Academic literature on the topic 'AGC REGULATORS'
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Journal articles on the topic "AGC REGULATORS"
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Hasan, Naimul, Ibrahim Alsaidan, Mohammad Sajid, Shahida Khatoon, and Shuaib Farooq. "Hybrid MPC-Based Automatic Generation Control for Dominant Wind Energy Penetrated Multisource Power System." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (January 17, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5526827.
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This paper presents hybrid model predictive control-based automatic generation regulator design for dominant wind energy penetrated multisource power system. The other power generation sources hydro and thermal are also considered in each area. The proposed AGC regulator is designed for each independent area considering only local power system states to ensure the stability of closed-loop system under small perturbation. The performance of the proposed AGC regulator has been validated for 2% step load perturbation. Furthermore, system parameter is varied to 20% of nominal value to assess the robust performance of the regulator. Performance evaluation between the hybrid MPC, conventional MPC, and traditional AGC regulators considering the dominant participation of the DFIG wind turbines is presented to demonstrate the superior performance of the hybrid MPC AGC regulator.
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HAJIBARAT, Zohreh, and Abbas SAIDI. "Genome wide identification of AGC kinase genes and their expression in response to heat and cold stresses in barley." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 118, no. 3 (October 20, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2022.118.3.2589.
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<p class="042abstractstekst">AGC kinases are highly conserved regulators in a variety of cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and growth. They are known to play important roles in stress and hormonal responses, including ROS signaling. AGC kinases are the main class of protein kinases in plants, having central functions in different stages of plant growth. In the present study, the analysis of phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal locations, synteny analysis, gene ontology, subcellular localization, and gene expression of AGC kinase identified 28 AGC kinase<em> </em>genes in barley<em>.</em> Phylogenetic tree grouped them into seven subfamilies, as supported by exon-intron organization. Gene duplication and synteny indicated that tandom and block duplication events played an essential role in the expansion of AGC kinase gene families in barley. The Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis performed for <em>HvAGC kinase gene </em>were largely expressed in different tissues of roots, stems, and leaves in Azaran<em> </em>and Jolgeh cultivars under heat and cold stresses. The results of chromosomal localization showed that the AGC kinases were located on all chromosomes of barley except chromosome 1. Genome evolution of species was surveyed using identification of orthologous and paralogous genes. Identifying overlaps between orthologous clusters can enable us to study the function and evolution of proteins in different species. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of using AGC kinases for bioinformatics analysis in barley. Results revealed a broad understanding of the AGC kinase<em> </em>gene family in barley, which will be valuable for improving barley varieties’ response to heat and cold stresses. Also, <em>HvNDR6.2 </em>gene can utilized as molecular markers under cold stress in the three organs.</p>
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Tamaskovic, Rastislav, Samuel J. Bichsel, and Brian A. Hemmings. "NDR family of AGC kinases - essential regulators of the cell cycle and morphogenesis." FEBS Letters 546, no. 1 (May 13, 2003): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00474-5.
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Ćalović, M. S., P. Č. Stefanov, and N. M. Obradović. "Automatic correction of the systematic error on AGC regulators due to tie-line losses." European Transactions on Electrical Power 18, no. 3 (2008): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.176.
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Egido, I., F. Fernández-Bernal, and L. Rouco. "Evaluation of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) regulators by performance indices using data from real operation." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 1, no. 2 (2007): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd:20060173.
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Liu, K., X. Zhang, C. Sumanasekera, R. L. Lester, and R. C. Dickson. "Signalling functions for sphingolipid long-chain bases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 5 (October 26, 2005): 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0331170.
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Over the past several years, studies of sphingolipid functions in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed that the sphingoid LCBs (long-chain bases), dihydrosphingosine and PHS (phytosphingosine), are important signalling molecules or second messengers under heat stress and during non-stressed conditions. LCBs are now recognized as regulators of AGC-type protein kinase (where AGC stands for protein kinases A, G and C) Pkh1 and Pkh2, which are homologues of mammalian phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1. LCBs were previously shown to activate Pkh1 and Pkh2, which then activate the downstream protein kinase Pkc1. We have recently demonstrated that PHS stimulates Pkh1 to activate additional downstream kinases including Ypk1, Ypk2 and Sch9. We have also found that PHS acts downstream of Pkh1 and partially activates Ypk1, Ypk2 and Sch9. These kinases control a wide range of cellular processes including growth, cell wall integrity, stress resistance, endocytosis and aging. As we learn more about the cellular processes controlled by Ypk1, Ypk2 and Sch9, we will have a far greater appreciation of LCBs as second messengers.
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Gupta, Esha, and Akash Saxena. "Performance Evaluation of Antlion Optimizer Based Regulator in Automatic Generation Control of Interconnected Power System." Journal of Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4570617.
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This paper presents an application of the recently introduced Antlion Optimizer (ALO) to find the parameters of primary governor loop of thermal generators for successful Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of two-area interconnected power system. Two standard objective functions, Integral Square Error (ISE) and Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), have been employed to carry out this parameter estimation process. The problem is transformed in optimization problem to obtain integral gains, speed regulation, and frequency sensitivity coefficient for both areas. The comparison of the regulator performance obtained from ALO is carried out with Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) based regulators. Different types of perturbations and load changes are incorporated to establish the efficacy of the obtained design. It is observed that ALO outperforms all three optimization methods for this real problem. The optimization performance of ALO is compared with other algorithms on the basis of standard deviations in the values of parameters and objective functions.
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Chen, Chien-Hung, Vladimir Kiyan, Assylbek A. Zhylkibayev, Dubek Kazyken, Olga Bulgakova, Kent E. Page, Rakhmet I. Bersimbaev, Eric Spooner, and Dos D. Sarbassov. "Autoregulation of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 2 Integrity Is Controlled by an ATP-dependent Mechanism." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 38 (August 8, 2013): 27019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.498055.
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Nutrients are essential for living organisms because they fuel biological processes in cells. Cells monitor nutrient abundance and coordinate a ratio of anabolic and catabolic reactions. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is the essential nutrient-sensing pathway that controls anabolic processes in cells. The central component of this pathway is mTOR, a highly conserved and essential protein kinase that exists in two distinct functional complexes. The nutrient-sensitive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) controls cell growth and cell size by phosphorylation of the regulators of protein synthesis S6K1 and 4EBP1, whereas its second complex, mTORC2, regulates cell proliferation by functioning as the regulatory kinase of Akt and other members of the AGC kinase family. The regulation of mTORC2 remains poorly characterized. Our study shows that the cellular ATP balance controls a basal kinase activity of mTORC2 that maintains the integrity of mTORC2 and phosphorylation of Akt on the turn motif Thr-450 site. We found that mTOR stabilizes SIN1 by phosphorylation of its hydrophobic and conserved Ser-260 site to maintain the integrity of mTORC2. The optimal kinase activity of mTORC2 requires a concentration of ATP above 1.2 mm and makes this kinase complex highly sensitive to ATP depletion. We found that not amino acid but glucose deprivation of cells or acute ATP depletion prevented the mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of SIN1 on Ser-260 and Akt on Thr-450. In a low glucose medium, the cells carrying a substitution of SIN1 with its phosphomimetic mutant show an increased rate of cell proliferation related to a higher abundance of mTORC2 and phosphorylation of Akt. Thus, the homeostatic ATP sensor mTOR controls the integrity of mTORC2 and phosphorylation of Akt on the turn motif site.
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Cheng, Jing, Peter C. Lucas, and Linda M. McAllister-Lucas. "Canonical and Non-Canonical Roles of GRK2 in Lymphocytes." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020307.
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G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is emerging as a key integrative signaling node in a variety of biological processes ranging from cell growth and proliferation to migration and chemotaxis. As such, GRK2 is now implicated as playing a role in the molecular pathogenesis of a broad group of diseases including heart failure, cancer, depression, neurodegenerative disease, and others. In addition to its long-known canonical role in the phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), recent studies have shown that GRK2 also modulates a diverse array of other molecular processes via newly identified GRK2 kinase substrates and via a growing number of protein-protein interaction binding partners. GRK2 belongs to the 7-member GRK family. It is a multidomain protein containing a specific N-terminal region (referred to as αN), followed by a regulator of G protein signaling homology (RH) domain, an AGC (Protein kinase A, G, C serine/threonine kinase family) kinase domain, and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. GPCRs mediate the activity of many regulators of the immune system such as chemokines and leukotrienes, and thus GRK proteins may play key roles in modulating the lymphocyte response to these factors. As one of the predominant GRK family members expressed in immune cells, GRK2′s canonical and noncanonical actions play an especially significant role in normal immune cell function as well as in the development and progression of disorders of the immune system. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge of the roles of GRK2 in lymphocytes. We highlight the diverse functions of GRK2 and discuss how ongoing investigation of GRK2 in lymphocytes may inform the development of new therapies for diseases associated with lymphocyte dysregulation.
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BIONDI, Ricardo M., and Angel R. NEBREDA. "Signalling specificity of Ser/Thr protein kinases through docking-site-mediated interactions." Biochemical Journal 372, no. 1 (May 15, 2003): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021641.
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Signal transduction pathways use protein kinases for the modification of protein function by phosphorylation. A major question in the field is how protein kinases achieve the specificity required to regulate multiple cellular functions. Here we review recent studies that illuminate the mechanisms used by three families of Ser/Thr protein kinases to achieve substrate specificity. These kinases rely on direct docking interactions with substrates, using sites distinct from the phospho-acceptor sequences. Docking interactions also contribute to the specificity and regulation of protein kinase activities. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members can associate with and phosphorylate specific substrates by virtue of minor variations in their docking sequences. Interestingly, the same MAPK docking pocket that binds substrates also binds docking sequences of positive and negative MAPK regulators. In the case of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), the presence of a phosphate-binding site allows docking of previously phosphorylated (primed) substrates; this docking site is also required for the mechanism of GSK3 inhibition by phosphorylation. In contrast, non-primed substrates interact with a different region of GSK3. Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) contains a hydrophobic pocket that interacts with a hydrophobic motif present in all known substrates, enabling their efficient phosphorylation. Binding of the substrate hydrophobic motifs to the pocket in the kinase domain activates PDK1 and other members of the AGC family of protein kinases. Finally, the analysis of protein kinase structures indicates that the sites used for docking substrates can also bind N- and C-terminal extensions to the kinase catalytic core and participate in the regulation of its activity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AGC REGULATORS"
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SBANO, LUIGI. "TFEB and AGC1 as homeostasis regulators: soce modulation and cell proliferation control." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478708.
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Il lavoro della mia tesi è focalizzato sullo studio di due differenti proteine e del loro coinvolgimento nel controllo dell’omeostasi cellulare: il fattore di trascrizione EB (TFEB) e l’isoforma 1 dello scambiatore mitocondriale per aspartato-glutammato (AGC1).
Nella prima parte della tesi presentata (Capitolo 1) ho indagato il ruolo di TFEB e dei lisosomi nell’omeostasi del Ca2+ intracellulare. Come ben noto da letteratura, i lisosomi sono degli organelli rivestiti da membrane, coinvolti principalmente nei processi catabolici e che possono espellere il loro contenuto nell’ambiente extracellulare attraverso esocitosi. Alcuni dei processi che li vedono coinvolti, come la fusione vescicolare e il traffico degli organelli, richiedono calcio per il loro funzionamento. Recentemente è stato dimostrato che le principali funzioni lisosomiali sono regolate dal fattore di trascrizione TFEB attreverso l’attivazione dell’espressione di geni coinvolti nella biogenesi e controllo dell’esocitosi lisosomiali.
Così abbiamo studiato gli effetti della modulazione transiente dell’espressione di TFEB in cellule HeLa misurando i livelli di Ca2+ citosolico e le dinamiche del Ca2+ nel reticolo endoplasmico (ER) e direttamente nei lisosomi in risposta all’attivazione dell’influsso capacitativo di Ca2+. I nostri risultati mostrano come la sovra espressione transeinte di TFEB riduca significativamente il livello di Ca2+ citosolico e la velocità di riempimento di Ca2+ del reticolo durante l’attivazione dell’influsso capacitativo, aumentando la capacità di assorbimento del catione stesso da parte dei lisosomi. Inoltre, la ditruzione o il danneggiamento dei lisosomi elimina questi effetti dipendenti da TFEB nel citosol e nel reticolo. Questi risultati suggeriscono un possibile ruolo di tampone Ca2+ dei lisosomi aprendo nuove vie sulle funzionalità di questi organelli nel controllo dell’omeostasi del Ca2+.
Nella seconda parte del mio elaborato (capitolo 2) ho focalizzato la mia attenzione su AGC1, un carrier mitocondriale che catalizza l’esportazione Ca2+-inducibile di aspartato nel citosol in cambio di glutammato e rappresenta un componente chiave dello shuttle malato-aspartato che trasferisce equivalenti ridotti del NADH dal citosol al mitocondrio. Sostenendo l’ossidazione del glucosio, AGC1 è ritenuto fondamentale per il rifornimento energetico delle cellule, in particolar modo nel sistema nervoso centrale e nei muscoli dove questa proteina è maggiormente espressa. Mutazioni del gene codificante di AGC1 causano la perdita della proteina stessa, encefalopatia infantile con ritardo nella mielinizzazione e ridotti livelli encefalici di N-acetilaspartato (NAA), precursore della sintesi della mielina nel sistema nervoso centrale. Qui mostriamo come cellule N2A non differenziate con alterati livelli di AGC1, abbiano un significativo deficit di proliferazione, sebbene sia aumentato lo stress ossidativo e persista un’insufficiente sintesi del NAA. I nostri dati suggeriscono che il deficit energetico della cellula dovuto alla mancanza di AGC1 sia associato a livelli di aspartato inappropriati a supportare la proliferazione nueronale quando la glutammina non viene usata come substrato metabolico. Perciò abbiamo proposto che il ritardo di mielinizzazione nei pazienti affetti da mancanza di AGC1 potrebbe essere attribuibile alla perdita neuronale combinata alla mancanza di NAA durante lo svilupo del sistema nervoso.This thesis focused on two different proteins and their involvement in cellular homeostasis: the transcription factor EB (TFEB) and the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier isoform 1 (AGC1). The first work (chapter 1) presented is aimed to investigate the roles of TFEB and lysosomes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. As well documented, lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles mainly involved in catabolic processes. In addition, lysosomes can expel their contents outside of the cell via lysosomal exocytosis. Some of the key steps involved in these important cellular processes, such as vesicular fusion and trafficking, require calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Recent data show that lysosomal functions are transcriptionally regulated by transcription factor EB (TFEB) through the induction of genes involved in lysosomal biogenesis and exocytosis. We studied the effect of transient modulation of TFEB expression in HeLa cells by measuring the cytosolic Ca2+ response after capacitative Ca2+ entry activation and Ca2+ dynamics in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and directly in lysosomes. Our observations show that transient TFEB overexpression significantly reduces cytosolic Ca2+ levels under a capacitative influx model and ER re-uptake of calcium, increasing the lysosomal Ca2+ buffering capacity. Moreover, lysosomal destruction or damage abolishes these TFEB-dependent effects in both the cytosol and ER. These results suggest a possible Ca2+ buffering role for lysosomes and shed new light on lysosomal functions during intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The second work (chapter 2) is focused on AGC1, the isoform 1 of the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier which catalyzes a Ca2+-stimulated export of aspartate to the cytosol in exchange for glutamate, and is a key component of the malate-aspartate shuttle which transfers NADH reducing equivalents from the cytosol to mitochondria. By sustaining the complete glucose oxidation, AGC1 is thought to be important in providing energy for cells, in particular in the CNS and muscle where this protein is mainly expressed. Defects in the AGC1 gene cause AGC1 deficiency, an infantile encephalopathy with delayed myelination and reduced brain N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels, the precursor of myelin synthesis in the CNS. Here, we show that undifferentiated Neuro2A cells with down-regulated AGC1 display a significant proliferation deficit associated with reduced mitochondrial respiration, and are unable to synthesize NAA properly. In the presence of high glutamine oxidation, cells with reduced AGC1 restore cell proliferation, although oxidative stress increases and NAA synthesis deficit persists. Our data suggest that the cellular energetic deficit due to AGC1 impairment is associated with inappropriate aspartate levels to support neuronal proliferation when glutamine is not used as metabolic substrate, and we propose that delayed myelination in AGC1 deficiency patients could be attributable, at least in part, to neuronal loss combined with lack of NAA synthesis occurring during the nervous system development.
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Ruiz, Carrasco Karina Beatriz <1972>. "Expression profiling in developing peach seed and mesocarp as affected by growth regulators." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4361/1/RuizCarrasco_KarinaBeatriz_Tesi.pdf.
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Jasmonates (JAs) and spermidine (Sd) influence fruit (and seed) development and ripening. In order to unravel their effects in peach fruit, at molecular level, field applications of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ), and Sd were performed at an early developmental stage (late S1). At commercial harvest, JA-treated fruit were less ripe than controls. Realtime RT-PCR analyses confirmed a down-regulation of ethylene biosynthetic, perception and signaling genes, and flesh softening-related genes. The expression of cell wall-related genes, of a sugar-transporter and hormone-related transcript levels was also affected by JAs. Seeds from JA-treated fruit showed a shift in the expression of developmental marker genes suggesting that the developmental program was probably slowed down, in agreement with the contention that JAs divert resources from growth to defense. JAs also affected phenolic content and biosynthetic gene expression in the mesocarp. Levels of hydroxycinnamic acids, as well as those of flavan-3-ols, were enhanced, mainly by MJ, in S2. Transcript levels of phenylpropanoid pathway genes were up-regulated by MJ, in agreement with phenolic content. Sd-treated fruits at harvest showed reduced ethylene production and flesh softening. Sd induced a short-term and long-term response patterns in endogenous polyamines. At ripening the up-regulation of the ethylene biosynthetic genes was dramatically counteracted by Sd, leading to a down-regulation of softening-related genes. Hormone-related gene expression was also altered both in the short- and long-term. Gene expression analyses suggest that Sd interfered with fruit development/ripening by interacting with multiple hormonal pathways and that fruit developmental marker gene expression was shifted ahead in accord with a developmental slowing down. 24-Epibrassinolide was applied to Flaminia peaches under field conditions early (S1) or later (S3) during development. Preliminary results showed that, at harvest, treated fruit tended to be larger and less mature though quality parameters did not change relative to controls.
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Ruiz, Carrasco Karina Beatriz <1972>. "Expression profiling in developing peach seed and mesocarp as affected by growth regulators." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4361/.
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Jasmonates (JAs) and spermidine (Sd) influence fruit (and seed) development and ripening. In order to unravel their effects in peach fruit, at molecular level, field applications of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ), and Sd were performed at an early developmental stage (late S1). At commercial harvest, JA-treated fruit were less ripe than controls. Realtime RT-PCR analyses confirmed a down-regulation of ethylene biosynthetic, perception and signaling genes, and flesh softening-related genes. The expression of cell wall-related genes, of a sugar-transporter and hormone-related transcript levels was also affected by JAs. Seeds from JA-treated fruit showed a shift in the expression of developmental marker genes suggesting that the developmental program was probably slowed down, in agreement with the contention that JAs divert resources from growth to defense. JAs also affected phenolic content and biosynthetic gene expression in the mesocarp. Levels of hydroxycinnamic acids, as well as those of flavan-3-ols, were enhanced, mainly by MJ, in S2. Transcript levels of phenylpropanoid pathway genes were up-regulated by MJ, in agreement with phenolic content. Sd-treated fruits at harvest showed reduced ethylene production and flesh softening. Sd induced a short-term and long-term response patterns in endogenous polyamines. At ripening the up-regulation of the ethylene biosynthetic genes was dramatically counteracted by Sd, leading to a down-regulation of softening-related genes. Hormone-related gene expression was also altered both in the short- and long-term. Gene expression analyses suggest that Sd interfered with fruit development/ripening by interacting with multiple hormonal pathways and that fruit developmental marker gene expression was shifted ahead in accord with a developmental slowing down. 24-Epibrassinolide was applied to Flaminia peaches under field conditions early (S1) or later (S3) during development. Preliminary results showed that, at harvest, treated fruit tended to be larger and less mature though quality parameters did not change relative to controls.
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RIBERA, A. MIRANDA. "AGP REGULATES THE NEUTROPHIL AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150165.
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Neutrophil degranulation, angiogenesis and wound healing are three important host responses during inflammation. In this thesis we studied how the immunocalin α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), in its role of immunomodulatory acute phase protein, affected this processes. We studied bovine neutrophil degranulation within the frame of acute inflammation and we studied angiogenesis and wound healing on endothelial human primary cells. We found that AGP exhorts an important role downregulating both spontaneous and ZAS activated degranulation of secondary bovine neutrophil granules but not on primary granules, and it does it in a dose dependent way. Carbohydrate moiety was found to be critical since desialylated AGP did not have any effects on secondary granules exocytosis. When tested on endothelial cells AGP clearly inhibited Matrigel induced angiogenesis, and modulated endothelial cell adhesion in a biphasic way, inhibiting it at high concentrations. Migration into a wound was also inhibited by high concentrations of AGP in a reversible way. On the modified Boyden chambers AGP acted both as a chemokinetic and as a chemoattractant with results similar to those obtained when FBS was used as a chemoattractant. In our last set of experiments we tested human PMN adhesion to an endothelial monolayer, and we saw that AGP clearly inhibits fMLP/CytoB activated PMN’s to the monolayer whether this is LPS activated or not. Taken together this results support the hypothesis that AGP is heavily involved in the fine tuning of neutrophil activity in the inflammatory environment and endothelial cell behavior.
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Malgorzata, Anna Carran. "Children and gambling : attitudes, behaviour, harm prevention and regulatory responses." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12576.
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Gambling constitutes an inherent part of British cultural landscape but due to its potential to cause significant detriments it remains controversial. The Gambling Act 2005 liberalised the UK gambling industry and created an environment where commercial gambling, although regulated, can be offered within a relatively free market setting and its consumption can be stimulated by advertising. The task of the law is to provide a framework where the need for customer choice, a flourishing market, and the respect for private liberties can be adequately balanced with the duty to protect vulnerable individuals such as minors. The Gambling Act has been positioned as containing sufficient protective measures to prevent minors from being harmed by gambling but there is still a relative paucity of research that focuses specifically on how this regime affects this age group. This thesis fills some of the gaps by analysing whether the existing legal and regulatory framework reconciled the conflicting priorities adequately. It uniquely combines legal doctrinal analysis with empirical evidence collected from a sample of British pupils to expose that the liberalisation of gambling has brought severe limitations on protecting minors that are not sufficiently counterbalanced by existing measures. This thesis demonstrates that the legal definition of prohibited gambling does not incorporate all activities that may lead to gambling-related harm. While the age verification measures adopted by online gambling providers appear to be successful, young people continue to have easy access to gambling in land-based venues and are exposed to significant volumes of gambling advertising that appeals to them but these factors are not sufficiently compensated by any holistic regulatory strategy. However, the thesis indicates that the correlation between fun and real gambling games should not be attributed to overlaps in minor's motivations for engaging in either form or to minors' lack of accurate differentiation between them.
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Giedt, Michelle Suzanne. "JAK/STAT SIGNALING REGULATES GAMETOGENESIS AND AGE-RELATED REPRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/52.
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Cell signaling is central to integration of internal and external cues that regulate development and homeostasis. Most development is thought of as pre-adult, but limited developmental processes occur in adults. Gametogenesis incorporates elements of both these facets, with a distinct developmental plan for gamete synthesis which is regulated by integration of homeostatic inputs such as nutrient status, and environmental cues. Signaling pathways integrate and transduce information from these cues to evoke a response. A decline in homeostasis and subsequent cues occurs over time, in the case of reproductive tissues leading to a progressive loss of fertility. The Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription or Jak/Stat signaling pathway is conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates and is necessary for numerous functions needed to maintain organism and reproductive homeostasis, as well as contributing to various developmental events. The pathway in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, is composed of a single receptor, Domeless, one Janus kinase, Hopscotch, one known effector, Stat92E, and the Unpaired family of ligands consisting of Upd, Upd2, and Upd3. Jak/Stat signaling is highly pleiotropic in both sexes with involvement in homeostasis and reproduction, making it an ideal model for studying the role of signaling in reproductive aging. Reduction of pathway activity in females results in a higher proportion of unfertilized eggs, which increases with age, and in males leads to a premature onset of infertility. Central to both is integration through cell signaling to evoke an appropriate response. This dissertation explores two of the requirements for Jak/Stat signaling: the pleiotropic requirement for Jak/Stat activity during oogenesis and male reproductive maintenance.
Jak/Stat functions from the beginning of oogenesis, in the stem cell niche. From there it participates in multiple functions including specification of a subset of somatic cells called the border cells through the polar cells, a pair of cells at either pole of the egg. Pathway stimulation in the border cells drives their migration with the polar cells to the oocyte boundary, where the polar cells each form an extension in a coordinated manner into the micropyle, the means for sperm entrance during fertilization. Loss of Jak/Stat activity in the border cells prevents border cell migration. While border cell migration has been well studied, polar cell involvement after completion of border cell migration is less well known. To investigate the requirements for polar cell activity and Jak/Stat activity after the completion of border cell migration, we reduced Jak/Stat signaling in the polar cells which, while having no effect on border cell migration, results in blocked micropyles due to loss of coordination of extensions during their outgrowth. Reduced function in the polar cells did not significantly affect expression of adhesion molecules. But, the loss of Stat92E is phenocopied by loss of DE-cadherin. Hence, these results indicate a previously unknown autocrine requirement for Jak/Stat activity in the polar cells.
The testes also have a continuous requirement for Jak/Stat activity for stem cell maintenance and differentiation of the germline into mature sperm. Reproductive maintenance not only requires sustained production of gametes, but reproductive tissues are also subject to deterioration of homeostatic functions that contribute to organismal aging. Males from thirty-nine lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), a panel of inbred, fully sequenced lines, were screened for age at infertility. Data were used to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the genetic architecture of reproductive aging. Candidate variants associated with cell signaling regulators, genes with functions in maintaining cell homeostasis, and organism behavior were uncovered. Notably, several SNPs fell in and near Ptp61F, a negative regulator of Jak/Stat activity. While variants in the primary components of the Jak/Stat pathway were not identified, the general classes of candidate loci functions reflect the requirements for homeostasis, metabolism, and development that have been shown by other studies examining the genetics of aging and fecundity. Thus, we show that Jak/Stat has an amazing amount of pleiotropy that encompasses both the real-time functions of fertility and the time related process of aging.
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Leishman, David <1968>. "International Agricultural Trade under Regulatory Asymmetry: An Economic Analysis of SME Export Behavior." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4939/1/Leishman_David_Tesi.pdf.
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Over the last three decades, international agricultural trade has grown significantly. Technological advances in transportation logistics and storage have created opportunities to ship anything almost anywhere. Bilateral and multilateral trade agreements have also opened new pathways to an increasingly global market place. Yet, international agricultural trade is often constrained by differences in regulatory regimes. The impact of “regulatory asymmetry” is particularly acute for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) that lack resources and expertise to successfully operate in markets that have substantially different regulatory structures. As governments seek to encourage the development of SMEs, policy makers often confront the critical question of what ultimately motivates SME export behavior. Specifically, there is considerable interest in understanding how SMEs confront the challenges of regulatory asymmetry. Neoclassical models of the firm generally emphasize expected profit maximization under uncertainty, however these approaches do not adequately explain the entrepreneurial decision under regulatory asymmetry. Behavioral theories of the firm offer a far richer understanding of decision making by taking into account aspirations and adaptive performance in risky environments. This paper develops an analytical framework for decision making of a single agent. Considering risk, uncertainty and opportunity cost, the analysis focuses on the export behavior response of an SME in a situation of regulatory asymmetry. Drawing on the experience of fruit processor in Muzaffarpur, India, who must consider different regulatory environments when shipping fruit treated with sulfur dioxide, the study dissects the firm-level decision using @Risk, a Monte Carlo computational tool.
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Leishman, David <1968>. "International Agricultural Trade under Regulatory Asymmetry: An Economic Analysis of SME Export Behavior." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4939/.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last three decades, international agricultural trade has grown significantly. Technological advances in transportation logistics and storage have created opportunities to ship anything almost anywhere. Bilateral and multilateral trade agreements have also opened new pathways to an increasingly global market place. Yet, international agricultural trade is often constrained by differences in regulatory regimes. The impact of “regulatory asymmetry” is particularly acute for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) that lack resources and expertise to successfully operate in markets that have substantially different regulatory structures. As governments seek to encourage the development of SMEs, policy makers often confront the critical question of what ultimately motivates SME export behavior. Specifically, there is considerable interest in understanding how SMEs confront the challenges of regulatory asymmetry. Neoclassical models of the firm generally emphasize expected profit maximization under uncertainty, however these approaches do not adequately explain the entrepreneurial decision under regulatory asymmetry. Behavioral theories of the firm offer a far richer understanding of decision making by taking into account aspirations and adaptive performance in risky environments. This paper develops an analytical framework for decision making of a single agent. Considering risk, uncertainty and opportunity cost, the analysis focuses on the export behavior response of an SME in a situation of regulatory asymmetry. Drawing on the experience of fruit processor in Muzaffarpur, India, who must consider different regulatory environments when shipping fruit treated with sulfur dioxide, the study dissects the firm-level decision using @Risk, a Monte Carlo computational tool.
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Bosson, Andrew D. (Andrew David). "Modulation of Ago-miRNA regulatory networks by cis-sequence elements and target competition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89938.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2014.Vita. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
regulators of gene expression in a wide range of organisms and biological processes. Each miRNA guides Argonaute (Ago) protein complexes to target and repress hundreds of genes in a sequence-dependent manner. To identify all targets of miRNA regulation, we performed UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) of Ago complexes in mouse embryonic (ESC) and mesenchymal (MSC) stem cell lines. We also captured the genome-wide miRNA-independent binding footprint of Ago by performing CLIP in cells that lack Dicer, an enzyme required for mature miRNA biogenesis. We surprisingly found that Ago bound a similar set of genes in the absence of Dicer, and this overlap in target genes was due partially to residual, unprocessed miRNAs in the Dicer KO cells. Other potential sites of miRNA-independent Ago interactions, such as histone transcripts and poly-A cleavage and polyadenylation sites, were also identified. One Ago CLIP dataset revealed the enrichment for a G-rich sequence motif at Ago target sites. We later demonstrated that the G-motif is not directly bound to Ago but rather is enriched near miRNA-guided Ago binding sites. Its presence near miRNA target sites is associated with stronger repression of Ago-miRNA targets. Fortuitously, the original Ago CLIP dataset that identified the G-motif was later shown to likely contain target sites of another co-immunoprecipitating RNA binding protein (RBP). Using mass spectroscopy of Ago antibody immunoprecipitations from Ago KO cells, we identified a list of interacting RBPs that could potentially augment Ago-miRNA activity through the G-motif. To investigate target competition in miRNA networks, we related our CLIP analysis of genome-wide, quantitative Ago binding to measurements of absolute miRNA and target RNA concentrations. We found that all miRNAs other than the miR-290 family in ESCs and let-7 family in MSCs were expressed at concentrations below their total target pool. However, 8-12 miRNA families were expressed at near or greater than equimolar ratios with their pool of high affinity targets, and this affinity-partitioned stoichiometry led to significant Ago accumulation and repression of high affinity target sites despite little consequential binding at low affinity sites. Single-cell reporter assays demonstrated that high expressed miRNAs are not susceptible to physiological inductions of competing target transcripts but targets of lower expressed miRNAs are derepressed in a weakly threshold-like manner upon increased target pool levels. In summary, we identify a network of confidently bound targets of miRNA regulation in ESCs and MSCs, reveal the extent of miRNA-independent binding in these two cell types, provide a list of potential miRNA enhancer RBPs, and create a quantitative context for evaluating target competition in miRNA networks.
by Andrew D. Bosson.
Ph. D.
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Thoendel, Matthew James. "Synthesis of the accessory gene regulator autoinducing peptide in Staphylococcus aureus." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2999.
Full textAbstract:
The accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum-sensing system is one of the major regulators of virulence factor production in the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Activation of the system depends on the production and sensing of a cyclic peptide signal called the autoinducing peptide (AIP). The biosynthesis of AIP depends on the coordinated action of the AgrB integral membrane endopeptidase and SpsB signal peptidase to process the peptide precursor AgrD into the final signal structure. The primary goal of this dissertation was to gain further insight on the role of AgrD and AgrB in the AIP biosynthesis mechanism. Studies in Chapter II were undertaken to better understand the role of AgrD domains in AgrB-mediated processing. A series of truncation and site-directed mutagenesis studies identified key residues in the AgrD C-terminus that were essential for AgrB processing and AIP production. In parallel, genetic manipulation of the N-terminal leader and AIP-encoding sequence revealed a role for these segments in AIP processing. For the first time, a complex of AgrD covalently linked to AgrB was identified, supporting proposals that this intermediate is an important precursor to AIP production. In Chapter III structure-function studies were performed on AgrB to gain further insight into the AIP biosynthetic mechanism. Initially, the agrBD genes were subjected to random mutagenesis and screened for deficiencies in AIP production. Single-site mutations at 20 different residues within AgrB and another 14 in AgrD were isolated. Interestingly, new mutations in the AgrD N-terminal leader were identified that affect AIP biosynthesis at different steps. In AgrB, most of the mutations blocked peptidase activity, but charge alterations to the K129-K131 region were defective in a later pathway step, separating the peptidase function from AIP ring formation and transport. To localize the AgrB mutations, we reevaluated the membrane topology using the substituted cysteine accessibility method. Our new model predicts four transmembrane helices and a reentrant loop, with both termini located outside of the cell. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation studies indicate that AgrB forms oligomeric structures within the membrane. Taken together, these findings provide a better understanding of the functional role of specific AgrD and AgrB regions in AIP biosynthesis.
Books on the topic "AGC REGULATORS"
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1948-, Button K. J., and Swann Dennis 1932-, eds. The Age of regulatory reform. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
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Extra high voltage A.C. transmission engineering. New York: Wiley, 1986.
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Begamudre, Rakosh Das. Extra high voltage A.C. transmission engineering. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern, 1986.
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Wendling, Wayne. The regulatory impact on pensions. Brookfield, Wis: International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans, 1986.
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King, Roger. The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591721.
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Eisner, Marc Allen. Regulatory politics in an age of polarization and drift. New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315645865.
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Virginia. State Board of Social Services. Standards and regulations for licensed homes for adults. Richmond, VA (8007 Discovery Dr., Richmond 23288): Virginia Dept. of Social Services, Division of Licensing, 1985.
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Kansas. Dept. of Health and Environment. and Kansas. Bureau of Child Care Licensing and Regulation., eds. Kansas laws and regulations for licensing school age programs. [Topeka, KS]: Kansas Dept. of Health and Environment, Division of Health, Bureau of Child Care Licensing and Regulation, 2003.
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Ireland. Social Welfare (Old age and blind pensions) Regulations, 1991. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1992.
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Gerard, Hughes, and Stewart Jim 1949-, eds. The role of the state in pension provision: Employer, regulator, provider. Boston: Kluwer, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "AGC REGULATORS"
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King, Roger. "Transnational Regulatory Governance." In The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance, 123–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591721_5.
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King, Roger. "The European Regulatory State." In The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance, 93–122. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591721_4.
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Leisering, Lutz, and Deborah Mabbett. "Introduction: Towards a New Regulatory State in Old-Age Security? Exploring the Issues." In The New Regulatory State, 1–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230343504_1.
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Davy, Ulrike. "‘Social Europe’ in Old-Age Security? EU Policies of Public and Private Pensions." In The New Regulatory State, 153–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230343504_7.
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Ireland, Paddy, and Renginee G. Pillay. "Corporate Social Responsibility in a Neoliberal Age." In Corporate Social Responsibility and Regulatory Governance, 77–104. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230246966_4.
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King, Roger. "The University and the Regulatory State." In The University in the Global Age, 67–95. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36796-8_4.
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King, Roger. "Governance in the Regulatory State." In The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance, 63–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591721_3.
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King, Roger. "Healthcare: The Insuring Regulatory State." In The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance, 167–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591721_7.
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Massoud, Amir Hossein. "Age-Related Alterations in Regulatory T Cells." In Immunology of Aging, 201–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39495-9_13.
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King, Roger. "Higher Education: The Ambiguous Regulatory State." In The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance, 151–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591721_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "AGC REGULATORS"
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Ibraheem, Naimul Hasan, and Omveer Singh. "Fuzzy logic based AGC regulators for power system with asynchronous tie-lines incorporating parametric uncertainties." In 2011 2nd International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccct.2011.6075201.
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Flo, Daniel S., Rachel E. Walker, and Todd M. Fasking. "New Regulatory Requirements in 2012: Challenges of Pipeline Regulatory Compliance and the Tools to Meet Them." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90525.
Full textAbstract:
From smart phones to Facebook, instant connectivity has become a way of life. But for organizations charged with pipeline permitting and compliance—highly complex processes with multiple, sometimes conflicting rules and regulations—instant connectivity is not yet the norm. In many ways, companies dealing with these issues are still living in the age of acetate and plat books. And regulatory compliance is not likely to get easier anytime soon. In the wake of high-profile leaks and explosions, Congress recently signed into law tougher requirements for pipeline safety, Public Law 112-90. Fortunately, the technology now exists to electronically monitor and track nearly every aspect of regulatory compliance—from pre-construction to post-construction—in a way that allows for instant access and rapid analysis of natural resources, cultural resources, constructability constraints, and compliance risks. This paper discusses challenges pipeline companies face in complying with new and existing legislation and outlines innovative approaches for meeting regulatory requirements. It offers examples of web-server-based tools for data management that determine regulatory needs, actions, and post-maintenance follow-up. It also provides examples of how these tools and effective communication with regulators can streamline the regulatory process to save time and money.
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Dermengi, Daniela. "Regulation of the banking sector – between the needs of the market and the risks of over-regulation." In The 3rd International Scientific Conference "Development through Research and Innovation". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/dri2022.20.
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The crises of the 21st century have imposed to rethink the international regulatory and supervisory framework of the banking sector, in order to strengthen the banking risk management and restore trust in the banking system. Basel III came as a response to the global financial crisis of 2008. The compliance to the new international prudential regulatory standards it is considered necessary and beneficial. This ensures the international coherence of regulations, aspect that is so necessary in the age of globalization. Likewise, by complying with the minimum prudential requirements, the temptation to relax certain regulations in "good times" is avoided and thus the costs of a possible crisis is reduced. In the process of complying with international regulations, the authorities must evaluate the costs and benefits of each decision, in order to evaluate the needs of the market, the impact and the potential risks. Likewise, it is important that each regulatory initiative to be clearly communicated to the financial institutions, but also to the general public, in order to achieve the intended effects.
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Bainier, Francis, Pascal Alas, Florian Morin, and Tony Pillay. "Two Years of Improvement and Experience in PEMS for Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56138.
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Due to environmental regulations, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) emissions are key issues for gas turbine plants. Regulators are becoming more and more involved and they often require complete and real-time emission information. The measurements can be done with gas analyzers, this technology is called CEMS: Continuous Emissions Monitoring System. An alternative method [1][2] is to use a calculation based on the turbine instrumentation. This technology is called PEMS: Predictive Emissions Monitoring System. But these technologies do not provide all the information required by the regulator. GRTgaz, the main gas transmission company in France managing 44 turbines spread over 27 stations across France, has decided to monitor its emissions by PEMS for many years. Two years ago, GRTgaz developed successfully its own PEMS equations, organized answers to regulators around this technology and decided to spread the technology across its gas turbine fleet. The complete intellectual path followed is described in the paper GT2014-25242. This 2016 3-part paper describes the PEMS project steps forward. In the first part of the paper, a review is done of the PEMS equations used at GRTgaz for NOx and CO concentrations. The various lean premixed combustion turbines differ in terms of combustion design, control and instrumentation. These differences are analyzed considering their influence on combustion and their impact on the PEMS results accuracy. In order to comply with regulators requirements a calibration of the PEMS results is done every quarter. The results of the first 2 stations equipped with PEMS are described in this first part. The second part of the paper introduces the smoke developed and the neutral air flow to complete the real time calculation required by the regulators: SO2 concentration and the mass flowrates for NOx, CO and SO2. The final calculation integrates the mass flowrate in order to elaborate the total mass emitted into the atmosphere over different time periods. The last part deals with developing personnel involvement, managing the data and compiling the results given to regulators. These aspects were more difficult to implement than expected. The importance of these aspects should not be underestimated because the scientific credibility of PEMS cannot be confirmed without them.
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Imani, Mahdi, Mohsen Imani, and Seyede Fatemeh Ghoreishi. "Optimal Bayesian Biomarker Selection for Gene Regulatory Networks under Regulatory Model Uncertainty." In 2022 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc53348.2022.9867683.
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Komaee, Arash. "On Design of Robust Linear Quadratic Regulators." In 2023 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc55779.2023.10156654.
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Hong, B., H. Hu, H. Chen, T. Lin, W. Su, and M. Wu. "LPV quadratic energy-motion regulators of electric scooters." In 2012 American Control Conference - ACC 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2012.6315001.
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Almubarak, Hassan, Nader Sadegh, and David G. Taylor. "Infinite Horizon Nonlinear Quadratic Cost Regulator." In 2019 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2019.8814783.
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Ludeke, D. Taylor, and Tetsuya Iwasaki. "Linear Quadratic Regulator for Autonomous Oscillation." In 2019 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2019.8815208.
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Khalil, H. K. "Universal regulators for minimum phase nonlinear systems." In Proceedings of the 1998 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.1998.703509.
Full textReports on the topic "AGC REGULATORS"
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Robles Peiro, Rocío H. Regulación del crowdfunding en América Latina y el Caribe. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004429.
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Las finanzas alternativas o crowdfunding permiten el acceso a financiamiento a personas y empresas no atendidas o subatendidas por el sector financiero tradicional. Este estudio describe las prácticas regulatorias que existen, tanto fuera como dentro de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), con el objetivo de brindar los elementos que deben considerarse en el diseño de un marco regulatorio de las finanzas alternativas. El documento comienza con un recuento de la experiencia internacional, que abarca desde el establecimiento de marcos regulatorios hasta sus implicaciones en la industria. Posteriormente, muestra cómo se han formulado los marcos regulatorios para las finanzas alternativas en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Perú y Uruguay, mientras que Chile se encuentra en el proceso de elaboración y discusión de un proyecto de Ley. Las regulaciones de las finanzas alternativas en la región presentan una multiplicidad de características que resaltan las diferentes aproximaciones normativas y de supervisión, sin que necesariamente haya convergencia regulatoria. Entre otras recomendaciones, la publicación sugiere la importancia de que ALC cuente con marcos normativos similares: de este modo, las plataformas pueden lograr una mayor consolidación, prestando servicios transfronterizos en la región.
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Wilson, Sophie, Daniel Cameron, and Ben Roff. Good Practice Regulatory Change. Food Standards Agency, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wjl634.
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he Food Standards Agency (FSA) is responsible for food safety across England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. As part of its work on the Achieving Business Compliance (ABC) programme, the FSA wanted to understand more about how other regulators have approached regulatory change programmes, with a view to introducing their own programme. The FSA wanted to learn from what had happened in the past, explore the current landscape of regulatory change, and identify what good practice looks like. The ABC team also wanted to understand the challenges and barriers faced by other regulators and how these were dealt with, so they could learn more about what works. The overarching aim of the research was to identify transferable lessons learnt, and good practice in regulatory change. In particular, this focused on exploring: the planning and implementation of change stakeholder engagement and relationships outcomes and lessons learned The scope of the research was not restricted to the food landscape and included a broad range of regulators with a focus on, but not restricted to, those who operate within an inspection, safety and standards environment.
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Farias, Pedro, Richard Alcorn, Daniel Trnka, Manuel Flores, Delia Rodrigo, Eliezer Olivares, and Ana María Zárate Moreno. ¿Preparados para regular? Lecciones y desafíos de la regulación en América Latina y el Caribe. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004329.
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Esta publicación forma parte de la agenda de conocimiento de la División de Innovación para Servir al Ciudadano del BID, orientada hacia la modernización de la gestión pública. Es una contribución para que los responsables de políticas públicas, las entidades reguladoras, los miembros del ámbito académico y los interesados en temas regulatorios conozcan el estado de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) en términos de la adopción de buenas prácticas regulatorias (BPR) y las enseñanzas que han dejado las respuestas regulatorias a la pandemia en países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). Asimismo, se busca estimular la reflexión sobre los factores que están adquiriendo relevancia en la nueva agenda regulatoria internacional y que deberán influir cada vez más en las prácticas regulatorias frente a los nuevos desafíos por venir en materia económica y social.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.
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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.
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Rodríguez, Paola, Agustina Calatayud, and Alexander Riobó. Vehículos autónomos y el rol del sector público: Sandbox regulatorio: Guía para formuladores de política en América Latina y el Caribe. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003089.
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Los beneficios asociados a los vehículos autónomos pueden tener un impacto transformacional en el sector, contribuyendo a un transporte más eficiente, inclusivo y sostenible. Sin embargo, dado el estado embrionario en el despliegue de la tecnología, estos potenciales beneficios aún no se encuentran del todo probados en la realidad. Asimismo, existe una serie de riesgos asociados al vehículo autónomo, que requieren del accionar de los reguladores para su mitigación. En este contexto, el sector público deberá jugar un rol clave en el diseño de un marco regulador que reduzca las barreras de entrada y fomente la innovación en el sector, al tiempo que garantice la implementación tecnológica con adecuados grados de seguridad, confiabilidad y funcionalidad. A su vez, este marco regulatorio debe ser lo suficientemente flexible para adaptarse a medida que evoluciona la tecnología. Los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) se encuentran muy rezagados en los ámbitos de investigación, testeo y debate público de esta tecnología en comparación a países avanzados. Con el fin de contribuir a cerrar esta brecha, este documento identifica las prácticas más habituales y lecciones aprendidas en diez países líderes a nivel mundial, para guiar las iniciativas que se realicen en la región. El enfoque que se ha identificado mayoritariamente en esta muestra de geografías ha sido el de sandbox regulatorio, conforme al cual se van desarrollando pruebas mientras la tecnología madura, creando entornos seguros y que permitan la innovación. Así, en este documento se presenta una guía para implementar sandboxes regulatorios de despliegue de vehículos autónomos en ALC.
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Hertel, Thomas, Terrie Walmsley, and Ken Itakura. Dynamic Effects of the "New Age" Free Trade Agreement between Japan and Singapore. GTAP Working Paper, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp15.
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As manufacturing tariffs have fallen worldwide, the focus of free trade agreements has shifted towards other issues, including: rules governing foreign investment, e-commerce regulations, trade in services, harmonization of technical standards, sanitary and phyto-sanitary regulations, and the streamlining of customs procedures. Japan and Singapore are undertaking negotiations over this kind of "new-age" FTA. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the FTA on production, consumption, trade, international investment flows, GDP and welfare. We use a modified version of the dynamic GTAP model, which is well-suited to capturing the impact of this new-age FTA over both the short run and the longer run.
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Author, Unknown. AGA-WP20-01 Data Governance - Defining Leak causes for Gas Distribution System. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011929.
Full textAbstract:
Guidance to use when defining and identifying leak cause categories along with associated sub-categories for gas distribution operators. Data integrity is often compromised when there is no standard in defining leak categories and leak sub-categories. Because of this, many operators face challenges with consistency when comparing potential threats and risks from different locations to determine where additional programs or measures are necessary to help reduce risk. Additionally, standardization around defining leak cause codes for field personnel is becoming an area of increased focus for state regulators. Sub-categories of leak causes have been identified as opportunity for standardization to help ensure risk is being properly calculated and addressed consistently.
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Leis and Scott. L51643 Development and Validation of a Ductile Flaw Growth Analysis for Gas Transmission Line Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010095.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrostatic testing is widely used to demonstrate pipe-line integrity. The test has been used to validate the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) of lines being commissioned. As existing pipelines age, the test is also being used to revalidate integrity following repairs. Repeated hydrotesting over some interval of time is also being considered as a regulatory measure. Both the initial hydrotest and subsequent repeated hydrotesting introduce the possibility for flaw growth, with low cycle fatigue being an obvious concern. Historically established safe operation points to the adequacy of hydrotesting to operating pressure ratios that range in the U.S. from 1.10 to 1.5 times MAOP. Federal regulations limit the peak MAOP for gas transmission pipelines to a value corresponding to 72 percent of the specified minimum yield stress (SMYS) of the material and set the minimum test pressure at 1.25 times the maximum operating pressure (MOP). This report is the third in a series of topical reports that document the development and validation of a model that simulates the ductile growth of axial part-through-wall (PTW) flaws in linepipe. This program is performed under the auspices of the Pipeline Research Committee of PRCI and control of the NG-18 Structural Integrity Subcommittee chaired by Dr. Brian Rothwell. The objective of this study was to develop a validated model to characterize ductile growth of axial PTW flaws due to the effects of a hydrotest or repeated hydrotesting.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.
Full textAbstract:
20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of plant development by polycomb group proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695858.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Our genetic and molecular studies have indicated that FIE a WD-repeat Polycomb group (PcG) protein takes part in multi-component protein complexes. We have shown that FIE PcG protein represses inappropriate programs of development during the reproductive and vegetative phases of the Arabidopsis life cycle. Moreover, we have shown that FIE represses the expression of key regulatory genes that promote flowering (AG and LFY), embryogenesis (LEC1), and shoot formation (KNAT1). These results suggest that the FIE PcG protein participates in the formation of distinct PcG complexes that repress inappropriate gene expression at different stages of plant development. PcG complexes modulate chromatin compactness by modifying histones and thereby regulate gene expression and imprinting. The main goals of our original project were to elucidate the biological functions of PcG proteins, and to understand the molecular mechanisms used by FIE PcG complexes to repress the expression of its gene targets. Our results show that the PcG complex acts within the central cell of the female gametophyte to maintain silencing of MEA paternal allele. Further more we uncovered a novel example of self-imprinting mechanism by the PgG complex. Based on results obtained in the cures of our research program we extended our proposed goals and elucidated the role of DME in regulating plant gene imprinting. We discovered that in addition to MEA,DME also imprints two other genes, FWA and FIS2. Activation of FWA and FIS2 coincides with a reduction in 5-methylcytosine in their respective promoters. Since endosperm is a terminally differentiated tissue, the methylation status in the FWA and FIS2 promoters does not need to be reestablished in the following generation. We proposed a “One-Way Control” model to highlight differences between plant and animal genomic imprinting. Thus we conclude that DEMETER is a master regulator of plant gene imprinting. Future studies of DME function will elucidate its role in processes and disease where DNA methylation has a key regulatory role both in plants and animals. Such information will provide valuable insight into developing novel strategies to control and improve agricultural traits and overcome particular human diseases.