Academic literature on the topic 'After Separation Program'

Significance of a short-time survival test for the prediction of quality parameters of sperm obtained by gradient centrifugation was evaluated from an aspect of their functional resistance. Frozen semen samples from 27 bulls before and after separation were assessed by a 120-min survival test. The evaluation of morphological examination of ejaculates was carried out using the SASMO computer program. Statistically significant interrelationship between sperm quality parameters in the initial insemination doses, the amounts of obtained sperm after separation and their functional and vital resistance in the survival test was documented.

Background: Existing neuromuscular injury prevention programs have relied principally on lower extremity strengthening, agility, cutting and landing technique to improve jump landing mechanics in order to prevent non-contact knee ligament injuries. Purpose: To determine whether a 6-week neuromuscular training program emphasizing core (back & hip) strengthening and dynamic balance exercises can significantly improve normalized knee separation distance (nKSD) during a standard counter-movement jump landing maneuver. Methods: Fourteen adolescent athletes (11 boys, 3 girls, ages 12-15) volunteered to undergo a 2 day/week, 6-week off-season training program. On the first day of training, the athletes underwent assessments that included 2 trials of a counter-movement jump from a 40cm platform. The tests were recorded using a video camera in the frontal plane. Using Dartfish motion analysis software, knee separation distance (KSD) was measured as the distance (cm) between the femoral condyles at the lowest point of the jump landing, and intertrochanteric distance (ITD) as the distance (cm) between the femoral trochanters. Normalized knee separation distance was computed as nKSD = KSD/ITD. The training program focused on three progressions; increasing difficulty of core strengthening exercises, balance exercises, and agility drills. One-hour training sessions were subdivided as follows; 5 min dynamic warm-up, 10 min stretching, 10 min body weight core exercises, 15 min balancing exercises, 10 min dumbbell core exercises, 15 minute agility drills, 5 min of rest/hydration breaks. The athletes repeated the counter-movement jump test at the end of the 6 weeks. Results: There was a significant improvement (t = 2.740, p = 0.017) in nKSD between post-test (0.789 + 0.372) and pre-test (0.683 + 0.323) Conclusion: A 6-week neuromuscular training program focused on core strengthening and balance significantly improved jump landing mechanics which may reduce the risk of knee ligament injury.

Ejector seat program controller is the key device unfolded by the separation of the control people-seat and lifesaving parachute after the seat ejection from the machine, which is the main component of seat separation system. Compared with the mechanical program controller, electronic program controller has many advantages: small volume, light weight, time delay of high precision, good flexibility, strong power, easy to expand, the tremendous development potential and splendid testability. This paper respectively introduces the English MK series seats, American ACES series seat and Russian K-36Дseries seat electronic program controller, focusing on the TWZI type electronic program controller developed by China Aviation Life-saving Institute

Abstract Since 1991, the Ontario Laboratory Proficiency Testing Program has assessed the analytical performance of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme-2, using fresh human serum supplemented with purified human CK isoenzymes. In Ontario, the 142 laboratories licensed to analyze CK-2 use a variety of methods: electrophoresis-based, immunoinhibition, and mass assays. During a 1992 survey, duplicate CK-2 samples with different total CK activities showed poorer precision when analyzed after electrophoretic separation than by any other method. A 1993 survey designed to validate these observations conclusively showed that electrophoresis-based assays are subject to a bias proportional to the total CK activity. These survey results were confirmed by studies with selected patients' specimens. We therefore conclude that electrophoresis-based assays may not warrant their reputation as the gold standard for CK isoenzyme measurement.

ABSTRACT Introduction The utilization of intensive outpatient programs for the treatment of military-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has increased through initiatives both inside and outside the military health care system. However, research in veteran populations suggest that patients concurrently undergoing disability evaluation may not respond well to such interventions. This study evaluates the relationship between disability separation and endorsement of PTSD symptoms during treatment at an intensive outpatient program. Methods Patients in this retrospective study were 81 service members enrolled in a half-day, 6-week intensive outpatient program for PTSD. Sixty-seven percent (n = 54) were concurrently enrolled in the integrated disability evaluation system and were pending medical separation. Fifty-two percent (n = 42) also received a 4-week skills training intervention before beginning PTSD treatment. Patients completed the PTSD Checklist before, during, and after the treatment program as an index of PTSD symptoms. Results A significant interaction effect was observed in which PTSD symptoms throughout program enrollment differed as a function of enrollment in the integrated disability evaluation system. Patients undergoing disability evaluations did not show significant changes in endorsed PTSD symptoms during program enrollment, whereas significant decreases in PTSD symptoms were observed in patients not undergoing disability evaluations. These effects controlled for lost treatment days as a result of training or other appointments. Conclusions These results provide preliminary data indicating that participation in disability separation may attenuate the effect of PTSD treatment and endorsement of PTSD symptoms in an intensive outpatient setting.

In this study, the effects of six nitrogen fertility programs and two bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars were evaluated for marketable yield and incidence of skin separation in fruit. In 2006 and 2007, bell pepper cultivar Aristotle, which is tolerant to the crown rot phase of phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici), and a susceptible cultivar, Camelot, were established in a split-plot design with cultivar as the whole-plot factor and fertilizer regime as the subplot factor. Each year, fertility treatments included 1) 180 lb/acre of soluble nitrogen (N) plus phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) as 20N–8.7P–16.6K, 2) 300 lb/acre of soluble N (4N–0P–6.6K), 3) 180 lb/acre of soluble N (30N–0P–0K), 4) 135 lb/acre of soluble N (30N–0P–0K), 5) 180 lb/acre of granular N (43N–0P–0K), and 6) 135 lb/acre of granular N (43N–0P–0K). Soluble fertilizer treatments 1–4 were applied weekly through drip irrigation during the production season. Granular fertility treatments 5 and 6 were applied after bed making but before laying black plastic mulch each year. Additionally, all plots received 180 lb/acre each of P and K (0N–2.6P–4.9K) plus 2 lb/acre of boron distributed season-long in weekly fertilizer applications. In 2006 and 2007, cultivar had no effect on marketable yield or percent marketable fruit. In 2007, the percentage of harvested fruit with skin separation was significantly higher in fertility programs 1 and 2 compared with program 5. In 2006 and 2007, there were no significant interactions between cultivar and fertility program for marketable yield per plot, fruit with skin separation, percent marketable fruit, or marketable yield per acre. In both years, harvest date has a significant effect on marketable yield per plot, fruit with skin separation, percent marketable fruit, and marketable yield per acre. The percentage of harvested fruit with skin separation was higher in phytophthora-tolerant ‘Aristotle’ compared with phytophthora-susceptible ‘Camelot’ in 2006 and 2007. Results of this study suggest that the development of skin separation in bell pepper fruit is more influenced by genotype than N fertility program.

Background A valgus lower limb alignment has been noted during noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A video dropjump test can indicate an athlete's ability to control lower limb axial alignment in the coronal plane. Hypotheses Female athletes have decreased knee separation distances on landing and acceleration; male athletes have a neutrally aligned lower limb position. A neuromuscular training program will significantly increase knee separation distance in female athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods The authors tested 325 female and 130 male athletes aged 11 to 19 years. The distance between the hips, knees, and ankles was measured during a drop-jump test. The separation distance between the knees and ankles was normalized by the hip separation distance. A neuromuscular training program (Sportsmetrics) was completed by 62 female athletes, and their jump-landing characteristics were reexamined. Results A marked decrease in knee separation distance was found on takeoff in 80% of female athletes and in 72% of male athletes. There was no difference between male and female athletes in the normalized knee and ankle separation distance during the landing and takeoff phases. The knee separation distance on landing was 23 ± 9 cm in the female athletes and 22 ± 8 cm in the male athletes. The normalized knee separation distance was 51% ± 19% in the female athletes and 51% ± 15% in the male athletes. After training, statistically significant increases were found in the female athletes in the knee separation distance on landing (29 ± 8 cm, P<. 0001) and in the normalized knee separation distance (68% ± 18%, P<. 0001). The trained female athletes had significantly greater knee separation distance and normalized knee separation distance than did the males (P<. 0001). Conclusions The majority of untrained female and male athletes demonstrated a valgus alignment appearance on the video test. After neuromuscular training, female athletes had improved knee separation distances and a more neutral lower limb alignment on landing and takeoff.

Background: Recent studies have supported the beneficial effects of a short abstinence period on sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to assess sperm motility, morphology and DNA fragmentation before and after swim-up of a second ejaculate obtained after a short abstinence period in normozoospermic men and oligo-astheno-teratozoospermic (OAT) patients. Material and methods: Semen analyses and swim-up preparations of two consecutive semen samples (collected within 1 h) were carried out in 30 normozoospermic and 35 OAT patients enrolled in an assisted reproductive technique (ART) program. Results: Compared to the first ejaculate, the second sample showed a higher percentage of spermatozoa with normal form (p < 0.01) and lower percentage of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation (p < 0.01) in normozoospermic men, whereas a higher percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility (p < 0.001) and normal morphology (p < 0.0001) was found in OAT patients. Swim-up separation showed a lower DNA fragmentation rate (p < 0.05) in the second ejaculate in normozoospermic men, whereas the second ejaculate of OAT patents showed an increase in normally-shaped spermatozoa (p < 0.01) and lower percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA (p < 0.001) compared to the first one. Conclusions: Swim-up separation of a second ejaculate collected within 1 h might be suggested for ART procedures, especially in OAT patients.

A method to generate new absorbents for water in a novel refrigeration cycle was developed. The cycle, known as the phase separation absorption cycle, relies on phase separation, rather than boiling, to generate the refrigerant. After separation, the refrigerant flows to a conventional evaporator, where it evaporates, resulting in a cooling effect. The vapor is absorbed in a conventional absorber. The phase separation process is projected to require less energy than the conventional boiling process, resulting in higher cycle performance. However, suitable fluids for this cycle have never been found. The computer program developed under this work was used for the systematic design of possible absorbents. Whereas the predictive techniques which serve as kernel of the program can only provide approximate results, they allow fast screening of candidate absorbents. A model of the cycle was run for each potential absorbent, to establish whether the cycle and absorbent were compatible. A total of over 250,000 molecules were investigated, allowing the identification of a few with the potential to work in conjunction with the cycle.

This study was a small survey of three single parent families with ten children who had experienced separation within the last six months. The sample was homogenous in so far as each family had been separated for under six months and the children were of a similar age range and each family was mother headed. The aims of the study were to explore the experience of separation for the adults and children by means of interviews both before and after attending the "After Separation Program" and to find out whether the experience of attending the Program had an effect upon intra- familial relationships. While the study could not be said to be large enough to be representative of all populations of single, newly separated families in general, some common themes emerged which correspond with other studies referred to in the literature. These include the sense of loss children feel with the absence of a parent, the breakdown in generational boundaries which often accompanies separation and a sense of loneliness and isolation. From the study identifiable themes emerged and it became clear that the group experience had made an impact. It would appear that following attendance of the program appropriate parenting is restored with mothers' more able to respond to the needs of the children. It was noticeable that better access arrangements were in place for the children. There was also an increased understanding of the feelings associated with the separation process.

What is the legacy of Brown vs. Board of Education? While it is well known for establishing racial equality as a central commitment of American schools, the case also inspired social movements for equality in education across all lines of difference, including language, gender, disability, immigration status, socio-economic status, religion, and sexual orientation. Yet more than a half century after Brown, American schools are more racially separated than before, and educators, parents and policy makers still debate whether the ruling requires all-inclusive classrooms in terms of race, gender, disability, and other differences. In Brown's Wake examines the reverberations of Brown in American schools, including efforts to promote equal opportunities for all kinds of students. School choice, once a strategy for avoiding Brown, has emerged as a tool to promote integration and opportunities, even as charter schools and private school voucher programs enable new forms of self-separation by language, gender, disability, and ethnicity. Martha Minow, Dean of Harvard Law School, argues that the criteria placed on such initiatives carry serious consequences for both the character of American education and civil society itself. Although the original promise of Brown remains more symbolic than effective, Minow demonstrates the power of its vision in the struggles for equal education regardless of students' social identity, not only in the United States but also in many countries around the world. Further, she urges renewed commitment to the project of social integration even while acknowledging the complex obstacles that must be overcome. An elegant and concise overview of Brown and its aftermath, In Brown's Wake explores the broad-ranging and often surprising impact of one of the century's most important Supreme Court decisions.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

This chapter focuses on the application of research methods to understanding and evaluating interventions that have been developed to address strained parent–child relationships after separation and divorce. Emphasis is placed on evaluation approaches that are commonly applied to complex interventions. These include exploring program logic, operationalizing key indicators of short- and long-term success, creating a fidelity checklist to measure the process and implementation of the intervention, and using evaluation designs to answer specific questions about the intervention. The focus of this chapter is on creating a roadmap for developing a program evaluation design that is both transparent and methodologically sound to capture program change and to enable program adjustments to be made as needed. The program evaluation of the Overcoming Barriers camp is used as a case illustration.

Chapter 4 considers who initiated the airlift and how it was organized. This chapter suggests parents had many varied motives for sending their children to Miami. After the nationalization of education in Cuba, some Cubans regarded Operation Pedro Pan and the Cuban Children’s Program, which was set up by Father Bryan Walsh of the Catholic Welfare Bureau and funded by the federal government, as a free, all-expenses paid beca (or scholarship) to a U.S. private school. Other parents wanted to prevent their children from becoming involved in pro-government political activities, such as the literacy campaign, or alternatively become young anti-Castro activists. The author argues that the special visa waiver scheme for unaccompanied minors acted to encourage family separation rather than assist the emigration of Cubans as family groups, and that Catholic clergy, if not the Catholic church as an institution, played a significant role in promoting and organizing this scheme.

After having described the main characteristics of dependability and fault-tolerance, it is analyzed here in more detail what it means that a program is fault-tolerant and what are the properties expected from a fault-tolerant program. The main objective of this chapter is introducing two sets of design assumptions that shape the way our fault-tolerant software is structured—the system and the fault models. Often misunderstood or underestimated, those models describe • what is expected from the execution environment in order to let our software system function correctly, and • what are the faults that our system is going to consider. Note that a fault-tolerant program shall (try to) tolerate only those faults stated in the fault model, and will be as defenseless against all other faults as any non fault-tolerant program. Together with the system specification, the fault and system models represent the foundation on top of which our computer services are built. It is not surprising that weak foundations often result in failing constructions. What is really surprising is that in so many cases, little or no attention had been given to those important factors in fault-tolerant software engineering. To give an idea of this, three wellknown accidents are described—the Ariane 5 flight 501, Mariner-1 disasters, and the Therac-25 accidents. In each case it is stressed what went wrong, what were the biggest mistakes, and how a careful understanding of fault models and system models would have helped highlighting the path to avoid catastrophic failures that cost considerable amounts of money and even the lives of innocent people. The other important objective of this chapter is introducing the core subject of this book: Software fault-tolerance situated at the level of the application layer. First of all, it is explained why targeting (also) the application layer is not an open option but a mandatory design choice for effective fault-tolerant software engineering. Secondly, given the peculiarities of the application layer, three properties to measure the quality of the methods to achieve fault-tolerant application software are introduced: 1. Separation of design concerns, that is, how good the method is in keeping the functional aspects and the fault-tolerance aspects separated from each other. 2. Syntactical adequacy, namely how versatile the employed method is in including the wider spectrum of fault-tolerance strategies. 3. Adaptability: How good the employed fault-tolerance method is in dealing with the inevitable changes characterizing the system and its run-time environment, including the dynamics of faults that manifest themselves at service time. Finally, this chapter also defines a few fundamental fault-tolerance services, namely watchdog timers, exception handling, transactions, and checkpointingand- rollback.

Relying upon Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment, Chapter 4 provides quantitative evidence on the extent to which residential change lessens the likelihood of criminal recidivism during the first eight years following prison release. Analyses reveal that formerly incarcerated individuals who moved away from their old parish after release had substantially lower rates of reincarceration than those who returned to their previous parish of residence. An estimated 59 percent of parolees who returned to their home parish were reincarcerated within eight years of release. In contrast, an estimated 46 percent of parolees who moved to a new parish were reincarcerated. Findings presented in the chapter also reveal that short-distance moves are insufficient to separate someone from his or her criminal past. Moving from one metropolitan area to another can provide the type of separation from one’s past that can be crucial to desistance from crime. The chapter also considers evidence on the effects of residential change from government-funded housing mobility programs, including the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration. These programs offer important lessons about how residential mobility programs for the formerly incarcerated might be designed.

<em>Abstract</em>.—A century ago, sea sturgeon (Atlantic sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus</em> and European sturgeon <em>A. sturio</em>) were prevalent in the fish communities of all major German rivers, both in the North and the Baltic Sea drainages. Since then, population sizes have decreased rapidly due to overfishing, pollution, and hydropower construction. The last catches in the Baltic drainage occurred in the late 1960s. Only individual captures of sturgeon have been reported in the last 30 years, the most recent being in Lake Ladoga (Russia) in 1984 and off the coast of Estonia in 1996, approximately 25 years after the disappearance of the species from the fishery. Today, sturgeon are considered extinct in German waters. In 1996, the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, in cooperation with the Society to Save the Sturgeon, started the pilot phase of a remediation program involving assessment of the prerequisites for remediation. The first juvenile European sturgeon were transferred to the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries under a scientific cooperation agreement with the Centre d’Étude du Machinisme Agricole, du Rural, des Eaux et Forêts in May 1996. With these specimens, an ex situ measure was initiated. In addition, phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of the species were carried out using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites. These genetic analyses of recent and historical material have proven the existence of two different species in what was previously considered the Baltic or common sturgeon. The Atlantic sturgeon has been identified as endemic in the Baltic Sea and the European sturgeon in the North Sea. According to morphological evidence based on archaeological samples, the Atlantic sturgeon invaded the Baltic Sea approximately 2,000 years ago and has been the only sturgeon species there for the last few centuries. These results led to the separation of the remediation activities in North Sea and Baltic Sea tributaries. Broodstock development using the northernmost populations of the Atlantic sturgeon is currently being carried out. Subsequent reproduction for restocking requires a sufficiently large broodstock and a genetic breeding plan based on pedigree analysis. As a further prerequisite, an evaluation of the status of critical habitat for the early life stages of Atlantic sturgeon in the Oder River has been performed in collaboration with the Institute for Inland Fisheries of Poland. Alternative fisheries techniques, based on data for the bycatch of exotic sturgeon, are being developed to reduce the fishing pressure on juvenile sturgeon upon release.

The history of genetic counseling as a clinical practice ultimately has its roots in eugenics. Although medical geneticists distanced themselves from eugenic ideology after World War II, that separation was sometimes more in name than practice. The history of the genetic counseling profession does not have direct connections to eugenics, although the profession has since its inception been intimately connected with medical genetics and medical geneticists. Key historical moments in the emergence of genetic counseling as an independent profession include the creation of specialized master’s-level training programs beginning in 1969 at Sarah Lawrence College, the formation of a professional society (the National Society of Genetic Counselors), a professional certification process governed by genetic counselors separate from medical geneticists, the establishment of a professional journal, and working affiliations with a wide range of clinicians beyond medical geneticists such as obstetricians, oncologists, surgeons, cardiologists, and neurologists.

Moisture separation is one of crucial devices in PWR power plant for it plays an irreplaceable role in eliminating droplets from steam and supplying dry-saturated for turbines. It would be helpful to design and optimize the structure of moisture separator through analyzing the behaviors of droplets. This paper studies the numerical solving methods of the motion model of polydispersed droplets. The equations of model belong to the field of nonlinear stiff ordinary differential equations, thus backward differentiation formula, a kind of multi-steps methods are used which advance in solving stiff different equations. The coefficients of equations involve the velocity and rotation of flow field in separator, and these parameters are given by the output of Fluent. After solving the differential equations we can get the velocity and angle velocity of droplets in different locations and the movement track of droplets in separator, as well as the separation efficiency of moisture separator for polydispeased droplets with special distribution. Finally through the numerical solving of the motion model of polydispersed droplets in chevron-type separator, we find that multi-steps method improves the numerical stability and reduces the steps of iteration under the same calculation precision compared with classical methods such as fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. So it lays the foundation for development of moisture separator program suit for engineering computing.

Corrugated plate dryer is one of the key components of natural circulation steam generator in the pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. It play a decisive role in the water separation system to making steam become a good quality after steam flow out of a vertical steam generator. With the increase of the reactor power in the future design, it requires that the performance of corrugated plate dryer must be increased in the characteristics of steam load, separating efficiency, volume and resistance to make sure that steam generators still produce qualified steam at higher steam loads and higher cycle magnitudes. In this paper, we have done some experimental studies on the corrugated plate dryer. And we concentrated on airflow parameters on the separation performance and resistance performance of dryer. (1) First of all, we have determined the experimental research program about this study, after this, we finished the design works of the test bench, and then we have completed the construction work based on the design works. (2) Afterwards, the flow and separation mechanism of the wave plate dryer was experimentally studied by means of parameter measurement and analysis combined with observation and recording. The effects of different inlet humidities and inlet velocity on separation efficiency, pressure drop and re-entrainment were studied. The above study shows that: (1) The separation efficiency of corrugated plate dryer is related to inlet humidity and inlet airflow velocity. The separation efficiency of corrugated plate dryer is increase with inlet humidity goes higher, and increased to reach a highest point then goes down when inlet airflow velocity increased. (2) The re-entrainment is related to inlet humidity. When inlet humidity increased, the inlet airflow critical velocity which lead to re-entrain would decrease. (3) The pressure drop of dryer is related to the inlet airflow velocity. When the inlet wind velocity increases, the pressure drop increases.

Helium purification and helium auxiliary system is one of important systems guaranteeing the safe operation of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. In this system, wire mesh mist eliminator is one of the key components and used to separate waste water containing tritium, and remove moisture after reactor accident. Base on the ideal fluid model and packing pad model developing by Carpenter, A calculation model is presented for separation efficiency of mist eliminator. The calculation program “SEP-WMME” is developed based on the model. The calculation results fit well with experiment results. Theoretic analysis is carried out for the mist eliminator of HTR-PM helium purification system engineering validation test loop. The analysis shows the inlet velocity is an important parameter for mist eliminator. When the inlet velocity is above 3.0m/s, high separation efficiency will be obtained.

Based on diffusion mechanism, a program-controlled cyclic particle extraction on an integrated PDMS microfluidic platform is presented. The platform comprises on-chip pneumatic peristaltic pumps and valves connected to a PC-based relay board, hence allowing programmable manipulations. The main concept is cycling a sample stream along with an extraction stream multiple times to enhance the particle separation. A sample solution containing 3-μm and 0.5-μm particles was utilized to demonstrate the process. The average flow rate was 4.75 mm/s and the extraction channel length was 84.3 mm. The relatively accumulative concentration for the 0.5-μm particle was 7.52% at the 1st cycle and became 37.99% at the 10th cycle. The result shows an expected improvement of particle concentration after the cyclic extraction. Higher efficiency can be achieved with more cycles.

Aim/Purpose: This research paper reports on the evaluation of a mental health self-management program provided to immigrant nurses working at various rural South Australian aged care services. Background: The residential aged care staffing crisis is severe in rural areas. To improve immigrant nurses’ employment experiences, a mental health self-management program was developed and conducted in rural and regional health care services in South Australia. Methodology: A mixed approach of pre- and post-surveys and post workshop focus groups was utilized with the objectives of exploring the experiences of 25 immigrant nurses and the impact of the mental health program. Feminist standpoint theory was used to interpret the qualitative data. Contribution: A new learning environment was created for immigrant nurses to learn about the theory and practice of maintaining and promoting mental health. Findings: Statistical tests showed a marked difference in responses before and after the intervention, especially regarding knowledge of mental health. The results of this study indicated that a change in thinking was triggered, followed by a change in behaviour enabling participants to undertake self-management strategies. Recommendations for Practitioners: Include expanding the workshops to cover more health care practitioners. Recommendations for Researchers: Feminist researchers must actively listen and examine their own beliefs and those of others to create knowledge. Extending the program to metropolitan areas and examining differences in data. E technology such as zoom, skype or virtual classrooms could be used. Impact on Society: The new awareness and knowledge would be beneficial in the family and community because issues at work can impact on the ability to care for the family, and there are often problems around family separation. Future Research: Extending the research to include men and staff of metropolitan aged care facilities.

We study the multi-body problems with a nonzero speed or with current-wave interactions using the Green function method. The two problems are equivalent when the current is along the longitudinal direction of the ship. The formulations of a single ship for the zero-speed and nonzero-speed cases are derived. The concepts, the motivations and the assumptions are explained. We also provide the derivations of the added mass and damping for the asymmetric ship profile. Then we extend the conclusions to the multiple ships and formulate the multi-body problems. The in-house program MDL Multi DYN is validated through the study of two Wigley hulls with zero speed in waves. After that, the results for two moving Wigley hulls are generated. The two ships are assumed to advance in parallel at the same speed. Finally, the effects of the separation distances and the different speeds are discussed.

Due to its molecular polarity, a water droplet suspended in a dielectric medium experiences a force under the influence of an electric field. However, unlike a charged rigid particle, a water droplet undergoes a significant deformation due to its liquid state. Thus, the dynamic behavior of the water droplet cannot be fully analyzed without accounting for the interaction between the electric and fluid fields. In an effort to broaden our understanding of this phenomenon, a parallel plate electrode system was constructed inside a glass chamber. A water droplet was suspended in the glass chamber filled with insulated oil. After applying a high voltage across the plates, the droplet motion was recorded with a camera and analyzed using an image processing program. The effects of several parameters including, droplet size, droplet conductivity, and initial droplet position were investigated. Results obtained from this investigation help gain a better understanding of the droplet deformation and breakup mechanisms spanning several fields, some of which include oil-water separation, electrocoalescence, and electrospraying.

When the BWR at Duane Arnold went on-line, it was rated at 565.7 MWe. Some time ago, due to operational and other problems it was determined that it would be economical to isolate the HP reheaters from service in the double-stage two Moisture Separator Reheaters (MSRs). Duane Arnold is now undergoing an extensive and lengthy life-extension and uprating program, targeted at 16 percent involving many components. After a detailed study involving several alternative approaches to upgrading the MSRs in conjunction with a new, larger HP turbine, they have now been completely redesigned and reconstructed using essentially the original configuration — 2-pass LP and HP reheaters with chevron moisture separator sections, but using advanced technology throughout and in conjunction with the optimization of the uprated turbine generator. In order to minimize component installation time and reduce personnel radiation exposure, the modern Moisture Separation (M.S.) components were “modularized” — installed as four completely preassembled M.S. sections replacing the need for the in-shell installation of multiple small components. This paper covers the many alternative choices considered and details all elements and phases of the final MSR upgrade design and installation process selected. The installation of a new main turbine, oversized in anticipation of an increase in thermal power, was expected to result in a decrease of about 10 MWe due to throttling losses across the turbine control valves. The refurbished MSR with restored second stage reheat was expected to just offset this loss. Post installation testing showed a gain of 4 MWe beyond the offset of the turbine control valve throttling losses. As a result, the net gain over previous operation is therefore 4 MWe even though the new MSR is responsible for gain of about 14 MWe.

Pressure vessel integrity assessment after long-term service irradiation is commonly based on surveillance program results. Nevertheless, only the investigation of RPV material from decommissioned NPPs enables the evaluation of the real toughness response. Such a chance is given now through the investigation of material from the former Greifswald NPP (VVER-440/230) to evaluate the material state of a standard RPV design and to assess the quality of prediction rules and assessment tools. The operation of the four Greifswald units was finished in 1991 after 12–15 years of operation. In autumn 2005 the first trepans (diameter 120 mm) were gained from the unit 1 of this NPP. Some details of the trepanning procedure will be given. The paper mainly deals with the retrospective dosimetry based on Niobium, which is a trace element of the RPV material. The reaction 93Nb(n,n′)93mNb with an energy dependence highly correlated to radiation damage and a half life of the reaction product of 16.13 years is well suited for retrospective fast neutron dosimetry. Fluence calculations using the code TRAMO were based on pin-wise time dependent neutron sources and an updated nuclear data base (ENDF/B-VI release 8). The neutron spectra were determined at the trepan positions. The different loading schemes of unit 1 (standard and with 4 or 6 dummy assemblies) were taken into account. The calculated specific 93mNb activities for February, 2006 at the sample positions were determined to 16.3 Bq/μg Nb for sample 1, (0.1cm distance from inner wall), and 4.0 Bq/μg Nb for sample 2 (11.5 cm distance from inner wall). Unfortunately, a second neutron reaction besides 93Nb(n,n′) leading to 93mNb-activity is the reaction 92Mo(n,γ)93Mo. 93Mo decays by electron capture to 93mNb with a half life of 4000 years and a branching ratio br = 0.88. As (n,γ)-reactions are produced mainly by low energy neutrons, being less important for material damage, the 93mNb-activity generated through the Mo-path should be determined separately and subtracted from the measured activity. For the sample 1 in the maximum flux azimuthal position of weld SN4 with a Nb-content of 8 ppm and an Mo-content of 4000 ppm for February 3, 2006 was obtained a Mo-induced 93mNb-activity of 80 Bq/g steel, amounting to 37.7% of the total 93mNb-activity. It turns out that the 93mNb generation on the second path is nearly of the same order as the fast neutron induced generation from Niobium. For the experimental determination of the 93mNb-activity the Nb-content was determined by ICP-MS (inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry) after dissolution of the material sample. The radiochemical isolation of Nb was done by anion exchange separation. The radiochemical separation was accompanied by determination of the chemical yield of Nb using again the ICP-MS method. The measurement of the 93mNb activity was realized by Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry (LSC). The first comparison between the calculated and the measured 93mNb activities resulted in deviations between 15 and 50%. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.

This paper describes Studsvik’s technical concept of LLW-treatment of large, retired components from nuclear installations in operation or in decommissioning. Many turbines, heat exchangers and other LLW components have been treated in Studsvik during the last 20 years. This also includes development of techniques and tools, especially our latest experience gained under the pilot project for treatment of one full size PWR steam generator from Ringhals NPP, Sweden. The ambition of this pilot project was to minimize the waste volumes for disposal and to maximize the material recycling. Another objective, respecting ALARA, was the successful minimization of the dose exposure to the personnel. The treatment concept for large, retired components comprises the whole sequence of preparations from road and sea transports and the management of the metallic LLW by segmentation, decontamination and sorting using specially devised tools and shielded treatment cell, to the decision criteria for recycling of the metals, radiological analyses and conditioning of the residual waste into the final packages suitable for customer-related disposal. For e.g. turbine rotors with their huge number of blades the crucial moments are segmentation techniques, thus cold segmentation is a preferred method to keep focus on minimization of volumes for secondary waste. Also a variety of decontamination techniques using blasting cabinet or blasting tumbling machines keeps secondary waste production to a minimum. The technical challenge of the treatment of more complicated components like steam generators also begins with the segmentation. A first step is the separation of the steam dome in order to dock the rest of the steam generator to a specially built treatment cell. Thereafter, the decontamination of the tube bundle is performed using a remotely controlled manipulator. After decontamination is concluded the cutting of the tubes as well as of the shell is performed in the same cell with remotely controlled tools. Some of the sections of steam dome shell or turbine shafts can be cleared directly for unconditional reuse without melting after decontamination and sampling program. Experience shows that the amount of material possible for clearance for unconditional use is between 95 – 97% for conventional metallic scrap. For components like turbines, heat exchangers or steam generators the recycling ratio can vary to about 80–85% of the initial weight.