Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agences de notation (finances) – Droit'
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Bergier, Charles. "Le contrôle international des agences de notation financières." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0014/document.
Full textTo control credit rating agencies, some national and regional initiatives are concrete, but they do not are harmonized. This situation is not, however, prohibitive. For example, while the EU and the US both have a separate registration system for credit rating agencies to exercise on their territory, it makes sense to think, and therefore ultimately consider, that a universal registration or aggregation would be a strong first step towards regulatory harmonization. It is in this context that the harmonization of US and European regulations could be a first step towards a supra-state regulatory framework for credit rating agencies. It remains to be defined whether European standards would apply, or those of the potentially less ambitious American regulation. And this line of thought would be perfectly fair if it was not also necessary to take into account the rise of emerging countries that want to change the situation. It would therefore be necessary to agree first and foremost on a system that is suitable for everyone, a very difficult hypothesis that deserves questioning. In addition, in order to control credit rating agencies in an effective and binding manner (which is unfortunately not the case for the IOSCO Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies), the possibility of emerging international economic law made from financial standards. This process would thus not only be beneficial in the context of creating international control for credit rating agencies, it would also be beneficial in the development of a international financial law. In the context of credit rating agencies, the development of financial standards has been in response to the needs of national regulatory authorities seeking a balance between maintaining the competitiveness of their financial centers and the need of stability for the financial system. These standards allow cooperation institutions to position themselves as international standardization authorities for the sectors concerned
Marsaud, Guillaume. "Les agences de notation : l’appréhension juridique d’un pouvoir privé économique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0031/document.
Full textAs a result of their involvement in the subprime crisis and pro-cyclical role in the sovereign debt crisis,the credit rating agencies have been, since 2007, subject to the specific attention of the lawmaker whichhad to ensure integrity of the financial market and restore investors’ confidence in the aftermath of a realfinancial cataclysm. The criticisms against the oligopoly that dominates the rating industry were manyand include, inter alia, conflict of interest, opacity, deficient methodologies, lack of credibility and anticompetitivebehaviours. The successive adoption of regulatory and legislative measures was not enoughto achieve emancipation from the influence of this economic private power which maintains rootswithin the market regulatory framework since the aftermath of the Great Depression of 1929 and whosedevelopment is closely linked to securitization. Instead, the new regulations that should have governedan “activity” rather than “structures” have, alongside some commendable initiatives, resulted in theconsecration of a specific regime. Even the violations of the economic public order were rarely punishedby a justice which, except for anecdotic cases, was missing adequate legal weapons to address thosesituations or by a regulator still too immature. However, due to an environment constantly changing, thefew benefits obtained in terms of the rating agencies’ transparency and control, are already in the processof being jeopardised. The lawmaker seems to have moved on to other topics, while on the horizonappear new bubbles in new markets where rating agencies are very active
Paulet, Melissa. "Les notes de crédit produites par les agences de notation financière : contribution à l’étude des notions juridiques d’opinion et d’avis en droit privé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2021. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247226559.
Full textRegulation (EC) No 1060/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 Septem-ber 2009 on Credit Rating Agencies (CRA) is generally read on the basis of the postulate according to which CRA exercise an exorbitant power over investors. Within this framework, the CRA regulation is conceived as an exceptional body of standards, assessed in terms to its ability to regulate this power and protect the interests of investors. This theoretical approach does not, however, take into account the real rationality of the CRA regulation, which is limited to organizing the rating activity and the status of agencies by applying to ratings the legal regime in accordance with their dual nature : they are opinions – and moreover financial opinions because of their subject matter – that is to say, subjective statements expressing relative truths about the risk of default of an issuer of financial securities ; they are “avis”, that is to say opinions dedicated by law to informing a decision, in that they are included in some of the decision-making procedures of the legislator in banking and financial matters. Like any opinion, credit ratings can be freely expressed, provided they are based on a sufficient factual basis, in order to protect the interests of the persons to whom they relate, namely the issuers of financial securities. Like any financial opinion, they are subject to market abuse regulations from that moment on they have informational value, in order to protect the financial markets. Like any “avis”, they are subject to a principle of integrity, which aims to preserve the technical subjectivity of the agencies which is decisive for the dedication of their ratings to the rank of “avis”
Chacornac, Jérôme. "Essai sur les fonctions de l'information en droit des instruments financiers." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020019.
Full textInformation constitutes the element or the stake of many a legal rule in financial Law. These rules dictate disclosure obligations to issuers, financial intermediaries and investors. Furthermore, they sanction market abuses, insofar as they undermine the qualities of the information, and provide a legal framework for the elaboration process of opinions voiced by financial analysts and credit rating agencies. In such a heterogeneous body of rules, diverse legal qualifications are applicable to information. The conistency of the discipline lies in the necessity to inform the participants of the risk inherent to financial instruments. From its intellectual functions, information can be studied as transmittable intelligence permitting a better understanding of the risk financial instruments entail. While some data allows for the description of the investment risk, other data enables its assesment over time in order to realize predictions. Substantive law evolves by drawing on the two intellectual functions of information: its descriptive function and its predictive function. This analysis helps to reinforce the intellegibility of constantly evolving legislation, which implies the joint study of company law, contract law and criminal business law. The law of financial instruments can thus be the subject of an analysis stemming from information as a requirement to the taking an investment risk
Alshammari, Turki. "The composition and characteristics of stockholders in GCC markets, and their response to the released information : an application to credit rating agencies' and Imams' announcements." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0098.
Full textWe examine the possible influence of the domination of individual investors on stock markets’ behaviour in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with respect to the credit rating agencies’ and Imams’ “Islamic scholars” announcements. We assume that the English language used by the international Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) to publish their news may fail to reduce the asymmetric information in GCC markets, due to the low level of English knowledge amongst the individual investors. We also assume that Sharia law (Islamic law) is an essential characteristic that is likely to affect the formulation of investment decisions in GCC countries. Hence, we suggest, in Saudi Arabia, the Imams’ announcements (the announcements that classify the listed firms in Saudi Stock Exchange to Sharia and non-Sharia compliant firms) are likely to affect the stock prices and the firms’ financial health. Arguing that the religious status of a firm may control the market reaction to CRAs’ decisions, as Sharia legitimacy might come first compared to the default risk. To examine our assumptions, we firstly apply a questionnaire to investigate the behaviour of individual investors in the Saudi market. We tend to investigate how the individual investors reach the financial information concerning the stock market, and how these individuals treat the foreign news (announced in the English language). We find that the majority of individual investors tend to rely only on the Arabic sources and pay attention to the translated news, whereas following the English news directly from the source is appeared to be only amongst the individual investors who understand the English language. Regarding the Imams’ announcements, we also aim in our questionnaire to find out whether the religion factor plays a role in their investment’ decisions, and to which extent the religious status of a firm can affect the individual investors’ desire to hold and purchase its securities. This investigation will allow us to examine whether the religion factor has the power to impact the firms’ financial health in high religious markets, which also allows us to suggest taking into consideration this factor when assessing firms for a credit rating in high religious areas. Based on the survey, the findings indicate an essential role played by the religion amongst the individual investors, where the religion factor is likely to affect the market as much as other financial indicators could do. Secondly, we apply an event study methodology and find positive (negative) abnormal returns following the positive (negative) credit rating events, indicating that the market participants see the positive (negative) rating events as good (bad) news. Interestingly, the stock reaction on markets characterised with lower individual investors’ domination is found to occur faster than on the markets characterised with higher individual investors’ domination. We assume the language used by the CRAs to publish their decisions is likely to be one cause of the lag, due to the low level of English knowledge amongst the individual investors. Then, we use the raw data of a previous Meta-Analysis study with respect to the CRAs’ announcements, to examine the difference in times of reactions in markets located in Anglophone countries and non-Anglophone countries. The results provide insights about a faster response in Anglophone countries than non-Anglophone countries. Furthermore, the event study applied on the Imams’ announcements in the Saudi market proves the influence of the religion factor on the stock prices, as the market immediately reacts positively (negatively) to the Imams’ announcements.Therefore, we suggest that international CRAs should 1- choose the proper language to deliver their opinions (not only in English), and 2- take into consideration the religion factor when assessing firms in high religious areas, especially the ones characterized by a high proportion of individual investors
Ben, Hmiden Oussama. "Contribution à la connaissance du rôle des agences de notation dans l'information comptable et financière." Bordeaux 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR40031.
Full textThe aims of this research is to demystify the methodology of credit rating agencies (CRA) in a context of tensions between the various actors in the operation of rating, through an analysis of the influence of CRA on accounting and financial information diffused by rated companies. An empirical analysis is intented to study the importance of accounting and financial adjusted in the methodology of the CRA. An evaluation of the explanatory capacity of the accounting and financial variables adjusted makes it possible to better understand the relation between the adjustments of the CRA and the level of the ascribed rating. Pointing out the weight of the adjustments of the accounting and financial information displayed by CRA, this research allows to illustrate better the determinants of ratings. Indeed, adjustments of the accounting and financial information can really change the informative power of the models of determinations of credit ratings
Raimbourg, Philippe. "La notation des créances sur les marchés financiers français." Paris 9, 1988. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1988PA090007.
Full textRaingeard, de La Bletière Olivier. "Efficacité de la notation et régulation." Paris 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA020013.
Full textGuehair, Nourreddine. "La notation financière : cas des collectivités locales françaises." Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU2005.
Full textThe modernization of public finance of major french local authorities questioned credit rationg. We discuss their motivations for using their practical utilities and purposes, beyond the role of access to financing. We have recourse to a wide theoretical framework : the theory of the agency, the signal, the stakeholders, as well as the learning and the neo-institutional theories. The work is based on a questionnaire plus public data originating from 149 communities among which 20 are rated. The results show that the motivations for the use of credit rating are mainly : size, the level of risk control and financial reporting, tax and financial variables, the perceived shortcomings of the DGCO and DGCL risk prevention devices, as well as the image of the rating agencies. Beyong the role of certification, credit ratings also appears as a tool for learning, controlling, legitimating, obtaining and disseminates financial information both in internally and externally. It would became a managerial tool contributing to improving local governance
Ristiniemi, Annukka. "Three essays in macro-finance." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0149.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays that examine the role of sovereign debt in the economy. The first of the essays explores the question of optimal debt through liquidity and finds that as long as debt is below a sustainability threshold, increasing debt is beneficial. Increasing debt levels encourages buyers to enter the market improving liquidity and lowering yields. The result is built by combining two strands of literature, market thinness and default probabilities in a unified search-theoretic model of over the counter traded debt. The model also predicts that liquidity and yields in smaller countries that are not able to issue much debt, suffer more from shocks to income. A panel VAR with data on Eurozone countries confirms this prediction. In the second chapter I present a search theoretic model of over-the-counter debt with quantitative easing that explains why interest rates fall more in some countries than others. The study is motivated by our finding that the higher rated a Eurozone country was, the more yields fell. Since the central banks purchase similar amounts in each Eurozone country, it cannot explain the difference in impact on yields. We explain the differential through two channels. Firstly, in markets for highly rated bonds, there are more preferred habitat investors and subsequently fewer sellers. Sellers therefore have a higher bargaining power and can negotiate a higher price. Those preferred habitat investors' have a less elastic demand for bonds, and wil continue to buy them even though it becomes harder to find sellers and their bargaining power diminishes. This excess demand due to market tightness has an additional positive impact on the price. Finally, central bank purchases initially improve liquidity, especially in high risk countries where the measure of buyers is small, but as it tapers the purchases, liquidity is reduced well below pre-purchase levels especially in those countries, that is the cost of quantitative easing. We estimate the share of preferred habitat investors in each Eurozone country from the ECB's Securities and Holdings Statistics and confirm the differential impact on yields with a panel VAR and an event study. The third chapter examines credit ratings and their impact on sovereign debt crises and yields. The results show that credit ratings are poor predictors of sovereign debt crises. A parsimonious model of fundamentals is better at predicting Emerging Market debt crises than credit ratings. Furthermore, rating changes tend to lag events significantly. Investors should therefore ignore rating changes given that they do not contain new information. Estimating the impact of rating changes on yields, we find evidence of contrary, yields react especially strongly to downgrades of non-investment grade debt. This can be due to regulatory constraints where a downgrade reduces the value of debt as a collateral
Gabriel, Amadeus. "The economics of credit rating agencies : how credit rating agencies became financial market authorities." Angers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ANGE0039.
Full textThis thesis explores the question of how credit rating agencies became financial market authorities and studies subsequently their contribution to the current financial crisis. The prerequisites for the growth of the credit rating industry have been set by government officials. Governments and similar institutions not only attributed ''regulatory'' licenses to credit rating agencies, thereby creating an income guarantee, but they are also the most important driver of the explosion in securities which require a rating. Credit rating agencies became financial market authorities because governments and policy-makers were in favor of it. International and domestic regulatory authorities created incentives to purchase sovereign debt, either directly or indirectly via the use of credit ratings. Financial regulations incentivized banks to hold large amounts of highly rated debts, i. E. Government obligations until the occurrence of structured finance. These conditions significantly reduced the cost of debt for the banking sector through lower equity and provided more favorable refinancing costs for governments despite their high debt levels. However, the main reason for the financial fragility is monetary policy. Fractional-reserve banking and fiat money at a global scale since the 1970s increased moral hazard and excessive risk-taking in financial markets. Taking these factors into account, this thesis studies the role of credit rating agencies in the current financial crisis and sketches practical implications for the rating industry based on the findings of the work at hand
Daoud, Barkat Daoud. "Réglementation du capital bancaire et risque du crédit : évaluation du nouvel accord de Bâle." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE0504.
Full textBourgoin, Christophe. "Risque souverain : contributions empiriques à l’analyse des déterminants des spreads obligataires souverains de pays émergents." Cergy-Pontoise, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CERG0463.
Full textThis thesis aims to examine sovereign risk in emerging markets. We analyze specifically determinants of sovereign bond spreads. The recent financial crisis shows that this subject is in the throes of international financial stability issues. The thesis is composed by four chapters. The central role of sovereign risk and bond spreads for emerging markets is described in an introductive chapter. In an first chapter, the existence of emerging bond spreads comovements is examined in using two multivariate analysis (an factorial analysis and an cointegration analysis) on a recent period (1998-2006). One of interests of such an analysis is to evidence the importance of global and common factors in the determination of sovereign bond spreads and to identify their factors. In a second chapter, using an event study, we investigate the impact of sovereign credit ratings changes on emerging market bond spreads. In the third chapter, we use a recent econometrical methodology, the FAVAR approach, which we enable to summarize information of a fifty financial, macroeconomic and political variables, for finding what are common and idiosyncratic factors of sovereign brazilian spread and studying the reactions of spread to domestic and global shocks
Ismaiel, Linda. "L'application de Bâle II dans les pays émergents et le rôle controversé des agences de notation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24006.
Full textThe establishment of the new agreement of Basel II presents a great challenge for the emergent countries and require important efforts of their part. Among these challenges are those relating to the limits of the rating agencies, which play a primordial role in the application of Basel II, especially in these countries. The study of these insufficiencies and the verification on the capacity of the rating agencies to play an efficient role in prudential regulation in the emergent countries are the main objective of this thesis. In this target, we propose two empirical studies. The first refers to the practice of the “Sovereign Ceilings” of the rating agencies, which poses a problem in the use of external notations as part of the standardized approach in the emergent countries. The methodology adopted in this study consists in estimating an Error Correction Model (ECM) on the Fitch notations of the nonbanking and banking firms in the developed and emergent countries for the period (1997-2006). The second study aims at proving, by testing the coherence between the agency notations (Moody’s and S&P) and the probability of default of banks in the emergent countries, if these notations really transmit to the market a reliable information on banks, and play an efficient role in the market discipline in these countries. In this objective, the methodology of scoring and of mapping offered by Carey and Hrycay (2001) is adopted
Jaballah, Jamil Sadok. "Essais sur l'impact des crises financières sur la réputation et le comportement des agences de notation." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10040/document.
Full textThis thesis studies the impact of the reputation of rating agencies on investors’ perception of ratings, and on rating agencies ability to disclose accurate and timely information. It consists of four chapters. In the first and second chapters, we study changes in investors’ perception of rating agencies’ ratings following the observation of rating failures. The results show that investors either ignore or react less to ratings after such failures, which suggests that rating agencies poor performance affects negatively their reputation. In the third and fourth chapters, we study the determinants of ratings timeliness and accuracy disclosed by credit rating agencies. The results suggest that the reputation of the rating agency affects the quality of ratings. In particular, the higher the rating agency s reputation, the less accurate and timely the rating is
Taupin, Benjamin. "Le maintien institutionnel comme travail de justification : le cas de l'industrie de la notation du crédit." Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/8004.
Full textThe work of maintaining institutions has been barely studied by neo-institutional analysis. We propose to enrich this notion thanks to the empirical study of credit rating. The credit rating industry is characterized by a paradox that lies in the opposition between the permanence that comes with this phenomenon while it is strongly criticized. Based on the approach of Boltanski and Thévenot’s economies of worth, we carry out an analysis of the institutional work of justification performed by the actors at the time of the public consultations led by the American Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) during the 2000-2010 crisis of justification. A qualitative analysis of 340 comments was conducted using NVivo software. The analysis indicates that the controversies permitted a reaffirmation of the established legitimacy principles, impeding any actual modification of the status quo. During the considered period, we distinguish between a first work of maintenance, lying on a simple confirmation of what actually is, and a process of maintenance much more complex and dynamic, in which various logics are put together in a way that leads to the reaffirmation of the effective legitimacy principles and to the rejection of any logic not involved in the compromise. The previously enounced paradox of credit rating shall therefore be reconsidered: the contestation of rating is precisely fueling the institutional maintenance in the industry. In its stability, the institution is to be conceived here as inseparable from its contestation
Seffar, Meriem. "Impacts de la notation financière surévaluée sur la création de valeur de l’entreprise." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE0008/document.
Full textRating agencies could not anticipate the collapse of several companies. Researches have focused on ratings impacts on stock prices and yield spreads. They investigated, more on the use of ratings by investors and banking regulators. This thesis is an extension of this work. Nevertheless, it investigates, particularly, the impacts of rating overvaluation on issuers. The main expected theoretical contribution of this work is to analyze ratings accuracy, and rating contribution to the value creation for the issuing company. We will study whether the rating of a company can be considered as a factor behind its excessive reliance on debt market, and we will analyze the impact on its financial situation
Trouillet, Julien. "Credit Rating Agencies." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED045/document.
Full textCredit rating agencies have recently been under a lot of scrutiny. Their responsibility in the last financial crisis has been questioned. They received much attention from the media. The credit rating agencies have been blamed for their too generous ratings before the crisis and also for being too severe during the European debt crisis. In this thesis, after an overlook of the recent literature, I look at two specific issues related to their activity: • What issues arise when public information is released by a private entity on financial markets? • Can reputation explains why a credit rating agency can be caught underrating (respectively overrating)
Van, Praag Nicolas. "La déviance managériale : Gouvernance, rating et crédit management." Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090068.
Full textBihr, Marie-Hélène. "L'intégration de la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise et des informations extra-financières par le marché financier." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENG012.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the use of extra-financial information by the financial markets. We review the foundations of CSR, give a definition and bring up the measurement issue. Then, we focus on a new actor in the financial markets: extra-financial rating agencies on particular KLD, leader in the US and Vigeo, leader in France. They seem to answer the ever growing investors’ need of information on the level of CSR of their portfolio. In our empirical section, we are searching to assess the importance and use of extra-financial information in the financial markets. The first study deals with the impact of social index changes on stock returns. We use two different index: the ASPI (Vigeo) and the DS400 (KLD) to show that investors tend to value more information about an addition than a deletion in these social index. The second study verifies whether financial and extra-financial information are linked or not and whether it is possible to use the first one to obtain the second. It appears that extra-financial information has a real added-value and that extra-financial rating agencies have a genuine role. The third study examines the importance given to ESG information by investors, buy-side and sell-side analysts and investor relation officers. This survey reveals that if governance seems to be significantly valued, environmental and social issues are less important for the different actors
Mécemmène, Céline. "Analyse terminologique trilingue du langage des agences de notation financière et analyse de divers aspects de la traduction économique et financière." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2004.
Full textThe subject of our thesis is based on the study of two complementary essential points: a presentation of the main rating agencies and a terminology research in the economic and the financial field. We aim firstly to establish clearly the economic and financial concepts and terms in French with their equivalents in English and Arabic. The second point deals with the analysis of the economic and financial translation in the three languages (French-English-Arabic). Our goal is to analyze the characteristics of this specialized field, to compare translation results in the three languages then try to find out and analyze the problems encountered by economic and financial translators. Finance is a very broad field that represents many sub-domains however, terminology research in the financial rating sub-domain has been little developed, we decided then to introduce the financial rating agencies and to study their termionology. The reality is that until today, the economic and financial terminology is not clearly established in the French and Arabic languages which borrow a lot from the English language. We aim then to perform a theoretical and practical research, as we believe that the two approaches are complementary and enrich each other. In fact, terminology and translation are complementary and economic and financial translation requires numerous skills such as linguistic skills, and knowledge of the field of economy and finance
Seve, Margot. "La régulation financière après la crise." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010308.
Full textNaouar, Anissa. "Régulation, performance et incidences sur la stabilité des banques européennes." Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100015.
Full textThe thesis is devised into 4 chapters. The first chapter studied the determinants of European banks’ capital adequacy ratio in a macro-prudential framework. Among interesting results, under macroeconomic shocks, the theory of capital buffer is confirmed showing the limited pressure of the regulatory solvency standards and the pro-cyclicality embedded in European banks’ capital adequacy ratios. The second chapter focused on the implications of multiple safety nets in Europe in the prediction of European banks distress. Results show that national supervisory systems limit the under capitalization of European banks, however, thanks to the constructive ambiguity policy and deposit insurance schemes restrictions. In the third chapter, we assessed the effects of market actors in banking regulation using a couple of event studies. The results show that stock prices anticipate, well in advance, the improvement in European banks’ balance sheet situations. The results show also the role played by rating agencies in the collection and summary of positive information together with a prompt interpretation of bad private information. Given the established importance of market discipline in the supervisory process (according to the Pillar III of Basel II), the final chapter focused on the underlying conditions for market discipline power in influencing bankers’ behaviour. The results of the simultaneous estimation of capital buffer and risk suggest that market discipline effects are stronger for banks that do not benefit from external support. Finally, disclosure has a disciplinary effect as more transparent banks have fewer incentives to take high risks while maintaining a high capital buffer
Rekik, Donia. "Vers une approche dynamique du processus de la notation souveraine." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080062.
Full textThe object of this study is to propose a conceptual and statistical framework to better understand the sovereign rating process. This thesis suggests a multi-levels-approach in the perspective (i) of unveiling the limits of expertise of the credit rating agencies due to the noticed differences and to the rating errors. It will also (ii) conduct a classic reconstitution of the sovereign ratings and (iii) will revisit the rating process according to a dynamic reconstitution of the scores. The results of the classic reconstitution revealed that the ratings of the developing countries showed their economic and financial situation whereas it showed the subjective intervention of the experts when it came to developed countries. Studies conducted in a dynamic perspective are based on the construction and the modeling of the rating migration. A first study driven by the MDS method, has allowed to discover the type of ratings used. The four types of identified systems allow distinguishing the most stable countries from the most vulnerable. A second study has consisted on modeling the rating systems in a context of the scores made through ACD model and an ordered Probit model. The results highlight an acceleration of the lowering score for the episodes especially in times of crisis. The lack of heterogeneity in the model raised awareness regarding the ratings of socioeconomic situations and created an advanced composite index. The rating migration reflect the long-term evolution of a country, they also transmit a more important and a larger informational content than a simple rating
Tong, Xuheng. "L'environnement institutionnel influence-t-il le rôle, la stratégie et l'impact des agences de notation financières ? Application à la Chine et éléments de comparaison avec l’Europe." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0196.
Full textIn this Ph.D. thesis, we aim to contribute to the entire research on CRAs, with theoretical, conceptual and empirical aspects. We used the New-institutionalism as a theoretical frame of reference to justify the importance to have a good understanding of Chinese institutional characteristics. Chinese State-capitalism and Socialist-market economics, along with the interaction of CRAs with regulators, issuers and investors are devoted to setting the stage. We implemented various methodological approaches that seemed the most appropriate, on the sample that the most suitable, according to each of the objectives that we set, to better comprehend CRAs’ role, strategy and impact, under Chinese market context.Firstly, we found that CRAs were not expected to play “their main role” in assessing the credit default risk for market investment in China, as they are usually assigned to do so in Europe, and other developed countries. After running the frequency test, to register the words most used in the written regulatory and normative documents, we concluded that the expectation of roles of CRAs was also different in Continental China and in Hong Kong. At the expectation of issuers, CRAs also seem to play a role in rating “shopping”, in split rating, and even in rating inflation. Investors are very cautious to the multiple ratings. Secondly, by using logistic models, we found that global CRAs tend to rate more strictly than local CRAs, ceteris paribus. We also realized that the strategical behaviors of Chinese local CRAs are distinctive one from the other, when we studied the determinants “behind” initial issuer ratings. These findings confirmed the preliminary quantitative tests that we executed on the descriptive data. Thirdly, we failed to find informative impact of credit rating changes on the stock market, through a classic event study relying on the market model. Even if we refined the methodology by completing GARCH to OLS estimation model, and non-parametric tests to parametric tests, we only found significant outcomes in some subsamples, and for negative watch-lists.In the end, the analyses we led and the findings we reported from each of these empirical chapters have contributed to enrich, in return, our discussion of Chinese institutional characteristics
Shi, Xucheng. "Three Essays on Information Intermediaries in Capital Markets." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021EHEC0003.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three chapters that empirically investigate the economics of information intermediaries. The first chapter investigates whether a proxy advisory firm’s parent company has a vested interest in proxy votes. The second chapter presents a joint work with Han Wu, examining whether proxy advisors exert an active role in influencing executive compensation or merely a passive role as information intermediaries. The third chapter, joint with Zhang Zhang, explores whether credit reports from investor-paid rating agencies provide incremental information of corporate debt issuers’ credit risk
Dammak, Neila. "Notation financière et comportement des acteurs sur le marché financier." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0048.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to analyze the role of rating agencies on the financial market. Our contribution consists in a better understanding of the impact of rating announcements on the agents on the French financial market (both investors and analysts).First we focus on the information content of announcements by rating agencies and the impact of theirs decisions in the market. To answer this question, we made an event study at the rating announcements, by identifying them by nature, type and category.This research highlights the fact that the rating announcements generally have an impact on the stock market. This impact depends on the nature of the announcement, the information provided in the reports as well as score changes between categories and within the speculative category. Moreover, the rating level depends on the firm financial and accounting characteristics.Second, we intend to understand the beneficial role of rating agencies on the financial markets. To answer this question, we analyzed the evolution of the information asymmetry and stock market liquidity around rating announcements.Our results show that positive announcements (respectively negative) lead to a decrease (respectively increase) of information asymmetry. We also found that positive and neutral announcements, unlike the negative ones, lead to a reduction of bid-ask spread and to an increase of transactions volumes. Both effects reflect higher (respectively lower) stock market liquidity when the announcements are positive or neutral (respectively negative).Finally, we focus on the study of the impact of rating announcements on analysts' forecasts. For this purpose, we studied the evolution of the analysts' forecasts dispersion and errors around rating announcements.Our results indicate an inverse relationship between the characteristics of financial analysts' forecasts and the nature of the rating announcement. Indeed, positive and neutral announcements reduce the error and the dispersion of analysts' forecasts.This research shows the informative content of rating announcements on the stock market and the real contribution of the announcements by improving financial communication
Orpiszewski, Tomasz. "Le marché des dettes souveraines dans la globalisation financière." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090052/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation presents the analysis of the link between the government debt market, sovereign risk, financial stability and development of the local currency debt in emerging economies. The reserch contribution to the academic literature lies in the empirical analysis of capital flows in bond markets and, for this purpose, I constructed a novel database covering domestic and foreign holdings of government bonds in developed and emerging economies. As a result, this disertation projects a complete and coherent image of the globalisation of sovereign bond markets
Charron, Daniel. "Nationalisme et investissement : le cas du Québec." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0004.
Full textSierra, Torre Marion. "Trois essais sur la comptabilité de la dette publique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED002.
Full textThis thesis deals with the accounting of public debt from three distinct and complementary analytical perspectives. First, we study the accounting standards for retirement obligations. We develop a theoretical evaluation grid using a comparative and diachronic analysis based on the review of existing practices. Our analysis highlights that the existing pension schemes in Europe are incompatible with the individual savings model as promoted by the IPSAS 25 norm. Second, we analyze the relationship between debt accounting and the political environment, and test the hypothesis of an underestimation of debt levels around elections. Results allow us to validate our hypothesis and indicate that developing countries are most affected by this underestimation. Third, we examine the impact of the solicitation status of a sovereign rating on the rating itself and on the public debt level assigned by rating agencies. Focusing on Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P, our findings indicate that agencies favor countries soliciting their rating comparing to those who do not solicit them
Bouvard, Matthieu. "3 essais en finance d'entreprise." Toulouse 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU10032.
Full textThe first essay shows that adverse selection on the capital market affects incentives of entrepreneurs to engage in information acquisition through education or experience. The second essay models innovation financing as a sequential investment problem. Adverse selection on the capital market distorts investment timing and creates inertia. Optimal contracts can be implemented through stock options with a vesting period and severance payments. The third essay studies ratings or certification agencies and shows that reputational concerns have an ambiguous effect. When the perceived reliability of ratings is deficient, reputation has a disciplining effect and the precision of reports improves. However, agencies with a good reputation are too lenient
Caputo, Nicolas. "Ressources économiques et pouvoir politique : intégration semi-périphérique au système financier mondial et son impact sur la coalition socio-politique au pouvoir en Argentine de 1989 à 2001." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814376.
Full textSalvade, Federica. "Essays on credit rating agencies." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010068.
Full textThe main aim of my thesis is to evaluate the market reaction to credit rating announcements. Precisely, the thesis studies the impact of the release of such announcements on the price volatility, liquidity and several trading activity measures in the bond market and CDS. A chapter also examines whether and how the issuer stock price reacts to the withdrawal of its credit rating
Adeimi, Jessica. "Le cadre juridique de supervision bancaire et de régulation prudentielle : Du risque souverain aux politiques budgétaires d'austérité." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0020/document.
Full textWhile the 2008 crisis has plunged the economy into a difficult period full of uncertainty, it can at least boast of having launched reforms of the financial sphere. In a context where international regulation is increasingly a matter of soft law, the Basel Committee plays an important role in developing rules to build a more secure banking sector, especially as the Basel III rules aim to restore confidence in the banking and financial system that was shaken, but also to prevent the occurrence of a new crisis. By means of stricter rules and innovative tools, regulation has gone further than in the past. However, the dangers arising from the circumvention of prudential rules by banks are indeed present. The question of the effectiveness of prudential regulation strategies, which may again be overwhelmed and taken aback by another crisis, is seriously raised. Regulatory responses usually come afterwards, whereas action should be taken upstream. Countries have often helped their banks, but they will not necessarily have the same resources in every new crisis. In this context, issues related to the interconnection between sovereign and banking risks and austerity policies were discussed, as were issues related to rating agencies, securitization and public-private partnerships. In a changing world, new challenges arise and a look at further horizons has led us to take an interest in the new deregulation policy of the new President of the United States, but it was also timely to take an interest in Lebanon, whose banking system has managed to escape the global crisis. Moreover, the banking and financial system will probably have to deal with phenomena such as "bitcoin" or "Islamic finance", which, despite their fragility, are developing. Finally, the thesis aims to show the limits of the current system and the measures envisaged
Patatouka, Eleni. "Étude des mutations sociospatiales, système financier et marché immobilier en Grèce : tendances de financiarisation du système du logement à Athènes au cours des années 2000." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080026/document.
Full textThe present thesis concerns the sociospatial mutations produced by the financialization trends of the Greek housing system in the past two decades. How are the global processes of financialization accommodated in a local context in order to generate a Greek version of financialization? Aim of the thesis is to shed light on the transformation of a self-financing economy, based on family networks to a mortgage market. The hypothesis is that these changes in the field of financing the residential urban fabric, or the emergence of finance as a "new actor" on housing production circuits, are associated with the precarization of housing and new sociospatial geographies.During the postwar decades, Athens, a Mediterranean city and, at the same time, a south European peripheral urban center, is characterized by strong social mobility, when housing production circuits functioned as a “social elevator”. Since the early 1990s, Athens is facing both new challenges and the persistence of pre-existing structures. It is the first time of a crucial expansion of housing credit in Greece, when housing prices have significantly increased. The quantitative and qualitative analysis, the case study and the semi-structured interviews highlight new actors, their actions, representations and practices as well as tendencies of financial exclusion. This study highlights the importance of the geography as well as the significant role of family networks, the scale of neighborhood and everyday life in analyzing finance and the interconnections of the financial system with the informal economy
Romanens, Jean-Louis. "Permanences, mutations et renouveau du service public hospitalier." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10007/document.
Full textPermanencies, mutations and revival of hospital public utilities : The legislative corpus initiated on July, 21st, 2009, by the law reforming the hospital and relative to the patients, health and territories, put a new legal paradigm concerning the hospital public utilities. So we have questioned this concept, its constraints, its permanencies but also mutations and apparent revival. The concept of a public hospital service, may be the first public service created in our history, emerged from a slow maturation, based on that rule: ''serve the other one'', canonically appeared during the Orleans Council, 511. Since one thousand and five hundred years, it has often mutate but has kept this mental content, on which transplanted the hospital experiment. Two new mutations were developed during the last decade. In a formal legal break-off, distinguishing public services missions opened to any health actor, and the public utilities' guaranties of equality, continuity, mutability, the public utilities originating from hospital, leaving its organicity, built for itself a euro-compatibility. In return, mainly supported by the French hospital and its nine million hospitalizations a year, it shaped the concept of general economic interest service of the European Union. Through another mutation of its autonomous management, it has found the ethic of a new synergy between systemic medical quality and economic management grounded on activeness. However, it weighs on its future, other imperatives. On one hand, the cooperations between establishments require their elevation into a public utilities mission rank. And a management of the user's representatives and the various hospital staff must be integrated to the strategy. On the other hand, the heavy current stakes in public health, worsening the social deficits, paralyzed by the corporatism and sanitary powerlessness, would quickly require a personalized coverage in health routes of chronic diseases, and of populations in social dislocation. The rise of a territory health public utilities mission opened to any health actor whose legislation we propose, would contribute to the inter-professional coordination and the relevance of the health system. In continuation, we propose legislative and organizational modalities of creation of specific entities by the health establishments, in territories of exception agreed with the Regional Health Agency (Agence Régionale de Santé). It would be a matter of Inter professional hospital poles of health (PHIS) on ambulatory medicine of prevention, therapeutic education, organic care, mental care, reeducation and rehabilitation follow-up. Health centers included into health poles, they would allow restoring population accessibilities adapted to each territory, bettering the town-hospital relationship, and a research-teaching valuing the general medicine. In its society and for the citizen, the public hospital utilities have to stay the experiment of future