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1
Weiss, Elizabeth Marie. "Age Discrimination in personnel decisions : a reexamination and extension." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31017.
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Jenkins, Andrew Kevin. "Perceptions of age discrimination in hotel employment." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2008. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21693.
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Age discrimination is regarded by many individuals and organizations to be a problem. Indeed, the UK government has stated that it is "bad for the individual, bad for business and bad for the economy". However, relatively little research has been undertaken into age discrimination. To address this lack of research, this thesis investigates age discrimination in the workplace with a focus on hotel employment in Ireland and the UK. The study reports on evidence from a survey regarding managers' perceptions of older workers and from thirty three interviews with older employees and HR managers in the UK and Ireland. Despite the paucity of research and literature concerning age discrimination in hotel employment, there is a wide range of research and literature regarding age discrimination in the workplace and organisational employment policies and practices. In terms of workplace equality, four major types of social justice are examined: relative deprivation, distributive justice, procedural justice and retributive justice. Furthermore, liberal, radical and managing diversity approaches to equality are investigated and theories to ageing analysed. Human resource management policies and practices, especially in relation to the hospitality industry, are examined as these may perpetuate and legitimise age discrimination. The main findings from this thesis suggest that major differences exist in the age diversity of a hotel's workforce with older workers being under-represented in certain properties. Moreover, a number of organizational employment policies and practices were found to potentially disadvantage older workers and HR managers in the UK and Ireland possessed a poor knowledge of workplace equality initiatives. The varied experiences of older employees themselves highlight the heterogeneous nature of this group. The majority of older workers stated that, with some reservations, they felt they were treated fairly by management but a lack of IT skills, in particular, limited development opportunities for older workers.
3
Oswick, Clifford. "An analysis of age discrimination in employment." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-analysis-of-age-discrimination-in-employment(fc1f3b13-9e90-4ec8-a2ab-d5bd75b08bfe).html.
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Beystehner, Kim M. "A study of age discrimination in job hiring /." View online, 1985. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130497773.pdf.
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Oosthuizen, Tania. "Discrimination based on age in labour law." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19484.
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This piece aims to prove that a compulsory retirement age can no longer be justified in South Africa as a constitutional state. In times where people are gradually reaching older ages due to advances in a variety of fields, it seemed that the concept of a compulsory retirement age requires an in depth consideration. This is especially measured against the backdrop of equality and discrimination legislation within The Republic of South Africa. The development of social security law provides the larger framework in which to understand the concept and intentions around retirement. Discrimination and equality legislation demonstrates that age as a listed ground for discrimination does not necessarily simplify the jurisprudence pertaining to it, especially where alternatives have been developed for continued employment. The main point of reference in the South African justice system concerning discrimination disputes is the Harksen v Lane test, whereas the principle encapsulated in Waco v Schweitzer, relates particularly to discrimination based on age. These judgements and subsequent application will be illustrated and considered during the course of this research. The influence of fund rules and fixed-term contracts on the situation will aim to show the reality of the situation. In an effort to show that the problem of an ageing workforce and retirement is not localised to South Africa, an international overview of other constitutional countries is included for context. The comparison goes further to include non-constitutional countries to illustrate the global issue. This comparison was also included in an effort to find alternative strategies that may be utilised in South Africa for retirement and age discrimination legislations and social policies.
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Arrowsmith, James. "Older worker employment : managerial attitudes and organisational practice." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309884.
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Irving, L. D. "Challenging ageism in employment : an analysis of the implementation of age discrimination legislation in England and Wales." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/ffc88163-6994-4400-bead-121298f52bd1/1.
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The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations were introduced in England and Wales in 2006, seeking to prohibit age discrimination in employment and vocational training. This thesis assesses whether the legislation adopted is an effective mechanism by which to address age discrimination in the workplace and achieve the dual but contradictory objectives of the European Union Framework Directive on Equal Treatment of achieving equal treatment between age cohorts whilst encouraging the active participation of older citizens in the workplace. The thesis sheds light on this hitherto unregulated suspect ground of discrimination by means of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of all employment tribunal judgments which relate to an age discrimination claim over a three and a half year period. This study shows that very few claimants were successful if their claim of age discrimination was considered by a tribunal and there was considerable inconsistency of implementation and interpretation of the legislation by individual tribunals. Employers have quickly developed defences against claims of age discrimination in order to maintain their freedom to contract and the imbalance between the two parties was particularly noticeable with claimant credibility often under scrutiny – a process claimants appeared unprepared for. Regional discrepancies were found in terms of success rates and compensation awards. A gender award gap was found in both overall compensation and injury to feelings awards, with women given smaller awards than men, whilst younger workers were given smaller awards than older workers. Legal representation made a substantial difference to success rates and compensation awards, but the majority of awards were low and many would not have covered legal costs. The low compensation awards do not provide an effective deterrent, as required by the Article 17 of the Directive. The legislation is particularly ineffective for those who claimed they had suffered multiple discrimination. Although an important first step in regulating ageist behaviour, the Regulations and the subsequent Equality Act 2010 will be unlikely to achieve the aims of the Directive as they provide little incentive for claimants to undertake the stressful process of making a claim under the legislation, which relies upon individual fault-finding.
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Thompson, David Martin Ogilvie. "Unfair discrimination and dismissal based on age." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1287.
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Section 187(2)(b) of the Labour Relations Act sets out certain justifications for what may seem to be unfair discrimination in the workplace. The purpose of this note is to discuss the provisions of Age Discrimination, with specific focus on the rights of older employees, who have reached, what some might term, the ‘normal or agreed retirement age’. In the discuss which follows reference will be made to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa1 in order to investigate the provisions of our new democratic era, and what is said therein about discrimination, and age discrimination in particular. In our new Constitutional dispensation there have also been circumstances where certain kinds of discrimination have become accepted on society, for example Affirmative Action, and an enquiry into the difference between discrimination and differentiation will therefore also be necessary. The provisions of the Employment Equity Act,2 which deal specifically with eliminating unfair discrimination in the workplace, and the Labour Relations Act,3 which deals primarily with the rights of employees, employers and trade unions, and seeks to harmonize employer-employee relations will be discussed wherein specific reference will be made to section 187(2)(b) of the LRA. A further discussion will outline the circumstances of what is meant by dismissal in the context of age based dismissals, and whether such a dismissal is infact a dismissal and whether, within the requirements of the LRA such a dismissal, or termination of employment contract, is infact fair. Furthermore, a comparative perspective of other jurisdictions will give a more complete understanding of the issue of age-based dismissals within the current context. However, to refer to legislation and foreign decisions alone, while being of important reference, is not enough and a enquiry into our own case law will be of significant importance to determine a path of direction one can expect when faced with a question of dismissals based on mandatory retirement ages, and in particular, a dismissal which has been so executed with recourse to section 187(2)(b) of the LRA. In the various cases the reasoning and rationale behind the decision making will shed light on a seemingly unresolved area of labour law, and in reading further not only in the judgments but also in various articles, one will see that there are many arguments for and against the use of a mandatory retirement age, the most important of which will be highlighted.
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Malinen, Sanna. "Implicit and explicit attitudes towards older workers : their predictive utility and the role of attitude malleability : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology in the University of canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2849.
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Due to the ageing population, an increasing number of older workers form the labour force. Unfortunately discriminatory practices against older workers are well documented and the antecedents of such discrimination are assumed to be negative attitudes towards older workers. No previous research has investigated implicit attitudes towards older workers or their behavioural consequences. Accordingly, the present research aimed to investigate both implicit and explicit attitudes towards older workers, and their predictive utility in an employment-related context. In addition, attitude malleability and the role it may play in the attitude-behaviour relationship was investigated. This thesis reports findings from 5 studies, a pilot study and 4 main studies. The pilot study determined that the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A.G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) was to be used in the main studies. The 4 main studies investigated implicit attitudes, and the malleability of such attitudes towards older, relative to younger, workers. The malleability of attitudes was investigated with a mental imagery intervention where the experimental group participants were asked to imagine and describe respected and valued older workers in their surroundings. The control group participants were asked to imagine holiday destinations they would like to visit. In general, it was expected that negative implicit and explicit attitudes would be found towards older workers but that such bias could be alleviated with a mental imagery intervention. In all studies, negative implicit attitudes against older workers were found and such attitudes were relatively uninfluenced by the mental imagery manipulation. Three studies included explicit measures of attitudes. Although some variation was found between the studies and the measures used, overall positive attitudes towards older and younger workers were found. The mental imagery manipulation was also found to influence the explicit attitudes to a greater degree than implicit attitudes. The final study investigated the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. Specifically, both implicit and explicit attitudes’ relationships with spontaneous and controlled-type behaviours towards an older and a younger target were examined. Overall, some evidence for youth-bias in the participants’ behaviour was found, as well as evidence for the relationship between explicit attitudes and spontaneous behaviours. Implicit attitudes were largely unrelated to behaviour. In general, the mental imagery intervention did not impact the attitude-behaviour relationship. Implications for older workers are discussed, as well as educational methods for reducing discrimination older workers face in employment.
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McCaghren, Kathy L. (Kathy Lea). "The Influence of Age on Public Sector Managerial Evaluations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500979/.
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As the American population ages, the issues of aging and work have gradually come to the forefront. An older and increasingly diverse workforce has raised concerns over job performance, labor costs, and alternative work demands. At the same time, evidence indicates that older workers continue to experience extensive labor market problems due to false assumptions on the part of managers about the limiting effect of age on employee performance. The public sector's ability to respond to age-related issues in the workplace has largely been ignored by both public practitioners and researchers. This study addresses the questions of whether age negatively influences public personnel decisions, and if so, whether such influences adversely affect the treatment of older workers. The results of the survey indicate that public managers are susceptible to age bias when making personnel decisions.
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McVittie, Christopher D. "The 'age' of diversity and equal opportunities in employment : new discrimination against older workers?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23116.
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There exists a considerable body of evidence to suggest that older workers are increasingly being excluded from the workplace in the UK and elsewhere. Commonly, such exclusions are viewed as being due, at least in part, to the use of discriminatory practices by employers towards older workers and jobseekers. Many previous writers have sought to explain age discrimination in employment as the result of the cognitive biases of individual employers (e.g. Warr & Pennington, 1993) or as the outcome of inequitable social structures which favour younger workers over older workers (e.g. Phillipson, 1982). Recent measures promoted by the UK Government to address age discrimination in the workplace (DfEE, 1999) have accordingly rested on the promotion to employers of the principles of diversity and equal opportunities in employment. Drawing on work which has examined the explanatory power of age itself (Bodily, 1991; 1994) and on recent work within discursive psychology, I argue in this Thesis that age diversity and equal opportunities in employment can be usefully understood as discursive resources available to and used by participants within everyday social interaction. Adopting such a perspective allows discrimination against older workers to be viewed as ongoing social practice. Here, I analyse data obtained from written equal opportunities policies of employers, from focus groups and from interviews conducted with employers and older jobseekers. Employers, while making claims which appear to be inclusive of workers in general and older workers in particular, describe their workforce and recruitment practices within reference to the numbers of older workers employed. When challenged, they account for the apparent marginalisation of older workers within their organisations in terms of factors outwith their control and in ways which make such practices less visible and less open to public scrutiny.
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Rieger, Marius Henry Arnold. "Fairness of termination of employment due to old age." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31635.
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This dissertation serves as a legal analysis of a crucial labour issue, namely old age and retirement, which inevitably affects, or at least concerns, all employees, this dissertation will concentrate on the legal analysis of the principles which currently regulate the fairness of any termination of employment due to an employee reaching a certain age. The subject is deemed to be both relevant and actual, due to the relatively new amendment to one the Social Assistance Amendment Act, Act number 6 of 2008, whereby the retirement age of men has periodically been lowered from 65 to 60. The introduction to the last mentioned Act states to purpose of the Amendment Act, namely: “To amend the Social Assistance Act, 2004, so as to regulate afresh the eligibility of men for an older person's grant”. This inevitably had an impact on employers’ policies, relevant contractual clauses and the operational aspects of many businesses. Our society needs to protect the norms of fairness in not only the dismissal of employees, but also with regard to pre-employment interviews, advertisements, requirements set by labour brokers, etcetera. Any such similar study will inevitably lead to the question of what the most severe sanction could be when it is ruled that a dismissal is automatically unfair. The issue of retirement is a constitutionally enshrined and protected right and The Labour Relations Act honours this right by also providing “double the protection” against discrimination merely due to old age. This dissertation will concentrate on the latter part of the scale of unfairness, namely automatically unfair dismissals, which inevitably leads to a study of that fine line or balance between unfairness of a dismissal, which is not based on any arbitrary discriminatory ground as opposed to those dismissals which are. Firstly, the starting point is the pre-requisites / requirements for dismissal. Secondly distinction in labour law between “unfair dismissal” and “automatically unfair dismissal” is focused on. This entails a look at the meanings as set out in Sections 186 (1) and Section 187, especially Section 187 (1) (f). Thirdly a study of the Employment Equity Act’s prohibition of unfair discrimination as set out in Chapter II, Sections 5 to 11 will provide more clarity on the reason why not only the Labour Relations Act deals with or should deal with discrimination. Fourthly, the Social Assistance Amendment Act’s amendment of retirement age for males and the impact on the labour market in the RSA will be examined Thereafter, a brief comparison of certain countries’ legislation, practice and procedure on unfair discrimination due to old age, will be set out. It is the author of this dissertation’s objectives to:. - (i) attempt to bring the impact of the Social Assistance Amendment Act, Act number 6 of 2008, to the attention of South African employers, employees and the State; (ii) highlight the need for employer’s to tread carefully when dealing with aspects which may easily be deemed to be automatically unfair; (iii) clarify the murky waters between fair dismissals and automatically unfair dismissals; (iv) present the cases “walking the tightrope” to provide more clarity and insight into the reasoning of Commissioners and Judges; (v) elaborate on the compulsory referral of automatically unfair dismissals to the Labour Court; (vi) Analyse the relevant Constitutional clauses and consequences of contravention thereof; (vii) Point out all relevant aspects of the Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, Act number 4 of 2000; (viii) Shine a spotlight on the expanding realm of Social Security and the impacts thereof on this topic of discussion and ‘visa versa’; (ix) Attempt to provide answers to the self-posed question of whether or not the gap between unfair and automatically unfair dismissals should be broadened or narrowed, and; (x) take a brief, critical look into the cost effectiveness and accessibility of employees to our tribunals and Courts to satisfy employees that their rights are indeed easily enforceable.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Mercantile Law
unrestricted
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Brady, Grant. "Integrating Work Ability into the Organizational Science Literature: Advancing Theory and Developing the Nomological Network." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5012.
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As the workforce ages, enabling individuals to work effectively across the lifespan is critical for individuals, organizations, and societies. Put simply, societies and organizations are beginning to face a "new normal" in which people must continue working later in life. Investigations of work ability (WA), an individual's ability to meet the demands of their job, is a line of research that facilitates our understanding of the factors related to working successfully across the lifespan. Although research has established that WA is influenced by a range of organizational and personal factors and linked WA to retirement and disability, a number of gaps and underlying conceptual issues have limited the value of the WA research to the organizational sciences.
Through a series of three studies -- a meta-analysis (Study 1a) with k = 247 studies and N = 312,987 individuals, a supplemental online data collection (Study 1b), a nurse sample (Study 2), and a healthcare sample (Study 3) -- this dissertation draws on the JD-R model to move the WA literature forward and advance WA theory within the organizational science literature. Study 1 provides a quantitative synthesis of the WA literature, establishes its nomological network, and provides a straightforward conceptual definition of WA. This synthesis provides a roadmap for researchers and practitioners by highlighting leverage points to promote WA across the lifespan. Second, these studies answer lingering questions regarding the concept of WA. In doing so, these studies provide a clear conceptual distinction between WA as measured by the Work Ability Index (WAI), which includes health-based questions, and measures of perceived WA (PWA), which are perceptions of WA as rated by individual. PWA measures performed similarly to the WAI in the vast majority of analyses, lending substantial support to the use of relatively simple PWA measures. Third, Study 1 and Study 2 provide evidence that PWA explains unique variance in organizational (e.g., engagement, burnout) and personal (e.g., disability intentions, health) correlates above and beyond the established constructs of perceived fit, general self-efficacy, and job self-efficacy. Fourth, Study 2 identified age discrimination as an important yet understudied antecedent of WA and showed that PWA can serve as a mediator between age discrimination and negative outcomes (e.g., lower life satisfaction and task performance). Finally, Study 3 showed that PWA is related to supervisor ratings of task and creative performance. Taken together, these three studies situate WA within the organizational literature and provide substantial evidence of the value of WA for meeting the challenges of an aging and age-diverse workforce.
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Gringart, Eyal. "The role of stereotypes in age discrimination in hiring: Evaluation and intervention." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1506.
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As the number of older adults grows, governments find it increasingly harder to support them through social and health care services. One solution to this problem is for older adults to remain in paid employment longer. However, older workers are discriminated against due to negative stereotyping by employers. Previous research has found that older females experienced greater discrimination than did older males. In order to address the issue of hiring discrimination against older adults a progressive two-stage research project was conducted. Using a questionnaire that was developed especially for this project, Study One explored the stereotypes held about older workers of both genders among Australian employers and undergraduates, using a national random sample of 128 companies across industries and 187 undergraduates across disciplines. Study One used a 2 x 2 factorial design with sample (employers and undergraduates) and questionnaire version (asking about older males or females) as the independent variables. There were three continuous dependent variables (DVs): 'sum of scale'- a sum of the ratings of the questionnaire's stereotype scale, 'likely to hire'- ratings of respondents' likelihood to hire older workers, and 'age relevance'- ratings of how important respondents' viewed age in making hiring decisions. The results showed systematic stereotyping among both samples with no significant differences across questionnaire version. Both samples indicated that they were less than likely to hire older workers and viewed age as relevant in hiring. Study Two was designed to test two interventions that were aimed to promote positive attitude changes toward older workers. It comprised two stages and used a randomised-controlled trial. In the first stage, respondents were sent one of three intervention materials. One involved inducing cognitive dissonance. Another involved a fact sheet that presented the misconceptions about older workers that were identified in Study One and contrasted them with empirical data. The third was a combination of the other two. In the second, testing stage, those who responded to the intervention plus a new control group were all sent questionnaires to assess the effects of the interventions. Intervention materials were posted to a national random sample of 900 companies across industries and to 147 undergraduate research volunteers. At the testing stage 556 employers and 137 undergraduates were addressed. Ninety seven undergraduates and 267 employers responded. The first stage of Study Two used a 2 x 2 x 2 between subjects design with cognitive dissonance (yes or no), fact sheet (yes or no), and sample (employers and undergraduates) as the independent variables. There were four dependent variables: 'age preference'- respondents' general age preference in hiring, 'sum of scale', 'age relevant', and 'likely to hire'. The last three DVs were based on those used in Study One. The results of Study Two showed no significant differences between either the fact sheet or the cognitive dissonance conditions and controls. The cognitive dissonance and fact sheet combination showed significant positive effects among employers but not among undergraduates. Employers in the combination condition had significantly higher mean 'sum of scale' and 'age preference' scores, and indicated that they were more than likely to hire older workers whilst all other conditions were less than likely to do so. These significant effects in the employers' sample make a case for using the cognitive dissonance and fact sheet combination method in combating hiring discrimination against older workers. The results suggest that the drive to reduce cognitive dissonance could be harnessed to change stereotypes. Finally, the results emphasise the potential of psychological interventions to bring about social changes and to enhance compliance with legislation.
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Landkammer, Kathleen Chase. "The influence of job stereotype and age comparison on personnel decisions affecting older workers." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/777.
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Newby, John C. "The effect of candidate age, candidate experience, and administrative level in the teacher selection process." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917820.
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Teacher selection is an important component in the way schools and school corporations hope to attain their overall goals and objectives. This study was designed to partially replicate a study completed by H. Bradford Allison in 1981 at the University of Wisconsin - Madison which looked at the effect of candidate age, candidate experience, and administrator position in the teacher selection process.Randomly selected administrators (300 principals and 300 superintendents) were sent a packet of information which included a candidate summary containing hypothetical information about a teacher candidate and a position description which outlined the teaching position to be filled. The candidate summary varied age two ways (29 years and 49 years) and experience level three ways (no experience, three years experience, and eight years experience). After reviewing the information, respondents were asked to rate the hypothetical candidate on the following six criteria:1. Candidate's knowledge of the curricular area.2. Candidate's ability to transmit knowledge.3. Candidate's likelihood to contribute to overall school operations.4. Candidate's ability to maintain a disciplined teaching environment.5. Candidate's ability to create a friendly classroom environment.6. Candidate's potential to grow in the profession.The dependent variable was the composite score or overall candidate rating computed from the six criteria on the candidate evaluation form. A 3X2X2 factorial design was used for this experiment and analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the variables on the composite rating.An alpha level of .05 was established as the critical value. The analysis yielded a significant F ratio (.033) for the three way interaction of administrator position, candidate age, and candidate experience. There was no significant F value for any of the two way interactions (administrator position X candidate experience, administrator position X candidate age, and candidate experience X candidate age). Nor was there a significant F value for any single main effect.Further analysis of the statistically significant three way interaction found that superintendents rated 49-year-old candidates with eight years experience significantly lower than they rated 29-year-old candidates with eight years experience. These findings suggest that under the conditions utilized in this study, age discrimination was not universally evident but occurred in the way superintendents rated 49-year-old candidates with eight years experience.Department of Educational Leadership
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Small, Walton L. "The effects of age, gender and type of school on the evaluation of hypothetical candidates for the principalship." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941572.
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Teh, Eng Choo Elaine. "Intergenerational tension in the workplace: A multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations." Thesis, Teh, Eng Choo Elaine (2002) Intergenerational tension in the workplace: A multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/341/.
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An ageing population is changing the nature of the workplace, one outcome of which is an increase in the proportion of older workers. Unlike older workers of some twenty or so years ago, today's older workers plan to stay at work longer than at first anticipated. However, as many older workers have found, their intended and continued presence in the workplace is not always appreciated. As such, they are subject to subtle and not so subtle forms of discrimination associated with ageist practices, or ageism, and negative perceptions regarding their ability to compete on equal terms with younger workers. In turn, it is suggested that older workers, too, indulge in ageist practices and the stereotyping of younger workers. It is proposed that underlying generational differences,when combined with ageism, negative stereotyping and discriminatory organisational practices, are responsible for a new phenomenon called intergenerational tension in the workplace.
The notion of tension, which can be thought of as suppressed anxiety or a strained relationship between individuals and groups, is important because intergenerational tension is presented as a latent or covert phenomenon. From this comes the following definition: lntergenerational tension in the workplace is a latent or covert form of intergroup conflict caused by value and attitudinal differences between the generations. lntergenerational tension can be thought of as an everyday fact of organisational life which exists as an undercurrent or type of background organisational noise that is so pervasive that it is rarely noticed. In this respect, intergenerational tension bears similarities to gender and ethnic tensions both of which have been recognised as counterproductive to organisational efficiency.
This thesis proposes a construct to measure this intergenerational tension. To investigate the generational differences associated with this new construct, a 25-item questionnaire was developed. The first stage in the development of the questionnaire was an informal experience survey that was completed by a small sample (n=54) of adults ranging in age from 21 years to 70+ years. A pilot study questionnaire was then constructed and administered to a small, stratified random sample of employees (n=60) from the Western Australia Police Service (WAPS). WAPS has recently changed from a seniority-based promotion system to a merit-based system for most positions and is undergoing a major cultural change in response to social and political pressure. Following data analysis, the final questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire, called the Intergenerational Tension Questionnaire (ITQ) was administered to a stratified random sample of employees from WAPS. Five hundred completed responses were subject to factor analysis in which principal components analysis extracted seven factors or dimensions thought to underlie intergenerational tension. Further data analysis revealed that on average, younger workers (i.e., less than 40 years of age) displayed less intergenerational tension than did older workers (i.e., more than 40 years of age). Data for workers a generation apart (i.e., 20 years apart) were also analysed, with the younger generation being those less than 30 years of age (the Under 30s) and the older generation being those more than 50 years of age (the Over 50s). The younger generation, on average, displayed less intergenerational tension than did the older generation.
Of the measures, organisational change was associated with the greatest degree of intergenerational tension for all groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the best predictors of intergenerational tension for younger workers and older workers were age, the length of service with one's current employer, and the number of years in the paid work force. For workers a generation apart, multiple regression analysis revealed that age was the only predictor. It was fortuitous that at the time of the study, the majority of younger workers were Generation X and the majority of older workers were Baby Boomers. This meant that to all intents and purposes, the questionnaire measured differences between two well-studied generational cohorts.
The findings supported the notion that organisations should not assume they are treating all workers equitably. In particular, older workers feel disenfranchised and angry at their treatment by organisations which, in their opinion, favours younger workers. The implication for organisations is that both groups should be treated independently, with each having its own special needs and expectations. This includes, for example, implementing strategies such as training methods suited to the needs of each age group and conducting age diversity training to raise awareness of what it means to be either a younger worker or an older worker.
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Teh, Eng Choo Elaine. "Intergenerational tension in the workplace : a multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations /." Teh, Eng Choo Elaine (2002) Intergenerational tension in the workplace: a multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/341/.
Full textAbstract:
An ageing population is changing the nature of the workplace, one outcome of which is an increase in the proportion of older workers. Unlike older workers of some twenty or so years ago, today's older workers plan to stay at work longer than at first anticipated. However, as many older workers have found, their intended and continued presence in the workplace is not always appreciated. As such, they are subject to subtle and not so subtle forms of discrimination associated with ageist practices, or ageism, and negative perceptions regarding their ability to compete on equal terms with younger workers. In turn, it is suggested that older workers, too, indulge in ageist practices and the stereotyping of younger workers. It is proposed that underlying generational differences,when combined with ageism, negative stereotyping and discriminatory organisational practices, are responsible for a new phenomenon called intergenerational tension in the workplace.
The notion of tension, which can be thought of as suppressed anxiety or a strained relationship between individuals and groups, is important because intergenerational tension is presented as a latent or covert phenomenon. From this comes the following definition: lntergenerational tension in the workplace is a latent or covert form of intergroup conflict caused by value and attitudinal differences between the generations. lntergenerational tension can be thought of as an everyday fact of organisational life which exists as an undercurrent or type of background organisational noise that is so pervasive that it is rarely noticed. In this respect, intergenerational tension bears similarities to gender and ethnic tensions both of which have been recognised as counterproductive to organisational efficiency.
This thesis proposes a construct to measure this intergenerational tension. To investigate the generational differences associated with this new construct, a 25-item questionnaire was developed. The first stage in the development of the questionnaire was an informal experience survey that was completed by a small sample (n=54) of adults ranging in age from 21 years to 70+ years. A pilot study questionnaire was then constructed and administered to a small, stratified random sample of employees (n=60) from the Western Australia Police Service (WAPS). WAPS has recently changed from a seniority-based promotion system to a merit-based system for most positions and is undergoing a major cultural change in response to social and political pressure. Following data analysis, the final questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire, called the Intergenerational Tension Questionnaire (ITQ) was administered to a stratified random sample of employees from WAPS. Five hundred completed responses were subject to factor analysis in which principal components analysis extracted seven factors or dimensions thought to underlie intergenerational tension. Further data analysis revealed that on average, younger workers (i.e., less than 40 years of age) displayed less intergenerational tension than did older workers (i.e., more than 40 years of age). Data for workers a generation apart (i.e., 20 years apart) were also analysed, with the younger generation being those less than 30 years of age (the Under 30s) and the older generation being those more than 50 years of age (the Over 50s). The younger generation, on average, displayed less intergenerational tension than did the older generation.
Of the measures, organisational change was associated with the greatest degree of intergenerational tension for all groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the best predictors of intergenerational tension for younger workers and older workers were age, the length of service with one's current employer, and the number of years in the paid work force. For workers a generation apart, multiple regression analysis revealed that age was the only predictor. It was fortuitous that at the time of the study, the majority of younger workers were Generation X and the majority of older workers were Baby Boomers. This meant that to all intents and purposes, the questionnaire measured differences between two well-studied generational cohorts.
The findings supported the notion that organisations should not assume they are treating all workers equitably. In particular, older workers feel disenfranchised and angry at their treatment by organisations which, in their opinion, favours younger workers. The implication for organisations is that both groups should be treated independently, with each having its own special needs and expectations. This includes, for example, implementing strategies such as training methods suited to the needs of each age group and conducting age diversity training to raise awareness of what it means to be either a younger worker or an older worker.
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Buck, Trevor. "Age discrimination in employment : a comparative study of the law in the United States and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504243.
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O'Connor, Michael P. "The impact of the 1986 amendments to the Age discrimination in employment act on schools of public health /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1991. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11169631.
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Thesis (Ed.D.) -- Teachers College, Columbia University, 1991.Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Richard Anderson. Dissertation Committee: Thomas A. Leemon. Includes bibliographical references: (leaves 124-128).
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Blackham, Alysia Paige. "Extending working life for older workers : an empirical legal analysis of age discrimination laws in the UK." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709060.
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Lewen, Lisa Joy. "Understanding the role of age, work context, and task demands on managers' attitudes." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-05142007-202900/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Michele Ingram Mobley, Committee Member ; Sara J. Czaja, Committee Member ; Ruth Kanfer, Committee Member ; Arthur D. Fisk, Committee Member ; Wendy A. Rogers, Committee Chair.
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Luo, Dazun. "The effects of age, ethnic name and grade point average on screening decisions in teacher selection." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/955084.
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This study was formulated around the critical issues of teacher selection, potential discrimination, and candidate competence. This study investigated the effects of teacher candidate's age, ethnic name and undergraduate Grade Point Average (G.P.A.) on the school principals' evaluation of the candidate in the resume screening stage of selection.One hundred secondary school principals from a national random sample rated the hypothetical teacher candidates with different age conditions and resume conditions (ethnic name and G.P.A.). The principals' ratings for each candidate on the six selection criteria on the evaluation form were computed to yield a composite score for the candidate. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences among composite scores for the candidates with different age and resume conditions. There was no statistically significant difference found in the principals' ratings for the candidates with different age conditions. This finding indicated that candidate's age did not have an effect on the principals’ evaluation. There was a statistically significant difference in the principals' ratings for the candidates with different resume condition. This finding indicated that candidate's resume condition had influence on the principals' evaluation.A post-hoc procedure, Tukey (HSD), was further used to detect the specifics of the resume condition effect. The data analyses indicated that candidate's G.P.A. had a direct effect on the principals' evaluation only for the Anglo-Saxon name candidates not for the Hispanic name candidates The data analyses also indicated that candidate's ethnic name had an indirect effect on the principals' evaluation, and the effect was in favor of the Hispanic name candidates with a high G.P.A.Department of Educational Leadership
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Trinkle, Daniel. "Comparative Views on Age Discrimination Within Appellate Court Decisions: Utilizing Werner and Bolino’s Framework." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/609.
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The manner by which courts view performance appraisals in relation to the outcome of case is certainly a topic worthy of discussion. Utilizing the framework used within the work of Werner and Bolino (1997), the following study was able to accomplish two main goals: (1) update the information of Werner and Bolino (1997) by evaluating modern cases, and (2) to evaluate new data regarding age discrimination utilizing the same framework as Werner and Bolino (1997). Utilizing chi-square analysis to test all of the hypotheses, it was demonstrated that there was statistical significance in performance appraisals with the presence of a job analysis regarding court outcome. Other variables such as appraisal basis (trait, behavioral, MBO), triangulation, and appraisal frequency did not have any statistical significance. Out of the six new hypotheses tested, all showed statistical significance except for one. These hypotheses showcased the immense differences in how different forms of discrimination are viewed by the court even with respect to the performance appraisal. This was especially true with age discrimination in comparison to every other form of discrimination. In conclusion the following study accomplished its two main goals by displaying consistency with Werner and Bolino’s work and successfully evaluating new variables to support the hypotheses that involve differences between different forms of discrimination and the outcome of the court case.
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Loi, Lui Ping. "Why older adults seek employment: An examination of the differing motivations among subgroups." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2012.
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Twumasi, Ricardo. "Working late : exploring the new dynamics of later life working in light of changes in age related legislation, policy and practice." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21765.
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Demographic changes have facilitated longer, healthier lives, and legislative changes have encouraged extended working lives through the increasing of state pension age, equalisation of state pensions, and the removal of the default retirement age. Recent age discrimination legislation has begun to combat age discrimination within the employment context of the UK. Legal precedent has also been established during the course of this research through case law, as a result of high profile age discrimination cases reaching the Supreme Court. Through several interview studies, this thesis explores the experiences, views and attitudes of employees, employers, job seekers and retired individuals. Utilising focus groups, this thesis also presents data from a range of charity representatives, human resources professionals, line managers, employment advisors, health and safety practitioners, and trade union representatives in order to explore the influence of changes in later life working policy and practice. The research of this thesis also includes a consultation exercise to engage the potential users of the research and develops a policy and practice framework providing recommendations which could lead to better outcomes and improved opportunities for older workers. Finally, a series of video case studies presents the research findings in an accessible visual format. This varied use of communication methods was specifically selected in order to increase the impact of the research and potential user audience. Research findings highlighted that managing age diversity was perceived as essential for employee motivation and organisational competitiveness. In particular, interviewees from generationally diverse workforces also reported a more positive attitude to age. Evidence from this thesis presents direct examples of age discrimination limiting the employment opportunities of older workers. Potential victims of age discrimination often struggle to gather evidence to support their perception that they may have been mistreated due to their age. Especially for job seekers, the perception of age discrimination presents a significant barrier to confidence, motivation, and opportunities during the employment search. These concerns are also exacerbated by the most widely reported barrier to securing employment for older jobseekers which was insufficient feedback. While a small minority of employers discussed discriminatory practices, the majority were positive towards age diversity and embraced the benefits of older workers. Responsibility for retirement transitions and performance management as older employees reach the end of their careers were issues employers reported struggling with in light of the removal of the default retirement age. The findings of this thesis highlight the importance of challenging age stereotypes and embracing the opportunities that a multi-generational workforce offers in order to increase equality of opportunity and promote age positive organisational culture. All parts of society have a shared responsibility to change attitudes towards older workers, and offer workers of all ages the equality they deserve.
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Tuck, Robin Liane. "An examination of the perceptions held towards older workers: A comparison of information technology and non information technology companies." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2410.
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The focus of this thesis is to examine perceptions held towards older workers across industries. The perceptions of Human Resource personnel and hiring managers recruiting for Information Technologist were compared to the perceptions of Human Resource personnel and hiring managers recruiting for various other positions.
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Neves, Juçara Pereira da Costa. "Diversidade organizacional e envelhecimento humano: um estudo com profissionais de 40 ou mais anos de idade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20482.
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This research addresses issues related to prejudice and discrimination of people aged 40 or over in the work context and the challenges faced by these individuals at the time and a possible professional relocation at that stage of human life. For this, a bibliographical research was conducted on issues related to human aging, global longevity and longevity in Brazil, organizational diversity, people management, work, labor market, individual, social psychology and ethics. A quantitative-descriptive research was also performed with data obtained through an online questionnaire, answered by 56 professionals aged 40 years or over. First, the statistical analysis was based on the presentation and description of the frequency diagrams corresponding to the data collected for the various questions formulated. As a complementary study, the chi-square test of independence was applied in order to verify the existence or not of association between certain variables. The data revealed that professionals aged 40 and over perceived the existence of prejudice and age discrimination in the work context, as well as several challenges faced during the professional relocation process after 40 years of age. This research aims to contribute to discussions and new studies focused on this topic. In addition, this study aims to assist professionals in the area of social Psychology, human resources and/or people management, promoting information and reflection on the subject, in order to work for social inclusion in companies of people with that age group
Esta pesquisa aborda questões relacionadas ao preconceito e discriminação de pessoas com 40 ou mais anos de idade no contexto de trabalho e os desafios enfrentados por esses indivíduos no momento e uma possível recolocação profissional nessa fase da vida do ser humano. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre questões ligadas ao envelhecimento humano, à longevidade global e longevidade no Brasil, à diversidade organizacional, à gestão de pessoas, ao trabalho, mercado de trabalho, indivíduo, psicologia social e ética. Foi realizada também uma pesquisa quantitativa-descritiva com dados obtidos através de questionário on-line, respondido por 56 profissionais com 40 ou mais anos de idade. Primeiramente, a análise estatística baseou-se na apresentação e descrição dos diagramas de frequências correspondentes aos dados coletados para as várias questões formuladas. Como estudo complementar, aplicou-se o Teste Qui-Quadrado de independência com o objetivo de se verificar a existência ou não de associação entre determinadas variáveis. Os dados revelaram que os profissionais de 40 ou mais anos de idade percebem a existência de preconceito e discriminação etária no contexto de trabalho, assim como vários desafios enfrentados durante o processo de recolocação profissional após os 40 anos de idade. A pesquisa em questão pretende contribuir para discussões e novos estudos voltados para este tema. Além disso, este estudo pretende auxiliar os profissionais da área de psicologia social, recursos humanos e/ou gestão de pessoas, promovendo informação e reflexão sobre o tema, com o intuito de trabalharem a inclusão social nas empresas de pessoas com a referida faixa etária
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Šubrtová, Tereza. "Stárnutí a politika zaměstnanosti v České republice v letech 2000-2012." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198994.
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This thesis deals with the employment of older persons in the labor market in the Czech Republic. The aging of the population is currently becoming a major demographic feature in most developed countries, including the Czech Republic, which is causing social and economic problems. Employment of older persons is becoming more important. The aim of the study is to evaluate the development of the employment of older people in the Czech Republic in the years 2000 - 2012 and to propose measures that would contribute to its increase. In the theoretical part of the thesis are discussed factors that affect the employment of older persons. These include demographic changes, age discrimination, setting of the retirement system or measures of the European Union. Practical part of thesis is primarily engaged in employment of older persons in the Czech Republic and there are presented advantages and disadvantages of older workers and the proposals of individual actions that could contribute to increase the employment rate of older people.
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Berousková, Lucie. "Analýza trhu práce starších osob v České republice v letech 2000-2012." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165464.
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The thesis is focused on the actual problém of the Czech Republic, which is the issue of unemployment and higher participation of persons over 50 years of age on the labour market, growing mainly due to demographic developments and prolonging retirement age due to the pension reform. Persons older than 50 years are a specific group in terms of the labour market, which has special characteristics and needs the individual approach The main objective of this thesis is to analyse the labour market of older workers for the period 2000 - 2012 in terms of 4 factors, which are - gender, level of education, specialization and territorial allocations and then compare the disparities of this labour market with the employment policy in the Czech Republic. This comparison will provide the answer to the research question - whether employment policy meets the needs of the labour market of persons over 50 years of age.
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Сырчин, А. Е., and A. E. Syrchin. "Последствия повышения пенсионного возраста для рынка труда: угроза возрастной дискриминации : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/94052.
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Магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме дискриминации по возрасту в трудовой сфере, которая с повышением пенсионного возраста в России актуализировалась еще больше. Сегодняшняя ситуация, связанная с мерами противодействия распространения короновируса в России, также грозит усилением проявлений эйджизма. Цель исследования: оценить влияние повышения пенсионного возраста на масштабы распространения возрастной дискриминации на рынке труда и разработать рекомендации по противодействию возрастной дискриминации на рынке труда в Свердловской области в связи с последствиями, вызванными повышением пенсионного возраста. Методология исследования основана на сочетании количественных и качественных методов сбора необходимой информации, обеспечивающих рассмотрение проблемы как с позиции работников (метод массового анкетного опроса населения), так и с точки зрения работодателя (методы: контент-анализ объявлений о вакансиях в Свердловской области и глубинные интервью с работодателями). В исследовании проанализированы социально-экономические последствия повышения пенсионного возраста для рынка труда; выявлены основные проблемы крайних возрастных групп на рынке труда, дана оценка масштаба распространения возрастной дискриминации в сфере труда; определены оптимальные способы для преодоления выявленных проблем. Результатом работы стала разработка ряда рекомендаций для противодействия возрастной дискриминации на рынке труда в Свердловской области.The master's thesis is devoted to the problem of age discrimination in the labor sector, which has become even more relevant with the increase in the retirement age in Russia. The current situation related to measures to counteract the spread of coronovirus in Russia also threatens to increase the manifestations of ageism. Objective: to assess the impact of raising the retirement age on the prevalence of age discrimination in the labor market and to develop recommendations for countering age discrimination in the labor market in the Sverdlovsk region in connection with the consequences caused by the increase in the retirement age. The research methodology is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for gathering the necessary information, ensuring the consideration of the problem both from the position of employees (mass questionnaire survey of the population) and from the point of view of the employer (methods: content analysis of job ads in the Sverdlovsk region and in-depth interviews with employers). The study analyzes the socio-economic consequences of raising the retirement age for the labor market; identifies the main problems of extreme age groups in the labor market, assesses the scale of age discrimination in the labor sphere; identifies the best ways to overcome the identified problems. The work resulted in the development of a number of recommendations to counteract age discrimination in the labor market in the Sverdlovsk region.
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Georgiou, Jonathan. "Exploring the benefits of attracting, recruiting and retaining mature age employees up to and beyond the traditional age of retirement: Perspectives from Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1632.
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There has been a recent upsurge in media attention surrounding Australia’s ageing workforce. A review of academic, media and grey literature highlighted inadequacies in existing workplace polices, as well as flaws in financial and social security schemes. Of particular concern were persistent negative attitudes and counterproductive policies regarding mature age employees (MAEs). Poor retention rates among this cohort of workers aged 45 years and over are leading to skilled labour shortages and losses in corporate knowledge. This expected mass exodus of mature cohorts into retirement has been predicted to negatively impact the socio-economic sustainability of ageing societies world-wide and is a pertinent issue for Western Australia (WA).
The overarching objective of this study was to identify the ‘place’ of mature cohorts within WA workplaces and promote strategies that will improve the employment conditions and overall quality of life of ageing workforces. Research questions aimed to address the need for greater mature age employment up to and beyond pensionable age; identify ‘gaps’ in policies and programmes; and explore how mature cohorts were perceived (valued) and the extent their departure may affect WA society (labour force).
By using a mixed methods research design, this Doctoral dissertation developed a conceptual framework for limiting significant issues individuals, businesses and society may experience as a result of WA’s ageing workforce; whilst simultaneously promoting the benefits of maturity and mature age employment. This Re-Model draws upon the community development work principles of social justice, empowerment and social capital; and is further contextualised by methods of best practice identified from the triangulation of secondary sources, quantitative data and qualitative inquiry. Primary data collection involved the completion of 362 surveys, followed by 27 semistructured interviews and four focus group activities, with a cross section of MAEs, volunteers, their employers, retirees and unemployed cohorts from across WA.
Over one-third of current MAEs, employers and volunteers in this study reported they intended working later than the traditional age of retirement, with 71 per cent of this sample planning to semi-retire. Furthermore, almost 60 per cent of a sample that had previously exited the labour force was working at the time of data collection as semi-retirees or rehired retirees (rehirees). Collectively, these statistics indicated that despite predictions of mass disengagement among mature cohorts, most of this crosssection of Western Australians are seeking to remain in (or re-enter) the WA workforce beyond pensionable age. However, quantitative and qualitative findings revealed several barriers to their continued engagement, including access to ‘age-friendly’ workplaces; a dearth of targeted training (career) development and employment assistance; and a lack of value attributed to mature age skills and experience, particularly deleterious in WA’s youth-centric culture.
Primary data also highlighted several enabling factors for mature age employment. ‘Flexibility’ and ‘autonomy of choice’ were cited as key dimensions across all aspects of paid work, volunteering and retirement – whether in terms of worklife- balance; the individuation of training and development; or options available to those transitioning out of traditional employment. Data indicated that sustainable cultural change required more than just the removal of negative policies or introduction of punitive legislation. Maintaining a positive outlook among mature age individuals and simultaneously educating (younger) co-workers, employers, policy-makers (stakeholders) and society about the virtues of maturity and non-traditional work (skills) were considered essential to changing societal attitudes, behaviour and culture.
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Gixana-Khambule, Bulelwa Judith. "Unfair discrimination in employment." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/359.
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In this treatise the South African law relating to unfair discrimination is discussed. The development is traced from the previous dispensation and the few pronouncements of the Industrial Court on discrimination in employment. Thereafter the actual provisions in the law presently applicable, including the Constitution is considered. With reference to leading cases the issue of positive discrimination by adopting affirmative action measures is evaluated and reference is made to other defences like inherent requirements for the job and a general fairness defence. The conclusion is reached that South African law is developing to give effect to the notion of substantive equality with a view to eradicate the systematic discrimination of the past.
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Coyle, Stephen James. "AIDS and employment discrimination." Thesis, George Washington University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/22188.
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Routh, Robert 1943. "Aviation in discrimination [i.e. Discrimination in aviation]." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33365.
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This study questions the effects that discrimination has had on aviation and what changes, if any, can be expected in the near future. The central theme of the study is discrimination, specifically racial discrimination, sex discrimination and age discrimination. Of particular importance is the discriminatory role that various government agencies have played in labeling a person unfit to serve as a pilot simply because that person happens to be a woman, black or has reached a certain chronological age.This study questions the position taken by such institutions as the International Civil Aviation Organization, the Federal Aviation Administration and the Joint Aviation Authorities. Where possible, an attempt has been made to show good leadership on the part of these institutions as well as indicate where good leadership was partially or completely missing. The role the courts have played or failed to play over the years in determining the issues of discrimination in aviation has also been included in the study. Case law is used as extensively as possible to trace the positions taken by plaintiffs and defendants in attempting to change what they perceived as discriminatory or unfair law.
The text also includes legislation that addresses issues of discrimination passed by various legislative bodies as well as the efforts of individual organizations, such as the Professional Pilots Federation, the International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations and others, to end discriminatory practices in aviation.
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Hervey, Tamara K. "Justifications for sex discrimination in employment /." London : Butterworths, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37498343x.
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Martinsson, Jonas. "Age discrimination at Swedish Universities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96305.
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Discrimination at the schooling level has mainly been examined in terms of gender discrimination or discrimination against certain ethnical groups, while age discrimination mainly has been researched in the area of the labor market. In this paper, I examine the possible existence of age discrimination at Swedish Universities with the help of a difference-in-difference method by comparing standard exams graded both anonymously and non-anonymously. The results found were in line with previous studies regarding the fact that anonymously graded exams overall reduced the grades. Regarding the age discrimination the results indicate that there is discrimination among students aged 27-30, although to a very small extent.
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Razé, Laetitia. "L'âge en droit social : étude en droit européen, français et allemand." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G025/document.
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L’allongement de la durée de la vie humaine et le déficit du rapport démographique constituent de véritables défis pour les systèmes sociaux des États membres. Pour y faire face, les législateurs doivent à la fois développer une politique de protection des plus jeunes dans le cadre des relations professionnelles, tout en revisitant les logiques des seuils d’âge notamment au regard de la fin de ces relations. Cette étude a vocation à s’interroger sur l’existence d’un concept de l’âge. Fort d’une histoire culturelle, confortée par une analyse du phénomène physiologique du vieillissement par le législateur, le critère de l’âge entretient des liens particuliers avec les principes généraux du droit de l’Union, tel que le principe de la dignité humaine et le principe de l’égalité de traitement. Malgré tout, le critère de l’âge conserve une ambivalence certaine, mise en exergue à travers le principe général du droit de l’Union de non-discrimination à raison de l’âge. Cette ambivalence se manifeste plus fortement encore à l’issue des relations professionnelles, posant ainsi la question de la place de l’âge à la fin de la vie active. Ce curseur au soutien du pacte intergénérationnel, conditionnant le bénéfice de la liquidation de la pension, connaît actuellement un renouveau, dépassant les frontières des États membres. Une convergence dans le traitement de la vieillesse se crée, tendant au développement de nouvelles solidarités dans le cadre de l’entreprise (régimes professionnels d’entreprise). Il s’agit en outre de favoriser la poursuite de l’activité à un âge élevé (relèvement de l’âge légal de la retraite, décote, surcote, encadrement des régimes dérogatoires, prohibition des ruptures de la relation de travail fondée sur l’âge…) et de repenser les rapports entre les relations de travail et l’âge (cumul emploi - retraite, retraite progressive…). Ce faisant, les législateurs promeuvent un traitement de l’âge qui s’inscrit dans la problématique générale de la longévité humaine en EuropeDealing with longer life expectancy and demographic deficit is currently a huge challenge for the social system of European member states. To face this challenge, it is necessary for legislators to develop a dedicated protection policy for the young people in a business relationship context and, at the same time, to redefine age limits policy especially in business relationship termination situation.. The presented study focuses on the factuality of the « age » concept. Based on cultural history, confirmed by the legislator analysis of the physiological aging, « age » criterion is closely linked to general principles in E.U. legislation like, for example, the human dignity and the equal treatment. However, the « age » criterion still remains ambivalent which is underlined by the non-discrimination principle. This ambiguity is emphasized in business relationships which leads to the influence of the « age » in an ending working life situation. This intergenerational pact support, which influence the proceed of the pension liquidation, is currently experiencing a revival beyond E.U. member state boundaries. A converging point is achieved in old-age treatment which leads to new solidarity development schemes inside companies (like for example the company occupational scheme). An important objective is to promote the pursuance of a professional activity in order to retire later (increasing in the statutory retirement age, increment or reduce of the retirement pension, restriction of derogations, proscription of business relationship breaches if they are based on age, …) and to redefine the connection between age and business relationships (combined work and retirement, phased retirement, …). By this way, legislators promote a human longevity based age treatment in Europe
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Loyson, Madeleine. "Substantive equality and proof of employment discrimination." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1059.
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This dissertation is a journey through the legislative changes and case law in order to analyse and evaluate the changing nature of South African jurisprudence in respect of the notions of equality, discrimination and affirmative action and the manner in which these issues are proved and dealt with in our courts. It focuses firstly on the emergence of the post-Wiehahn labour laws and the developing jurisprudence concerning discrimination in South Africa towards the end of a long period of isolation from the international world. It witnesses the growing cognizance which was taken of international guidelines and their slow and gradual incorporation into our jurisprudence before the institution of the new democratic government, in the days when the country was still firmly in the grip of a regime which prided itself on its discriminatory laws. It also deals in some depth with the new laws enacted after the first democratic government was installed, especially in so far as the Constitution was concerned. The first clutch of cases dealing with discrimination which were delivered by the Constitutional Court and their effects on decisions of the labour courts thereafter, are dealt with in great detail, indicating how important those judgments were and still are ten years later. A special chapter is devoted to the Harksen case, still a leading authority on how to deal with allegations of unfair discrimination. Having traversed several of the judgments of the labour courts after Harksen, several observations are made in the conclusion of the study which, it is hoped, summarize the major areas of concern in respect of the task of testing claims of unfair discrimination arising in our Courts.
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Voges, Sarah M. (Arisa). "Discrimination in the workplace." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52238.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.Some digitised pages may appear cut off due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Employment Equity Act of 1998 compels organisations to eradicate all forms of discrimination in organisational processes and procedures. However, an ethical organisation that values and treats all employees in a fair and equitable manner has a definite strategic advantage and organisations therefore need to develop organisational cultures where managing diversity, fair dealing and equity are paramount. Organisations must ensure that optimum performance management practices are established and that rewards are allocated equitably and fairly according to merit. Recruitment and promotion selection procedures must be revised to guarantee fairness. Training and development interventions must be applied fairly to equalise opportunity. A survey conducted amongst MBA students at the USB identified that negative stereotyping and biased treatment persist in management practices. The provision of equal opportunities and managing diversity are concerns that need to be addressed. A good internal process to deal with the eradication of discrimination must be adopted by implementing a non-discrimination policy and conducting discrimination audits. All discrimination complaints must be dealt with speedily and at the lowest possible level. The remedial model developed in this technical report provides a consistent procedure whereby formal and informal complaints of discrimination could be dealt with fairly and effectively to assist organisations in eradicatinq discrimination in the workplace.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wet op Gelyke lndiensopneming van 1998 noodsaak die uitwissing van diskriminasie in alle prosesse en prosedures van organisasasies. 'n Etiese organisasie, wat alle werknemers op'n gelyke en gelykwaardige manier behandel en respekteer, het egter 'n strategiese voordeel en dit noodsaak die ontwikkeling van 'n organisatoriese kultuur waar die bestuur van diversiteit, gelyke regte en regverdige handel voorrang moet geniet. Optimale prestasiebestuurspraktyke moet ingestel word en daarvolgens moet alle vergoeding en beloning regverdig, volgens meriete, geskied. Die prosedures vir die keuring van kandidate vir werwing en bevordering moet vir die versekering van regverdigheid hersien word. Opleiding en ontwikkeling moet aangewend word om gelyke geleenthede vir almal te skep. 'n Steekproef wat onder huidige MBA-studente onderneem is, het getoon dat negatiewe stereotipering en bevooroordeling nog op 'n gereelde grondslag in bestuurspraktyke voorkom. Die verskaffing van gelyke geleenthede en die effektiewe bestuur van diversititeit is veral sake wat dringend aandag moet geniet. Dit is belangrik dat organisasies 'n goeie interne proses om diskriminasie uit te roei in werking stel deur die daarstelling van 'n nie-diskriminasie beleid en gereelde diskriminasie ouditte. Alle klagtes van diskriminasie moet spoedig en op die laagste moontlike vlak ondersoek word. Die remediërende model wat in hierdie navorsingsverslag ontwikkel is, verskaf 'n bestendige prosedure waarvolgens alle aantygings regverdig en doelmatig hanteer kan word.
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Brand, Hugo. "Unfair discrimination in recruitment practices." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021197.
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The focus of this paper is to emphasize the importance for every employer to avoid unfair discrimination during the recruitment process and to value diversity in the workplace. This is not only a legal requirement, but also gives an employer the best chance of getting the right person for the job. It is crucial to understand that job applicants are mostly people that employer’s do not actually employ, but might be able to make an unfair discrimination claim against the employer if the claimant believes he/she was not selected for a job because the employer discriminated against them unlawfully in the recruitment process. When writing the job description and a person specification, the employer should state clearly what tasks the person will have to execute and what skills will be needed for the job. Job descriptions should accurately describe the genuine essential duties and inherent requirements of the job. Personnel specifications should accurately describe the relevant, non-discriminatory and objectively justifiable requirements to be met by the post-holder. Specifications should not have any requirements that are not directly related to the job and it is important for employers to provide evidence that each recruitment and screening practice is job-related and consistent with business necessity. Employers are advised to devise and implement recruitment procedures and guidelines for all staff and applicants involved in the process of recruitment and to ensure that these incorporate the principles of the organisation’s equal opportunity principles. Employers should administer recruitment and other selection procedures without regard to race, colour, national origin, sex, religion, age and disability. Even though South Africa is now governed by a new democratic order, historical workplace inequalities still need to be addressed. Not only compelled to redress inequalities by the Constitution, the South African government was motivated by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) to enact laws that would prohibit discrimination and promote the economic advancement of the majority. Recruitment tests or selection procedures must be job-related and its results appropriate for the employer’s purpose. If a recruitment procedure screens out a protected group, the employer should determine whether there is an equally effective alternative selection procedure that has less adverse impact and, if so, adopt the alternative procedure. The justification of discrimination in recruitment practices and affirmative action is only meaningful if it is targeted towards particular aims. One of the more important defences against unfair discrimination in the workplace is the general fairness defence. The general fairness defence is considered to be an applicable defence based on fairness in situations where the two statutory exceptions do not apply. This means than when one looks at the concept of unfair discrimination it implies that discrimination may be justified in certain circumstances Legislation prohibits discrimination on various grounds especially throughout the process of recruitment and selection. There are limited exceptions to the general principle that it is unlawful to use gender, race, religion or sexual orientation as a criterion in the recruitment process. These exceptions are known as genuine occupational qualifications and the specifications for jobs should be carefully examined to ensure that there are no factors contained that are indirectly discriminatory. Focus must be placed on avoiding indirect discrimination in job factors. In the early stages of the recruitment process, an employee specification should be written that describes the type of person the employer seeks to be appointed in terms of qualifications, experience, skills and personal attributes. The imposition of inappropriate or unsuccessfully high standards or criteria may indirectly discriminate against people from a particular minority or racial group or religion. Employees must have the necessary skills to demand employment equity status especially where a designated employer does not have sufficient affirmative action employees and is obliged to rectify the situation. However, this does not mean that affirmative action applicants must be chosen above non-affirmative action employees. The principle of reversed discrimination stands firm if the motivation for appointing a particular person is based on a genuine desire to promote diversity, to apply affirmative action and to increase the numbers of people from a disadvantaged group in employment, or to create a more balanced workforce.
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Goosey, Stuart. "A pluralist theory of age discrimination." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/31795.
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This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive theory of age discrimination that can guide the direct and indirect age discrimination provisions of the Equality Act 2010. The Act holds that unequal treatment on the grounds of age and measures that are on their face age-neutral but have the effect of disadvantaging particular age groups are lawful only if the treatment can be shown either to be a 'proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim' or if the treatment fits into a specifically prescribed exception. In this way, the proportionality test distinguishes justified and unjustified age-differential treatment with only the former legally permissible. I outline and defend a pluralist theory of age discrimination that assists in making the distinction between justified and unjustified age-differential treatment. The theory identifies the principles that explain when and why age-differential treatment wrongs people and the principles that can justify this treatment. It is a pluralist theory because it recognises that age-differential treatment can wrong people for a number of different, overlapping reasons, and these different reasons should inform how we apply age discrimination law. The pluralist theory of age discrimination theory can improve legal reasoning in age discrimination cases by articulating the relevant principles and competing interests that are at stake in age discrimination claims. In constructing the theory, I adopt the reflective equilibrium method. This requires that I 'test' my starting moral intuitions against other beliefs, seeking coherence among these beliefs, and revising the beliefs as a result of particular challenges to them. In applying this method, I identify the following five principles to form a pluralist theory of age discrimination: equality of opportunity, social equality, respect, autonomy and efficiency.
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Carlsson, Magnus. "Essays on discrimination in hiring /." Växjö : Växjö University Press, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5864.
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Bamberry, Larissa. "Globalisation, gender and teachers' employment." Connect to full text, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1956.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2006.Title from title screen (viewed 10th October, 2007). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Policy and Practice, Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney. Degree awarded 2006; thesis submitted 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Melancon, Andree-Anne. "Discrimination in the age of drone warfare." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21172/.
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Butler, Mark. "Age discrimination : does life really begin at 40? : a comparative study of age discrimination legislation in the European Union." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508905.
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Brodin, Emma Victoria. "Sex discrimination in employment within the Church of England." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1997. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4753/.
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The principle of equality in the workplace, enshrined in the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, applies to a wide category of workers. However, there are certain exceptions to the legislation. Ministers of religion are not protected by the Act where employment is limited to one sex. Historically "employment" as a Church of England priest was limited to one sex. Then in 1993, following the momentous General Synod vote, legislation was passed which allowed women to be ordained as priests. A significant change had taken place regarding the theology of the Church. This shift in theology also brought the legal position of priests, in relation to sex discrimination, into question. An initial question was, should such priests be protected by secular employment legislation? if so, what are the legal difficulties of inclusion under the Sex Discrimination Act, and what are the practical difficulties of accommodation under the Act? These questions form the foundation stones of this thesis. A four stage process was used to answer these questions. First, a philosophical analysis of the theory behind sex discrimination law was undertaken, focusing on the concepts of equality and difference. Secondly, the position of the Church of England in relation to sex discrimination law was assessed with special reference to the employment status of ministers of religion. Thirdly, drawing on the theoretical work of stages one and two, an empirical investigation into the treatment of Church of England priests was conducted. The fourth stage built upon the empirical findings and the theoretical framework. British and European Community sex discrimination law was critically analysed, as was the relevant ecclesiastical law, and recommendations for law reform were made.
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Woodhams, Carol Anne Cruttenden. "Disability, equality and employment - on whose terms?" Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284865.
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Telles, Edward E., and Edward Murguia. "Phenotypic Discrimination and Income Differences Among Mexican Americans." University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/218633.
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Using a national probability sample of approximately 1,000 Mexican American heads of household, we analyze a subsample of 253 Mexican American male wage earners and present evidence of the importance of phenotype, measured by skin color and physical features, on earnings, controlling for other factors known to affect earnings. Even after controlling these variables, individuals with a dark and Native American phenotype continue to receive significantly lower earnings than individuals of a lighter and more European phenotype. A decomposition of differences in earnings reveals that most of the differential in earnings between the darkest one-third of the sample and the lighter two-thirds is due not to differences in endowments but rather to labor market discrimination. When taken as a whole, Mexican Americans in all phenotypic groups remain far from having incomes comparable to those of non-Hispanic whites.