Journal articles: 'Age at internationalization'

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Verdier, Sylvie, Christiane Prange, Tugrul Atamer, and Philippe Monin. "Internationalization performance revisited: the impact of age and speed on sales growth*." Management international 15, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045622ar.

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Internationalization process theories have been dominated by the Uppsala theory and the new venture theory: they provide explanations for slow international growth by mature firms and fast international growth by young firms, but fail to consider other combinations of age and speed. This article sketches a 2*2 matrix and explores the performance differentials of four internationalization patterns. Building on early empirical evidence from the retailing industry (1998-2004), the combination of young and slow internationalization is preferable to other options, while a young age is generally more likely to yield internationalization performance than any combination of mature internationalization with slow or accelerated speed.

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Iubel de Oliveira Pereira, David, and Marcelo Gechele Cleto. "The Internationalization Behavior of SMEs from a Purchase Perspective." International Business Research 11, no. 6 (May 9, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n6p50.

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The aim of present study was to analyze the internationalization behavior of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) regarding purchases using four questions: why, what, when and where. Structured interviews were conducted at SMEs located in the city of Curitiba and Metropolitan Region, Brazil, which dealt with the machinery and equipment sector. Regarding the reasons for internationalization (why), the main results showed agreement with motivators associated with cheaper products, advanced technology, higher quality and exclusivity, as well as an expectation of increasing organizational competitiveness. Internationalization items (what) sought out by SMEs were mostly items considered strategic. Regarding internationalization period (when), younger companies tended to start their internationalization process earlier. However, both the age of the company and the year of international entry did not directly explain or influence international expansion. Finally, place of internationalization (where) showed that a variety of countries have been involved with SMEs since their creation. However, the age of the company and the age of international entry could not directly explain or influence international geographic speed (entry into new countries).

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Yamutuale, Desire. "African Higher Education in the Age of Internationalization." Journal of International Students 14, no. 2 (December 21, 2023): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v14i2.6381.

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In the last three decades, there has been a rush towards internationalizing higher education. The international double/joint degree programs are one of the drivers of internationalisation activities. Many African universities have evolved to offer their students these opportunities for academic mobility. This study is a phenomenological understanding of the experiences of African students in Canada on exchange partnerships for international double/joint degree programs (IDDP), using Bourdieu’s toolbox. The result shows a gap between the ideal expectations and the instrumental aspects of the programs. Students seem satisfied, despite the challenges faced by participating in these programs.

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Shao, Qiuyue, Shouming Chen, and Peien Chen. "CEO rhetorical strategies and firms' internationalization: A communication perspective." Strategic Management, no. 00 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/straman2200006s.

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Based on the upper echelons theory, previous literature has suggested that CEO's personal characteristics influence firms' internationalization. However, most research investigates the static traits such as age, education, overseas background, etc. Since CEO's communication skills exert influence on the firm as well, communication may also be of significance in the process of firm internationalization. We proposed that three CEO rhetoric strategies affect firm internationalization by persuading employees to recognize the international purpose and contribute to it jointly. Using the data of CEO rhetorical strategies and the level of internationalization of 118 Chinese listed firms, we tested the influence of CEO rhetoric strategy on firms' internationalization. The results show that two CEO rhetoric strategies-Ethos and Pathos-affect firm internationalization positively. The findings reveal that proper strategy of CEO communication is important for the execution of firms' internationalization.

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Panda, Debadutta, and Sriharsha Reddy. "Resource based view of internationalization: evidence from Indian commercial banks." Journal of Asia Business Studies 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-10-2014-0082.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of internal resource drivers on internationalization of commercial banks. Design/methodology/approach – Panel data on 46 Indian commercial banks from 2008 to 2012 were collected from secondary sources to measure how assets size, human resources, branding and advertising, ownership and age influence the international diversification of the commercial bank. Internationalization of the commercial bank was measured in terms of international advances intensity, international borrowing intensity and number of countries served. Regression models were designed with controlled multicolinearity, heterogeneity and exogeneity. Findings – Higher assets’ size, higher human resources, private ownership and higher organizational age led to internationalization of Indian commercial banks. However, higher branding and advertisement expenses and state ownership were found to be negatively related to international diversification. Originality/value – Internationalization is one of the growth strategies of a firm which cannot be unified and generalized due to resource heterogeneity. So this necessitates a large number of studies sector-wise, sub-sector-wise, product-wise, industry-wise and region-wise. There is a dearth of literature on resource view of internationalization of commercial banks. So, this Indian study adds a new finding on resource-based view of internationalization to the existing body of knowledge.

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6

Zhang, Minxuan. "Higher Education Environment Monitoring and Internationalization Strategy Model Using Big Data Analysis." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (October 3, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4263002.

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This paper creates a model based on big data, examines higher education’s internationalization approach, and simultaneously conducts research. According to the research, the method used in this work has a greater accuracy rate than numerous other well-known methodologies for assessing the risk associated with higher education internationalization strategies, with the maximum accuracy rate reaching 68.9%. It can be seen that the methodology used in this report is more suited for researching the higher education sector’s internationalization plan. Information integration management is advancing steadily in the age of big data. To ensure the standardization, informationalization, and scientificization of school education and teaching management, consideration should also be given to the organic integration and full utilization of education internationalization data in the field of higher education internationalization strategy.

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Wu, Hang, and Yiying Qu. "Exploratory and Exploitative Internationalization: Effects of Social Capital Antecedents and Fit Moderators of Innovation Consequence." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, no. 7 (November 13, 2021): 3120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070170.

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Implementing international strategy is essential to enhance corporate innovation and achieve sustainable development. Existing research has theoretically illustrated the concept and importance of carrying out both exploratory and exploitative internationalization, yet our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of both activities remains unclear. Based on the data of Chinese international manufacturing firms, this paper examines the differential effects of business, government and knowledge network capital on exploratory and exploitative internationalization, and probes into how organizational, strategic, and environmental factors moderate the innovation effectiveness of exploratory and exploitative internationalization. Results indicate that business network capital has the same positive impact on exploratory and exploitative internationalization; government network capital influences the implementation of exploratory internationalization, whereas knowledge network capital influences the execution of exploitative internationalization. Furthermore, our findings reveal that, to maximize innovation performance, pursuing exploratory internationalization is more beneficial for firms with older age, firms entering into countries with low host–home country similarity, and operating in a more dynamic international environment. By contrast, pursuing exploitative internationalization is more effective for younger firms, firms entering into countries with high host–home country similarity, and in more stable international environment. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

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Kuzhabekova, Aliya, Darkhan Bilyalov, and Merey Mussabayeva. "Faculty Views on Internationalization in Kazakhstan." Yuksekogretim Dergisi 12, Suppl (November 30, 2022): S35—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/yod.21.202204.

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Internationalization is viewed as the main mechanism for the modernization of higher education in Kazakhstan. Despite the strong policy push for internationalization, research on the process of implementation of internationalization initiatives by institutions, as well as on the experiences with the internationalization of individual faculty members, students, and administrators remains rather scarce. This paper fills the gap in existing research by using the data from the international Academic Profession in the Knowledge Society (APIKS) survey to explore faculty views on internationalization. The study addresses the following research questions: (1) What are faculty views on internationalization? (2) How do the views vary among the faculty of different demographic and professional characteristics (e.g. gender, rank, discipline, age, experience)? (3) What is the relationship between the views on internationalization and faculty language ability? (4) What is the relationship between the views and the extent of faculty engagement in international experiences? To answer the research questions, we use both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study reveals that faculty generally hold a positive view of internationalization, although remain concerned about the effect of internationalization initiatives on brain drain and loss of cultural identity. In addition, they seem to be less satisfied with the number of opportunities for international mobility and research collaboration, which are available for them as compared to students. The study points to the importance of gathering faculty input on the development and approaches to implementation of internationalization initiatives, as well as of expanding faculty access to internalization programs.

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9

Casillas, Jose C., Francisco J. Acedo, and M. Ángeles Rodríguez-Serrano. "How does internationalization begin? The role of age at entry and export experience in the early stages of the process." BRQ Business Research Quarterly 23, no. 2 (April 2020): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2340944420916333.

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This article deals with two important concepts in the prior literature on the internationalization process: age at entry and export experience. Against previous research, we analyze how both of them influence simultaneously international behavior in the early stages of the internationalization process as a trade-off. For that aim, we analyze the influence of both variables on international behavior in the early stages of the internationalization process, from a dynamic perspective, looking at initial export behavior and speed during this period. We analyze export development process of 106 Spanish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), most of them international new ventures, in their first 8 years of export activity, combining the effect of age at entry and experiential learning during this period, finding that age at entry and export experience exert not only a direct effect but also a moderation influence on initial export development, observing a trade-off between such influence as experience grows. JEL CLASSIFICATION: M16

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Yuan, Lin, and Nitin Pangarkar. "Performance implications of internationalization strategies for Chinese MNCs." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-02-2013-0020.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance implications of internationalization strategies for Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs). Specifically, the authors examine the individual and joint effects of speed of internationalization in developed and developing countries and age on Chinese MNCs’ performance. Design/methodology/approach – The authors constructed a unique and comprehensive database on the internationalization strategies of 206 Chinese firms over 14 years and deployed random-effect regressions to assess the effects of age, speed of expansion in terms of number of subsidiaries and countries, and the types of destination (developed vs developing country) on firm performance. Findings – The analyses show that age is negatively related to performance but rapid expansion of subsidiaries in developing countries and geographic scope in developed countries are positively related to performance. In addition, the impacts of young age and two types of expansion, fast expansion of subsidiaries in developing countries and fast expansion of geographic scope in developed countries, are cumulative. Originality/value – The authors combine the arguments of the learning advantages of newness and fast movers and model the simultaneous effects of age and speed of two types of international expansion (in terms of number of subsidiaries and countries) in both developed and developing countries on performance. The strong empirical support for the hypotheses based on analyses of a unique data set of Chinese MNCs’ internationalization patterns lends credence to the proposed model.

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TANAKA, Toshimi. "^|^ldquo;Seishu^|^rdquo; Marketing Strategy in the Age of Internationalization." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 85, no. 12 (1990): 838–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.85.838.

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Makino, Toshiaki. "How to Teach Kampo Medicine in the Age of Internationalization?" YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 136, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.15-00232-3.

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Yang, Huan, and Qing Cao. "Age dependence of internationalization: Aspiration and capability of foreign expansion." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (January 2015): 13788. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.13788abstract.

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Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Rashid, Haniza-Azmaya C. M. Nor Azmi, Yuk-Hui Law, and David Ngau Pengiran. "Internationalization of Construction-Related Consultants: Impact of Age and Size." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 139, no. 2 (April 2013): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ei.1943-5541.0000135.

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Soesetio, Yuli, Dyah Arini Rudhiningtyas, Sudarmiatin Sudarmiatin, and Imam Mukhlis. "Does internationalization moderate the effect of SMEs size, age, and other financial determinants on investment opportunities set? Evidence from Indonesia." JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi dan Manajemen 18, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.31106/jema.v18i2.10393.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly considering international expansion as one of the sustainable growth strategic options. This study aims to reveal how the effect of internationalization as a moderator of SMEs size, age, and other financial determinants toward investment opportunity set of SMEs that listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2006 to 2020. Market to book asset ratio used as a proxy of investment opportunity set of SMEs. This study is one of the most important in the context of Indonesian SMEs as there were limited previous studies that have explored the internationalization factor. A total of 102 SMEs companies with 156 data observations were studied. A moderation regression analysis was used to test whether the determinants of the investment opportunity set were statistically significant. Surprisingly, the study found that the degree of internationalization has a moderating effect that weakens the relationship between SMEs age and size on investment opportunities set (market value ratio).

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Çela, Arjona, Eglantina Hysa, Marian Catalin Voica, Mirela Panait, and Otilia Manta. "Internationalization of Large Companies from Central and Eastern Europe or the Birth of New Stars." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010261.

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With rapid globalization, firm internationalization has become an important corporate strategy as well as the necessity for the survival and growth of the business. In the last decade, there has been a growth in literature that studies this field, especially in emerging countries. However, there exists a gap in the literature in CEE countries. This study aims to fill that gap by conducting an analysis and providing insight regarding the factors that lead to an increase in firm internationalization in this region. This research paper studies the main determinants that have an impact on the firm internationalization of large companies in CEE countries using panel data empirical methods, such as the random effect model and generalized method of moments (GMM) model for a panel of 50 firms from 11 CEE countries and a time duration of 14 years. This study determines the main factors that positively influence firm internationalization in selected countries. These countries have experienced a radical transition from centrally planned economies to market economies, and although they have experienced economic growth and a rise in productivity, they are still facing several challenges. Therefore, it is important to know what facilitates and helps firms to expand in international markets. The main findings derived from this study show that firm characteristics, such as age, size and corporate performance, have a positive effect on the internationalization process. An increase in age, size and firm performance leads to higher levels of internationalization. Larger and relatively older firms have access to more resources and are more experienced in dealing with the environmental difficulties characteristic of these countries.

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Santhosh, Channappa. "Earliness of SME internationalizationand performance." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-11-2018-0132.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the mediating effects of Chief Executive officer (CEO) attributes on the earliness of internationalization and performance in context of Indian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach The proposed framework is tested through analysis of a sample of 102 internationalized SMEs of the engineering industry in the Bangalore city region of India. Findings Results highlight that CEOs age and educational background moderates between early internationalization and performance in the Indian SME context. Practical implications Overall results facilitate in leveraging the decision-maker’s capabilities to successfully formulate and strategize their international marketing efforts to achieve higher performance. Originality/value The study enriches the importance of CEO attributes in influencing the early internationalization and degree of internationalization in the context of an emerging economy where studies are limited.

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Santhosh, Channappa. "Impact of determinants on early internationalization." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 5 (August 10, 2019): 1018–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-01-2019-0001.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of determinants on early internationalization in the context of an emerging economy, i.e. India. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on an ex post facto exploratory research using primary data collected from a sample of 102 exporting small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Bangalore. Findings The overall results reveal that it is the proactive entrepreneurs and their previous experience that determine the early internationalization of SMEs. Further, competitive constraint was a major obstacle to enter the international market at an early age for late internationalized SMEs. Practical implications The policy initiatives should aim to develop the international orientation of the entrepreneurs in the firm as a precursor for the formulation and subsequent implementation of internationalization strategies. Originality/value Although studies have been conducted on determinants and early internationalization, these are confined to a few dimensions, and none of the studies have looked into the issues affecting the early internationalization holistically and with respect to SMEs in India.

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Wei, Shih-Yung, and Li-Wei Lin. "The Relationship between Extent of Internationalization and Firm Performance (Taiwan 1992–2017)." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (June 11, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5528972.

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The purpose of this study was to discuss the impact of the extent of internationalization on firm performance measured for firms with a high Tobin’s Q (firms with good operating performance), a median Tobin’s Q (firms with average operating performance), and a low Tobin’s Q (firms with poor operating performance). In addition to discussion on the impact of internationalization on firm performance, this study also discussed the impact of corporate proprietary assets (using assets, R&D, marketing, and management-related variables as moderating variables) and control variables (scale of company, debt-asset ratio, firm age, board structure, and proportion of pledged shares by directors) on firm performance. The research results showed that there is an S-shaped relationship between extent of internationalization and firm performance. However, further discussion found that there is an S-shaped relationship between extent of internationalization and performance for firms with a high Tobin’s Q but a slight decline in the middle of the S-shaped curve, as well as a general linear negative correlation between extent of internationalization and performance for firms with a median Tobin’s Q and an inverted U-shaped correlation between extent of internationalization and performance for firms with a low Tobin’s Q.

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Wasowska, Aleksandra. "Social-cognitive antecedents of new venture internationalization." Baltic Journal of Management 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 462–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-09-2018-0325.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the social-cognitive antecedents of an entrepreneur’s internationalization intent and a firm’s behavior. Building on the insights of social-cognitive psychology, the author develops a conceptual model linking an entrepreneur’s positive orientation, self-efficacy beliefs, internationalization intent and actual behavior of the firm. Design/methodology/approach The author tests this model with a sample of 310 Polish firms (including 241 domestic and 69 international new ventures), drawing on data collected first in 2006 and then in 2007. Findings The author finds that self-efficacy mediates between positive orientation and internationalization intent, and that an entrepreneur’s internationalization intent predicts a firm’s behavior (i.e. foreign market entry). Moreover, firm age moderates the relationship between an entrepreneur’s positive orientation and internationalization propensity among new ventures. Research limitations/implications Overall, the findings demonstrate that social-cognitive theory is useful in predicting new venture internationalization. Practical implications Based on the findings, the author recommends that managerial education in international management combines the development of “formal” skills and cross-cultural competencies with experiential and vicarious learning. Originality/value The study combines insights from psychology and international business, thus responding to numerous calls for a more interdisciplinary and cognition-oriented focus on the international behavior of firms.

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Silva, Pedro Paulo Mendes, and João Maurício Gama Boaventura. "Internationalization Strategy and Financial Performance in Brazilian Firms." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 10, no. 3 (December 2, 2011): 04–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v10i3.1728.

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The internationalization of the firm and the appearance of multinational companies are not recent events. The first initiatives to realize businesses overseas and increase profits in this way date from the beginning from the Modern Age. For Brazilian companies in particular, this phenomenon has been gaining attention since the 1990s, with the commercial opening of the country. The objective of this study was to analyze the strategy of internationalization in Brazilian companies, in particular the case of publically traded companies with foreign direct investments greater than $10 million, and the relation with the financial performance of these companies. Through a quantitative study using the rate of variation of internationalization and financial performance, researchers developed an analysis of the relation between the process of internationalization and financial performance indicators in nine companies that make up the non-probabilistic sample of convenience. The results concluded that there is a weak positive correlation with financial indicators of growth; profitability metrics show a negative relationship in some of the independent variables.

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Hammond, Ellen H. "Internationalization in higher education and global access in a digital age." Library Management 30, no. 1/2 (January 2, 2009): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01435120910927556.

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Pacheco, Luís, Carla Lobo, and Isabel Maldonado. "The Presence of Foreign Capital and the Internationalization of Portuguese Industrial SMEs." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15020068.

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The objective of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between the firms’ ownership and control structure, in particular the presence of foreign capital, and their internationalization levels, measured in terms of intensity and diversification. The international performance of Portuguese SMEs, which is crucial for the domestic economy’s growth, depends on a multitude of factors, with the existence of foreign investment inflows directed to industrial SMEs being a usually forgotten factor. This paper fills that gap using a balanced panel data of 5722 firms for the period from 2010 to 2017, researching if the presence of foreign capital influences the level and scope of internationalization, and controlling the effects of other variables such as profitability, age, size, indebtedness and sector of activity. The origin of foreign capital is also considered, being researched if issues of institutional or development differences exert any influence over firms’ internationalization. The results evidence that the presence of foreign shareholders in SMEs positively influences internationalization and that the distance variable positively correlates with the internationalization measures. Moreover, there seems to exist a non-linear relationship between the development level of the country of origin of the share capital and internationalization, with the results indicating that firms with share capital originating from more advanced countries attain a higher degree of internationalization. As SMEs in Portugal face increasing competition, joining hands with resource-rich investors such as foreign corporations and institutional investors would be a fruitful strategy to enhance the international competitiveness of Portuguese firms.

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Singh, Ramanjeet, and Hima Bindu Kota. "A resource dependency framework for innovation and internationalization of family businesses." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 9, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-04-2016-0013.

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Purpose To compete and to survive in this era of globalization, organizations, including family businesses, need to have competitive advantage, and innovation and internationalization are some of the ways to achieve this. This paper aims to analyze whether family businesses innovate and internationalize more than non-family businesses and further analyses the type of family businesses “age-wise” and “size-wise” that innovate and internationalize more. Design/methodology/approach The study is empirical in nature. The period of study is 11 years, from 2005 to 2015 (both years inclusive). The sample is chosen from Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) 500 index, a broad-based index in India, covering about 20 industries of the economy. The present study uses multiple regression models to find the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses. The dependent variables are R&D (proxy for innovativeness) and FXINC (proxy for internationalization). The independent variables are FB (variable that defines whether a business is family business or non-family business); FBAGE (variable that defines the age of the family business); and FBSIZE (variable that defines the size of the family business). The other control variables used in in the study are TA (total assets), REV (revenue), CR (current ratio), QR (quick ratio), DER (debt-equity ratio) and RONW (return on net worth). Fixed effects model was used to understand the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses. Both industry and year fixed effects were used. SPSS 20.0 version is used for the analysis. All results are heteroscedastic consistent using Breusch–Pagan test. Findings It is found that family businesses are more innovative and internationalized when compared to non-family businesses. The results are consistent with the resource-based theory where it is found that family businesses are entrepreneurial in nature (Salvato, 2004; Zahra et al., 2004; Kellermanns and Eddleston, 2006) which makes them more innovative. It was also found that within the family businesses, younger firms were more innovative and internationalized than older firms. This can be explained by the theory of “learning advantages of newness”, according to which younger firms are more flexible, eager to learn, have less internal resistance and are able to adapt to the changing environment much faster. Originality/value During the studies, the authors have found that there is no conclusive evidence on the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses. Further, there are apparently negligible studies that analyze what type of family businesses, age wise (younger or older firms) and size wise (smaller or larger firms) use the strategy of innovation and internationalization to grow. The present study analyses the innovativeness and internationalization of family businesses when compared to non-family businesses and also studies the type of family businesses (age wise and size wise) that are more innovative and internationalized.

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Jamil, H., A. Y. A. Wahab, A. R. A. Razak, and N. Al-Shaari. "Exploring the internationalization strategy of higher education institutions and halal food ecosystem in Malaysia." Food Research 4, S1 (February 10, 2020): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s1).s23.

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Internationalization of higher education has become a strategic agenda of the development in Malaysia. In the age of globalization, the higher education sector experiences rapid growth with the increasing number of international students choosing Malaysia as a destination in pursuing their tertiary education. One of the crucial roles for Malaysian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is to successfully transform Malaysia to be the international hub for higher education. Globalization has changed the landscape of development in the higher education sector. Exploring the expectations, demands and preferences of international students is crucial in crafting the most suitable approach to enhance the internationalization strategy. As a multi-ethnic society with a majority Muslim population, Malaysian HEIs have the advantage to attract more international students through providing a ‘Muslim-friendly' Halal ecosystem. A dearth in HEIs internationalization literature discussing on Halal food ecosystem indicates the urgency to discover the potential of Halal ecosystem in accelerating the HEIs internationalization strategy. Hence, this paper seeks to explore the experiences of international students on Halal food ecosystem in Malaysia. A qualitative methodology using phenomenology approach was used to gather the research data from informants studied in public universities in Klang Valley area. The preliminary findings indicated that the Halal food ecosystem has a positive contribution to the HEIs internationalization strategy.

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Fang, Tony, Rosalie L. Tung, Linda Berg, and Nazanin Nematshahi. "Parachuting internationalization: a study of four Scandinavian firms entering China." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 24, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 554–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-02-2016-0041.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a “parachuting internationalization” metaphor as an alternative strategy that firms may choose to enter foreign markets compared to Uppsala Model and Born Global Model. This proposed new metaphor seeks to integrate the Uppsala and the Born Global Models to show that firms can attain success in the age of globalization if they are adept at devising creative strategies that help them overcome the challenges in a psychically distant environment. Design/methodology/approach This is a research paper that develops theoretical perspectives inspired by the Yin Yang thinking as well as the “thick descriptive” multiple case studies. Findings “Parachuting internationalization” embraces essential elements of the Born Global and the Uppsala Models and refers to a firm’s strategic targeting of markets with great potentials, correct positioning, swift actions, and fast learning, thus enabling the firm to circumvent the conventional wisdom of liability of foreignness, cultural distance, and psychic distance. “Parachuting internationalization” is essentially a GLOCAL approach which can be implemented in practice in terms of global vision, location, opportunity, capital, accelerated cultural learning and quick action, and logistics. Research limitations/implications The “parachuting internationalization” metaphor is derived from interviews with four Scandinavian firms’ experiences that have entered into the Chinese market. This research reveals that two seemingly opposite approaches, i.e., the Born Global and the Uppsala Models, can be fruitfully combined and reconciled to generate a third novel approach. Originality/value To date, there has been little attempt to reconcile and/or integrate the Born Global and the Uppsala Models of internationalization. The paper enriches the ongoing debate on the internationalization of firms in the international business literature that has relied primarily on the Uppsala Model or Born Global Model. The study shows that a third way, i.e. the “parachuting internationalization” is both theoretically innovative and practically feasible.

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OGISU, YOSHIHIRO. "Symposium "perspective of internationalization age of coal". Environmental restriction on coal utilization." Shigen-to-Sozai 105, no. 11 (1989): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.105.906.

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Williams, David W., and T. Russell Crook. "Unpacking the age at initial internationalization-performance relationship: A meta-analytic investigation." Journal of Business Venturing Insights 15 (June 2021): e00210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00210.

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Deniko, Roman V., Olga G. Shchitova, Daria A. Shchitova, and Nguyen T. Lan. "Learning Terminology in the Age of Higher Education Internationalization: Problems and Solutions." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 215 (December 2015): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.582.

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Ren, Ge, and Ping Zeng. "Board gender diversity and firms' internationalization speed: the role of female directors' characteristics." Baltic Journal of Management 17, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-12-2020-0449.

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PurposeDrawing on the gender self-schema theory, upper echelons theory and the literature on international business, this study aims to examine the impact of board gender diversity on firms' internationalization speed.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, secondary data of 886 listed Chinese manufacturing firms from 2009 to 2018 are studied using the ordinary least squares regression model as the baseline method, an instrumental variable method is adopted for endogeneity control and both fixed and random effect models are adopted for the robustness test.FindingsBoard gender diversity reduces firms' internationalization speed, and the negative effect between board gender diversity and internationalization speed is stronger when the average age of female directors is older and weaker when female directors have international experience or financial background.Practical implicationsFirst, Chinese firms need to increase or decrease board gender diversity to match the board to firms' internationalization strategy. Increasing board gender diversity may be a more appropriate choice for firms that are expanding rapidly internationally, and vice versa. Second, when introducing female directors to international firms, it is essential to address other characteristics of these directors beyond their gender.Originality/valueFirst, the authors contribute to the literature on board gender diversity using Chinese manufacturing firms as our research sample, which provides new insights into the economic consequences of increasing the number of female directors. Second, this research contributes to the literature on firms' internationalization speed. Third, the authors capture in more detail the economic consequences of increasing board gender diversity in the context of China.

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Ganvir, Manish B., and Neeraj Dwivedi. "Internationalization and performance of Indian born globals." International Journal of Emerging Markets 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-12-2014-0207.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to study internationalization-performance relationship of Indian born global (IBG) firms from multi-theoretical lens and establish the nature of this relationship; second, to highlight the role of foreign equity in moderating this relationship; and third, to establish the relevance of export intensity (EI) in determining these firms’ financial performance. Design/methodology/approach In total, 411 IBG firms were identified based on born global (BG) definition and post-entry internationalization age requirement of this study. A balanced panel comprising of three years from 2010 to 2012 was analyzed using pooled panel and moderated multiple regression techniques. Findings The authors empirically prove that though EI and financial performance are positively related at overall level, this relationship is curvilinear in nature. In presence of foreign equity this positive curvilinear relationship is moderated to inverted-U shape. Research limitations/implications The data sample is restricted to 411 private limited IBGs between the years 2009 and 2012. Implications of the findings are for policy makers and managers to sharpen their strategic foresight for exporting firms in its post-entry period. Also, investors can take level of internationalization into cognizance when investing in BG firms. Practical implications The authors believe the results have practical implications for numerous parties, such as shareholders, institutional investors, scholars, policymakers and managers. It emboldens modern day managers to make further foray into internationalization due to its positive benefits on both productivity as well as profitability. Also, firms that look for foreign equity participation have to balance their strategies for greater scale and scope into international markets. Originality/value This is the first study that brings out the vital relationship aspect of EI with financial performance of IBG firms in their post-entry internationalization period, adding to international business literature in area of BG firms in their post-entry internationalization period.

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Li, Lijun, and Feng Xu. "Does Shanghai International Financial Center Promote RMB Internationalization?" Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (June 6, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4000024.

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The construction of the Shanghai International Financial Center was completed in 2020, which signaled the new age of financial reforms in China. The Shanghai International Financial Center plays a significant part in the progress of RMB internationalization. However, empirical proof of the impacts remains few. So, we conducted an empirical analysis to determine if the Shanghai International Financial Center promoted RMB internationalization effectively. To obtain robust results, we conducted regressions with Newey–West standard errors, Cochrane–Orcutt estimation, and Prais–Winsten estimation. We observed that the Shanghai International Financial Center has significant positive effects on RMB internationalization by expanding financial scale and activity. The findings give adequate evidence to support the theories advanced in prior research, and the methodology and indicators used in the study may serve as a guide for future research. We made several policy discussions of the findings regarding the continued expansion of the offshore market and capital liberalization within Shanghai.

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Ruzzier, Mitja, and Maja Konecnik Ruzzier. "ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIRM SIZE, RESOURCES, AGE AT ENTRY AND INTERNATIONALIZATION: THE CASE OF SLOVENIAN SMES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 16, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.745812.

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Export marketing and international business literature support the view that firm size–a reflection of number of employees, and sales–is positively related to export intensity and is a distinguishing factor between internationalized and non-internationalized firms. According to the resource-based view heterogeneous resource profiles that enable firms to achieve competitive advantage in international markets may be also such differentiating factors. On the other hand, as a result of the process of globalization and the increasing number of born global firms, firm age at entry into foreign markets is becoming negatively related to internationalization. Our findings just partly confirm the trends above. Using a regression model on the selected sample of 247 Slovenian small and medium enterprises, we have confirmed the hypotheses that internationalized companies are significantly larger (in terms of sales) and have more specialized resources (human, organizational, and financial resources) than non-internationalized companies. Organizational and human resources and the number of employees were positively and significantly related, while the age of companies at the start of their international activities was negatively related, to the extent of companies’ internationalization. Different implications and conclusions for researchers and entrepreneurs are derived.

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Ma'wa, Afifah, and Isna Putri Rahmawati. "Determinan Pengungkapan Intellectual Capital Pada Perguruan Tinggi." Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan 13, no. 1 (April 25, 2023): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jrak.v13i1.21844.

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Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of size, complexity, age, and internationalization of universities on ICD on the official websites of PTN-BLU and PTN-BH in Indonesia. In addition, this study also aims whether there is a significant difference between the quality of ICD in PTN-BLU and PTN-BH. Methodology/approach: The number of population in this study was 47. The IC component that is used as the basis for this research uses the results of the Ulum research (2019), which consists of 60 IC items. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis and t-tests. Findings: The results showed that the size and age of the university did not affect the ICD, while the complexity and internationalization of the university had a significant positive effect on the ICD. In addition, the different test results showed a significant difference between the quality of the ICD in PTN-BLU and PTN-BH. Practical implications: PTN-BH has a higher quality IC disclosure than PTN-BLU on its official website. The most numerous components are structural capital related to PT's internal resources, such as learning systems, academics, and curricula. Originality/value: The novelty of this research regards the object of study at State Universities (PTN-BLU and PTN-BH). In addition, it also adds the internationalization variable as an independent variable.

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Werdich, Camillo, Winfried Ruigrok, and Dimitrios Georgakakis. "Internationalization in the Digital Age: The Role of Cultural Distance and Industry Dynamism." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 16479. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.16479abstract.

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Schwens, Christian, and Rüdiger Kabst. "Entry Learning, Age at Internationalization, and Foreign-Venture Performance of Young Technology Firms." Schmalenbach Business Review 63, no. 3 (July 2011): 308–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03396822.

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Leković, Bojan, Renata Amidžić, Dragan Vojinović, and Maja Ivanović-Đukić. "Drivers for the Internationalization of Nascent Entrepreneurs and New Business Owners in Southeast European Countries." Journal of East European Management Studies 28, no. 1 (2023): 182–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2023-1-182.

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This article investigates drivers for the internationalization of nascent entrepreneurs and new business owners during the age of the digital transformation of Southeast European countries (SEE). Empirical research conducted on a sample of 4,066 international entrepreneurs in seven SEE countries has provided empirical evidence of the impact that individual characteristics, innovation, technology, motivation, perception of national culture, and business environment factors have on early internationalization. Empirical research has been conducted on data derived from The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and The World Bank. The empirical research methodology included a presentation of statistical research using Principal Components Analysis and the Ordinary Logistics Regression method. Results have shown that innovation, new technology, opportunity, and motivation are important drivers for the early internationalization of entrepreneurs in the SEE region. Early-stage entrepreneurs, who use new technology and prefer radical innovations, are more oriented towards foreign markets and customers. Increase-wealth opportunity motivated early-stage entrepreneurs to internationalize more frequently than necessity entrepreneurs, or early-stage entrepreneurs, driven by the motive of independence. Additionally, there is a significant influence from external factors such as GDP per capita, openness, financial development, unemployment, corruption, government effectiveness, rule of law, regulatory quality, political stability, the voice of accountability, economic stability, and institutional factors on the early internationalization of entrepreneurs in the SEE region.

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HORTA, Isabel M., Magdalena KAPELKO, Alfons OUDE LANSINK, and Ana S. CAMANHO. "THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONALIZATION AND DIVERSIFICATION ON CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 20, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2015.1123201.

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This paper investigates the impact of internationalization and diversification strategies on the financial performance of construction industry companies. The results obtained can guide the design of strategies to pursue company growth and achieve competitive advantage. The evaluation of companies’ performance is based on the use of the Data Envelopment Analysis technique to aggregate financial indicators using optimized weights. The impact of internationalization and diversification on company performance is explored using truncated regression, controlling for the effect of contextual factors such as company age, size and time. Data Envelopment Analysis and truncated regression were complemented with bootstrapping to ensure the robustness of the results obtained. The activity of Portuguese and Spanish contractors in the period 2002 to 2011 is used as case study. The empirical results show that internationalization has a positive impact on financial performance, although this effect is only statistically significant for Spanish contractors. Diversification has a nonlinear relationship with performance, benefiting companies with either a small number of core activities or companies with a broad scope of activities.

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Wang, Guangnan. "Changes in the Internationalization of Higher Education in the Post-Epidemic Era." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 16, no. 1 (October 26, 2023): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/16/20231122.

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The COVID-19 epidemic has a wide and long-term impact on the worlds politics, economy, education, and other fields to a certain extent. Higher education has faced additional obstacles in the post-epidemic age due to the strong-government governance style, the fundamental economic structure transformation, and the escalating social conflicts. By using the theory of government involvement in the field of education and the theory of internationalization of higher education, this paper analyzes the current situation of higher education development in Guangdong Province, China, and seeks to promote the high-quality development of higher education in the post-epidemic era. The findings indicate that while higher education develops more quickly in the post-epidemic age, its transition is still facing many new constraints. Therefore, there is a need to focus more on re-engineering the educational process based on popularization and internationalization, as well as adjusting the structure and direction of the globalization of higher education.

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Assunção, Renata Rouquayrol, Márcia Martins Mendes De Luca, and Alessandra Carvalho de Vasconcelos. "Complexity and corporate governance: an analysis of companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 28, no. 74 (March 20, 2017): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201702660.

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ABSTRACT In light of the need to develop mechanisms of control, protection, and transparency regarding the relationships between principal and agent, and with the aim of eliminating or reducing the agency problem, corporate governance has emerged. Based on Agency Theory, separation of ownership and control of activities derives from the complexity of organizations. In this context, this study aims to analyze the relationship between dimensions of complexity and corporate governance in companies listed on the São Paulo Stock, Commodities, and Futures Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA), in which contingency factors might influence organizational characteristics. The investigation gathers data from a sample of 162 companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA. The following statistical tests were used in the data analysis: Factor Analysis, Multiple Linear Regression, Correspondence Analysis, and Correlation Analysis. For measuring complexity, contingency variables such as age, size, diversification, and internationalization were adopted; and, to assess corporate governance, a representative index of the adoption of good governance practices was used. The results show that organizational complexity is explained by the size and diversification variables, whereas operational complexity is explained by the size, diversification, and internationalization variables. It was observed that in the two dimensions of complexity - organizational and operational - corporate governance was influenced by the diversification, internationalization, and age variables, with the latter involving an inverse relationship. It is concluded that companies displaying more complexity, in its two dimensions, record a higher level of corporate governance, which confirms the research hypothesis.

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Ramsey, Jase R., Livia Barakat, Matthew C. Mitchell, Thomas Ganey, and Olesea Voloshin. "The effects of past satisfaction and commitment on the future intention to internationalize." International Journal of Emerging Markets 11, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-06-2013-0097.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence that firms that are more committed to internationalization, systematically differ from firms that are less committed to internationalization in their future intention to engage in foreign direct investment (FDI). The authors analyzed data from 42 large Brazilian multinational enterprises (MNEs) and found that results support previous research on the degree of satisfaction with prior internationalization efforts and future intent to internationalize, such that the relationship between the two is positive. Yet contrary to existing literature, the degree to which a firm was committed to internationalization has a negative influence on the positive relationship between satisfaction and intent. Design/methodology/approach – All Brazilian firms that have entered foreign markets via FDI were surveyed to measure the firm’s: intent to internationalize; satisfaction with prior internationalization; and commitment to internationalization. Intent to internationalize is future based while both satisfaction and commitment reflect previous year’s activities. The potential response pool included publically traded companies listed on the Bovespa (São Paulo Stock Exchange) and private limited companies (Ltda.). The authors conducted a hierarchical moderated regression analysis to test the moderating effect of commitment to internationalization on the relationship between international satisfaction and intent to internationalize. Findings – This study adds to the literature by examining how past international satisfaction and commitment affect the future intent to internationalize for large Brazilian MNEs. The results confirm that the degree of past satisfaction regarding a firm’s international business is positively related to the firm’s future intent to internationalize. However, the results diverge from past research in two important ways. First, contrary to the organizational behavior literature, past commitment to internationalization does not have a significant relationship with future intention to internationalize. Second, the results show the relationship between satisfaction and intent is weakened by a high degree of international commitment. Research limitations/implications – A limitation of this study is the small sample size. While it encompasses the vast majority of large MNEs in Brazil, the authors still do not have enough data points to test more hypotheses such as the effects of firm size, number of countries the firm is in, and age of the firm. Future studies should attempt to expand the work done here by examining these effects. Another limitation of this study is that it is based on solely one country; Brazil. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings in other emerging market countries. Practical implications – These results have three main managerial implications. First, international strategists analyzing the trajectory of a firm’s future intentions to internationalize should focus on how satisfied the firm has been with its past efforts. Second, managers should not assume that just because their firms have a large presence abroad that this will subsequently lead to future plans to internationalize. Finally, for emerging market MNEs in a period of the financial crises, committing more to internationalization may reduce the positive relationship between satisfaction and intention. Originality/value – The purpose of this study is to add to the small but growing work on large MNEs from Brazil in order to better understand their internationalization strategies. While there are literally hundreds of articles investigating the individual-level relationship between satisfaction and the intent to do something, there are a dearth at the firm level (see Wood et al., 2011, as a notable exception). The authors therefore attempt to extend the literature on internationalization by discussing how satisfaction at the firm level affects a firm-level decision.

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SHIBUYA, TAKASHI. "Symposium "perspective of internationalization age of coal". Recent coal situation abroad and future task." Shigen-to-Sozai 105, no. 11 (1989): 904–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.105.904.

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SAVA, Valentin, and Manuela Violeta TUREATCA. "The Internationalization of Companies and Their Impact on National Economies in the Digital Age." Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. Fascicle I. Economics and Applied Informatics 27, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/eai15840409192.

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Yuan, Lin, and Nitin Pangarkar. "The Interactive Effect of Age and Speed of Internationalization on Performance of Chinese MNCs." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 15216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.15216abstract.

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Athukorala, Prema-chandra, and C. Veeramani. "Internationalization of Indian Enterprises: Patterns, Determinants, and Policy Issues." Asian Economic Papers 16, no. 1 (January 2017): 142–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00496.

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This paper examines the emerging patterns and economic implications of Indian overseas direct investment (ODI) from a historical perspective. The novelty of the analysis lies in its specific focus on the implications of the liberalization reforms initiated in the early 1990s and the resultant changes in the overall investment climate for the internationalisation of domestic companies. The findings cast doubts on the popular perception that the recent surge in ODI from India is an unmixed economic blessing, a sign of “coming of age” of Indian companies in global business. Given the remaining distortion in the domestic investment climate, the net national gains from these investments could be much less than what the reported absolute numbers suggest.

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Miranda, Alma Delia. "Traducción y edición de textos antiguos portugueses en la era de la hipertextualidad: una experiencia desde México." e-Letras com Vida: Revista de Estudos Globais — Humanidades, Ciências e Artes 07 (2021): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0221_06.

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The article shows the necessity of hypertext editions and translations, mainly useful for the study of literature written before the Age of Enlightenment, but also for more modern literature that could benefit from technological advances, because these tools imply a greater and deeper internationalization of Portuguese literature, as it is possible to verify through this experience from Mexico.

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Shang, Guowen. "Linguistic landscaping from above in China: scale-making and language ideologies." Chinese Semiotic Studies 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2024-2001.

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Abstract The sociolinguistics of mobility is one of Jan Blommaert’s significant theoretical legacies vis-à-vis language interactions in the age of globalization. This paper investigates the mobilization of English as a semiotic resource in the public space of Chinese cities to reveal how the process of linguistic landscaping rescales English in China’s layered language regime. In the three investigated cities in eastern China, the English language has been conceptualized as a symbol of internationalization, and the affective potentials of English signs turn the cities into spaces of friendliness. I argue that the visual bilingualism for internationalization purposes is loaded with state ideologies, and English semiotization in the urban space demonstrates the state’s keenness for international recognition and integration into the global world. Inherent in this linguistic landscaping process are Englishization as internationalization ideology, standard language ideology, and linguistic purism ideology. While the translocal status of English in the world language system serves to upscale the cities to a higher scale level, the valorization of English in the official domain also reinforces the hegemonic power of English in the indexicality order, marginalizing social groups with limited English literacy. Thus, a critical, dialectical lens is needed to analyze the role of English in top-down linguistic landscaping.

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Rajh, Ivanka, and Zdravka Biočina. "The Effect of Internationalization on Students’ Attitudes to Environmental Activism." Obnovljeni život 76, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31337/oz.76.3.4.

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In 2019 Greta Thunberg gave a speech at the UN Climate Action Summit on climate change. The survey presented in this paper was conducted among students studying at the Zagreb School of Economics and Management (N = 99) in order to analyze their attitudes to this speech. The sample included students from Croatia as well as international students. Research questions covered the role of language, ecological awareness, age and education in the perception of the quality, the attractiveness of the speech, the use of ethos, pathos and logos, persuasiveness, and also influence potential. Generally, the results show statistically significant differences in perception and attitude between Croatian and international students.

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TSUBOYA, HISAO. "Symposium "perspective of internationalization age of coal". The experience on imported coal fired power station." Shigen-to-Sozai 105, no. 11 (1989): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.105.910.

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Alcácer, Juan, John Cantwell, and Lucia Piscitello. "Internationalization in the information age: A new era for places, firms, and international business networks?" Journal of International Business Studies 47, no. 5 (June 2016): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2016.22.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Age at internationalization'

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