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1
Poisson, Penny Kathleen. "Age differences in implicit memory tests." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24388.pdf.
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Floden, Darlene Patricia. "Age differences in rate of forgetting." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0020/MQ47648.pdf.
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Trujillo, Amanda Kathryn. "Age Differences in Word Recall Predictions." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/gerontology_theses/20.
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This study examined factors related to word list performance predictions made by younger and older adults. A performance prediction is an estimate made prior to being exposed to the material that is studied for a specific task. The current study examined the age differences in a sample of 59 older adults (M = 76.83 years old, SD = 8.28) and 51 younger adults (M = 21.19 years old, SD = 3.22) on performance predictions for both an immediate and delayed word recall task. Memory self-efficacy and other self-rating measures were not found to influence immediate or delayed predictions. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that older adults improved in absolute accuracy from immediate to delayed prediction whereas younger adults became less accurate. The results suggest that all metamemory skills do not deteriorate with age, as the older adults were capable of monitoring their memory accurately based on previous performance.
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Schocke, Matthew Jay. "Age differences in gender-based attributions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30901.
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Mursy, Ahmad Aly. "Age differences in Egyptian complimenting behaviour." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338196.
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Mojardin, Heraldez Ambrocio 1963. "Age differences in forgetting false memories." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291922.
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This study replicated and extended the results of some recent studies concerned with the effects of repeated testing in false-memory creation (e.g. Brainerd and Reyna, 1996), and recent studies concerned with the persistence of false memories over time (Brainerd and Reyna, 1996; McDermott, 1996; Payne et al., 1996). One hundred and twenty children of ages 6, 9 and 12 listened to a series of sentences and took three recognition tests (Immediate, One-week, One-month). Participants made recognition decisions about four items: (1) targets, (2) distractors with the same meaning as targets but different words, (3) distractors with different meaning than targets, but the same words, and (4) distractors with different meaning than targets and different words. Analysis of variance of hits and false alarms showed effects of repeated testing on both. Stochastic dependency analyses showed greater long-term persistence for false alarms than for hits. The effects of testing repetition in creating false memories and the persistence of false memories increased with age. Results are discussed using Fuzzy-Trace Theory as a theoretical framework.
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Simmons, Kristi M. "Age Differences in Revision of Causal Belief." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1136.
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Inductive reasoning (IR) requires efficient working memory (WM). Research shows that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved during WM tasks and that PFC functioning declines with age. The ability to comprehend and update text-based information requires an intact PFC and efficient WM and IR. The current study presented a series of messages about the investigation of a warehouse fire to 48 young and 48 older adults. One message contained a piece of misinformation which another message corrected later. It was hypothesized that a memory cue to the misinformation with the correction statement should benefit older adults the most during the updating process. A text-based level and situation model level measured updating. The text-based level is only information from the text but is not necessarily verbatim. The situation model level is the overall meaning of the text, including inferences and assumptions. Results show that unlike young adults, older adults are not capable of recalling the text at the text-based level. However, older adults are capable of performing like young adults at the situation model level. This suggests that older adults are capable of updating causal information in text material as long as a memory cue to the misinformation is provided within the correction statement.
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Cushman, Kristen L. "Age Differences in Reward Anticipation and Memory." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1220.
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Aging research on item- and associative-recognition memory has demonstrated that older adults are deficient in forming associations between two unrelated stimuli. Although older adult performance on tests of item-recognition is similar to younger adult performance, older adults perform worse than younger adults on tests of associative memory (Naveh-Benjamin, Hussain, Guez, & Bar-On, 2003). In addition to the idea that younger adult performance on associative-recognition tests is superior to that of older adults, research has shown that reward cues can enhance motivated learning and item memory performance of younger adults. In an fMRI study that examined the influence of reward anticipation on episodic memory formation, Adcock and colleagues (2006) examined memory performance in response to reward cues that preceded single stimuli and found that young adult participants remembered more stimuli associated with high value reward cues than those associated with low value reward cues. The aim of the current study was to examine whether reward cues that precede a stimulus pair might enhance an association between two stimuli and influence younger and older adult performance on tests of item- and associative-recognition. Our study confirms the idea that while older adult memory for individual items is intact, older adult memory for associations is impaired (Naveh-Benjamin et al., 2003). The results supported the idea that younger and older adult item-recognition is better for high versus low reward cues, but the reward cues had no influence on the associative-recognition of either age group. Therefore, the age-related associative deficit was not improved by reward cues that preceded each stimulus pair.
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Chen, Yiwei. "Age differences in stages of attributional processing." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28648.
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Pollock, Joshua W. "Modeling Age Differences in Risky Decision Making." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1404746282.
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Earles, Julie Lynn. "The effects of environmental context on memory : an examination of age differences." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28634.
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Heckman, Abby L. "Age differences in emotion regulation in interpersonal situations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8075.
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Shchudro, Oxana. "Age differences in women’s shopping for clothes behavior." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1036.
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The main aim of this research was to investigate the differences of women’s consumer behavior when shopping for clothes. To investigate these differences quantitative approach was used. In order to collect data for analysis a questionnaire was developed. During the study the following aspects were analyzed: frequency of shopping and expenditure, women’s values, store selection criteria, motivations and sources of information women usually use. After reviewing numerous scientific articles, eleven different hypotheses were developed, in order to be tested in the course of this study: H1: Women’s consumer behavior varies with age H2: Sexual attraction motivation decreases with age H3: Conformity motivation decreases with age H4: Fashion expression motivation decreases with age H3: The importance of comfort increases with age H6: The importance of quality increases with age H7: The importance of knowledgeable staff increases with age H8: Younger women shop clothes more often H9: The influence of impersonal sources of information increases with age H10: Younger shoppers are more price-conscious H11: It is important for older consumer to be known or recognized in the store To test these hypotheses, the data from fifty nine women was collected with the help of the questionnaire. Then, all respondents were divided into five age cohorts in order to structure the results and analyze differences in every age cohort. After having analyzed all the gathered data, five hypotheses were confirmed, while other six hypotheses were rejected. Hypothesis 1 was rather general and it was confirmed in the very beginning. All the other hypotheses were analyzed with the help of regression analysis in Excel. After testing every hypothesis, author of the thesis came to the conclusion that hypothesis 2, hypothesis 5, hypothesis 8 and hypothesis 10 are be confirmed, while hypothesis 3, hypothesis 4, hypothesis 6, hypothesis 7, hypothesis 9 and hypothesis 11 are rejected.
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Reich, Kerstin. "Exploring age and generation effects in cultural differences." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420758.
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Dickerson, Anne E. "Age differences in functional performance : deficits or artifacts?" FIU Digital Commons, 1991. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2810.
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An experiment was conducted to compare the functional performance of 20 young adults and 20 older adults in two types of tasks. One type of task was normal activities of daily living which are meaningful, familiar, and well practiced while the other type was a contrived, relatively unfamiliar task of wrapping a package. While young and old adults did not differ in the ratings of the familiarity of the two tasks, results from an Age by Task Type mixed MANOVA demonstrated a significant age difference in both activities. This suggests that older adults show age-related decline with tasks even when those tasks are familiar, practiced, and ecologically valid.
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Ho, Geoffrey. "Age differences in skill acquisition with conjunction search." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0019/MQ48012.pdf.
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Svoboda, Eva-Maria. "Autobiographical interview, age-related differences in episodic retrieval." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58879.pdf.
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Cooper, Carolyn L. "Age differences in dispositional attributions and elaborative inferences." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28964.
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Orgeta, Vasiliki. "Age differences in the processing of emotional information." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446568.
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The present PhD examines age-related differences in the processing of emotional information. Consistent with neuropsychological perspectives of ageing, a number of studies have demonstrated that age exerts a detrimental influence on the ability to recognise facial emotion. The present PhD presents the results of three individual experimental studies conducted to assess age-related differences in the ability to decode facial affect. Age-related differences were observed in the ability to label both high and low intensity of specific facial expressions of emotion, which were partly explained by age-related variance in processing speed (Study 1). Manipulating the number of labels available in an emotion labelling task influenced older adults’ ability to label facial emotion. Age-related decrements in labelling facial affect were limited to 4- and 6- choice labelling conditions, providing support for the hypothesis that age-related emotion recognition deficits vary as a function of type of task used (Study 2). Age-related deficits in recognizing facial emotion do not extend beyond tasks that do not require labelling, such as matching facial emotion, providing further support for the hypothesis that they are task specific (Study 3). In line with socio-cognitive perspectives, a number of studies demonstrate that older adults exhibit a tendency to direct their attention away from negative facial expressions. The present PhD presents data of two individual experimental studies, demonstrating that the effects of age on the selective attention to emotion reflect conscious control (Study 4) and efforts to regulate emotion (Study 5). Overall the results provide evidence that age-related differences in the processing of emotional information are more likely to be observed when deliberative processes are required. On the other hand measures of affect that are less demanding are more likely to show a positive trajectory with increasing age.
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Kim, Tae Hoon. "Age-related Differences in Rhythmic Coordination in Golf." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253573217.
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Sakel, Katie L. "Age differences in religiousness and psychological well-being." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1560159172515105.
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Ristuccia, Robert C. "Age differences in ethanol effects sensitivity and reward /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Clay, Samuel L. "Age, Gender, and Religious Differences in Moral Perspective." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1990. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTAF,24562.
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Dark-Freudeman, Alissa. "Memory-related possible selves exploring age-related differences /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0005642.
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Longmire, Kristen M. "Vulnerability to childhood depression : race and age differences /." Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/longmirek/kristenlongmire.pdf.
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Hildebrandt, Andrea. "Individual and age-related differences in face-cognition." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16207.
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Experimentelle und neurophysiologische Studien weisen auf eine Spezifität der Gesichterkognition hin. In der differentiellen Psychologie wird ein Schwerpunkt auf die Differenzierbarkeit sozio-kognitiver Leistungen von akademischen Fähigkeiten gelegt. Dabei werden bislang kaum Versuche unternommen, Messmodelle zu etablieren, die in neurokognitiven Modellen verankert sind. Basierend auf neuartigen Versuchen zur Etablierung solcher Modelle ist es das Ziel dieser Dissertation, die Robustheit dieser Modelle aus einer entwicklungspsychologischen Perspektive zu betrachten und diese zu erweitern. Zudem werden altersbedingte Leistungsunterschiede in der Gesichterkognition auf der Ebene latenter Faktoren ermittelt und die Hypothese altersbedingter kognitiver Dedifferenzierung mit modernen Methoden kritisch untersucht. Das Hauptziel ist die Erbringung entwicklungspsychologischer Evidenz für die Spezifität der Gesichterkognition. In einem ersten - primär methodologischen - Manuskript wird erstmalig in der Literatur die Implementierung von Funktionen der Beobachtungsgewichtung aus der nicht-parametrischen Regression für Strukturgleichungsanalysen vorgeschlagen. Diese Methode ergänzt Multigruppenanalysen bei der Untersuchung kognitiver Dedifferenzierung. Weitere vier Manuskripte adressieren Fragestellungen zur Gesichterkognition und zeigen: 1) Gesichterwahrnehmung, Gesichtergedächtnis und die Schnelligkeit der Gesichtererkennung sind separierbare Prozesse über die gesamte erwachsene Lebensspanne; 2) die Schnelligkeit der Gesichtererkennung kann nicht von der Schnelligkeit der Emotions- und Objekterkennung faktoriell getrennt werden; 3) Gesichterwahrnehmung und Gesichtergedächtnis können bis zum späten Alter von allgemeinen kognitiven Fähigkeiten getrennt werden, und 4) eine leichte Dedifferenzierung zwischen Objekt- und Gesichterkognition tritt auf der Ebene von Akkuratheitsmessungen auf. Implikationen sind in den Manuskripten ausführlich diskutiert und im Epilog zusammengefasst.Cognitive-experimental and neuropsychological studies provided strong evidence for the specificity of face cognition. In individual differences research, face tasks are used within a broader variety of tasks, usually with the intention to measure some social skills. Contemporary individual differences research still focuses on the distinction between social-emotional vs. academic intelligence, rather than establishing measurement models with a solid basis in experimental and neuropsychological work. Building upon recent efforts to establish such measurement models this dissertation aimed to extend available models and assess their robustness across age. Furthermore, it investigates mean age differences for latent factors, critically looks at phenomena of dedifferentiation with novel and innovative analytic methods, and attempts to provide more evidence on the uniqueness and communalities of face cognition throughout adulthood. In a first primarily methodological manuscript, we propose for the first time in the literature an implementation of functions to weight observations used in nonparametric regression approaches into structural equation modeling context, which can fruitfully complement traditionally used multiple-group approaches to investigate factorial dedifferentiation. In the following four manuscripts, we investigated individual and age-differences in face cognition. Results show that: 1). Face perception, face memory and the speed of face cognition remain differentiable throughout adulthood; 2). The speed of face cognition is not differentiable from the speed of perceiving emotional expressions in the face and complex objects, like houses; 3). Face perception and memory are clearly differentiable from abstract cognition throughout adulthood; and 4). A slight dedifferentiation occurs between face and object cognition. Implications are discussed in the manuscripts and the epilogue.
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Whiting, Wythe L. IV. "Effects of elaboration on age differences in memory performance." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28757.
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Tun, Patricia Ann. "Adult age differences in processing different types of text." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28955.
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Tomlin, Vicky. "Age group and gender differences in fears of aging /." Full text available online, 2006. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Risse, Sarah, and Reinhold Kliegl. "Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5693/.
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Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously
preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.
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Oakley, Kathryn J. "Age and individual differences in the realism of confidence." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/NQ37051.pdf.
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Ma, Xiaodong. "Age differences in conjunction fallacies and information-processing styles." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1178153602.
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Houslay, Thomas M. "Causes of adaptive differences in age-dependent reproductive effort." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20349.
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Sexually selected ornaments are among the most spectacular traits in nature. Indeed, the extreme costs associated with producing sexual traits seem to play a crucial role in their evolution by enforcing honest levels of advertisement: only males with high levels of acquired resources (or high ‘condition’, as it is known in the literature) can afford to produce extravagant signals, a phenomenon which maintains signal reliability in a constant environment. In my thesis I examine many implications of this condition-dependent model of ornament and preference evolution for variation in age-dependent allocation to sexual signals and other life history traits. In Chapter 1, I review theoretical implications of condition-dependent signalling for life history and sexual selection theory. I note that a universal cost of expenditure in sexual advertisement is metabolic in nature: metabolites used to fund ornament expression are by definition unavailable to other life history traits that compete for a limited resource pool. This universal constraint on expenditure does more than maintain honesty (as noted above), however: the reliance of sexual displays on high levels of nutrient acquisition may help maintain genetic variation in sexual signals that would otherwise be eroded by strong mate choice, and without which the selective basis for good-genes choice would disappear. Three mechanisms in particular probably help to maintain genetic variation in acquisition. 1) Because acquiring resources and converting them efficiently to useful forms depends on the high function of many biochemical pathways, condition is undoubtedly highly polygenic, which slows the erosion of genetic variation under strong directional selection by females (especially in the presence of epistatic interactions). 2) The highly polygenic nature of condition also presents a large target for mutation, which continually restores variation at the loci under selection. 3) The many loci underlying condition may also be particularly sensitive to environmental heterogeneity in time or space. By favouring the most ornate males, females acquire high performing genes for their offspring, regardless of the precise allele combinations that have conferred the ability to acquire resources. Selection on specific alleles is liable to fluctuate over time or space whenever allelic performance is strongly context-specific. I close by noting the considerable challenges in advancing research on sexual selection and life history allocation, including the fact that two key processes central to life history (acquisition and allocation) are latent variables that interact in complexways and are intrinsically difficult to measure empirically. In the remainder of my thesis I conduct a series of experiments involving decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus, which are useful models for studying life history because they enable precise measurement of male reproductive effort. Male G. sigillatus face important allocation decisions owing to the highly polyandrous nature of females, and the substantial costs involved in signalling and mating. Chapter 2 examines sex differences in age-dependent reproductive effort as a function of diet and development stage. I reared outbred crickets using four combinations of diet nutritional quality, and studied the effects of these combinations on male and female reproductive effort (calling effort in males and fecundity in females) and longevity. While I expected males to be more sensitive than females to variation in diet and developmental changes in its quality, I actually observed the opposite: males in all treatments increased calling effort over time, exhibiting consistently positive covariance between calling effort and longevity across treatments. By contrast, the relationships between female reproductive effort and longevity changed dramatically across treatments, and females who lived to intermediate ages had the highest fecundity. Although my results support sex-specific selection on life history allocation over time, a compelling additional explanation for my findings relates to the strategic role of calling for achieving male fitness. In the absence of positive feedback from potential mates, perhaps male allocation to sexual advertisement is careful and only increases gradually as a function of accumulating metabolic resources and increasing risk of intrinsic mortality. Alleles underlying condition are expected to be particularly sensitive to environmental heterogeneity. While this sensitivity may help maintain additive variation in male quality (which is essential for the sustenance of adaptive good-genes mate choice, as noted in Chapter 1), too much environmental sensitivity could also underiii mine the signal value of the male trait. For example, if there are strong genotypeby- environment interactions (GEIs) for sexual advertisement, in a rapidly changing environment females risk favouring a male whose alleles are no longer best suited to current conditions. This problem is particularly pressing for animals like crickets where males exhibit a behaviourally plastic sexual display (such as calling), and so may dynamically adjust signalling effort over time. In Chapter 3, I used inbred lines of decorated crickets to quantify age and diet dependent genetic variation in male signalling. I demonstrate that while genetic correlations across diets were quite strong for morphological traits, correlations between measures of the male sexual trait rapidly approached zero as I increased the distance in time (i.e., across widely spaced ages) or diet (i.e., comparing more dissimilar dietary histories) between samples. While extrapolating from my laboratory experiments to nature is difficult, my findings nevertheless cast doubt on the value of behaviourally dynamic signals (such as cricket calls) for reliably indicating genetic quality in realistically complex environments. In Chapter 4 I used physiological assays to evaluate factors affecting metabolite storage and use over time in decorated crickets. I manipulated the acquisition ability of all males using artificial diets that varied linearly in nutrient quality, and manipulated access to female mates over the course of the second week of adult life. By sacrificing crickets at key stages before and after manipulating the diet and social environment, I was able to estimate changes in stored metabolites, and relate these changes to calling effort and longevity. During the first week of adulthood (in the absence of females), higher diet quality significantly increased calling effort and storage of lipid, glycogen, and carbohydrate (but not protein). The presence of females increased both the probability of calling and the amount of calling during the second week, whereas diet quality only improved calling effort. By the end of the second week, calling effort had decreased, even by high quality males in the presence of females, suggesting a depletion of resources. Furthermore, the loss of condition during week 2 covaried with calling effort during the previous week irrespective of diet. Males who started the second week in high condition lost more glycogen and carbohydrate than rivals; meanwhile, lipid accumulation covaried positively with calling effort during week 2. The contrasting patterns of storage and use for lipids compared to the ‘quick-release’ metabolites (glycogen and carbohydrates) affirms starkly distinct functions for the different storage components, and underlines the importance of specific physiological measures in life history research. Finally, in the general discussion, I attempt to synthesise my thesis’s contributions to the study of life history trade-offs involving behavioural sexual displays.
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Randall, Susan E. "Age differences in prospective memory: Laboratory versus naturalistic settings." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2016. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/6ca718c44524b548e1e277bb919ecc3462b3609d6a958c36296c5a5c1b01b76c/4844462/Randall_2016_Age_differences_in_prospective_memory.pdf.
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Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember and perform intended actions at the appropriate point in the future. PM is a cognitive ability that is vital to many aspects of daily functioning, and it is particularly important for older adults who wish to maintain functional independence. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate factors that potentially contribute to the age-PM paradox. The age-PM paradox refers to the contrasting age effects on PM performance with age-related deficits observed on laboratory tasks, but no age differences or even age-related benefits observed on naturalistic tasks. Several proposed factors that possibly contribute to the age-PM paradox were examined in two tangential studies. Firstly, a descriptive study of self-directed PM tasks in daily life was conducted. The study examined how the context of PM task completion in the real world might vary between young and older adults, as such differences may contribute to age differences in naturalistic PM performance. To improve upon previous naturalistic studies, the study employed an experience-sampling method to capture PM successes and failures throughout the day. Contrary to popular belief, the findings suggest that dissimilarities in the demands of everyday life and the usage of external reminders, such as diaries, cannot explain the improved naturalistic PM performance of older adults. However, older adults were found to regard their PM tasks as important more often than young adults. Older adults also rehearsed their PM intentions more frequently than young adults. Thus, it is possible that the age benefit observed in naturalistic settings is related to older adults’ motivation and their ability to plan and rehearse their PM tasks within their own environment. Relatively few instances of PM failures were reported by both age groups. Further evidence suggests that participants retrieved their PM intentions through both spontaneous retrieval and strategic monitoring processes, which provides support for the multiprocess framework of PM. The second study rigorously examined whether the comparison of inherently dissimilar tasks could be contributing to the age-PM paradox. Laboratory PM tasks are predominantly event-based tasks, while naturalistic PM tasks are typically time-based, occurring at a set time of day. To address the lack of task comparability across settings, novel naturalistic PM measures were developed to objectively assess PM performance on three types of tasks: event-based, scheduled time-based (typical of prior naturalistic studies), and time-check tasks (typical of prior laboratory studies). The study is the first investigation of age differences in laboratory and naturalistic settings on all three types of PM tasks using the same participant sample in both settings. Laboratory PM performance was assessed using a computerised version of Virtual Week, which simulates activities of daily life in a board game format. Naturalistic PM performance was assessed using smartphones and an application developed specifically for this thesis. In the laboratory, age-related deficits were observed on all three task types. However, in the naturalistic setting, older adults performed better than young adults on scheduled time-based tasks, performed just as well as the young adults on event-based tasks, and performed equally poorly on time-check tasks. The findings suggest that older adults demonstrate improved PM performance in everyday life when the PM tasks possess an event-like quality, which allows for further environmental support for successful task completion. Regardless of the setting, older adults consistently exhibited poor performance on time-check tasks. This finding suggests that older adults’ PM performance suffers when the PM tasks are particularly demanding and rely heavily on effortful monitoring processes for intention retrieval. Overall, the current research suggests that the age-PM paradox cannot be completely explained by contextual differences surrounding naturalistic PM performance or by the lack of task comparability across settings in the existing literature. However, given the substantial improvement in older adults’ naturalistic performance on scheduled time-based tasks, but not on time-check tasks, this thesis highlights the importance of this relatively rare time-based task distinction when considering the age-PM paradox. Taken together, the studies indicate that older adults’ naturalistic PM performance benefits from explicit cues, environmental support, and the ability to plan and rehearse PM intentions.
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Wang, Jiaxi. "Age Differences In Economic Decisions: A New Ultimatum Game." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1372532918.
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Li, Xuan. "Electrophysiological Evidence for Adult Age Differences in Orientation Discrimination." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1512732686486329.
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Hanselka, Larry L. (Larry Lynn). "Age/Cohort Differences in Aspects of the Self-System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279210/.
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Age/cohort differences in several aspects of the self-system were investigated utilizing a sentence completion paradigm. Eighty-eight adults over age sixty and one hundred eight adults under age forty served as subjects. Subjects were asked to complete 30 self-referent sentence stems which were pre-structured to elicit information from the self-system. Responses were subjected to a content analysis utilizing a coding system which contained concepts used by subjects in their self-representations. Contents were coded for dimensions conceptually related to Physical Health, Autonomy, Self-Evaluation, Depression, Spirituality, and Altruism. Frequencies of codings were counted and subjected to statistical analysis for performing age group comparisons.
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Colônia, Regina Célia. "Adult age differences in memory for lateral orientation of pictures." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29327.
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Desir, Johanna E. "A Phenomenological Study of Nurse Administrators: Leading the Multigenerational Workforce of Registered Nurses." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2017. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/fse_etd/122.
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Nurse shortages and nurse turnover are major issues in the health care industry. As 4 generations of nurses are working side by side for the first time in history in the health care industry, nurse leaders need to understand the generational differences in order to bridge the gap on retaining the nurses in the workforce. The primary focus of this applied dissertation study was to explore and obtain the lived experiences of leading the nursing intergenerational cohorts, as well as the strategies that nurse leaders or nurse managers can utilize to meritoriously attract, retain, and motivate the generational nursing workforce. The Leadership Questionnaire, designed in 2008 by Dr. Nelson, was utilized to interview 5 nurse administrators of the phenomenon to comprehend how the health care nurse administrators can utilize productive techniques of leading the nursing generational cohorts. The target population was members of a professional long-term care association. Once the nurse administrators agreed to participate on the study and signed the consent form, the researcher scheduled an initial 45-minute interview of three 15- to 30-minute interviews over a 3-month period. The data collected as a result of this study revealed findings: (a) the intergenerational educational gap in the nursing workforce, (b) the needs of the intergenerational nurses, (c) the critical aspect of continuing of professional education training development for the nurses, and (d) the critical leadership values on leading the intergenerational nursing cohorts. This applied research study dissertation intended to assist nurse leaders to reframe perceptions regarding the nurses’ intergenerational group (e.g., Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y) differences and to view these differences in attitudes and behaviors as potential strengths.
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Brink, Ester Corné. "Creativity in the late middle childhood : development and gender differences / Ester Corné Brink." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/167.
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Many studies have been performed on creativity and the measurement of creativity.
However, little is known about the relationship between gender differences and creativity,
particularly in South Afnca. The current study aimed to investigate the difference in
creativity between boys and girls, as well as the development of creativity in late middle
childhood, in the South African context. From the random sample of 1000 primary school
children in late middle childhood (grade 4 to 7) of different races and socio-economic strata
and from different provinces in South Africa, the questionnaires of 707 children could be
used. By using a single cross-sectional design, creativity was measured with subscales of the
Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. The results indicated low average scores of creativity in
South Afncan children. No statistically significant differences in creativity scores were found
between boys and girls. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences in creativity
scores were found between the 9-year-old and the 10- to 12-year-old groups, except for verbal
fluency, where the 10- tol2-year-old children scored higher than the 9-year-old children.
Since the creativity scores were generally lower than the norms for the Torrance Test of
Creative Thinking, it is clear that the development of creativity in particular groups of South
African children may be suboptimal and this phenomenon needs further investigation.Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Fallon, Marianne Catherine. "Age-related differences in the perception of speech in noise." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29186.pdf.
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Poston, Bracher J. "Age-related differences in the accuracy of goal-directed contractions." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239398.
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Weeden, Gabriel T. "An examination of differences in financial performance among age cohorts." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/716.
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Rogers, Wendy Anne. "Target and distractor learning in visual search : age-related differences." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28731.
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Bakhshi, Kirran. "Schizophrenia: neural architecture, brain regional differences, and changes with age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601175.
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Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous and life-altering disorder. Although a multitude of research has been published on schizophrenia since its first iteration as dementia praecox, there is sti ll much to be learned about this disease. Neuroscientific research has revealed important find ings on brain changes; some of these have become consistent with the disease, such as the decrease in whole-brain gray matter and the enlargement of the ventricles. However, other findings remain controversial, including the posited increase in neuron density. New techniques are being implemented every day to study these changes, including the use of diffusion tensor imaging. A novel application of this method in the gray matter in the current study reveals increased diffusivity in schizophrenia, potentially implicating decreased tissue integrity and a loss of neuropil. Relationships with asymmetry are also explored in conjunction with altered neurodevelopment. An examination of the microstru cture literature using meta-analysis suggests that overall there is an increase in density in schizophrenia. This provides support for a neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia, and has implications for the reduced neuropil hypothesis; additionally, a finding of decreased inhibitory neurons in schizophrenia provides support for the theory of dysfunctional inhibitory cortical circuits. A focus on the microstructure in the inferior parietal lobule, a neglected region in schizophrenia research, reveals a difference in structure in schizophrenia, as well as important relationships with age that support a progressive course to the disease. The effect of clinical variables such as medication and length of illness were examined in each of these studies, and these relationships provide important insight into the progression of the disease, as well as the nature of the impairment in those who have schizophrenia. The various techniques used in th is project combine to create a picture of profound and comprehensive alterations in brain structure at both the macro- and micro-scale.
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Morgan, Michael. "Age-related differences in fraction comparison: A process level approach." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52202.
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This study is an investigation into the relationship between numeric cognition and aging. Specifically, older and younger adults engaged in an experimental protocol that allowed observation of number comparison accuracy and response time latencies associated with the SNARC effect, the distance effect, and number format.
The experimental protocol featured a computerized magnitude comparison task wherein the participants were prompted to identify the larger of two numbers. Half of the trials featured whole numbers and half featured fractions. The number stimuli were consistently mapped such that half of all trials were at near distance (i.e., difference of 2) or far distance (i.e., difference of 4) and half of all trials had the larger numerosity on the left side of space and the other half with the larger numerosity on the right side of space.
Older adults were significantly slower and less accurate than young adults. Both age groups were significantly slower and less accurate when comparing fractions as opposed to comparing whole numbers. The SNARC effect impaired accuracy in both age groups but did not significantly impact response times. The distance effect impacted both age cohorts in accuracy but differentially impacted older adult response times more than young adult response times.
The results of this study support the model of numeric cognition as an automatic process when comparing whole numbers at a far distance and this process is not disrupted by the SNARC effect but is when comparing whole numbers at near distance. The results also indicate that fraction comparison is a controlled process even when the fraction stimuli are consistently mapped. Further investigation is necessary to understand the amount of cognitive resources necessitated by fraction processing and if training can improve fraction comparison.
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Magee, Cynthia A. "Age and gender-related differences among children's social support networks." Scholarly Commons, 1996. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2787.
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Research with adult populations suggests that individual differences in social support may begin in childhood. It has been suggested that the makeup of people in a child's social support network could be indicative of the child's social development. Until recently there was not a measure available that could be used to report social support across the life span, therefore the ability to compare childhood social support networks to adult social support networks has been limited. The present research used a measure that has historically been used with adults and recently used with children as young as age 7, and used it with younger children (age 4). The measure used is a hierarchical mapping technique in which the children were asked to place the members of their social support network into three concentric circles. Four, 7, and 10 year olds (N = 286) participated in individual 20 min interviews. The social development of the child from age 4 to age 10 can clearly be seen in this research. For example, the older children have relationships of varying closeness and can made distinctions on the basis of closeness. In contrast, the younger child places most network members in the inner circle, possibly because the child is unable to make finer distinctions in relationships or possibly because the child actually has mostly relationships that would be described by placing them in the inner circle. Other findings include that as the child gets older, the social support network grows larger and includes more family members in the inner circles and more friends in the outer circles. The research also indicates that the reports of 4 year olds were just as reliable as those of 7 and 10 year olds.
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Morrison, Hayli. "Analysis of age-related differences in political message framing effects." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32607.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Journalism and Mass Communications
Louise Benjamin
This experimental research builds upon the health communications study completed by Rustam Haydarov in 2010, with a similar approach to ascertain how an individual’s age might influence their reaction to political messages. Using a typology of frames by Levin, Schneider and Gaeth (1998), the study utilizes an older demographic (ages 55-70) and a younger comparison group (ages 18-33) to determine a) if both groups find positive advertising messages more favorable than negative advertising messages and b) if the older demographic is more wary than younger counterparts when discussing current events and the future of America. The study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to determine reactions to goal-oriented and loss-oriented message framing in four mock print political campaign advertisements focusing on the topics of healthcare and college education financing. There was greater prevalence of strongly negative and strongly positive reactions among the younger demographic, except in the case of the loss-framed healthcare ad. The older group reacted more strongly to that particular ad, concerning an issue which had great relevance to them. Of the two age groups, the older demographic registered a more even-keeled reaction across the four ads. Overall, this study has focused on how message frame, topic and age of the message receiver combine to affect message resonance in the context of political communications.
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Pardi, Beth Ann. "Logical reasoning: an examination of age, schooling, and gender differences." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407486118.
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Ralston, Robert. "Feature Induction and Categorical Reasoning: Evidence for Age-Related Differences." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557139449197153.
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