Academic literature on the topic 'Aged – Government policy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Aged – Government policy"
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Beaton, Jacqueline, Ngaire Kerse, and Martin Connolly. "Government Policy on Transport Options Directed towards the Advanced Age." Studies in Social Science Research 3, no. 2 (May 28, 2022): p223. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v3n2p223.
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Background: Response was noteworthy by both gender and cultural grouping New Zealand Maori and non-Maori to the question of transport options for older people.Method: Respondents were asked to rate government policy along a scale of very unhappy-to- very happy. These results were then analysed using ordinal logistic regression, Mann Whitney U test and descriptive analysis.Results: Participants totalled 931 with 421 New Zealand Maori and 510 New Zealand Maori non-Maori.New Zealand Maori: Within the three age categories (83-86, 87-89 & 90-93) it was New Zealand Maori males aged between 87-89 years followed by 83-86 years who indicated that they were predominantly happy or neither happy/unhappy with government policy. Males aged between 90-93 years were also very happy or had a marginal view of the legislation. For New Zealand Maori females instead a comparable number of those aged between 83-86 years view indicated that they either very happy to being neither happy or unhappy with the policy. Whereas for the next age grouping (87-89 years) their opinion reduced slightly to those who were either happy or neither happy/unhappy. A position similarly held by New Zealand Maori females aged 90 years plus.New Zealand non-Maori: Both New Zealand non-Maori male and female results demonstrated a similar pattern with them being mainly happy with the legislation, then neither happy or unhappy to being very happy. Conclusion: Generally it could be said that results from both New Zealand Maori and non-Maori were relatively impartial towards government transport legislation sitting either on the fence or just slightly above.
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Reymond, Liz, Fiona J. Israel, and Margaret A. Charles. "A residential aged care end-of-life care pathway (RAC EoLCP) for Australian aged care facilities." Australian Health Review 35, no. 3 (2011): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah10899.
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The objective of this study was to develop, implement and evaluate an end-of-life (terminal) care pathway and associated infrastructure suitable for Australian residential aged care facilities that improves resident and health system outcomes. The residential aged care end-of-life care pathway was developed by a multidisciplinary collaboration of government and non-government professionals and incorporated best clinical management for dying residents to guide care and increase palliative care capacity of generalist staff. Implementation included identifying and up-skilling Link Nurses to champion the pathway, networking facilities with specialist palliative care services, delivering education to generalists and commencing a Palliative Care Medication Imprest System in each facility. The primary outcome measure for evaluation was transfer to hospital; secondary measures included staff perceived changes in quality of palliative care provided and family satisfaction with care. Results indicated that the pathway, delivered within a care framework that guides provision of palliative care, resulted in improved resident outcomes and decreased inappropriate transfers to acute care settings. What is known about the topic? Residential aged care facilities (RACFs) are the hospices of today. Many RACF staff are not confident in the delivery of high quality palliative care, resulting in inappropriate transfers of dying residents to acute care facilities. Needs-based palliative care pathways are being used increasingly to direct care in a variety of healthcare environments. What does this paper add? Provides the first evidence in Australia that a residential aged care end-of-life care pathway (RAC EoLCP) improves outcomes of care for dying residents and results in fewer residents being inappropriately transferred to acute care facilities. What are the implications for practitioners? Use of the RAC EoLCP will improve resident and health system outcomes by guiding the delivery of high quality palliative care and improving the palliative care capacity of generalist health providers.
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Fleishman, Rachel. "An innovative method of government surveillance of services for the aged in Israel." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 11, no. 5 (September 1998): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09526869810230894.
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Martin, Fiona, and Gerard Goggin. "Digital Transformations?: Gendering the End User in Digital Government Policy." Journal of Information Policy 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 436–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.6.2016.436.
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Abstract Digital government strategies espouse user-centric design and citizen participation, but it is unclear how they explicitly address the needs of women, who are significant users of health, social welfare, and aged-care services. This article analyzes how Australia's 2015 Digital Transformations initiative, based on the British Gov.uk program, attends to international benchmarks for gender equality and empowerment in ICT policy. It finds gender awareness absent from construction of a service end user, with disability and ethnicity constituting the markers of sociocultural difference. In response it proposes gender-aware codesign principles for developing more equitable, effective online service delivery.
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Shim, Sang-Gak, and Chang-One Kim. "Suggestions for the Development Direction of the Aging-friendly Industry in Daegu Metropolitan City." National Association of Korean Local Government Studies 24, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.38134/klgr.2022.24.1.049.
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If the proportion of population aged 65 or older exceeds 20%, it is called a "super-aged society," and according to the National Statistical Office's future population estimate, the proportion of population aged 65 or older reached 20.3% as of 2025. Accordingly, the government and local governments need to establish various policies according to the entry into an aging society. Korea is also aware of this situation and establishing and promoting policies for various elderly societies or elderly-friendly industries. However, there is a limitation in terms of policy efficiency as the approach to the situation or flow of the times is prioritized, not the multidimensional approach to the aging society and the aging-friendly industry. Therefore, this study suggested the direction of revitalization of the aging-friendly industry, policies, institutions, and corporate participation in the market sector through analysis of Japanese policies and markets that entered the aging society earlier than Korea. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the elderly-friendly industry needs diversification of products and services and high added value accordingly, and business opportunities should be discovered and provided to products and services desired by the elderly. In addition, in terms of policy, the government and local governments need to make prior support policies for the elderly-friendly industry, and efforts for the interest and development of the elderly-friendly industry by local governments.
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Ulum, Muhammad Bahrul, and Dina Tsalist Wildana. "Promoting the Right to Education through A Card: A Paradox of Indonesia's Educational Policy?" Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i01.26973.
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In 2015, the Indonesian government unveiled the Smart Indonesia Program, or Program Indonesia Pintar (PIP). The program consisted of educational subsidies through cash transfers exclusively granted to students aged from 6 to 21 years old from poor families. This paper examines the role of the PIP subsidy pertaining to the fulfilment of the right to education. As a consequence, it resulted in a competing account between cash transfers and the minimum standard of government duties to fulfil the need for adequate educational support. There is a paradox in the government's educational policy on the fulfilment of human rights to education in dealing with the PIP program. While educational complexities faced in remote areas cannot be hindered and it is granted not solely to students from vulnerable families. Such discrepancies in programs circumstantially affirm that the government ignores the root of Indonesia's educational problems, including providing free education as its obligation to human rights. The research conducted concludes by suggesting the government to evaluate the current policies by considering budget priorities and the efficiency of providing inclusive education.
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Solah, M. S., A. Hamzah, A. H. Ariffin, M. S. Abdul Khalid, A. S. Salleh, S. A. S. M. Rahim, and K. A. Abu Kassim. "Private Vehicle Roadworthiness Inspection – Towards ELV Realization." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v5i3.182.
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Being one of the most critical sectors worldwide, the rapid increase of automobility has necessitated effective management of End-of- Life Vehicles (ELVs). However, in Malaysia, an ELV policy and initiative is absent from the country's automotive ecosystem which resulted in a proliferation of aged and unsafe vehicles; thus potentially increasing the chance of occupant injury in a crash. The government had already mooted an ELV policy but due to public outcry, the proposed plan for the scrapping of aged vehicles was postponed. This paper aims to provide an overview of a potential private vehicle inspection to be introduced and also the challenges facing the government towards the implementation of the ELV directive in Malaysia. It is believed that the results presented in this paper will be useful to academics, government officials, and researchers to establish strategies for ELV policy in Malaysia effectively via a vehicle roadworthiness inspection.
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Timo, Nils. "Future directions for workplace bargaining and aged care under a post 2005 Howard government." Australian Health Review 29, no. 3 (2005): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050274.
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ON THE 1ST OF JULY 2005, the Howard Government took control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate and substantial reform of the nation?s industrial relations framework is likely to proceed. In order to understand the implications of the proposed industrial relations (IR) reform agenda on aged care, it is necessary to briefly revisit the past. Historically, the ability of the Commonwealth Parliament to regulate industrial relations was construed in the context of Section 51 (xxxv) of the Australian Constitution Act 1900 (Cwlth) that enabled the Commonwealth to make laws concerning ?conciliation and arbitration and the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one state?. Since 1904, the Commonwealth, with the states following shortly thereafter, established a regime of industrial tribunals responsible for third party independent conciliation and arbitration, overseeing a system of legally binding industrial awards covering wages and employment conditions. This system, in the words of one of its chief architects, Justice Higgins, ? . . . would substitute for the rude and barbarous processes of strike and lock-out?1 (page 2). By 1991, Australian wages policy gradually shifted from centralised arbitration, elevating workplace agreements to the status of government policy on both sides of politics.2 This process accelerated labour market deregulation, shifting industrial relations and human resource issues to the enterprise level.3 The shift towards workplace agreements post 1990?s was underpinned by a bold reinterpretation of Section 51 (xx) of the Constitution Act that enabled the Commonwealth to regulate the affairs of ?trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth?, thus, by definition, including regulating employee relations of corporations. The use by the Commonwealth of these powers has extended the jurisdiction of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) to include the making and approving of certified agreements made by constitutional corporations or in settlement of an industrial dispute. Other types of employers such as sole traders, churches and charities, partnerships and unincorporated associations remained covered by state industrial jurisdictions. (On these powers of the Commonwealth, see State of
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Borotkanics, Robert, Cassandra Rowe, Andrew Georgiou, Heather Douglas, Meredith Makeham, and Johanna Westbrook. "Changes in the profile of Australians in 77 residential aged care facilities across New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory." Australian Health Review 41, no. 6 (2017): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16125.
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Objective Government expenditure on and the number of aged care facilities in Australia have increased consistently since 1995. As a result, a range of aged care policy changes have been implemented. Data on demographics and utilisation are important in determining the effects of policy on residential aged care services. Yet, there are surprisingly few statistical summaries in the peer-reviewed literature on the profile of Australian aged care residents or trends in service utilisation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterise the demographic profile and utilisation of a large cohort of residential aged care residents, including trends over a 3-year period. Methods We collected 3 years of data (2011–14) from 77 residential aged care facilities and assessed trends and differences across five demographic and three service utilisation variables. Results The median age at admission over the 3-year period remained constant at 86 years. There were statistically significant decreases in separations to home (z = 2.62, P = 0.009) and a 1.35% increase in low care admissions. Widowed females made up the majority (44.75%) of permanent residents, were the oldest and had the longest lengths of stay. One-third of permanent residents had resided in aged care for 3 years or longer. Approximately 30% of residents were not born in Australia. Aboriginal residents made up less than 1% of the studied population, were younger and had shorter stays than non-Aboriginal residents. Conclusion The analyses revealed a clear demographic profile and consistent pattern of utilisation of aged care facilities. There have been several changes in aged care policy over the decades. The analyses outlined herein illustrate how community, health services and public health data can be used to inform policy, monitor progress and assess whether intended policy has had the desired effects on aged care services. What is known about the topic? Characterisation of permanent residents and their utilisation of residential aged care facilities is poorly described in the peer-reviewed literature. Further, publicly available government reports are incomplete or characterised using incomplete methods. What does this paper add? The analyses in the present study revealed a clear demographic profile and consistent pattern of utilisation of aged care facilities. The most significant finding of the study is that one-third of permanent residents had resided in an aged care facility for ≥3 years. These findings add to the overall picture of residential aged care utilisation in Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? The analyses outlined herein illustrate how community, health services and public health data can be utilised to inform policy, monitor progress and assess whether or not intended policy has had the desired effects on aged care services.
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Cusack, L., L. Siegloff, P. Arbon, A. Hutton, and L. Mayner. "(A227) Tension between Emergency Management Policy Decisions and Aged Care Facilities in Australia: A Case Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s61—s62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002135.
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This paper considers the impact that a number of Australian emergency management policy and operational decisions are having on residential aged care facilities located in the community. For example, all residential aged care facilities applying for new federal government funded aged care places are required to demonstrate a plan for environmental disaster threats such as bushfires and floods. Another example is the adoption of new fire danger rating scale, with the inclusion of an extreme level called “catastrophic”-code red. This inclusion requires all services and community members, living in bushfire-prone areas to decide whether or not to evacuate the day before or morning of a Bureau of Meteorology fire danger index indicating a code red. There is evidence that these policy and operational decisions have been made without fully examining the practical implications, particularly for aged care facilities. While many of the facilities on which these decisions impact see the rational for such decisions, they argue that these decisions have serious implications for their services and patients. Many residential aged care facilities, which are privately operated, historically have not been involved in any state or local government emergency management planning. Therefore, the whole concept of risk assessment, preparation, and planning to increase the absorbing, buffering, and response capacity of their facilities against extreme weather events has become quite overwhelming for some. This paper presents a case study that demonstrates the tension between emergency management policy decisions on an aged care facility, and outlines their issues and response.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aged – Government policy"
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Ho, Ka-yin Catherine, and 何家燕. "Management and maintenance of aged private buildings: changes in thestrategies and policies of the HKSAR government." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35819716.
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Fleming, Brian James. "The social gradient in health : trends in C20th ideas, Australian Health Policy 1970-1998, and a health equity policy evaluation of Australian aged care planning /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf5971.pdf.
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Hansen, Annissa Margaret. "Shaping aged care work through technology: A senior manager affordance perspective." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208914/1/Annissa_Hansen_Thesis.pdf.
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This research identifies the affordances of technology in aged care from the perspectives of senior managers. Interviews with Executives and Directors in a large aged care provider, an aged care industry body, and an aged care technology developer revealed the numerous ways in which technology shapes the aged care work environment. The findings suggest that government, aged care organisations, and technology providers need to balance the efficiencies of technology adoption with the humanistic nature of aged care work.
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Moran, Shane. "China's aged care crisis : problems, resources, solutions." Thesis, View thesis, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/23015.
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China is currently facing what I expect to be its most significant challenge to date - a crisis in the care of its rapidly ageing population. The causes of this crisis are complex and multi-faceted and its implications far-reaching from the social, economic and political perspectives. This thesis examines the causes and consequences of the impending aged care crisis in China, with a particular focus on the urban elderly. In addition to extensive interviews with government officials, a sample of 2,000 retires and their children were surveyed in Shanghai as part of my research. My findings from the Research Survey and Questionnaire, together with my observations from site visits to numerous aged care crisis and the associated problems. Of primary concern is the fact that the Chinese government does not have in place an appropriate aged care structure nor a strategy to implement systems to cope with the impending crisis. I conclude that it is imperative the Chinese government recognises both the immediacy and scale of the crisis and acts accordingly. Failure to do so may result in both significant social unrest and severe economic consequences. Recommendations are offered for consideration by the Chinese government in an effort to manage the impending aged care crisis in China.
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Hon, Tsz-lai, and 韓子麗. "An analysis of retirement protection policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50255174.
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Cheung, Ching-wan Sharon. "An institutional analysis of legislative politics and policy making in Hong Kong : the case of retirement protection policy /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20716898.
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Rosomoff, Sara Stephanie. "Promote the General Welfare: A Political Economy Analysis of Medicare & Medicaid." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1574263717055768.
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Leung, Man-chu Grace, and 梁文珠. "Advisory committees and the making of social welfare policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975987.
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Cheung, Ching-wan Sharon, and 張靜雲. "An institutional analysis of legislative politics and policy making inHong Kong: the case of retirement protectionpolicy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220551.
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Li, Tao, and 李濤. "Retirement protection in Hong Kong: a study of the policy-making process 1991-95." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965337.
Full textBooks on the topic "Aged – Government policy"
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Scharf, Thomas. Aging and aging policy in Germany. Oxford: Berg, 1998.
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1959-, Phillips Judith, Bernard Miriam, and Centre for Policy on Ageing., eds. The social policy of old age. London: Centre for Policy on Ageing, 1998.
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C, Hyde Jeffrey, National Resource Center on Minority Aging Populations (U.S.), and United States. Administration on Aging, eds. Ethnic minority elderly and public policy bibliography. San Diego, CA: National Resource Center on Minority Aging Populations, 1990.
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Burstow, Paul. When I'm sixty four: The case for a new approach to ageing. London: Centre for Reform, 2003.
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1944-, Hudson Robert B., ed. The future of age-based public policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
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Aging and the aged, a source book. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications, 1992.
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Kohli, A. S. Social situation of the aged in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1996.
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Canada. Canada's aging population. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Series Canada, 2002.
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Canada. Canada's aging population: A report. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Series Canada, 2002.
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1949-, Husain M. G., and India Ministry of Welfare, eds. Changing Indian society & status of aged. New Delhi: Manak Publications, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Aged – Government policy"
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Tose, Akira, and Dounia Tazi. "Careers Surpassing a Half-Century: A Look at Japan and France." In Managing Future Challenges for Safety, 51–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07805-7_6.
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AbstractIn Japan, population ageing is leading the government to raise the retirement age to beyond 70, and even to 75 by 2040. This policy of maintaining older workers in employment is compelling companies to provide job opportunities to people with up to 50 years of work experience. This has consequences on the updating of skills—particularly, those related to new technologies, on employee engagement and motivation, on the management of age-related constraints in workstation ergonomics and work organisation, and it could pose a serious threat to safety. This chapter aims to describe the situation in Japan and the possible solutions put forward to overcome challenges. It then invites reflection on the management of longer careers in France and in Europe, where population projections also point to an increasingly aged population by 2040.
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Morrell, W. P. "Lord Grey and Australian Self-Government." In British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell, 361–86. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003378372-15.
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Morrell, W. P. "Systematic Colonization and Representative Government in Australia." In British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell, 82–102. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003378372-4.
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Ng, Yew-Kwang. "Implications for Public Policy." In Happiness—Concept, Measurement and Promotion, 145–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4972-8_14.
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AbstractThe failure of higher private consumption to increase happiness significantly due to environmental disruption, relative competition, adaptation, our materialistic bias, etc. are relevant for public policy, especially in making higher public spending in the right areas like environmental protection, research, poverty elimination, etc. more welfare-improving than a ‘big society, small government’. Some soft paternalistic measures such as nudging people to save adequately for old age may also be needed in the widespread presence of imperfect rationality and foresight.
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Michailidou, Asimina, Elisabeth Eike, and Hans-Jörg Trenz. "Journalism, Truth and the Restoration of Trust in Democracy: Tracing the EU ‘Fake News’ Strategy." In Europe in the Age of Post-Truth Politics, 53–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13694-8_4.
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AbstractTrust in journalism in Europe and beyond has been undermined by a series of scandals, by the closeness of journalists to political parties and government, but also by more frequent attacks against freedom of speech and of the press run especially by populist leaders and new authoritarian governments. In some countries, like Hungary, Poland and Italy, the press freedom index is in steep decline, and governments have also entered a ‘war’ with journalism, putting increasing pressure on the free exercise of the profession, restricting budgets and the autonomy of public service broadcasting. In our chapter, we critically discuss the responses, i.e. counter-strategies, for trust-(re)building that this disruption triggers, from a top-down European Union (EU) policy perspective. We assess the EU’s response to the authoritarian and fake news challenge and discuss the limits of a voluntary (self) regulatory approach in light of public sphere standards.
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Morrell, W. P. "British Supremacy and Colonial Self-Government in North America." In British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell, 47–81. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003378372-3.
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Wapshott, Robert, and Oliver Mallett. "The Small Firm in the Age of the Giant Enterprise." In Small Business, Big Government and the Origins of Enterprise Policy, 11–19. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003119142-2.
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Morrell, W. P. "The Establishment of Responsible Government in the North American Colonies." In British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell, 447–71. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003378372-18.
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Roos, Vera, Anél du Plessis, and Jaco Hoffman. "Municipal Service Delivery to Older Persons: Contextualizing Opportunities for ICT Interventions." In Age-Inclusive ICT Innovation for Service Delivery in South Africa, 29–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94606-7_2.
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AbstractThis chapter has a threefold aim: (1) to contextualize older persons’ inclusivity at municipal level as outlined in Goal 11 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and international, African regional and South African law and policy frameworks; (2) to obtain an assessment of service delivery by local government, and (3) to reflect on gaps in service delivery and offer suggestions. Stratified sampling was used and information obtained through semi-structured interviews, emailed responses and focus groups from representatives (n = 17) on three local government levels, NGO representatives (n = 5), and officials from the South African Local Government Association (SALGA) and the Department of Social Development (n = 26). A sample of older persons (n = 302) from a rural area and two large towns in North West and Gauteng provinces completed questionnaires and participated in semi-structured interviews (n = 14) and focus groups (n = 22). Findings indicated compromised service delivery related to local government officials’ systemic, managerial, and capacity challenges. Municipal services were either non-existent or age-inappropriate. Local government’s unresponsiveness leaves older people at risk—particularly those who lack social networks. We present suggestions to address the disconnect between the intent of laws and policies for inclusivity and municipal service delivery, and the service delivery experiences of older persons.
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Prazmowska, Anita J. "Polish refugees as military potential: policy objectives of the Polish government in exile." In Refugees in the Age of Total War, 219–32. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003211709-13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Aged – Government policy"
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El-Kassem, Rima Charbaji, Ali Al-Kuabaisi, Maitha Al Naimi, Aisha Al-Hamadi, and Noof Al Rakeb. "Path Analytic Investigation of the Intention to adopt E-Government Services through Mobile Applications in Qatar (TAM revisited)." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0267.
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The aim of this research is to examine the factors that affect user’s intention to use e-government services through mobile applications in Qatar. Based on valid responses from 1,340 adults out of a representative sample size of 7200 (response rate=18.6%) in Qatar aged 18 to 77 years old, this study uses factor analysis and structural equation model to identify the variables that influence users’ intention to adopt mobile applications in Qatar. Findings of this study indicate that factors affecting the intention to adopt e-government services through mobile applications are: awareness, perceived trust, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of mobile applications. The present study supports the hypothesis through the findings that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use leads to mobile application of e-government adoption. The present study adds a relevant and a novel contribution to the field of technology acceptance by encompassing the TAM theory to smartphone applications. The paper concludes with recommendations for institutional policy and future research. This article has been published in June 2020 at the Scopus Indexed International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET).
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O'Hara, Lily, Hanan Abdul Rahim, and Zumin Shi. "Gender and Trust in Government Modify: The association between Mental Health and Stringency of Public Health Measures to reduce COVID-19." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0282.
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Introduction: Trust in government to take care of its citizens may affect mental health outcomes such as anxiety and depression, particularly as measures become more stringent. The study aimed to investigate the associations between stringency of COVID-19 social distancing policies and mental health outcomes, and the moderating effects of trust in government and gender. Methods: The study consisted of secondary analysis of publicly available cross sectional data from a global online survey COVID-19 survey conducted between 20 March and 7 April 2020. There were 106,497 adult participants (18 years of age and over) from 58 countries. The main outcome measures were indices for depression and worries. The exposure measure was the stringency index. The effect modifier measures were gender and trust in government. Multivariable regression was conducted to determine the three-way interaction between the exposure, modifier and outcome measures, adjusting for age, income and education. Results: The median age of participants (56.4% women) was 37 years. Women had higher worries and depression than men. The proportion of people trusting (44%) and distrusting (45%) the government was almost the same. Among those who strongly trusted the government, an increase in policy stringency was associated with an increase in worries. Among men who distrusted the government, an increase in policy stringency was associated with an increase in depression, but in distrusting women there was an inversed Ushaped association between policy stringency and both worries and depression. Once policies exceeded the 50-point mark on the stringency index, women benefited from the most stringent policies, yet men did not, particularly men who strongly trust or distrust the government. Conclusion: As the stringency of public health measures increases, so too do depression and worries. For safe and effective public health measures, governments should develop strategies to increase trust in their actions.
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Orzhakhovskaya, Irina Yu, Irina V. Koltyreva, Aleksandr V. Ponomarev, and Maria P. Glyzina. "Adaptation of the national tax policy in the context of Russia’s foreign policy activity in the international arena." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.mnhy8010.
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The purpose of this study is to identify patterns and processes of adaptation of Russia’s tax policy under the influence of foreign policy factors due to the current geopolitical situation in the international arena. The foreign policy activity of the Russian Federation makes it possible to set its priorities, determine the formats and set the course for the entire foreign policy of the state, which certainly requires proper organizational and legal institutionalization. That is why the adaptation measures of the Russian tax policy are very important based on modern realities, built on the basis of sanctions pressure from unfriendly countries towards Russia. This study examined all the measures of the Government of the Russian Federation aimed at adapting taxation and building the course of the state’s economic policy in the context of market economy implementation. The ongoing tax policy, which takes into account benefits, deferrals and exemptions from part of the taxation, will allow the development of domestic production, bring it to a new level and stop dependence on foreign investment. Based on the study, a reasonable conclusion was made about the need to maintain a balance between the fiscal and regulatory role of taxation in the context of a slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy due to the influence of the international situation because of Russia’s foreign policy activity.
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Miryasova, Lyudmila I., Shi Yongxing, Natalia N. Muravyeva, and Olga V. Dymchenko. "Realisation of the Russian customs policy in the conditions of protection of the national market." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.yghb1113.
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The need to protect the national commodity producers and internal markets in general is well recognised in modern foreign trade policy worldwide. The goal of the research is to review the Russia’s customs policy aimed at protection of the internal market; to give consideration to the totality of measures used for protection of the national producers; to identify the shortcomings of the adopted protection tools, the problems faced in their adoption and use; to suggest certain directions for further improvement of the Russian Federation customs policy in the sphere of protection of the internal market. The methods involving analysis and synthesis were used to meet the objectives of the study. Its efficiency as a protective measure was thoroughly investigated, as well as the timeliness of its application, the potential for neutralisation of negative effects of external companies; compliance with the Russian legislation and the regulatory framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The decision-making mechanisms for introduction of protective measures in the EAEU were investigated as well as the attitude towards the relevant instruments of the member states’ governments. The following results were obtained in the course of the study: the key importance of the Russian customs service in implementing the state policy towards protection of interests of the internal market was unequivocally confirmed; the measures to protect the national market were classified, with demonstration of their importance and shortcomings; the difficulties in the work of EAEU’s supranational bodies related to the protection of the common economic market were identified; the most important vectors of further improvement of the customs regulation and customs administration, as concerns enforcement of measures towards protecting the Russian Federation domestic market, were identified.
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Xiujie, Li, Fu Hongpeng, and Yang Meng. "The social structure and physical form of the state-owned farm in north-east China." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6039.
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The social structure and physical form of the state-owned farm in north-east China Xiujie Li, Hongpeng Fu, Meng Yang College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China. 100871 E-mail: 1400013234@pku.edu.cn, issacfuhongpeng@163.com, shuangzizhixin@163.com Keywords: state-owned farm, policy, social structure, physical form, urban morphology Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space State-owned farms in north-east China are numerous and large in size. They have played an important role in the reclamation and guarding of the frontier in China. Their physical form is sensitive to government policy. Following the historical development of a particular farm, an examination is made of how its social structure and physical form have been influenced by the policies of different periods. The development process has experienced three stages since this farm’s founding. There has been a change from ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the whole farm’ to ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the companies of the farm’, and then ‘farmers farming severally on the land’. The physical form of the farm has been influenced by the policies in different historical periods. Important aspects of these policies include industrial structure, population structure, land ownership, and town and country planning. This study provides a basis for future urban morphological research. References Conzen, M.R.G. (2011) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis (China Architecture & Building Press, China) Bray, D. (2005) Social space and governance in urban China (Stanford University Press, Stanford)
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Jolley, Victoria. "Central Lancashire New Town: the hidden polycentric supercity." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5945.
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From 1962 Lancashire, in England, became the focus of a major renewal scheme: the creation of a ‘super-city’ for 500,000 people. The last and largest New Town designated under the 1965 Act, Central Lancashire New Town (CLNT) differed from other New Towns. Although influenced by the ideals and example of Garden City model, its master plan followed new and proposed infrastructure to connect the sub-region’s poly-centricity. By unifying and expanding existing towns and settlements it aimed to generate prosperity on a sub-regional scale using the New Towns Act, rather than creating a single new self-sufficient urban development. CLNT’s scale, poly-centricity and theoretical growth made it unique compared to other new town typologies and, although not realised, its planning can be traced across Lancashire’s urban and rural landscape by communication networks and city-scale public and civic buildings. With reference to diagrams for the British New Towns of Hook, Milton Keynes and Civilia, this paper will contextualize and evaluate CLNT’s theoretical layout and its proposed expansion based on interdependent townships, districts and ‘localities’. The paper will conclude by comparing CLNT’s theoretical diagram with its proposed application and adaptation to the sub-region’s topographical physical setting. Keywords (3-5): Lancashire, New Towns, urban centres and pattern Conference topics and scale: Reading and regenerating the informal city References (100 words) RMJM (1967) in Ministry of Housing and Local Government (1967). Central Lancashire: Study for a City: Consultants’ Proposals for Designation, HMSO. Ministry of Housing and Local Government (1967). Central Lancashire: Study for a City: Consultants’ Proposals for Designation, HMSO.
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Elizabeth Bezanson, Mary, Kenneth J. Levine, and Susan B. Kretchmer. "Panel on: The Creation and Distortion of Communication through Information Technology." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2733.
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Information and communication technology has opened up both challenges and opportunities for the process of communication. This is particularly true for communicating effectively and efficiently in the digital age, where unique problems of creation and distortion, especially misinformation and bias, can arise. In addition, the broad diffusion of a communication medium eventually prompts both the public and private sectors to establish mechanisms to regulate that medium under the rubric of the public interest. Sometimes this can happen through self-censorship on the part of the industry, while other times it requires the institution of governmental law and regulation. The emergence of the Internet as a mass communication system has raised questions about how this medium can function to benefit society, as well as concerns about its potential harm. Focusing on the nexus of the process of communication and the limitations and prospects of information technology, this panel explores some of the major concerns of the digital age from a legal and policy perspective. The topics to be covered through interactive discussion include: anonymous speech and cybersmearing; the nature of publication and misinformation; and Internet content filtering, freedom of speech, and intellectual property
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Wright, Leah, and Trevor Townsend. "SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AS IT RELATES TO TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IN SIDS: A CASE STUDY IN TRINIDAD." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/cpyi3065.
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The objective of this research was to analyse the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the travel behaviour of Trinidadians. Many studies have shown that a relationship exists between the socio-economic and sociodemographic characteristics of an individual and their travel patterns. A better understanding of this relationship can influence transportation policy decisions and therefore, aid in improvement to the overall transportation structure. This understanding of travel behaviour is of particular importance in developing countries and SIDS, where there is limited geographical space, economic constraints and an influx of competitive unregulated paratransit modes into the transportation system. Trinidad, like other developing countries and SIDS, has a public transportation system that is dominated by paratransit modes. More notably, there is increasing penetration of illegally operated paratransit modes, that are aggressively competing in the market and gaining a lot of traction. Data was collected in January 2018 using a revealed preference survey of commuters’ work-based tours in, Trincity, a middle-income housing area with good highway and public transportation access. Results showed that income, age, distance from workplace and gender all affect the likelihood of public transport usage as a primary mode of a work tour and there were gender-based differences in the incidence of walking as part of the tour. Additionally, although most public transportation users considered the government bus service as the safest and illegal paratransit services as the least safe, the usage of such services was more than five times that of the bus. The research points to important service and policy actions which need to be taken to encourage and support shifts to more sustainable modes.
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Najimudinova, Seyil, and Naryngul Margazieva. "Attitudes of Urban Residents’ Toward Tourism: Evidence from Bishkek." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02058.
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On a global scale, tourism is an actively developing industry, which is of great importance for the development of the economy of many regions of the world. Satisfaction of the local population with the development of tourism is closely related to the opportunities for active participation in the decision-making process on tourism development. The level of satisfaction with tourism can show the feelings and attitude of the residents toward tourism, and in particular, to tourists. Satisfied local people are more hospitable and willing to provide tourists with the necessary products and services.
This paper aims to study the attitude of urban residents towards tourism and its development on the basis of a survey conducted among residents of Bishkek by random sampling. Bishkek is the capital of the country and the largest number of registered economic entities in the tourism sector is focused in Bishkek.
Respondents (N=190) attitude toward tourism varied according to their age, education, gender, marital status. The study showed that urban residents have a mostly benevolent and supportive attitude to tourism. Among the negative consequences expected from tourism development is related with the risk of rising prices in accommodation facilities. The results can be useful for policy makers, business representatives, local government and researchers.
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Chauhan, Praveen. "Skilling Women, Empowering India: NIOS Paving the Way." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.845.
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Women participation in India’s workforce is low, and this needs to improve for India to reap its demographic dividend. The progressing economy of India needs 119 million skilled workers between 2017-2022. However, around 88.5 million women are yet not into any form of education, employment, or training. The proportion of working-age women receiving any form of vocational training over the past decade has only increased from 6.8% in 2011-12 to 6.9% in 2018-19, Vs an increase of 14.6% to 15.7% for men. There is an imminent requirement to empower girls and women in India through quality education and skilling. The Open and distance learning system can play a major role in achieving this mission. National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), an ODL institution, is providing quality education and skill training to girls and women in the country through its special programs. The present paper mainly focuses on NIOS experience in integrating vocational training with school education for girls in more than 300 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBVs), special Government residential schools for girls. This is in line with National Education Policy 2020, which recommends integrating Vocational Education into the educational offerings of all Secondary Schools over the next decade. An attempt will be made in this paper to present the concerted efforts by NIOS for the education of girls and women, its impact, and the way forward.
Reports on the topic "Aged – Government policy"
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Hills, Thomas, Gus O'Donnell, Andrew Oswald, Eugenio Proto, and Daniel Sgroi. Understanding Happiness: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Karen Brandon. The Social Market Foundation, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-910683-21-7.
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Everyone wants to be happy. Over the ages, tracts of the ancient moral philosophers – Plato, Aristotle, Confucius – have probed the question of happiness. The stirring words in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence that established ‘Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness’ as ‘unalienable Rights’ served as the inspiration that launched a nation, the United States of America. Yet, more than 240 years later, the relationship between government’s objectives and human happiness is not straightforward, even over the matters of whether it can and should be a government aim. We approach this question not as philosophers, but as social scientists seeking to understand happiness through data. Our work in these pages is intended to enhance understanding of how the well-being of individuals and societies is affected by myriad forces, among them: income, inflation, governance, genes, inflation, inequality, bereavement, biology, aspirations, unemployment, recession, economic growth, life expectancies, infant mortality, war and conflict, family and social networks, and mental and physical health and health care. Our report suggests the ways in which this information might be brought to bear to rethink traditional aims and definitions of socioeconomic progress, and to create a better – and, yes, happier – world. We explain what the data say to us: our times demand new approaches. Foreword by Richard Easterlin; Introduced by Diane Coyle.
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Thi Thanh, Vu, Le Thi Dan Dung, Jenny Yi-Chen Han, and Diane Archer. Viet Nam’s Craft Villages and Occupational Air Pollution: Socioeconomic Disparities and Gendered Exposures. Stockholm Environment Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.034.
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This policy brief summarizes recent research on gender, age and other socioeconomic and cultural factors that lead to air pollution exposures in Viet Nam's workplaces. In addition to key findings, the authors make policy recommendations for local and national governments to address these issues at multiple scales.
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Dickson, Matt. Modelling the Impact of Raising the Age of Participation to 18. Wales Centre for Public Policy - Cardiff University, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54454/20220106.
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In England, the compulsory age of participation in education or training was raised to 17 in 2013 and then 18 in 2015. In Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, the school leaving age is 16. The idea of raising the age of participation in education or training is gaining traction in the Scottish context, as well as in Wales. The Wales Centre for Public Policy (WCPP) conducted research for the Welsh Government to explore the implications of pursuing this policy in Wales. The research considered how raising the participation age (RPA) might interact with ongoing reforms to school age and post-16 provision in Wales, and explored alternative policies which concentrate on reducing early school leaving as opposed to policies that legally require young people to remain in learning for longer periods of time.
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.
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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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Redmond, Paul, Seamus McGuinness, and Klavs Ciprikis. A universal basic income for Ireland: Lessons from the international literature. ESRI, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs146.
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A universal basic income (UBI) is defined as a universal, unconditional cash payment that is made regularly, is sufficient to live on, is not means tested, carries no work requirements and is paid on an individual basis. This study examines the international evidence on universal basic incomes and identifies key issues for consideration in the design of any UBI pilot for Ireland. Despite the mainstream interest in UBI as a potential policy tool, relatively little is known about the associated consequences of such policies. Even the definition of a UBI appears to be poorly understood and is often misused in the public discourse. Several pilot studies have been recently implemented across different countries. However, some pilot studies depart from the accepted definition of UBI. For example, some are not universal, in that they only target a specific subgroup of the population and/or have eligibility restrictions based on earnings. Others provide a relatively low level of payment, which may fall short of what an individual could reasonably be expected to live on. There are a number of potentially positive impacts associated with a UBI. A universal, unconditional payment could eliminate the stigma associated with welfare receipt. If replacing existing welfare payments, a UBI would also involve lower transaction costs, both on the recipient (in terms of the application procedure) and on Government (in terms of administering the payment). Universal, unconditional payments would also avoid situations where people choose not to work in order to retain means-tested benefits. UBI could give individuals the freedom to turn down or leave insecure, exploitative or low-paid work in pursuit of better or improved work opportunities. In addition, it would mean that persons in informal and often unpaid work, such as childcare and eldercare, which is mostly done by women, receive some compensation for their labour. Empirical results from several pilot studies have found evidence of positive health impacts following the implementation of a UBI. In terms of potential disadvantages, a UBI, by definition, may not target those that are most in need, as a large percentage of recipients will be high-earning individuals. Furthermore, the cost of a UBI is likely to be very expensive, even if other existing benefits (such as unemployment benefits) are no longer required. The net impacts of a UBI on labour supply are unclear, with both positive and negative influences on labour market participation potentially arising as a consequence of a UBI. In this study, we undertake some basic calculations relating to four possible UBI approaches, all of which would involve an unconditional payment to every individual aged over 18 in Ireland.
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Carroll, Daniel R., André Victor D. Luduvice, and Eric R. Young. Optimal Fiscal Reform with Many Taxes. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202307.
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We study the optimal one-shot tax reform in the standard incomplete markets model where households differ in their wealth, earnings, permanent labor skill, and age. The government can provide transfers by raising tax revenue and has several tax instruments at its disposal: a flat capital income tax, a flat consumption tax, and a non-linear labor income tax. The optimal fiscal policy funds a transfer that is nearly 50 percent of GDP through a combination of very high taxes on consumption and capital income. The labor tax schedule has a high average rate but is also moderately progressive. We find an identical outcome when policy is instead determined by majority voting. Finally, we offer suggestive empirical evidence that households’ preferences for tax and redistribution are more strongly associated with political identity than economic status.
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Lazdane, Gunta, Dace Rezeberga, Ieva Briedite, Elizabete Pumpure, Ieva Pitkevica, Darja Mihailova, and Marta Laura Gravina. Sexual and reproductive health in the time of COVID-19 in Latvia, qualitative research interviews and focus group discussions, 2020 (in Latvian). Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/lxku5a.
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Qualitative research is focused on the influence of COVID-19 pandemic and restriction measures on sexual and reproductive health in Latvia. Results of the anonymous online survey (I-SHARE) of 1173 people living in Latvia age 18 and over were used as a background in finalization the interview and the focus group discussion protocols ensuring better understanding of the influencing factors. Protocols included 9 parts (0.Introduction. 1. COVID-19 general influence, 2. SRH, 3. Communication with health professionals, 4.Access to SRH services, 5.Communication with population incl. three target groups 5.1. Pregnant women, 5.2. People with suspected STIs, 5.3.Women, who require abortion, 6. HIV/COVID-19, 7. External support, 8. Conclusions and recommendations. Data include audiorecords in Latvian of: 1) 11 semi-structures interviews with policy makers including representatives from governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in sexual and reproductive health, information and health service provision. 2) 12 focus group discussions with pregnant women (1), women in postpartum period (3) and their partners (3), people living with HIV (1), health care providers involved in maternal health care and emergency health care for women (4) (2021-02-18) Subject: Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Keywords: Sexual and reproductive health, COVID-19, access to services, Latvia
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Grimes, Kathryn E. L., Adam J. Walter, Amanda A. Honeycutt, Cristina Bisson, and Jennifer B. Griffin. Reach Health Assessing Cost-Effectiveness for Family Planning (RACE-FP) Methodology Report: Estimating the Impact of Family Planning Interventions in the Philippines. RTI Press, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0072.2205.
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In the Philippines, demand for family planning (FP) is high, and the government is committed to helping the population achieve universal access to quality FP information and services. Reach Health Assessing Cost-Effectiveness for Family Planning (RACE-FP) is a decision support tool designed to estimate the impact FP interventions have on averting unintended pregnancies and on downstream maternal and neonatal health (MNH) outcomes. This report provides technical details of the RACE-FP model. RACE-FP is organized by objectives: improve postpartum FP, improve public sector and private sector provision of FP, improve demand for FP, reduce contraceptive stockouts, and introduce a modern contraceptive method. Although other models have been developed to estimate the impact of contraceptive use on averting unintended pregnancy at the national level for the Philippines, RACE-FP is the only model to provide estimates at national and regional levels, include intervention and commodity costs, disaggregate outcomes by age group and setting (public, private, community), and estimate the broader impact of modern contraceptive prevalence on MNH outcomes. RACE-FP can be an important resource to determine the relative benefit of FP interventions in the Philippines and could support policy decisions globally.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. The Social Economic Impacts of Covid-19 in Informal Urban Settlements. Institute of Development Studies, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.008.
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The social economic impacts of the Covid-19 crisis in informal urban settlements are widely discussed in the literature, as are the risk factors for particular social and economic groups in these areas. However, government responses and evidence of their impact do not appear to rise to the challenges posed by these studies. Pre-pandemic analyses of risk factors in informal urban settlements and newly collected evidence from different contexts are available to understand the unique and pressing challenges that the pandemic poses to wellbeing in informal urban settlements. In contrast, there is little evidence of effective policy and programme solutions to address these challenges, which is likely driven by the absence of targeted policies and programmes to support people living in informal urban settlements. As a result, many communities have had to rely on their own limited resources and support networks to respond to the crisis (Wilkinson, 2021). This report briefly summarises the range of available evidence on the social economic impacts of the Covid-19 crisis in informal urban settlements and the intersectional differences in how different identity groups living in them have experienced the pandemic. Following a short introduction to the context of the Covid-19 crisis in these areas, the report outlines three thematic areas that have received significant attention in the literature and policy discourses – livelihoods and poverty, food security, and education. While not an exhaustive list, this range of topics is indicative of the range of evidence available and outstanding gaps. The remaining section details evidence of how different identity groups living in informal urban settlements have experienced the pandemic based on gender, disability, age, and migration status. The review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, with some opinion pieces and blogs also included given the ongoing nature of the pandemic.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.