs.” Mobile Media Making in an Age of Smartphones. Eds. Marsha Berry and Max Schleser. New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2014. 119-128. <https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137469816_11>. 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