Journal articles: 'Age hardening'

1

KODA, Shigeyasu. "Age-hardening of aluminum alloys." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 36, no. 8 (1986): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.36.525.

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2

Chen, Zhong Wei, Li Fan, and Pei Chen. "Early Age Hardening Response of Al-Cu-Mg Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1327.

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The early age hardening behavior in Al-Cu-Mg alloys with fixed Cu content (0.50 wt%) and varying amounts of Mg has been studied by hardness tests and TEM observation. Two alloys both exhibit the early rapid hardening phenomenon based on large solute-aggregates analysis. Ageing time of early stage rapid hardening of Al-0.5Cu-1.99Mg alloys is less than that of Al-0.5Cu-1.48Mg alloys. For two alloys, ageing time of early stage rapid age hardening reduces with artificial ageing temperature increasing. The early stage rapid age hardening is depended on the composition and artificial ageing temperature. Forming larger solute-aggregates may give rise to early rapid age hardening.

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3

Ichikawa, Fumitaka, Masayoshi Sawada, and Yusuke Kohigashi. "Age-hardening Behavior in γ′-phase Precipitation-hardening Ni-based Superalloy." Tetsu-to-Hagane 108, no. 1 (2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.tetsu-2021-053.

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4

KODA, Shigeyasu. "Age-hardening of aluminum alloys. (II)." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 36, no. 9 (1986): 594–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.36.594.

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5

Khan, Shabana, Jung B. Singh, and A. Verma. "Age hardening behaviour of Alloy 693." Materials Science and Engineering: A 697 (June 2017): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.04.109.

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6

Antipov, A. I., V. N. Moiseev, and N. I. Moder. "Age hardening of VT35 titanium alloy." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 38, no. 12 (December 1996): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01154082.

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7

Saheb, Nouari, Abdullah Khalil, Abbas Saeed Hakeem, Tahar Laoui, N. Al-Aqeeli, and A. M. Al-Qutub. "Age Hardening Behavior of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum Nanocomposites." Journal of Nano Research 21 (December 2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.21.29.

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In the present work, age hardening behavior of CNT reinforced Al6061 and Al2124 nanocomposites, prepared by ball milling and spark plasma sintering, was investigated. The effect of CNT content, annealing time and temperature on the age hardening behavior of the nanocomposites was evaluated and compared to the monolithic alloys prepared and age hardened under the same conditions. It was found that CNTs have a negative influence on the age hardening of the alloys. The alloys displayed standard age hardening behavior i.e. a sharp increase in hardness during initial aging followed by a steady decrease in hardness. Whereas the nanocomposites did not only display initial softening during aging but also showed reduced age hardening efficiency. The hardening efficiency was found to decrease with increasing CNT content. The complicated behavior of nanocomposites was explained in terms of dislocation recovery, large thermal mismatch between matrix and CNTs and bulk microstructure of the composites.

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8

Jahn, R., W. T. Donlon, and J. E. Allison. "Characterization of Age Hardening in a 319 AL Alloy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 514–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600022698.

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319 Al (7.2-7.7wt% Si, 3.3-3.7%Cu, 0.25-0.35%Mg, 0.4%max.Fe, 0.2-0.3%Mn, 0.25%max Zn, 0.25%max Ti) is utilized by the automotive industry for engine blocks and cylinder heads. Detailed understanding of the age hardening behavior of these types of alloys is important to optimize the processing of these components to yield the desired physical properties. Age hardening curves for temperatures between 100 and 305°C have been determined for a commercial grade 319 Al alloy having a dendrite arm spacing of 30(im. Samples for TEM were prepared by conventional grinding and dimpling followed by ion milling at 4keV at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The phases formed within the primary aluminum dendrites during age hardening were characterized by JEOL 2000FX and an OXFORD ISIS microanalysis system.Age hardening curves for Al-Cu alloys are characterized by multiple hardening stages as shown by Silcock, et al. Figure 1 shows an example of a 150°C age hardening curve for 319 Al.

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9

Lee, Che-Fu, and Tao-Tsung Shun. "Age Heat Treatment of Al0.5CoCrFe1.5NiTi0.5 High-Entropy Alloy." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010091.

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In this study, Al0.5CoCrFe1.5NiTi0.5 high-entropy alloy was heat-treated from 500 °C to 1200 °C for 24 h to investigate age-hardening phenomena and microstructure evolution. The as-cast alloy, with a hardness of HV430, exhibited a dendritic structure comprising an (Fe,Cr)-rich FCC phase and a (Ni,Al,Ti)-rich B2 phase, and the interdendrite exhibited a spinodal decomposed structure comprising an (Fe,Cr)-rich BCC phase and a (Ni,Al,Ti)-rich B2 phase. Age hardening and softening occurred at 500 °C to 800 °C and 900 °C to 1100 °C, respectively. We observed optimal age hardening at 700 °C, and alloy hardness increased to HV556. The hardening was attributed to the precipitation of the σ phase, and the softening was attributed to the dissolution of the σ phase back into the matrix and coarsening of the microstructure. The appearance of fine Widmanstätten precipitates formed by the (Al,Ti)-rich BCC phase and (Ni,Al,Ti)-rich B2 phase at 1200 °C led to secondary hardening.

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10

Ismail, Z. H., and B. Bouchra. "Age-Hardening characteristics of an AlMgSi Alloy." Acta Physica Hungarica 71, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03156279.

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11

Bertagnoli, G., G. Mancini, and F. Tondolo. "Numerical modelling of early-age concrete hardening." Magazine of Concrete Research 61, no. 4 (May 2009): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.00071.

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12

DEXTER, A. R., R. HORN, and W. D. KEMPER. "Two mechanisms for age-hardening of soil." Journal of Soil Science 39, no. 2 (June 1988): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1988.tb01203.x.

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13

Semboshi, Satoshi, Shigeo Sato, Akihiro Iwase, and Takayuki Takasugi. "Discontinuous precipitates in age-hardening CuNiSi alloys." Materials Characterization 115 (May 2016): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.03.017.

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14

Mayrhofer, P. H., M. Stoiber, and C. Mitterer. "Age hardening of PACVD TiBN thin films." Scripta Materialia 53, no. 2 (July 2005): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.03.031.

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15

Carter, D. H., A. C. McGeorge, L. A. Jacobson, and P. W. Stanek. "Age hardening in beryllium-aluminum-silver alloys." Acta Materialia 44, no. 11 (November 1996): 4311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454(96)00113-9.

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16

Zaharieva, K., T. Nedeva, and O. Sherbanov. "HARDENING OF CHILDREN UNDER 3 YEARS OF AGE – AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF DISPOSITION PROPHYLAXIS." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 12(81) (January 18, 2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.81.1150.

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The hardening is a variety of activities which help increase the sustainability of the organisam to influnece the factors of the outer environment. Through natural factors and other physical means, the hardening aims to achieve perfection over the thermoregulation of the organisam. In its core the hardening is a conditional reflective process that is done through different outer irritants - air, sun baths, swimming.

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17

Westermann, Ida, Odd Sture Hopperstad, Knut Marthinsen, and Bjørn Holmedal. "Work- and Age-Hardening Behaviour of a Commercial AA7108 Aluminium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.555.

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Understanding and prediction of the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys are of great importance with respect to e.g. strength requirements and forming operations. In the 7xxx alloying system several mechanisms influence the hardening behaviour of the alloys, e.g. particle size and distribution, dislocation density, and alloying elements in solid solution. This work is an experimental study of work- and age-hardening considering a commercial AA7108 alloy in the as-cast and homogenized condition. Tensile specimens have been exposed to a solution heat treatment and a two-step age-hardening treatment with varying time at the final temperature. The tensile data for the different tempers have been evaluated in elucidation of already existing models based on the one-parameter framework by Kocks, Mecking, and Estrin. The particle size has been further investigated in the transmission electron microscope for one under- and one over-aged condition and the influence of particles on work-hardening behavior has been discussed.

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18

Feng, Chai, Cai Fu Yang, Su Hang, Yong Quan Zhang, and Xu Zhou. "Cracking Resistance of Cu-Bearing Age-Hardening Steel." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2015.

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In this paper, the weldablity of a low-carbon Cu-bearing age-hardening steel was evaluated using Y-groove cracking evaluation test. The results show that the steel has a low hardenability characteristic and cold-cracking susceptibility. It is also indicated that a crack-free weldment can be obtained during welding of this type of steel even at an ambient temperature as low as -5°C as well as in an absolute humidity lower than 4000Pa without any preheat treatment. A slight preheat treatment can prevent the joint from cracking when welding is carried out at lower ambient temperature or in higher absolute humidity.

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19

Humaun Kabir, Abu Syed, Jing Su, Mehdi Sanjari, In Ho Jung, and Stephen Yue. "Age-Hardening Response of Mg-Al-Sn Alloys." Materials Science Forum 828-829 (August 2015): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.828-829.250.

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Precipitation hardening has been used before as one of the most effective strengthening methods for many metallic alloys. However, this method has not been studied completely in magnesium alloys, and the numbers of precipitation hardenable wrought Mg alloys are still very limited compared to aluminum alloys and steels. The age hardening responses of Mg-Al-Sn alloys in cast-homogenized condition were investigated by isothermal aging at 200°C for prolonged time. It was found that hardness can be improved significantly for the alloy with higher amounts of tin. The improvement in hardness was reasoned by the formation of precipitates. The shapes and morphology of the precipitates were different depending on the orientations of the grains. The precipitates were characterized by scanning electron microscope.

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20

Krishna, S. Chenna, K. Thomas Tharian, Bhanu Pant, and Ravi S. Kottada. "Age-Hardening Characteristics of Cu-3Ag-0.5Zr Alloy." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.563.

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Among the copper alloys, the Cu-3Ag-0.5Zr alloy is one of the potential candidates for combustion chamber of liquid rocket engine because of its optimum combination of high strength with thermal conductivity. The present study is a detailed characterization of microstructure, strength, and electrical conductivity during the aging treatment. The aging cycle for Cu-3Ag-0.5Zr alloy after the solution treatment (ST) was optimized to obtain higher hardness without compromising on electrical conductivity. The precipitates responsible for strengthening in aged samples are identified as nanocrystalline Ag precipitates with an average diameter of 9.0±2.0 nm.

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21

YANAGAWA, Masahiro, Shojiro OIE, and Mutsumi ABE. "Age-hardening process of Al-Mg-Si alloys." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 43, no. 3 (1993): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.43.146.

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22

Shun, Tao-Tsung, Liang-Yi Chang, and Ming-Hua Shiu. "Age-hardening of the CoCrFeNiMo0.85 high-entropy alloy." Materials Characterization 81 (July 2013): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.04.012.

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23

Durmuş, Hülya Kaçar, and Cevdet Meriç. "Age-hardening behavior of powder metallurgy AA2014 alloy." Materials & Design 28, no. 3 (January 2007): 982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2005.11.022.

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24

Guo, F., X. F. Huang, Z. W. Xie, K. S. Li, F. Gong, Y. J. Chen, and Q. Chen. "Understanding the age-hardening mechanism of CrWN coating." Thin Solid Films 711 (October 2020): 138298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2020.138298.

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25

Rogström, L., L. J. S. Johnson, M. P. Johansson, M. Ahlgren, L. Hultman, and M. Odén. "Age hardening in arc-evaporated ZrAlN thin films." Scripta Materialia 62, no. 10 (May 2010): 739–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.01.049.

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26

Song, Z. Y., Q. Y. Sun, L. Xiao, J. Sun, L. C. Zhang, X. D. Guo, and X. D. Li. "Age hardening and its modeling of Ti–2.5Cualloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 568 (April 2013): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.003.

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27

Mulligan, C. P., R. Wei, G. Yang, P. Zheng, R. Deng, and D. Gall. "Microstructure and age hardening of C276 alloy coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 270 (May 2015): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.02.030.

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28

del Valle, J. A., A. C. Picasso, I. Alvarez, and R. Romero. "Age-hardening behavior of Inconel X-750 superalloy." Scripta Materialia 41, no. 3 (July 1999): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00151-7.

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29

Park, Won-Wook, and Tong-Hoon Kim. "Age hardening phenomena in rapidly solidified Al alloys." Scripta Metallurgica 22, no. 11 (January 1988): 1709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80270-9.

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30

Soffa, W. A., and D. E. Laughlin. "High-strength age hardening copper–titanium alloys: redivivus." Progress in Materials Science 49, no. 3-4 (January 2004): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6425(03)00029-x.

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31

Medrano, S., and C. W. Sinclair. "Transient strain age hardening of Al–Mg alloys." Materialia 12 (August 2020): 100796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100796.

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32

Jia, S. G., X. M. Ning, P. Liu, M. S. Zheng, and G. S. Zhou. "Age hardening characteristics of Cu-Ag-Zr alloy." Metals and Materials International 15, no. 4 (August 2009): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-009-0555-0.

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33

MORRIS, D., L. REQUEJO, and M. MUNOZMORRIS. "Age hardening in some Fe–Al–Nb alloys." Scripta Materialia 54, no. 3 (February 2006): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.10.022.

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34

Ning, Y. T., S. H. Whang, S. C. Hsu, and R. V. Raman. "Age-hardening response in rapidly quenched molybdenum alloys." Materials Science and Engineering 98 (February 1988): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(88)90187-5.

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35

Shun, Tao-Tsung, and Yu-Chin Du. "Age hardening of the Al0.3CoCrFeNiC0.1 high entropy alloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 478, no. 1-2 (June 2009): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.12.014.

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36

Mendoza, L. Vargas, A. Barba, A. Bolarín, and F. Sánchez. "Age hardening of Ni–P–Mo electroless deposit." Surface Engineering 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329406x84976.

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37

Macchi, C. E., A. Somoza, and J. F. Nie. "Age-hardening in a commercial Mg-based alloy." physica status solidi (c) 4, no. 10 (September 2007): 3538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200675831.

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38

Ringer, S. P., and K. Hono. "Microstructural Evolution and Age Hardening in Aluminium Alloys." Materials Characterization 44, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 101–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(99)00051-0.

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39

Blake, N., and M. A. Hopkins. "Constitution and age hardening of Al-Sc alloys." Journal of Materials Science 20, no. 8 (August 1985): 2861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00553049.

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40

Lee, Che-Fu, and Tao-Tsung Shun. "Age Hardening of the Al0.5CoCrNiTi0.5 High-Entropy Alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45, no. 1 (August 13, 2013): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1931-4.

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41

Ahmed, T., F. H. Hayes, and H. J. Rack. "Age-hardening response of β2 TiAlV." Materials Science and Engineering: A 192-193 (February 1995): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(94)03230-0.

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42

Yamasaki, S., and K. Takano. "Effect of Nitrogen on Age-Hardening of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel after Cold Drawing." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2164.

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Metastable austenitic stainless steels transform to the deformation-induced martensite by cold working. Especially, metastable stainless steel with high nitrogen content has high age-hardening property after aging treatment. In this work, effect of nitrogen on age-hardening of metastable austenitic stainless steel (SUS304: 0.04% N, type-SUS201: 0.18% N) after cold drawing was investigated, and age-hardening mechanism was elucidated. Strength after cold drawing of SUS201 containing high N is higher than that of SUS304, and the age-hardening of SUS201 is significantly higher than that of SUS304 at the aging temperature of 200 ~ 500°C. It is suggested that strengthening mechanism of SUS201 is caused by aging products of N, because exothermal reaction in SUS201 is clearly recognized at low aging temperature by DSC analysis.

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43

Wu, Hai Jun, Xiao Qing Zuo, Ying Wu Wang, Kun Hua Zhang, and Yu Zeng Chen. "Age-Hardening Behavior of Pd-Ag-Sn-In-Zn Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 1028 (September 2014): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1028.14.

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Pd-Ag-Sn-In-Zn alloy was subjected to isothermal aging treatments at 400°C, 500°C, and 650°C. Age-hardening behaviour and related microstructure changes of the aged alloy were studied by means of hardness test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results indicate that the hardness of the alloy reaches a highest value of 348Hv after aging at 650°C for 20min. Further increasing the aging time leads to softening. The hardening of the alloy at early stage of the age-hardening at 650°C is ascribed to the formation of lamellar (α1+ β) precipitates along the grain boundaries of α matrix. The softening of the alloy occurred by further increasing aging time is caused by the coarsening of the precipitates.

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44

Yu, Shilun, Yingchun Wan, Chuming Liu, and Jian Wang. "Age-hardening and age-softening in nanocrystalline Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy." Materials Characterization 156 (October 2019): 109841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.109841.

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45

Wang, Gui Qing, Yan Liu, Guo Cheng Ren, and Zhong Kui Zhao. "Comparing Age Hardening Behaviors of Al-3Cu and Al-8Si-3Cu Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1667.

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The aging hardening behaviors of Al-8Si-3%Cu (wt%) and Al-3Cu (wt%) alloys have been investigated. Samples were solution treated at 500 for 24 h followed by water quenching before aging. Hardness has been measured for quenched samples aging at 150°C. Strong age hardening occurs for Al-3Cu alloy and hardness increases by about 60% after peak aging. There is a hardness decrease in the early aging stage of Al-8Si-3Cu alloy and hardness increases by about 15% after peak aging. The age precipitation behaviors have been analyzed using DSC and TEM. Effects of microstructure characteristics on age precipitation and age hardening response of Al-8Si-3Cu alloy have been discussed.

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46

Zhou, Ying, and Gui Qing Wang. "Analyzing Age Hardening Behaviors of an Al-Si-Mg Cast Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3945.

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The age hardening process for permanent mold samples of Al-7Si-0.3Mg cast alloy has been investigated by hardness measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). Age hardening results show that the age hardening response of Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy is independent on cooling rate. There is a hardness value decrease about 10 HV after T4 treatment. Hardness value after as-cast aging at 150 °C for 20 h is just a little smaller than that after T6 treatment for permanent mold samples. The precipitation behaviors during T6 treatment and as cast aging treatment have been analyzed by DSC analyses. The hardness measurement results have been discussed by analyzing the precipitation behaviors and the Mg and Si concentration in α (Al).

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47

Hansen, Vidar, Aferdita Vevecka-Priftaj, J. Fjerdingen, Y. Langsrud, and J. Gjønnes. "The Influence of Silicon on Age Hardening Kinetics and Phase Precipitation in Al-Mg-Zn Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.579.

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Solid solution treatment at 450°C and 550°C and subsequent two step age hardening at 100°C and 150 °C up to 144 hrs. have been carried out for two conventional and four experimental 7xxx type of alloys with different Mg, Zn, Fe and Si content. The influence of silicon on phase and kinetics of age hardening zones and particles has been followed. Increase in silicon required higher solid solution temperature in order to achieve reasonable age hardening response. High silicon alloys, solid solution treated at high temperature, have tendency to recrystallize during aging. The GP-zone formation is affected by the ratio between Mg, Zn and Si. In alloys with Mg/Zn ratio in the range 1:2 GP(I)-type zones are formed, at higher solid solution temperature also GP(II); low Mg-content favor GP(II)- zones. In high silicon alloys GP-zones of b’’’-type (from the Al-Mg-Si) system contribute to age hardening. The precipitation kinetics of the main hardening phase h’, is influenced by the preceding GP-zone stage.

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48

Ding, Zhu, Xiao Dong Wang, Bi Qin Dong, Zong Jin Li, and Feng Xing. "Early Age Property Study of Phosphate Cement by Electrical Conductivity Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 544 (March 2013): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.544.409.

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The properties and electrical conductivity at early age of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) was studied. Electrical resistivity or conductivity had been used for explaining the microstructure development of cement materials. In the current study, an electrodeless resistivity meter (ERM) was used to study the early property of MPC, which was mixed with and without fly ash respectively. The hardening process was investigated by the conductivity variation, incorporating with strength development and temperature rise during the initial reaction. The products and microstructure morphology of MPC paste were analysed by XRD and SEM. Results showed the mechanical property of MPC can be improved by fly ash. Fly ash lowers the maximum temperature rise during initial reaction of MPC with water. The electrical conductivity results divids the hardening process of MPC into three stages: acceleration, deceleration and stabilization. Conductivity measurement is an excellent method to explain the hardening process of MPC.

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49

Luo, Xiaobing, Chongchen Xiang, Feng Chai, Zijian Wang, Zhengyan Zhang, and Hanlin Ding. "A Comparison Study on the Strengthening and Toughening Mechanism between Cu-Bearing Age-Hardening Steel and NiCrMoV Steel." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154276.

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Cu-bearing age-hardening steel has significant potential in shipbuilding applications due to its excellent weldability as compared to conventional NiCrMoV steel. Not much research has been carried out to analyze the differences in the mechanisms of strength and toughness between Cu-bearing age-hardening and NiCrMoV steel. Both steels were heat treated under the same conditions: they were austenized at 900 °C and then quenched to room temperature, followed by tempering at 630 °C for 2 h. The uniaxial tensile test reveals that the Cu-bearing age-hardening steel exhibits relatively lower strength but larger plasticity than NiCrMoV steel. The lower contents of Carbon and other alloying elements is one of possible reasons for these differences in mechanical properties. Transmission Electron Microscope observations show that two types of precipitates, Cr carbides and Cu-rich particles, exist in tempered Cu-bearing age-hardening steel. Cu-rich particles with sizes of 20–40 nm can inhibit the dislocation motion during deformation, which then results in dislocation pile ups and multiplication; this makes up the strength loss of Cu-bearing age-hardening steel and simultaneously improves its plasticity.

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Hirosawa, Shoichi, Yong Peng Tang, Zenji Horita, Seung Won Lee, Kenji Matsuda, and Daisuke Terada. "Three Strategies to Achieve Concurrent Strengthening by Ultrafine-Grained and Precipitation Hardenings for Severely Deformed Age-Hardnable Aluminum Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1135 (January 2016): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1135.161.

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Abstract:

In this paper, comprehensive studies on the age-hardening behavior and precipitate microstructures of severely deformed and then artificially aged aluminum alloys have been conducted to clarify whether or not concurrent strengthening by ultrafine-grained and precipitation hardenings can be achieved. From our graphically-illustrated equivalent strain dependence of both the attained hardness and increment/decrement in hardness during aging (i.e. age-hardenability), three strategies to maximize the combined processing of severe plastic deformation and age-hardening technique are proposed. (1) Lowering of aging temperature and (2) utilization of microalloying elements can improve not only the attained hardness but also the age-hardenability of high-pressure torsion (HPT) specimens of Al-Mg-Si (-Cu) alloy due to the increased volume fraction of transgranular precipitates. A further increase in hardness can be achieved by (3) taking advantage of spinodal decomposition for HPTed Al-Li-Cu alloy, in which nanoscale precipitates of δ’ phase are successfully formed within ultrafine grains, irrespective of the higher number density of grain boundaries. The attained hardness of >HV290 in the latter alloy is almost the highest among conventional wrought aluminum alloys, and therefore our proposed strategies will be useful for designing concurrently strengthened severely-deformed age-hardenable aluminum alloys.

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