Journal articles: 'AGC SYSTEM'

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Ullah, Kaleem, Abdul Basit, Zahid Ullah, Sheraz Aslam, and Herodotos Herodotou. "Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092376.

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Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an electric power system. The main goal of AGC is to keep the operating frequency under prescribed limits and maintain the interchange power at the intended level. Therefore, an AGC system must be supplemented with modern and intelligent control techniques to provide adequate power supply. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various AGC models in diverse configurations of the power system. Initially, the history of power system AGC models is explored and the basic operation of AGC in a multi-area interconnected power system is presented. An in-depth analysis of various control methods used to mitigate the AGC issues is provided. Application of fast-acting energy storage devices, high voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnections, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the AGC systems are investigated. Furthermore, AGC systems employed in different renewable energy generation systems are overviewed and are summarized in tabulated form. AGC techniques in different configurations of microgrid and smart grid are also presented in detail. A thorough overview of various AGC issues in a deregulated power system is provided by considering the different contract scenarios. Moreover, AGC systems with an additional objective of economic dispatch is investigated and an overview of worldwide AGC practices is provided. Finally, the paper concludes with an emphasis on the prospective study in the field of AGC.

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Ding, You Qing, and Pei Feng Wang. "Optimal Design for the Hydraulic AGC System of Thick Steel Plate Miller." Applied Mechanics and Materials 233 (November 2012): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.233.196.

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This paper briefly describes the affecting factors and the key features of the hydraulic AGC system of thick steel plate miller. According to the research on the use and maintenance of the hydraulic AGC system of thick steel plate miller, the optimal design about the AGC servo cylinder, the system power source and the AGC servo control section of the hydraulic AGC system of thick steel plate miller has been given.

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Tang, Junci, Tie Li, Junbo Pi, and Dai Cui. "Photovoltaic-grid control method based on self-gain system compensation." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (November 27, 2021): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctab090.

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Abstract The presence of decentralized production in modern electrical systems precludes traditional automatic generation control (AGC) strategies. Renewable energy production is highly dependent on the environment; for example, photovoltaic (PV) system, but its power generation is very unstable, which makes power grids containing PV systems face greater challenges. In this paper, we propose a PV-grid control method based on self-gain system compensation to reduce the negative effects of large fluctuations and uncertainties in solar energy production. First, the performance characteristics of solar modules are discussed and a multi-region model with a system with high penetration of solar systems is built. The AGC power is then displayed with different power variations according to different maximum power point tracking methods to analyze the uncertainty and variation of the PV output power and its effects on the AGC. We have also developed and implemented a compensation unit to eliminate the negative effects of PV power on AGC. Finally, the proposed method was demonstrated using the load from the example step as a disturbance variable to obtain a dynamic model of a dual-zone switched grid AGC with two PV systems based on a DMPC-distributed model. As a result of the simulation, the proposed method in this paper can guarantee the excellent properties of the dynamic behavior of the AGC system with large variations and high uncertainty of the PV system, and the validity of the proposed method have also been confirmed.

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Gwon, Han Na, and Kyung Soo Kook. "Dynamic-Model-Based AGC Frequency Control Simulation Method for Korean Power System." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 5052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195052.

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To fulfill the need of operating power systems more effectively through diverse resources, frequency control conditions for maintaining a balance between generators and loads need to be provided accurately. As frequency control is generally achieved via the governor responses from local generators and the automatic generation control (AGC) frequency control of the central energy management system, it is important to coordinate these two mechanisms of frequency control efficiently. This paper proposes a dynamic-model-based AGC frequency control simulation method that can be designed and analyzed using the governor responses of generators, which are represented through dynamic models in the planning stage. In the proposed simulation model, the mechanism of the AGC frequency control is implemented based on the dynamic models of the power system, including governors and generators; hence, frequency responses from the governors and AGC can be sequentially simulated to coordinate and operate these two mechanisms efficiently. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by simulating the AGC frequency control of the Korean power system and analyzing the coordination effect of the frequency responses from the governors and AGC.

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Potap, О. Yu, and А. V. Ivanichyk. "The accuracy of rolling thickness adjustment in conditions of high-frequency disturbances taking into account the speed of roll setting devices." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 36 (2022): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2022-36-299-307.

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In the continuous mills, where the strip thickness at the entrance contains a high-frequency component caused by the eccentricity of the rolls of the previous cage, the effectiveness of AGC-systems for regulating the thickness of the rolled product depends on the speed of operation of hydraulic roll setting devices (HRSD). Analytical substantiation of the transfer functions of the AGC-system by the eccentricity of the rolls and by the thickness of the undercut, taking into account the real speed of the HRSD has been carried out. The frequency characteristics of the AGC-system are analytically determined. It has been proven that with the available speed of the HPD in the interval of rotation frequencies of the support rolls inherent in cold rolling (ω= 5 – 15 s-1), the amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC) of the AGC-system is almost linear. AFC depending on the time constant T of the HRSD and the ratio of the modulus of rigidity of the rolling strip MΠ to the modulus of rigidity of the rolling stand МK varies within wide limits from A(5)=0.05 (at ω = 5s-1; T=0.01 s; MΠ/MK = 1) to A(15)=0.48 (at ω = 15 s-1; T = 0.01 s; MΠ/MK = 4). At the same time, the thickness variation at the outlet of the cage meets the requirements for thin cold-rolled products of high precision. It has been proved that under the conditions of regulation of the thickness of the rolling strip according to the AGC-algorithm the amplitude of the oscillations of the rolled thickness caused by the eccentricity of the rolls is smaller than the amplitude of the oscillations of the roll gap caused by the eccentricity and decreases with an increase in the rotation frequency of the rolls and the time constant of the HRSD according to a close to linear law. Such linearity creates the basis for the application of adaptive algorithms for determining the actual amplitude of fluctuations of the roll gap in automated systems for compensating the eccentricity of the rolls.

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Garg, Jitendra Kumar, Anita Khosla, and Nizamuddin Hakimuddin. "AGC of a multi sources power system with natural choice of power plants." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 7, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v7i1.342.

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This paper presents an application of optimal control theory in multi sources power system by considering natural choice of power plants participating in automatic generation control (AGC) scheme. However, for successful operation of large power system, the natural choices of generation suitable for AGC system are hydro and thermal power plants since gas and nuclear power plants are rarely participates in the AGC scheme. Therefore, this work presents design and implementation of proportional integral (PI) structured optimal AGC controller in the presence of hydro and thermal power plants by using state vector feedback control theory. Moreover, various case studies are identified to obtain: (i) Cost aspects of physical realization of optimal AGC controller, (ii) Closed loop system stability margin through patterns of eigenvalues and (iii) System dynamic performance. Further, results have shown that when optimal AGC scheme is implemented in power system, the dynamic performance of power system is outstanding over those obtained with genetic algorithms (GAs) tuned PI structured AGC controller. Besides, with optimal AGC controller, cheaper cost of control structure, increased in system closed loop stability margin and outstanding dynamic performance of power system have been found when lessening in hydro generationÂ is replaced by generation from thermal power plants for various case studies under investigation.

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Ullah, Kaleem, Abdul Basit, Zahid Ullah, Rafiq Asghar, Sheraz Aslam, and Ayman Yafoz. "Line Overload Alleviations in Wind Energy Integrated Power Systems Using Automatic Generation Control." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 11810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911810.

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Modern power systems are largely based on renewable energy sources, especially wind power. However, wind power, due to its intermittent nature and associated forecasting errors, requires an additional amount of balancing power provided through the automatic generation control (AGC) system. In normal operation, AGC dispatch is based on the fixed participation factor taking into account only the economic operation of generating units. However, large-scale injection of additional reserves results in large fluctuations of line power flows, which may overload the line and subsequently reduce the system security if AGC follows the fixed participation factor’s criteria. Therefore, to prevent the transmission line overloading, a dynamic dispatch strategy is required for the AGC system considering the capacities of the transmission lines along with the economic operation of generating units. This paper proposes a real-time dynamic AGC dispatch strategy, which protects the transmission line from overloading during the power dispatch process in an active power balancing operation. The proposed method optimizes the control of the AGC dispatch order to prevent power overflows in the transmission lines, which is achieved by considering how the output change of each generating unit affects the power flow in the associated bus system. Simulations are performed in Dig SILENT software by developing a 5 machine 8 bus Pakistan’s power system model integrating thermal power plant units, gas turbines, and wind power plant systems. Results show that the proposed AGC design efficiently avoids the transmission line congestions in highly wind-integrated power along with the economic operation of generating units.

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Peng, Daogang, Yue Xu, and Huirong Zhao. "Research on Intelligent Predictive AGC of a Thermal Power Unit Based on Control Performance Standards." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214073.

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In order to satisfy the growing demands of control performance and operation efficiency in the automatic generation control (AGC) system of a grid, a novel, intelligent predictive controller, combined with predictive control and neural network ideas, is proposed and applied to the AGC systems of thermal power units. This paper proposes a Bayesian neural network identification model for typical ultra-supercritical thermal power units, which was found to be accurate and can be used as a simulation model. Based on the model, this paper develops an intelligent predictive control for the AGC of thermal power units, which improves unit load operation and constitutes a novel, closed-loop AGC structure based on online control performance standard (CPS) evaluations. Intelligent predictive control is mainly improved because the neural network rolling optimization model replaces the traditional rolling optimization model in the rolling optimization module. The simulation results indicate that the intelligent predictive controller developed in the two-area interconnected power grid under CPS can, on the one hand, improve the load tracking performance of AGC thermal power units, and, on the other hand, the controller has strong robustness. Whether the system parameters change considerably or the AGC has different grid disturbances, the new type of the loop AGC system can still sufficiently meet the control requirements of the power grid.

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Adrian, J. L., C. C. Montgomery, B. K. Behe, P. A. Duffy, and K. M. Tilt. "Cost Comparisons for Infield, Above Ground Container and Pot-in-Pot Production Systems." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.2.65.

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Abstract A relatively new production system, Pot-in-Pot (PNP), offers many of the advantages of in-field (IF) and above-ground container (AGC) nursery production methods. Our objective was to compare their fixed and production costs. Hypothetical nurseries for the three production systems were synthesized to represent a 6 ha (15 A) nursery utilizing a 4 ha (10 A) production area to grow crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) over three years. Fixed costs were similar for IF and AGC systems at $350,000 with PNP system outlays $25,000 higher, largely due to socket pot cost. Total production costs for the three-year production cycle were similar for AGC and PNP at $500,000. The IF system was $50,000 less costly. Yet, on a per harvested plant basis, total cost was lowest for the PNP system ($21.52), compared to costs for the IF ($23.73) and AGC ($23.17). The PNP system had the highest total capital outlay and fixed cost, which related primarily to higher costs associated with purchasing and installing socket pots. The PNP system, however, was least costly on a per harvested plant basis due to less intensive, labor-saving cultural practices and the ability to grow larger plants quickly.

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Sharma, Gulshan. "Optimal AGC Design for Diverse Sources of Power Generations in each Area Using Output Vector Feedback Control Technique." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 45 (November 2019): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.45.99.

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In this paper an attempt is made to design the regulator for automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected energy delivery system to regulate the frequency and tie-power to original value for sudden change in the energy demand of the customers. The considered energy delivery system is having the power generation via thermal, hydro and gas sources and connected via means of parallel AC/DC tie-lines. Further, most of AGC studies focussed on regulator design using application of control theory such as optimal control to manage the balance between generation and load demand considering all system states. However, inreality it is hard enough to measure all system states and design effective regulator for AGC action. Hence in this paper efforts are made to design regulator for AGC problem using few states which are easily measurable and available in real situation of the system i.e. output vector feedback. The feasibility & stability of proposed AGC is tested for 1% change in power demand and compared with optimal AGC which is based on all system states using obtained system responses, feedback gains of control as well as closed loop eigenvalues.

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Fang-chen, Yin, and Yu Liu-Qi. "Constrained dynamic matrix control strategy for a monitoring system for AGC of hot strip mills." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 3 (2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020029.

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In the hot strip rolling process, the performance of a monitoring system for automatic gauge control (MN-AGC) is influenced greatly by the model mismatch which is caused by the variation of model parameters values. A constrained dynamic matrix control (CDMC) strategy that includes a prediction model, rolling optimization, and feedback correction was used in the MN-AGC. First, the conventional Smith prediction-based control strategy for the MN-AGC was analyzed. Second, the performance index function and optimal control of the CDMC strategy were determined. Finally, simulations and industrial experiments were conducted. The results showed that both control strategies provided good control performance. When model mismatch occurred, the Smith predictor-based MN-AGC resulted in significant overshoot or even oscillations but the control performance of the CDMC-based MN-AGC was not influenced by changes in the model parameters.

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Li, Lu, Zhong Fu Tang, and En Yuan Zhang. "Discussion on the Pattern of Competitive Trade in the AGC Ancillary Service Market." Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (February 2011): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.434.

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Electric ancillary service is an important method that ensures the power system to operate safely and stably. This paper discusses the optimum selection of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) units in the Electric AGC Ancillary Service Market. In this paper a mathematical model is proposed to select the generating unit to perform AGC function in light of minimizing the AGC services purchase fee. Several forms that are used to pay the AGC service business are also discussed in the paper. The application to a realistic system shows that the idea and the method presented in this paper are correct and feasible.

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Al-Din Abed, Wisam Najm, Omar A. Imran, and Ibrahim S. Fatah. "Аutѳmаtіϲ generаtіѳn cѳntrol bаѕẹԁ wһale орtimіzatіѳn αlgorithm." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 4516. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4516-4523.

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In the designing and operation of interconnected power systems, automatic-generation-control (AGC) represent an important topic. AGC is responsible for maintaining the balance between generation side and load side via controlling the frequency and active power interchange. A new metaheuristic strategy is proposed in this work for optimal controller tuning in AGC system. Ԝһale Орtimіzatіоn Αlgorithm(WOA) is proposed for optimal tuning of reset integral controller. T he proposed strategy is used for optimal AGC in two-areas interconnected-power system. The proposed tuning strategy is compared with other new metaheuristic optimization strategy termed as Harmony Search (HS). The two-area interconnected power system are simulated based MATLAB-toolbox. From results obtained, it is obvious that, the system transient and steady-state behavior are enhanced greatly under the same conditions. This is due to the use of the proposed optimization technique. The proposed technique has an advanced and superior feature like, local optimum avoiding, fast convergence ability, and lower search agents and iteration are required. All mentioned features, make this strategy optimal for various optimization problems.

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Li, Zhen, Qijie Zan, Qiong Yang, Dehuang Zhu, Youjun Chen, and Shixiao Yu. "Remote Estimation of Mangrove Aboveground Carbon Stock at the Species Level Using a Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091018.

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There is ongoing interest in developing remote sensing technology to map and monitor the spatial distribution and carbon stock of mangrove forests. Previous research has demonstrated that the relationship between remote sensing derived parameters and aboveground carbon (AGC) stock varies for different species types. However, the coarse spatial resolution of satellite images has restricted the estimated AGC accuracy, especially at the individual species level. Recently, the availability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has provided an operationally efficient approach to map the distribution of species and accurately estimate AGC stock at a fine scale in mangrove areas. In this study, we estimated mangrove AGC in the core area of northern Shenzhen Bay, South China, using four kinds of variables, including species type, canopy height metrics, vegetation indices, and texture features, derived from a low-cost UAV system. Three machine-learning algorithm models, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), were compared in this study, where a 10-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate each model’s effectiveness. The results showed that a model that used all four type of variables, which were based on the RF algorithm, provided better AGC estimates (R2 = 0.81, relative RMSE (rRMSE) = 0.20, relative MAE (rMAE) = 0.14). The average predicted AGC from this model was 93.0 ± 24.3 Mg C ha−1, and the total estimated AGC was 7903.2 Mg for the mangrove forests. The species-based model had better performance than the considered canopy-height-based model for AGC estimation, and mangrove species was the most important variable among all the considered input variables; the mean height (Hmean) the second most important variable. Additionally, the RF algorithms showed better performance in terms of mangrove AGC estimation than the SVR and ANN algorithms. Overall, a low-cost UAV system with a digital camera has the potential to enable satisfactory predictions of AGC in areas of homogenous mangrove forests.

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Zhang, Guang Rui, Yu Xu, and Yong Yang. "Rolling Mill AGC Control System Design Based on Auto Disturbance Rejection Controller." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 1477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.1477.

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Be aimed at the difficulty problems that entrance variation in thickness and hardness variation change a lot、back-up roll deflection、roller thermal expansion、the variation of lubricating fluid and flow compensation indeterminacy of servo mechanism in the system of steel plate strip, anti-interference controller is applied to rolling mill AGC control system for the first time in this paper. Theory analysis and simulation experiment demonstrate that rolling mill AGC based on Auto Disturbance Rejection controller can solve the above difficulty problems which convention rolling mill AGC control system can’t solve, the proposed system possess excellent dynamic property and static state property.

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Hasan, Naimul, Ibrahim Alsaidan, Mohammad Sajid, Shahida Khatoon, and Shuaib Farooq. "Hybrid MPC-Based Automatic Generation Control for Dominant Wind Energy Penetrated Multisource Power System." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (January 17, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5526827.

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This paper presents hybrid model predictive control-based automatic generation regulator design for dominant wind energy penetrated multisource power system. The other power generation sources hydro and thermal are also considered in each area. The proposed AGC regulator is designed for each independent area considering only local power system states to ensure the stability of closed-loop system under small perturbation. The performance of the proposed AGC regulator has been validated for 2% step load perturbation. Furthermore, system parameter is varied to 20% of nominal value to assess the robust performance of the regulator. Performance evaluation between the hybrid MPC, conventional MPC, and traditional AGC regulators considering the dominant participation of the DFIG wind turbines is presented to demonstrate the superior performance of the hybrid MPC AGC regulator.

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Egido, I., F. Fernandez-Bernal, and L. Rouco. "The Spanish AGC System: Description and Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 24, no. 1 (February 2009): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2008.2007003.

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Shukla, Hiramani, Srete Nikolovski, More Raju, Ankur Singh Rana, and Pawan Kumar. "A Particle Swarm Optimization Technique Tuned TID Controller for Frequency and Voltage Regulation with Penetration of Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generations." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 8225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218225.

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An interconnected power system requires specific restrictions to be maintained for frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltage of synchronized generators to avoid instability. Therefore, frequency stability and voltage regulation issues are covered individually and jointly in the current research work. Initially in test system 1, automatic generation control (AGC) investigations are done on two interconnected systems with thermal plants and electric vehicles in one area and distributed generation and electric vehicles in other area. The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) problem alone is chosen for investigation in test system 2. The third test system addresses the combined AGC and AVR issues. The performance of the fractional-order tilt-integral-derivative (TID) controller is compared with that of a widely used proportional integral derivative (PID) controller in all three test systems studies. The findings demonstrate better performance of the TID controller than PID in terms of providing superior dynamic metrics, such as low peak overshoots, undershoots, and settling time, as well as decreased oscillations amplitudes. Additionally, TID performs better than PID despite randomized load disturbance, system non-linearities, and time delays in AGC and the combined AGC and AVR problem. The PSO-tuned TID controller is insensitive to variation in load damping factor and time constants of the AVR system. Finally, the results are validated by an OPAL-RT 4510 real-time digital simulator.

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Ullah, Kaleem, Zahid Ullah, Sheraz Aslam, Muhammad Salik Salam, Muhammad Asjad Salahuddin, Muhammad Farooq Umer, Mujtaba Humayon, and Haris Shaheer. "Wind Farms and Flexible Loads Contribution in Automatic Generation Control: An Extensive Review and Simulation." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 20, 2023): 5498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145498.

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With the increasing integration of wind energy sources into conventional power systems, the demand for reserve power has risen due to associated forecasting errors. Consequently, developing innovative operating strategies for automatic generation control (AGC) has become crucial. These strategies ensure a real-time balance between load and generation while minimizing the reliance on operating reserves from conventional power plant units. Wind farms exhibit a strong interest in participating in AGC operations, especially when AGC is organized into different regulation areas encompassing various generation units. Further, the integration of flexible loads, such as electric vehicles and thermostatically controlled loads, is considered indispensable in modern power systems, which can have the capability to offer ancillary services to the grid through the AGC systems. This study initially presents the fundamental concepts of wind power plants and flexible load units, highlighting their significant contribution to load frequency control (LFC) as an important aspect of AGC. Subsequently, a real-time dynamic dispatch strategy for the AGC model is proposed, integrating reserve power from wind farms and flexible load units. For simulations, a future Pakistan power system model is developed using Dig SILENT Power Factory software (2020 SP3), and the obtained results are presented. The results demonstrate that wind farms and flexible loads can effectively contribute to power-balancing operations. However, given its cost-effectiveness, wind power should be operated at maximum capacity and only be utilized when there is a need to reduce power generation. Additionally, integrating reserves from these sources ensures power system security, reduces dependence on conventional sources, and enhances economic efficiency.

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Bolaños-Pérez, Ricardo, José Miguel Rocha-Pérez, Alejandro Díaz-Sánchez, Jaime Ramirez-Angulo, and Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle. "CMOS Analog AGC for Biomedical Applications." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050878.

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In this paper, we present the design of an analog Automatic Gain Control with a small silicon area and reduced power consumption using a 0.5 μ m process. The design uses a classical approach implementing the AGC system with simple blocks, such as: peak detector, difference amplifier, four-quadrant multiplier, and inversor amplifier. Those blocks were realized by using a modified Miller type OPAMP, which allows indirect compensation, while the peak detector uses a MOS diode. The AGC design is simulated using the Tanner-Eda environment and Berkeley models BSIM49 of the On-Semiconductor C5 process, and it was fabricated through the MOSIS prototyping service. The AGC system has an operation frequency of around 1 kHz, covering the range of biomedical applications, power consumption of 200 μ W, and the design occupies a silicon area of approximately 508.8 μ m × 317.7 μ m. According to the characteristics obtained at the experimental level (attack and release time), this AGC can be applied to hearing aid systems.

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Langner, Florian, Andreas Büchner, and Waldo Nogueira. "Evaluation of an Adaptive Dynamic Compensation System in Cochlear Implant Listeners." Trends in Hearing 24 (January 2020): 233121652097034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216520970349.

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Cochlear implant (CI) sound processing typically uses a front-end automatic gain control (AGC), reducing the acoustic dynamic range (DR) to control the output level and protect the signal processing against large amplitude changes. It can also introduce distortions into the signal and does not allow a direct mapping between acoustic input and electric output. For speech in noise, a reduction in DR can result in lower speech intelligibility due to compressed modulations of speech. This study proposes to implement a CI signal processing scheme consisting of a full acoustic DR with adaptive properties to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and overall speech intelligibility. Measurements based on the Short-Time Objective Intelligibility measure and an electrodogram analysis, as well as behavioral tests in up to 10 CI users, were used to compare performance with a single-channel, dual-loop, front-end AGC and with an adaptive back-end multiband dynamic compensation system (Voice Guard [VG]). Speech intelligibility in quiet and at a +10 dB signal-to-noise ratio was assessed with the Hochmair–Schulz–Moser sentence test. A logatome discrimination task with different consonants was performed in quiet. Speech intelligibility was significantly higher in quiet for VG than for AGC, but intelligibility was similar in noise. Participants obtained significantly better scores with VG than AGC in the logatome discrimination task. The objective measurements predicted significantly better performance estimates for VG. Overall, a dynamic compensation system can outperform a single-stage compression (AGC + linear compression) for speech perception in quiet.

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Vrdoljak, K., B. Kopić, M. Gec, J. Krstulović Opara, and S. Sekulić. "Automatic Generation Control Application for Transmission and Generation Centres." Journal of Energy - Energija 67, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/201867277.

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Recently, a new Emergency Control Centre for Albanian Transmission System Operator (TSO), which includes Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) applications, has been commissioned. Nowadays, an AGC application is being prepared for the biggest generation company in Croatia, as part of control centre for hydropower plants within western part of Croatia. Both of these implementations use the same AGC application, which is presented in this paper. Although AGC for TSO and AGC for Generation Centre (GC) have many similarities, their main goals are different. AGC for TSO must mainly regulate system’s frequency and area’s active power interchange to their desired values, using only power plants engaged in load-frequency control (LFC). However, AGC for GC must ensure that power production of each power unit not engaged in LFC tracks its planned value, while also ensuring that centre’s share in LFC is being respected. Albeit the AGC is standalone application, in both afore-mentioned implementations it is affiliated with SCADA application, from which it obtains all required input measurements and indications and to which it delivers calculated setpoints. Additionally, all AGC pictures are integrated into SCADA pictures as well, in order to simplify operation and monitoring functionalities. AGC for Albanian TSO controls active power generation of six hydro power plants engaged in LFC. AGC for GC West in Croatia controls active power generation of ten hydro power plants. In both implementations, communication with remote objects is done using IEC 60870-5-104 communication protocol, while communication with other control centres is done using ICCP communication protocol. Power production plans are sent to AGC either from Market Management Systems (in TSO case) or from scheduling and optimization application (in GC case).

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Petrenz, Philipp, and Bonnie Webber. "Stable Classification of Text Genres." Computational Linguistics 37, no. 2 (June 2011): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00052.

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Every text has at least one topic and at least one genre. Evidence for a text's topic and genre comes, in part, from its lexical and syntactic features—features used in both Automatic Topic Classification and Automatic Genre Classification (AGC). Because an ideal AGC system should be stable in the face of changes in topic distribution, we assess five previously published AGC methods with respect to both performance on the same topic–genre distribution on which they were trained and stability of that performance across changes in topic–genre distribution. Our experiments lead us to conclude that (1) stability in the face of changing topical distributions should be added to the evaluation critera for new approaches to AGC, and (2) Part-of-Speech features should be considered individually when developing a high-performing, stable AGC system for a particular, possibly changing corpus.

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Yang, Liang, Yan Su, An Ping Qiu, Qin Shi, Xin Hua Zhu, and Rui Feng. "Analysis and Design of Drive Closed-Loop for MEMS Vibratory Gyroscope." Advanced Materials Research 159 (December 2010): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.159.406.

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The principle of drive closed-loop for tuning fork comb MEMS vibratory gyroscope is analyzed. The core of the closed-loop is to keep the vibration speed stable by adding driving force offset the damping force. The closed-loop with a single Automatic Gain Control (AGC) loop is chosen to maintain the vibration speed stable, and then the closed-loop with AGC is analyzed to obtain its transfer function. The transfer function simplifies the nonlinear AGC system to a linear system which is easy analyzed its parameters impacting the system. The values of two important parameters of AGC were chosen via simulation. The whole closed-loop system was simulated in SIMULINK. The circuit is built and tested in accordance with the theory of analysis and simulation. Experimental results demonstrate that the stability of the amplitude of vibration speed is 90ppm; and that of the frequency of vibration speed is 114ppm.

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Sheikh, M. R. I., R. Takahashi, and J. Tamura. "Robust Stabilizing Controllers to Automatic Generation Control for Load Frequency Control Application." Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v2i2.3063.

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Since superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit with a self-commutated converter is capable of controlling both the active and reactive powers simultaneously and quickly, increasing attention has been focused recently on power system stabilization by SMES control. This study presents the effects of novel control strategies of self-tuned fuzzy proportional integral (FPI) controller and fuzzy frequency (FF) controller associated with the automatic generation control (AGC) including SMES unit. The effects of the self-tuning configuration with FPI controller in AGC is also compared with that of FF controlled AGC on SMES control. The simulation results show that both self tuning control schemes of AGC are very effective in damping out of the oscillations caused by load disturbances and it is also seen that the FF controlled AGC with SMES perform better primary frequency control compared to FPI controlled AGC with SMES. Keywords: Load frequency control; Single area power system; FPI controller; FF controller; SMES unit. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.3063 J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 285-293 (2010)

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Dong, Zhe, Miao Liu, Di Jiang, Xiaojin Huang, Yajun Zhang, and Zuoyi Zhang. "Automatic Generation Control of Nuclear Heating Reactor Power Plants." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 2782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102782.

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A nuclear heating reactor (NHR) is a typical integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) with advanced design features such as an integral primary circuit, self-pressurization, full-power-range natural circulation, and hydraulic control rods. Through adjusting its electric power output according to the variation of demand, NHR power plants can be adopted to stablize the fluctuation of grid frequency caused by the intermittent nature of renewable generation, which is useful for deepening the penetration of renewables. The flexibility of an NHR power plant relies on the automatic generation control (AGC) function of the plant coordination control system, whose central is the AGC law. In this paper, the plant control system with AGC function is designed for NHR plants, where the AGC is realized based on the stabilizers of grid frequency and main steam pressure. Then, the AGC problem is transferred to the disturbance attenuation problem of a second-order dynamic system, and an active disturbance attenuation control (ADRC), which is just the addition of a feedback control given by a proportional‒integral (PI) law and a feedforward control driven by a disturbance observer (DO), is then proposed. Finally, this ADRC is applied to realize the AGC function for NHR-200II reactor power plant, and numerical simulation results show the implementation feasibility and satisfactory performance.

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Zhao, Xilin, Jingjing He, Bo Fu, Li He, and Guanghui Xu. "A System Compensation Based Model Predictive AGC Method for Multiarea Interconnected Power Systems with High Penetration of PV System and Random Time Delay between Different Areas." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (October 22, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9347878.

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In order to mitigate the negative influence of geographical dispersity of modern power system and the penetration of renewable energy, a system compensation based model predictive AGC method is proposed in this paper. A compensation unit is introduced in AGC system to reduce the influence of PV power output fluctuation. Furthermore, because the distributed power system is geographically dispersed, which leads to some defects such as time delay and packet dropouts, a selection and optimization algorithm is presented to obtain the appropriate variable when delays exist. Finally, a two-area interconnected power grid with PV systems is shown as an example to testify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results indicate that the system controlled by the proposed method has the expected dynamic performance.

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Oshnoei, Arman, Rahmat Khezri, SM Muyeen, and Frede Blaabjerg. "On the Contribution of Wind Farms in Automatic Generation Control: Review and New Control Approach." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101848.

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Wind farms can contribute to ancillary services to the power system, by advancing and adopting new control techniques in existing, and also in new, wind turbine generator systems. One of the most important aspects of ancillary service related to wind farms is frequency regulation, which is partitioned into inertial response, primary control, and supplementary control or automatic generation control (AGC). The contribution of wind farms for the first two is well addressed in literature; however, the AGC and its associated controls require more attention. In this paper, in the first step, the contribution of wind farms in supplementary/load frequency control of AGC is overviewed. As second step, a fractional order proportional-integral-differential (FOPID) controller is proposed to control the governor speed of wind turbine to contribute to the AGC. The performance of FOPID controller is compared with classic proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller, to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control method in the frequency regulation of a two-area power system. Furthermore, the effect of penetration level of wind farms on the load frequency control is analyzed.

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Hu, Zheng Qun, Chang Lü, and Jun Pei. "Earth Station Tracking SIGSO Satellite: Analysis and Discussion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1347.

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Earth station and satellite are important components of the satellite communication system, this paper analyses earth station antenna for the main measurement parameters, which include azimuth, elevation, satellite to the ground distance and AGC of beacon signal; explores the earth station antenna AGC servo tracking system; azimuth, elevation and AGC level value are calculated when the earth station in Peking aligns APstar-1 satellite. Experimental results show that the changing amplitude of azimuth, elevation and APstar-1satlellite drifts rate is increasing in the past years.

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Zhao, Xilin, Zhenyu Lin, Bo Fu, Li He, and Na Fang. "Research on Automatic Generation Control with Wind Power Participation Based on Predictive Optimal 2-Degree-of-Freedom PID Strategy for Multi-area Interconnected Power System." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123325.

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High penetration of wind power in the modern power system renders traditional automatic generation control (AGC) methods more challenging, due to the uncertainty of the external environment, less reserve power, and small inertia constant of the power system. An improved AGC method named predictive optimal 2-degree-of-freedom proportion integral differential (PO-2-DOF-PID) is proposed in this paper, which wind farm will participate in the load frequency control process. Firstly, the mathematical model of the AGC system of multi-area power grid with penetration of wind power is built. Then, predictive optimal 2-degree-of-freedom PID controller is presented to improve the system robustness considering system uncertainties. The objective function is designed based on the wind speed and whether wind farm takes part in AGC or not. The controller solves the optimization problem through the predictive theory while taking into account given constraints. In order to obtain the predictive sequence of output of the whole system, the characteristic of the 2-DOF-PID controller is integrated in the system model. A three interconnected power system is introduced as an example to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. When considering the penetration of wind power, two cases of high wind speed and low wind speed are analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively deal with the negative influence caused by wind power when wind power participates in AGC.

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Sun, Shufang, Jiahai Zhang, Jianhui Wang, and Lin Xu. "The Application of New Adaptive PSO in AGC and AFC Combination Control System." Procedia Engineering 16 (2011): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.08.1144.

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Teresa, D., and M. S. "On Deregulated Power System AGC with Solar Power." International Journal of Computer Applications 178, no. 45 (September 17, 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2019919362.

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Adams, E. A. K., J. M. Cannon, K. L. Rhode, W. F. Janesh, S. Janowiecki, L. Leisman, R. Giovanelli, et al. "AGC 226067: A possible interacting low-mass system." Astronomy & Astrophysics 580 (August 2015): A134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526857.

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YANG, Bing, He YU, and Xiao-feng TAO. "Improved AGC method for B3G MIMO-OFDM system." Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8885(07)60157-5.

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Bevrani, H., Y. Mitani, and K. Tsuji. "Robust decentralized AGC in a restructured power system." Energy Conversion and Management 45, no. 15-16 (September 2004): 2297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.11.018.

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Chen, Longwen, Christine N. Booth, Julie A. Shorie, Jennifer A. Brainard, and Matthew A. Zarka. "Atypical endometrial cells and atypical glandular cells favor endometrial origin in Papanicolaou cervicovaginal tests: Correlation with histologic follow-up and abnormal clinical presentations." CytoJournal 11 (November 14, 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1742-6413.144686.

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The 2001 Bethesda system recommends further classifying atypical glandular cells (AGCs) as either endocervical or endometrial origin. Numerous studies have investigated the clinical significance of AGC. In this study, we investigated the incidence of clinically significant lesions among women with liquid-based Papanicolaou cervicovaginal (Pap) interpretations of atypical endometrial cells (AEMs) or AGC favor endometrial origin (AGC-EM). More importantly, we correlated patients of AEM or AGC-EM with their clinical presentations to determine if AEM/AGC-EM combined with abnormal vaginal bleeding is associated with a higher incidence of significant endometrial pathology. All liquid-based Pap tests with an interpretation of AEM and AGC-EM from July, 2004 through June, 2009 were retrieved from the database. Women with an interpretation of atypical endocervical cells, AGC, favor endocervical origin or AGC, favor neoplastic were not included in the study. The most severe subsequent histologic diagnoses were recorded for each patient. During this 5-year period, we accessioned 332,470 Pap tests of which 169 (0.05%) were interpreted as either AEM or AGC-EM. Of the 169 patients, 133 had histologic follow-up within the health care system. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 71 years old (mean 49.7). On follow-up histology, 27 (20.3%) had neoplastic/preneoplastic uterine lesions. Among them, 20 patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (18 endometrial, 1 endocervical, and 1 metastatic colorectal), 3 with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and 4 with endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. All patients with significant endometrial pathology, except one, were over 40 years old, and 22 of 25 patients reported abnormal vaginal bleeding at the time of endometrial biopsy or curettage. This study represents a large series of women with liquid-based Pap test interpretations of AEM and AGC-EM with clinical follow-up. Significant preneoplastic or neoplastic endometrial lesions were identified in 20.3% of patients. Patients with Pap test interpretations of AEM or AGC-EM and the clinical presentation of abnormal vaginal bleeding should be followed closely.

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Yin, Linfei, Lulin Zhao, Tao Yu, and Xiaoshun Zhang. "Deep Forest Reinforcement Learning for Preventive Strategy Considering Automatic Generation Control in Large-Scale Interconnected Power Systems." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112185.

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To reduce occurrences of emergency situations in large-scale interconnected power systems with large continuous disturbances, a preventive strategy for the automatic generation control (AGC) of power systems is proposed. To mitigate the curse of dimensionality that arises in conventional reinforcement learning algorithms, deep forest is applied to reinforcement learning. Therefore, deep forest reinforcement learning (DFRL) as a preventive strategy for AGC is proposed in this paper. The DFRL method consists of deep forest and multiple subsidiary reinforcement learning. The deep forest component of the DFRL is applied to predict the next systemic state of a power system, including emergency states and normal states. The multiple subsidiary reinforcement learning component, which includes reinforcement learning for emergency states and reinforcement learning for normal states, is applied to learn the features of the power system. The performance of the DFRL algorithm was compared to that of 10 other conventional AGC algorithms on a two-area load frequency control power system, a three-area power system, and the China Southern Power Grid. The DFRL method achieved the highest control performance. With this new method, both the occurrences of emergency situations and the curse of dimensionality can be simultaneously reduced.

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Xing, Juan Juan. "The Improvement and Simulation on the Dynamic Model of Hydraulic AGC System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 1178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.1178.

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The paper uses the object-oriented modeling method to analysis the hydraulic AGC system and the operation mechanism about a strip mill. It discusses the Coulomb force and roll eccentricity which usually were ignored on rolling process. And improves the mathematical model that reflect the actual AGC system. By simulation, we compared it with the actual rolling process and verified the correction of the mathematical model. And, it will make the good foundation for on-the-spot practical application.

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Zhang, Xiao Dong, and Yu Wang. "Research and Improvement of the Step Tracking Technology in the Vehicle On-the-Move System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.412.

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In order to improve the performance of the existing On-The-Move system, this paper studied a kind of step tracking technology based on the traditional algorithm. For the contradictions between the capture speed and precision performance on the initial acquisition, re-acquisition and auto tracking and controlling algorithm, this technology improved the initial acquisition stage. In the initial acquisition stage, the beacon AGC is distinguished. When the beacon AGC is below the specific threshold, there is a uniform rotation in the azimuth direction. When the AGC is above the threshold, the system turns to the step tracking stage based on variable step algorithm. Research showed that this technology has faster acquisition speed and higher tracking accuracy, maintains low computational complexity, and improves the system performance.

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Luo, Wei Hua, Song Qi Feng, Yi Bin Shi, Wei Chun Ge, Jun Zhao, and Jun Feng Zhuo. "Coordinated Strategy for AGC of Thermal-Hydro-Wind Power and Energy Storage System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.873.

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Wind power is renewable energy, which has mature technology, considerable economic benefits and huge development scale. This paper proposes a coordinated strategy for AGC of Thermal hydro-wind Power and Energy Storage System which study the mathematical model of wind power and energy storage system, and the strategy of generation schedule, and key technologies of automatic generation control system (AGC) of four unequal interconnected Thermal, Wind, Hydro power plant and Energy storage.

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Zhang, Fei, Li Feng Ye, Wen Quan Sun, and Xiao Huai Ren. "Research of Smith Monitor AGC Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control." Advanced Materials Research 572 (October 2012): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.572.49.

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In response to the characteristics of large time delay, nonlinear, various disturbances in Monitor AGC system for cold rolling mill, a control strategy combining Smith predictor with Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is proposed. Approximation ability of Extended State Observer (ESO) to estimate unknown parts of controlled plant model is promoted by model compensated ADRC. Aimed at a 4-high cold rolling mill, simulation analysis for classical Smith predictor monitor AGC and ADRC-Smith predictor Monitor AGC is used. The results indicate that ADRC-Smith predictor Monitor AGC has better performance on robustness and capacity of anti-disturbance.

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Papakonstantinou, Apostolos G., and Stavros A. Papathanassiou. "Battery Energy Storage Participation in Automatic Generation Control of Island Systems, Coordinated with State of Charge Regulation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020596.

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Efficient storage participation in the secondary frequency regulation of island systems is a prerequisite towards their complete decarbonization. However, energy reserve limitations of storage resources pose challenges to their integration in centralized automatic generation control (AGC). This paper presents a frequency control method, in which battery energy storage systems (BESSs) participate in automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) provision, through their integration in the AGC of an island system. A local state of charge (SOC) controller ensures safe operation of the BESS in case of disturbances, without jeopardizing system security when available energy reserves are diminishing. The aFRR participation factors of regulating units are altered when the storage systems approach their SOC limits, re-allocating their reserves to other load-following units. Restoration of BESS energy reserves is achieved by integrating SOC regulation in the real-time economic dispatch of the system, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and solved every few minutes to determine the base points of the AGC units. A small autonomous power system, comprising conventional units, renewable energy sources and a BESS, is used as a study case to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, which is compared with alternative approaches to secondary regulation with BESS participation.

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Yan, Xiao Qiang, Miao Bao, Guang Hong Zhu, and Ze Hong Song. "Research on the Impact of AGC Vibration on the Horizontal Vibration of the Roll System for CSP Rolling Mill." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 2409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.2409.

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CSP rolling mill abnormal vibration problem is one of the worldwide difficult problems in rolling fields. In this article, using the modern acceleration telemetry system, an integrated test is taken to the rolling mill vibration and the laws of the mill vibration are captured. The test shows that there is severe horizontal vibration of roll system, especially the work rolls, at the same time, there are also abnormal vibration occurs on AGC (automatic gauge control). In order to reveal the internal links between the vertical vibration of AGC and horizontal vibration of the roll system, using the harmonic analysis module and the transient response analysis module of ANSYS software, through simulation study to research the impact of the vertical vibration of AGC on the horizontal vibration of the roll system and meaningful conclusions are clarified.

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Yang, Xu, Jingjing Gao, Yuri A. W. Shardt, Linlin Li, and Chaonan Tong. "Parameter Identification and Control Scheme for Monitoring Automatic Thickness Control System with Measurement Delay." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1952594.

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The thickness of the steel strip is an important indicator of the overall strip quality. Deviations in thickness are primarily controlled using the automatic gauge control (AGC) system of each rolling stand. At the last stand, the monitoring AGC system is usually used, where the deviations in thickness can be directly measured by the X-ray thickness gauge device and used as the input to the AGC system. However, due to the physical distance between the thickness detection device and the rolling stand, time delay is unavoidably present in the thickness control loop, which can affect control performance and lead to system oscillations. Furthermore, the parameters of the system can change due to perturbations from external disturbances. Therefore, this paper proposes an identification and control scheme for monitoring AGC system that can handle time delay and parameter uncertainty. The cross-correlation function is used to estimate the time delay of the system, while the system parameters are identified using a recursive least squares method. The time delay and parameter estimates are then further refined using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, so as to provide the most accurate parameter estimates for the complete system. Simulation results show that, compared with the standard Proportion Integration Differentiation (PID) controller approach, the proposed approach is not affected by changes in the time delay and parameter uncertainties.

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Tong, Kun, Ni Ke, Ming Zhe Che, and Jin Сhun Song. "Research on 760mm Hot Tandem Mill Hydraulic AGC Control System." Advanced Engineering Forum 2-3 (December 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.2-3.18.

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Through analyzing the 760mm hydraulic AGC production line of a Shandong factory, the characteristics, compositions and the mathematical model of hydraulic system of the hydraulic AGC are introduced. Based on those the system performance is analyzed on the working conditions by simulations through introducing the PID and fuzzy PID controller. The simulation analysis concluded that the system response time and overshoots with the fuzzy PID controller were better than before, which is in flavor of the production line commissioning and eventually running. The performance of AGC system affects the controlling accuracy of sheet thickness and yield of sheet directly. In order to accommodate the requirement of market and improve the competition of product, a steel plant from Shandong province entrusts relevant department to develop a set of hydraulic system, which is being debugged at present. Our paper mainly introduces the structure and feature of the system. With the mathematical model that accord with the working conditions being founded and PID and fuzzy PID based on the mathematical model being added, We have simulated the system using the software of MATLAB/SIMULINK, which supplies corresponding theoretical basis for the system’s final operation [1].

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Wang, Qi, Yufeng Guo, Dongrui Zhang, Yingwei Wang, Ying Xu, and Jilai Yu. "Research on wind farm participating in AGC based on wind power variogram characteristics." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 8 (2022): 8288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022386.

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<abstract> <p>The increasing integration of large-scale wind power aggravates the difficulty of maintaining system frequency deviations in a certain range. The frequency regulation pressure of conventional generators increases, which requires wind farms to participate in system frequency regulation. In this paper, a multi-area interconnected power system frequency response model with wind power is established. Based on the frequency response model, the state space model of regional interconnected power system is presented. Then, the wind power variogram characteristics are introduced for estimating wind power variations in different time-scales. By predicting the wind power variations in AGC time-scale, a strategy of wind farm participating in AGC system is proposed and performed based on model predictive control (MPC). The control strategy makes the conventional units and wind farms to participate in AGC system coordinately. Simulation results are provided which verifies the feasibility and validity of the proposed strategy.</p> </abstract>

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Yu, Min Li, Yan Jun Bi, and Hong Xiu Meng. "Design of Digital Storage Oscilloscope Based on FPGA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 2323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.2323.

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A kind of portable digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) is developed in this paper. It builds trigger, storage, measurement module for embedded system with programmable logic resource of FPGA chip. The external digital circuits of a digital oscilloscope is achieved. And it saves a lot of cost by implanting NIOS II soft-core processor as the control unit of the system in the FPGA. This system has the function of automatic frequency control (AFC) and automatic gain control (AGC), and it can measure the signal conveniently.

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Qi, Jian Xun, Gao Qiang Zhao, Yang Han, and Sen Guo. "Compensation Mechanism Research of AGC Based on the Theory of Externality and Common Resource." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3036.

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The AGC (Automatic Generation Control) bring external effect for other units, power companies, users and society with its externality. Unreasonable compensation will undermine the enthusiasm of AGC units. At the same time, AGC has a supply-side attributes of common resources, and it may have a "free rider" behavior in four dimensions of capacity, quality, cost and price. According to two exclusive ideas of compensating external benefits for AS and increasing the cost of exclusion, it builds evaluation indexes system and sets up the basic model for compensation mechanism of AGC, then taking an example to analysis in which it reflects the narrowing gap among units’ profit and the recovery of units’ marginal social cost.

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Ji, Ya Feng, Dian Hua Zhang, Jie Sun, and Xu Li. "Smith Prediction Monitor AGC System Based on CPSO Self-Tuning Pi Control." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 2602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.2602.

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In accordance with the feature of pure delay in monitor AGC system for hot rolling mill, a new self-tuning PI Smith prediction controller based on chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) is developed. The algorithmic principle and design method of new controller are given. Based on the typical monitor AGC model of tandem hot mill, the analysis of dynamic performance for traditional PI Smith prediction controller and CPSO self-tuning PI Smith prediction controller is done by MATLAB. The simulation results indicate that CPSO self-tuning PI Smith prediction controller has faster response and higher static accuracy than traditional PI Smith prediction controller.

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Ullah, Kaleem, Abdul Basit, Zahid Ullah, Fahad R. Albogamy, and Ghulam Hafeez. "Automatic Generation Control in Modern Power Systems with Wind Power and Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051771.

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The modern power system is characterized by the massive integration of renewables, especially wind power. The intermittent nature of wind poses serious concerns for the system operator owing to the inaccuracies in wind power forecasting. Forecasting errors require more balancing power for maintaining frequency within the nominal range. These services are now offered through conventional power plants that not only increase the operational cost but also adversely affect the environment. The modern power system emphasizes the massive penetration of wind power that will replace conventional power plants and thereby impact the provision of system services from conventional power plants. Therefore, there is an emergent need to find new control and balancing solutions, such as regulation reserves from wind power plants and electric vehicles, without trading off their natural behaviors. This work proposes real-time optimized dispatch strategies for automatic generation control (AGC) to utilize wind power and the storage capacity of electric vehicles for the active power balancing services of the grid. The proposed dispatch strategies enable the AGC to appropriately allocate the regulating reserves from wind power plants and electric vehicles, considering their operational constraints. Simulations are performed in DIgSILENT software by developing a power system AGC model integrating the generating units and an EVA model. The inputs for generating units are considered by selecting a particular day of the year 2020, when wind power plants are generating high power. Different coordinated dispatch strategies are proposed for the AGC model to incorporate the reserve power from wind power plants and EVs. The performance of the proposed dispatch strategies is accessed and discussed by obtaining responses of the generating units and EVs during the AGC operation to counter the initial power imbalances in the network. The results reveal that integration of wind power and electric vehicles alongside thermal power plants can effectively reduce real-time power imbalances acquainted in power systems due to massive penetration of wind power that subsequently improves the power system security. Moreover, the proposed dispatch strategy reduces the operational cost of the system by allowing the conventional power plant to operate at their lower limits and therefore utilizes minimum reserves for the active power balancing services.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AGC SYSTEM'

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