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Journal articles on the topic 'After conflict planning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Mandarini, Matteo, and Alberto Toscano. "Planning for Conflict." South Atlantic Quarterly 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8007629.

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Planning is widely perceived as an approach to economic life that both subordinates decisions about production and distribution to a supposedly objective Science and as an illegitimate subjection of economic laws to a commanding political Will. This article excavates two key phases in the Soviet experiment with a planned economy, namely, the New Economic Policy under Lenin and the Stalinist institution of the five-year plan, to explore the way in which planning could be thought of as directly incorporating a dimension of social and class conflict. This archaeological reconstruction of an antagonistic politics of planning is contrasted with the disavowed elements of planning within contemporary business logistics as well as with efforts within critical Marxist theory after 1968 to push against the depoliticizing dimensions of the plan.

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D’Anieri, Paul, and Taras Kuzio. "Ukraine after five years of conflict." Eurasian Geography and Economics 60, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1635512.

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Dunkerley, James, Scott B. MacDonald, Harald M. Sandstrom, and Paul B. Goodwin Jr. "The Caribbean after Grenada: Revolution, Conflict, and Democracy." Bulletin of Latin American Research 9, no. 2 (1990): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338497.

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Ottaway, Marina. "Promoting Democracy after Conflict: The Difficult Choices." International Studies Perspectives 4, no. 3 (August 2003): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1528-3577.403007.

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VAN LEEUWEN, MATHIJS. "To Conform or to Confront? CSOs and Agrarian Conflict in Post-Conflict Guatemala." Journal of Latin American Studies 42, no. 1 (February 2010): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x10000064.

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AbstractThis article is about the role of civil society after violent conflict. It argues that the transformations that civil society organisations (CSOs) make are more ambiguous than supporting donors and NGOs presume. The article analyses how, ten years after the 1996 peace agreements, Guatemalan CSOs deal with agrarian conflict. It discusses in detail the case of a church-related organisation assisting peasants with agrarian conflicts and the challenges it faced in defining its strategies. The article argues that supporting donors and NGOs should stop seeing the difficulties of organisational change in post-conflict situations exclusively in terms of the internal incapacities of civil society. Instead, they should re-politicise their analyses and focus on the importance of broader social and political processes in post-conflict settings for the strategic options open to CSOs.

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Kouadio, Koffi Isidore, Taro Kamigaki, and Hitoshi Oshitani. "Strategies for Communicable Diseases Response After Disasters in Developing Countries." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0298.

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Communicable diseases represent a public health problem in developing countries and especially in those affected by disasters, necessitating an appropriate and coordinated response from national and international partners. The importance of rapid epidemiological assessment for public health planning and resources allocation is critical. Our review assesses the communicable diseases after natural disasters and conflict and describes a comprehensive intervention strategy towards their control. Several factors that promote disease transmission after disasters interact synergically, facilitating the occurrence of communicable diseases outbreaks. Diarrheal diseases, Hepatitis, Measles, Meningitis, Acute Respiratory Infection, Malaria were commonly described after natural disasters and conflicts situations. Tularemia, Lassa Fever, Pneumonic Plague were mainly described after conflicts. Other diseases including Diphtheria, Influenza and Pertusis has been less documented in disaster and refugee settings, but have potential to spread rapidly in overcrowded situations. These outbreaks may be avoidable by appropriate planning and intervention. Adequate shelter and sanitation, water and food safety, appropriate surveillance, immunization and management approach as well health education will be strongly required towards the reduction of morbidity and mortality. In addition further research is needed to improve intervention strategies as well as in the area of early warning system.

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Roka, Krishna. "Beyond settlement: Making peace last after civil conflict." Community Development 50, no. 1 (January 2019): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2019.1573508.

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Wolff, Stefan. "Building Democratic States after Conflict: Institutional Design Revisited." International Studies Review 12, no. 1 (March 2010): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00919.x.

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Adong, Annet, Lukas Kornher, Oliver Kiptoo Kirui, and Joachim von Braun. "Conflict exposure and food consumption pathways during and after conflict: Evidence from Northern Uganda." World Development 147 (November 2021): 105636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105636.

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Gagnon, V. P. (Chip). "Yugoslavia in 1989 and after." Nationalities Papers 38, no. 1 (January 2010): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990903389961.

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The year 1989 marked a turning point for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). But unlike other places in the region, that year saw a turn towards growing political conflict which soon led to violent warfare. This paper identifies and discusses three processes that led to this outcome. The first process was the impetus towards reform of the Yugoslav federal state, its political and economic system. The second was the conflict over the future of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Savez komunista Jugoslavije – SKJ). The third was the shifting meanings of ethnic and nonethnic labels and the ways in which putative “national” and “ethnic” interests came to be aligned with specific political options. By the end of 1989 these three processes had come together to spell the end of the SKJ, of the SFRY, and of “Yugoslavism” as a political identity. In their places, ruling parties threatened by changes within their own societies, as well as by pressures created by the 1989 revolutions in the region, resorted to strategies of conflict and violence in an attempt to forestall the kinds of changes and elite turnovers seen in other socialist countries.

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Bryant, Rebecca, and Roger Zetter. "Special Section Introduction: Return, Remixing and Reconciliation after Conflict." Journal of Refugee Studies 34, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab006.

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Frost, Siofra Karyu. "After ethnic conflict: policy-making in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia, by Cvete Koneska." Democratization 23, no. 5 (October 11, 2015): 960–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1088835.

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13

Panighel, Margaret. "Transitional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict: learning from African experiences." Development in Practice 19, no. 3 (May 2009): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520902808431.

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Sampaio, Antônio. "Before and after urban warfare: Conflict prevention and transitions in cities." International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 901 (April 2016): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000145.

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AbstractThe rising pressures of urbanization in fragile and conflict-affected countries have increased concerns about the vulnerability of cities to armed threats. Changes in the character of armed conflict during the twenty-first century and its effects on cities in the developing world have exposed gaps in the planning and practice of peace and security, which retain a “nation-State bias” that circumvents local perspectives and agencies. Whereas full-scale use of military power in cities remains as destructive today as it has ever been, international organizations such as the United Nations have called for changed approaches to State tactics in urban areas. Mechanisms designed to prevent conflict or to help countries transition back to peace are particularly key if massive human and economic damages are to be avoided in a world of increasingly dense cities. Another key concern is the vulnerability of developing-world cities to low-intensity, if protracted, forms of violence by non-State actors, particularly in post-conflict contexts. Conflict prevention and peace transitions in cities (including mainstream international tools such as peacekeeping, stability and reconstruction aid) are affected by specifically urban pressures linked to rising populations, migration, ethnic tensions, institutional deterioration and the weakening of urban services. Therefore, the physical and social characteristics of cities interact with military and developmental policies in unique ways. An understanding of key local actors, services and institutions affecting urban drivers of armed conflict – an urban strategic environment – can help practitioners and strategists to craft comprehensive policies.

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Saeed, Zaid O., Avar Almukhtar, Henry Abanda, and Joseph Tah. "BIM Applications in Post-Conflict Contexts: The Reconstruction of Mosul City." Buildings 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080351.

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Post-conflict reconstruction has been one of the most challenging themes for the AEC industry, urban designers and planners, and related decision-makers, especially in complex urban contexts with severe destruction in terms of infrastructure. The city of Mosul in Iraq is a case where there is an urgent need for reconstruction, in particular the housing sector after the enormous destruction caused by the ISIS war of 2014–2017. Today, advanced technologies in construction present opportunities to address post-conflict reconstruction challenges. BIM has been used in recent years since it is an integrated and effective process for planning, monitoring and managing contemporary construction projects. Nevertheless, BIM has not been investigated properly in planning and managing post-conflict reconstruction, especially in developing countries. This paper discusses the potential of adopting BIM in post-conflict reconstruction through investigating the validity of the BIM process in planning and assessing possible housing solutions for the reconstruction of Mosul city, using BIM applications. The main findings suggest that BIM applications present significant potential in the process of planning, assessing and managing the reconstruction of post-conflict contexts in developing countries, where conventional methods are limited, dysfunctional and inefficient.

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Fleck, Dieter. "The Interplay Between ‘Peacetime’ Law and the Law of Armed Conflict: Consequences for Post-Conflict Peacebuilding." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 26, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krab007.

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Abstract Focussing on the interplay between rules of international law applicable in peacetime and rules applicable during armed conflicts, this contribution examines the impact on the jus post bellum. In this context certain specific legal obligations are discussed to answer the question whether and if so, how their application post-conflict may be affected by the peacebuilding process after the (former) armed conflict. Essential norms of the protection of victims during armed conflicts continue to be relevant for peace operations and post-conflict peacebuilding. This includes guiding principles and effective measures of control for operational detentions; law enforcement operations to secure the security and safety of peacekeepers; the protection of the environment and efforts to strengthen the role of States and international organizations as well as their accountability in post-conflict reconstruction. The author demonstrates that jus post bellum requires due diligence during military operations, responsible planning and precautions. He submits that post-conflict peacebuilding should be characterized by pragmatic limitation, conciliation and participation of the parties. This suggests certain deviations from peacetime principles and rules, deviations that may include certain limits of protection which will, however, be balanced out by the temporary nature of peacebuilding measures. While such interplay between the different branches of international law remains subject to changing situations, a few general principles are considered to be relevant for the jus post bellum. Even if codification remains difficult, further case-oriented research is encouraged to confirm general principles and rules of this important branch of international law.

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Johansson, Andreas. "The Transnistrian Conflict after the 2005 Moldovan Parliamentary Elections." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 22, no. 4 (December 2006): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523270601019565.

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18

Crisóstomo Meza, Mercedes. "Memories between Eras: ANFASEP’s Leaders before and after Peru’s Internal Armed Conflict." Latin American Perspectives 46, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x19856901.

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During Peru’s internal armed conflict (1980–2000), many women formed associations of relatives of victims to demand truth, justice, and reparations. The Asociación Nacional de Familiares de Secuestrados, Detenidos y Desaparecidos del Perú (National Association of Relatives of the Kidnapped, Detained, and Disappeared of Peru—ANFASEP) was the first of these organizations. Accounts by its leaders of their early lives challenge the stereotypes of them employed in previous studies and point to changes in their senses of identity in the postconflict period. Their memories are part of the development of a self-narrative in which new rationales emerge and they are led to question the validity of the characterization of them as poor, illiterate, dependent women unaware of having rights. Durante el conflicto armado interno (1980–2000) muchas mujeres formaron asociaciones de familiares de víctimas para demandar verdad, justicia y reparación. En el Perú, ANFASEP fue la primera organización de este tipo. Este artículo presenta narraciones que las presidentas de esta asociación hacen sobre su infancia, matrimonio y maternidad. Por un lado, esto permite cuestionar las caracterizaciones y estereotipos que estudios previos han hecho sobre ellas. Y, por otro lado, aporta elementos teóricos sobre el cambio de sentidos de identidad en el post- conflicto. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa planteo que las memorias que las presidentas de ANFASEP elaboran sobre sus primeros ciclos de vida, recreadas o no, se inscriben en una narración y construcción de un auto-relato entre épocas. En este nuevo contexto, se producen nuevas lógicas de posicionamiento donde sus primeros ciclos de vida se tornan definitorios y desde donde se cuestionan los estereotipos que se han elaborado sobre ellas.

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19

McDermott, P. "Positioning Planning in a Market Economy." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 4 (April 1998): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300631.

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The antagonism of neoliberalism to local intervention raises questions over the future of planning theory and practice. Recent reviews suggest planning's response to regulatory reform has been to become more flexible, although this may simply reflect nothing more than instrumental pragmatism. Drawing on regulation theory in this paper I review the reforms which have taken place in New Zealand since 1984, when New Zealand moved sharply from a form of regulation described as ‘peripheral Fordism’. Planning after Fordism risks being confined to mediating environmental relations, despite the likelihood of far-reaching social conflict and economic contradictions in the emergent form of capitalism. Two choices face planning in New Zealand; adapt to the mandate of environmental management or extend planning to confront other (social and economic) challenges in the emergent form of capitalism. The second alternative requires planners to adopt a more active and critical role than has been evident to date.

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20

Darnon, Céline, Céline Buchs, and Fabrizio Butera. "Epistemic and relational conflicts in sharing identical vs. complementary information during cooperative learning." Swiss Journal of Psychology 61, no. 3 (September 2002): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.61.3.139.

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When interacting on a learning task, which is typical of several academic situations, individuals may experience two different motives: Understanding the problem, or showing their competences. When a conflict (confrontation of divergent propositions) emerges from this interaction, it can be solved either in an epistemic way (focused on the task) or in a relational way (focused on the social comparison of competences). The latter is believed to be detrimental for learning. Moreover, research on cooperative learning shows that when they share identical information, partners are led to compare to each other, and are less encouraged to cooperate than when they share complementary information. An epistemic vs. relational conflict vs. no conflict was provoked in dyads composed by a participant and a confederate, working either on identical or on complementary information (N = 122). Results showed that, if relational and epistemic conflicts both entailed more perceived interactions and divergence than the control group, only relational conflict entailed more perceived comparison activities and a less positive relationship than the control group. Epistemic conflict resulted in a more positive perceived relationship than the control group. As far as performance is concerned, relational conflict led to a worse learning than epistemic conflict, and - after a delay - than the control group. An interaction between the two variables on delayed performance showed that epistemic and relational conflicts were different only when working with complementary information. This study shows the importance of the quality of relationship when sharing information during cooperative learning, a crucial factor to be taken into account when planning educational settings at the university.

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Epstein, Irving, and Stig Thogersen. "Secondary Education in China After Mao: Reform and Social Conflict." Pacific Affairs 64, no. 4 (1991): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759877.

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Riposa, Gerry. "AFTER REAGAN'S DEREGULATION: STATE-FEDERAL CONFLICT OVER ENERGY POLICY." Review of Policy Research 8, no. 1 (September 1988): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00914.x.

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23

Bajpai, Kanti. "Crisis and Conflict in South Asia After September 11, 2001." South Asian Survey 10, no. 2 (September 2003): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152310301000203.

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Riding, James. "Landscape after genocide." cultural geographies 27, no. 2 (October 17, 2019): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474019876619.

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The March of Peace (Marš mira) is a 63-mile, 3-day walk through eastern Bosnia organised in memory of the victims of the 1995 Srebrenica genocide and traces in reverse a death march. Marchers take a trail from Nezuk, stopping at mass graves found along the way, arriving at the memorial cemetery in Potočari a day prior to the annual mass funeral for victims who have been recently exhumed. This article charts the journey from the death march to the peace march and asks the reader to assess the efficacy of embodied memory-work and the ethical responsibility to undertake – and responsibilities when undertaking – alternative memory-work in post-genocide landscapes and sites of mass murder, through a series of rhetorical shifts. A number of frames are enacted to challenge other more linear and conventional approaches, allowing the sociological and political productivity of engaging with post-genocide landscapes in a post-conflict state to emerge, referencing dissident forms of remembrance through the method of walking-with others while traversing this post-genocide landscape on foot. Travelling-with around 8,000 mourners, some of whom were survivors of the death march, the aim here is not to simply describe what is taking place; rather, the journey is undertaken in order to activate a space – a space within which I might engage with issues of landscape, conflict and memory in the context of their current discussion within cultural and political geography, genocide studies and memory studies, and more importantly to speak of genocide and a post-genocide landscape.

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Walder, Andrew G. "Factional Conflict at Beijing University, 1966–1968." China Quarterly 188 (December 2006): 1023–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000531.

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For two years after the summer of 1966, Beijing University was racked by factional conflict and escalating violence. Despite the intensity of the struggle the factions did not express didfferences in political doctrine or orientation towards the status quo. Nie Yuanzi, the veteran Party cadre who advanced rapidly in the municipal hierarchy after denouncing both the old Beida Party Committee and the work team, fiercely defended her growing power against opponents led by several former allies. Compromise proved impossible as mutual accusations intensified, and interventions by national politicians served only to entrench the divisions. The conflicts were bitter and personal not because they expressed differences between status groups, but because the rivals knew one another so well, had so much in common, and because the consequences of losing in this struggle were so dire.

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LAGERQUIST, PETER. "FENCING THE LAST SKY: EXCAVATING PALESTINE AFTER ISRAEL'S ““SEPARATION WALL””." Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2004.33.2.5.

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Since 2002, the ““Separation Fence”” has emerged as Israel's most defini-tive effort at reshaping the West Bank to date. Surveying the project's genealogy, ideological underpinnings, and diplomatic context, the article maps its concomitant implications: the bantustanization of the West Bank and any Palestinian state on some 50 percent of the territory; the fragmentation of Palestinian society and economy; the expansion and consolidation of Israeli settlement; and the physical and ““virtual”” transfer that looms as its conclusion. The author argues inter alia that the project has thus rendered irrelevant the current international ““me-diations”” in the conflict and terminally threatens also the idea of a two-state solution to the conflict.

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Marshall, Michael Christopher, and John Ishiyama. "Does political inclusion of rebel parties promote peace after civil conflict?" Democratization 23, no. 6 (June 14, 2016): 1009–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1192606.

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Earnest, James. "Post-conflict reconstruction – a case study in Kosovo." International Journal of Emergency Services 4, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-02-2015-0009.

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Purpose – Rehabilitation and reconstruction of social and economic infrastructure in a post-conflict environment are complex, long-debated issues in development cooperation. In addition to war creating large-scale human suffering, generating refugees, displacing populations, engendering psychological distress, obliterating infrastructure and transforming the economy, in post-conflict situations, deepening chaos and disorder can be found at the highest social, economic and political levels; serious developmental challenges remain insufficiently addressed. Repairing war-damaged infrastructure in order to reactivate the local economy is a challenge for all post-conflict countries. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The study was designed to examine planning and execution of post-conflict reconstruction (PCR). The use of a mixed-method research approach combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection was used to explore planning and implementation of PCR infrastructure projects in Kosovo. The data collection in the field was undertaken for a period of eight weeks, from July to September 2008. A total of 420 respondents were involved in the study process, as follows: key informants (four), pilot test (12), semi-structured interviews (36), project manager/engineers survey (231), chief of mission/country director survey (117), and focus group (20). To meet the needs of the society and recognise the required functional components of project management, the overall contexts of managing projects in a post-conflict environment have been discussed in the study. Findings – Planning and implementing reconstruction projects in areas affected by conflict have proven to be far more challenging than expected and responses by practitioners, aid agencies, and government regarded as inadequate. The changing political, economic, and social factors in Kosovo after the war in 1999 have had a significant influence on the limited adoption of a project management methodology in development and reconstruction projects. The findings from the exploratory study were aimed at improving understanding of the planning, pre-designing, and implementation of infrastructure projects. The findings indicated a need to promote a better understanding of how projects are undertaken at all levels of the organisation, and to describe processes, procedures, and tools used for the actual application of projects. The findings of the study identified a poor quality of planning and implementation of reconstruction projects in an environment of complexity, change, and uncertainty. The study also raised some very significant findings for a broader approach to community involvement in project identification, planning, and implementation. Infrastructure projects implemented in Kosovo were used to develop a conceptual framework for designing projects and programmes more likely to yield positive outcomes for post-conflict society. Originality/value – The study was done by the researcher in Kosovo.

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Drury, Mark. "Disidentification with Nationalist Conflict." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8186137.

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Abstract This article explores how physical movement and political mobility have been central to different forms of loyalty and critique that have historically underpinned political authority in the Sahara. After outlining several expressions of loyalty characteristic of political authority in the Sahara and their interrelationship with movement and mobility, the article focuses on the figure of the ‘a'id, or returnee, a subject position that has been produced by the conflict between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic state-in-exile. Defined as someone who leaves Sahrawi refugee camps and “returns” to Morocco, the ‘a'id has been associated with betrayal and opportunism since emerging as a subject position near the end of armed conflict in the late 1980s. As the significance of this subject position has changed, the article considers how the ‘a'id illustrates the politics of disidentification for those subjected to the binaries of prolonged nationalist conflict.

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Đevoić, Boženko. "Sri Lanka: Physical Reconstruction and Economic Development as Conflict Prevention Factors." Croatian International Relations Review 19, no. 69 (December 1, 2013): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2014-0003.

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ABSTRACT This article gives an overview of the 26 year long ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and examines physical reconstruction and economic development as measures of conflict prevention and postconflict reconstruction. During the years of conflict, the Sri Lankan government performed some conflict prevention measures, but most of them caused counter effects, such as the attempt to provide “demilitarization”, which actually increased militarization on both sides, and “political power sharing” that was never honestly executed. Efforts in post-conflict physical reconstruction and economic development, especially after 2009, demonstrate their positive capacity as well as their conflict sensitivity. Although the Sri Lankan government initially had to be forced by international donors to include conflict sensitivity in its projects, more recently this has changed. The government now practices more conflict sensitivity in its planning and execution of physical reconstruction and economic development projects without external pressure.

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Assem, Ayman, Sherif Abdelmohsen, and Mohamed Ezzeldin. "Smart management of the reconstruction process of post-conflict cities." Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 14, no. 2 (October 5, 2019): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arch-04-2019-0099.

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Purpose Cities lying within conflict zones have continually faced hardships of both war aftermath and long-term sustainable reconstruction. Challenges have surpassed the typical question of recovery from post-conflict trauma, preserving urban heritage and iconic elements of the built environment, to face issues of critical decision making, rebuilding effectiveness and funding mechanisms, leading to time-consuming processes that lack adequate consistent long-term management. Some approaches have explored methods of effective long-term city reconstruction management but have not fully developed comprehensive approaches that alleviate the management of such complex processes. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors devise an approach for the smart management of post-conflict city reconstruction. The authors focus on evaluation, strategic planning, reconstruction projects and implementation. The authors integrate building information modeling and geographic/geospatial information systems in a platform that allows for real-time analysis, reporting, strategic planning and decision making for managing reconstruction operations and projects among involved stakeholders including government agencies, funding organizations, city managers and public participants. Findings The approach suggested a smart management system for the reconstruction process of post-conflict cities. Implementing this system was shown to provide a multi-objective solution for post-conflict city reconstruction based on its interlinked modules. Research limitations/implications Results may lack generalizability and require testing on several cases to provide rigorous findings for different case studies. Practical implications Implications include developing smart management systems for use by city managers and government authorities in post-conflict zones, as well as bottom-up decision making by including participant citizens especially populations in the diaspora. Originality/value The approach offers an integrated platform that informs city reconstruction decision makers, allowing for strategic planning tools for efficient planning, monitoring tools for continuous management during and after reconstruction, and effective platforms for communication among all stakeholders.

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Morris, R. "The effect of goal-subgoal conflict on planning ability after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in humans." Neuropsychologia 35, no. 8 (August 1997): 1147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00009-2.

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Ansoms, An. "Resurrection after Civil War and Genocide: Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Post-conflict Rwanda." European Journal of Development Research 17, no. 3 (September 2005): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810500209577.

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Kato, Takaaki, Itsuki Nakabayashi, and Taro Ichiko. "Development of Planning Support System for Urban Rehabilitation and Reconstruction." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0422.

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The past post-disaster recovery process had many difficulties in planning. The importance of residents participatory urban planning is true of post-disaster planning and ordinary planning; however, there are difficult problems as follows: time-scale conflict between desire of affected households for swift recovery of their individual lives and enough consideration of urban planning to avoid speed-before-quality planning, unsmooth discussion and consensus building because of mutual conflict of their interest in the residents, and a shortage of professionals in the case that an earthquake disaster hits wide and high-density urbanized region. The concept of "pre-disaster planning" has been propounded as measures to deal with these serious situations after 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake in Japan. Actual measures including "neighborhood community-training program for post-disaster recovery" of Tokyo Metropolitan have been implemented in various approaches. This study has pioneering approach in this context. We focus on planning support technologies based on a geographic information system (GIS) and establish planning support system for post-disaster community-based urban planning, which will smooth discussion and increase efficiency of planning work. An introduction of the system will result in reduction of total time needed on the planning process and supplement of professionals. Though there are some problems that we identified, they will be solved in accumulated experiences such as the training program in the near future.

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Jarrett, Henry. "Identity Change After Conflict: Ethnicity, Boundaries and Belonging in the Two Irelands." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 26, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2020.1751443.

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Belal, Ali, and Elena Shcherbina. "Post-war Planning for Urban Cultural Heritage Recovery." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 05054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126305054.

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The purpose of the research is to present guidelines and recommendations that can contribute to the post-war recovery of urban cultural heritage by a proposed methodology, based on other experiences in the reconstruction and preservation field of historical areas after wars, with the possibility of applying them, as an attempt to regain the features of the old part of the city. We also suggest those suggestions and guidance on three different levels. These guidelines are applicable at three levels: the historic core of the city, neighbourhood level, and individual quarters level. Each level had a specific theme for reconstruction planning that can maintain the city’s particular character during the current circumstances. Many cities have been heavily damaged as a result of the armed conflict in Syria, destroying most of the city’s neighbourhoods, including the historic district. Hence, we present a study of the consequences of this destruction on the historic fabric of the city, and search for the best solutions to give it the needed protection. Finally, the results and recommendations of this research will lead to developing answers to deal with historic centres and historic buildings that have been damaged by the armed conflict and were neglected before the war. The goal of this research is to identify fundamental principles that can lead to a successful reconstruction process while also preserving the city’s cultural identity.

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Karolyi, Paul. "Update on Conflict and Diplomacy." Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no. 2 (2018): 104–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.2.104.

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This update is a summary of bilateral, multilateral, regional, and international events affecting the Palestinians and Israel, compiled from a survey of more than 100 print, wire, television, and online sources providing U.S., Israeli, Arab, and international independent and government coverage of unfolding events. Regional events figure heavily in developments from 16 August 2017 to 15 November 2017 as the Saudi Arabian crown prince steps out of the shadows of secret meetings with Israeli and U.S. officials; Lebanese prime minister Saad Hariri announces his resignation under mysterious circumstances in Riyadh; and Prince Mohammad bin Salman summons PA president Mahmoud Abbas to the Saudi capital just two days later. These actions come soon after representatives from Hamas and Fatah sign a new reconciliation agreement in Cairo, prompting Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu to threaten to upend Trump's peace initiative. Netanyahu and his right-wing coalition continue to quarrel internally over settlement growth and annexation. They also continue their crackdown on the Israeli opposition, Palestinian citizens of Israel, and supporters of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. Earlier in the quarter, U.S. president Donald Trump asks the Palestinians to delay unilateral moves at international forums while he puts together a plan for restarting Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations.

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Nikkhah-Farkhani, Zahra, and Azadeh Soltani. "Factors Influencing Turnover Intention of Physicians in Deprived Areas." Hospital Practices and Research 6, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpr.2021.10.

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Background: The lack of specialist physicians is a major concern in developing countries, especially in deprived cities. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the predictive variables of the turnover intention of physicians working in an undeveloped and deprived city in Iran. Methods: Participants were 100 physicians working at North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data were collected using a standard questionnaire of Turnover Intention, Interpersonal Conflict, Work-Family Conflict, Work Overload, and Organizational Support scales. We proposed a hybrid methodology to identify factors influencing turnover intention, which combines clustering and classification methods. RStudio 1.1, SPSS Clementine 12, and SPSS 22 programs were used for data analysis. After data clustering, we made a CART decision tree model for each cluster and used the variable importance feature of SPSS Clementine to discover the factors influencing turnover intention in each cluster. Results: We found two significant clusters of physicians’ turnover intention. In both clusters, interpersonal conflict (work ambiguity and work conflict) was the most important predictor of physician turnover intention, but physicians in the first cluster compared to the second had a higher turnover intention. In cluster 1, work overload, organizational support, and work-family conflict were respectively the predictors of physician turnover intention and in cluster 2, organizational support, work-family conflict, and final work overload were respectively the predictors of physician turnover intention. Conclusion: Cultural differences and the resulting interpersonal conflicts are the most important predictors of physician turnover intention in deprived areas. Turnover intention predictions of physicians with a longer work experience are different from that of others, and human resource managers must implement appropriate strategies to keep physicians in the deprived areas.

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39

Kuzio, Taras. "Ukraine and the Yugoslav Conflict." Nationalities Papers 25, no. 3 (September 1997): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999708408526.

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Even before gaining independence in December 1991 from the former USSR, Ukraine had supported Slovenia and Croatia's drive to independence from the former Yugoslavia. In May 1991, Croatian President Franjo Tudjman paid an official visit to Ukraine where then parliamentary speaker Leonid Kravchuk expressed sympathy with Croatia's desire for independence. Tudjman pointed out how Ukraine's seat at the United Nations had given it a head start in obtaining international recognition of its independent status. On 12 December 1991, twelve days after the Ukrainian referendum on independence, Kyiv became one of the first states to diplomatically recognise Croatia and Slovenia; and further, it announced its readiness to open embassies in both countries. Ukraine was the first member of the U.N. to recognise Croatia; the second and third countries, Slovenia and Lithuania, were not members of the U.N. when they recognised Croatia.

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Maksymenko, N. V., V. O. Voronin, N. I. Cherkashyna, and S. P. Sonko. "Geochemical aspect of landscape planning in forestry." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111833.

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One of the modern methods of spatially estimating anthropogenic impact on a given territory is landscape planning, including the stage of assessment of the conditions of a natural complex . The results of such an evaluation are used in environmental management. The aim of the work is to assess the ecological conditions of the Vasyshchivsky forest area by means of landscape and environmental planning. The aim is achieved by performing the following stages of work: assessment of the distribution and intensity of contamination sources in the Vasyshchivsky forest area; drawing a scheme showing parts of the territory with probable conflicts; making a soil and geochemical survey of the forest area to assess acidity distribution and total content of carbonates in the soil as the consequences of pollution of the forest ecosystem ; specification of geochemical characteristics of soils on the forest sites in the established location of former fires; forecast of limits of afte-r fire areas based on the analysis of cartographic works developed by the authors. The geochemical characteristics of the soils in Vasyshchivsky forest have been studied to identify the areas affected by fire, and the results of this study are given in this paper. During the inventory phase of landscape and environmental planning, a complete survey of the forest territory was conducted and a landscape map was drawn. Based on the authors’ matrices filled with conflicts of natural use, the areas with low, medium and high levels of conflict have been marked within the study area. Landscape and environmental planning has been evaluated by soil sampling outside the test points on the network and their laboratory analysis. The results of the evaluation phase were maps illustrating the geochemical situation in the forest soil cover. The article presents cartographic models of the spatial distribution of carbonates in the forest soils, water and salt extraction pH. The results of the study are part of an environmental assessment of Vasyshchivsky forest area. In future they will be used in restoration of the forest ecosystems after fire.

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Xiang, Zheng, Wenqi Zhang, Deyang He, and Yu Tang. "A Centralized Algorithm with Collision Avoidance for Trajectory Planning in Preflight Stage." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (January 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6657464.

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In order to better understand pretactical phase flow management with the flight plan centralized processing at its core, based on the flight plan centralized processing system and track-based operation, the aircraft’s 4D trajectory planning challenges require a deeper level of analysis. Firstly, through establishing a flight performance prediction model, in which the flight plan data is extracted and the time when an aircraft passed a specified waypoint is calculated, a 4D flight prediction can be derived. Secondly, the air traffic flow of the waypoint is calculated, and a converging point along a flight route is selected. Through adjusting the time and speed of the aircraft passing this point, conflict between aircraft is avoided. Finally, the flight is verified by CCA1532, with the connecting flight plan centralized processing center set in line with the company’s requirements. The results demonstrate that according to flight plans, the 4D trajectory of the aircraft can be predicted with the nearest minute and second, and the flow of a total of 20 aircraft within one hour before and after the passage of CCA1532 at key point WADUK can be calculated. When there is a conflict of 88 s between the convergence point and flight B, the speed of B aircraft is adjusted from 789 km/h to 778 km/h, and the time of passing the WADUK point is increased by 7 s, thereby realizing the conflict-free trajectory planning of the two flights.

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42

Xiang, Zheng, Wenqi Zhang, Deyang He, and Yu Tang. "A Centralized Algorithm with Collision Avoidance for Trajectory Planning in Preflight Stage." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (January 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6657464.

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In order to better understand pretactical phase flow management with the flight plan centralized processing at its core, based on the flight plan centralized processing system and track-based operation, the aircraft’s 4D trajectory planning challenges require a deeper level of analysis. Firstly, through establishing a flight performance prediction model, in which the flight plan data is extracted and the time when an aircraft passed a specified waypoint is calculated, a 4D flight prediction can be derived. Secondly, the air traffic flow of the waypoint is calculated, and a converging point along a flight route is selected. Through adjusting the time and speed of the aircraft passing this point, conflict between aircraft is avoided. Finally, the flight is verified by CCA1532, with the connecting flight plan centralized processing center set in line with the company’s requirements. The results demonstrate that according to flight plans, the 4D trajectory of the aircraft can be predicted with the nearest minute and second, and the flow of a total of 20 aircraft within one hour before and after the passage of CCA1532 at key point WADUK can be calculated. When there is a conflict of 88 s between the convergence point and flight B, the speed of B aircraft is adjusted from 789 km/h to 778 km/h, and the time of passing the WADUK point is increased by 7 s, thereby realizing the conflict-free trajectory planning of the two flights.

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43

Claasen, P. E. "The conflict between coastal environmental protection and development in the Rooi-Els-Bot River estuary area." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 4, no. 3 (March 18, 1985): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v4i3.1039.

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The conflict between coastal environmental protection and development in the Rooi-Els-Bot River estuary area has come under renewed attention after the Minister of Constitutional Development and Planning recently announced his intention to declare this area a “nature area”. However, no clear guidance has yet been given by the government on how this conflict can be resolved. In this article the above-mentioned area is used as an example to investigate these problems and to formulate solutions for the control of coastal zones in such a way that the conflict can be reduced to a large extent. The proposed introduction of a nature area is examined critically and suggestions are made for its control and financing.

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Fransen, Sonja, and Valentina Mazzucato. "Remittances and Household Wealth after Conflict: A Case Study on Urban Burundi." World Development 60 (August 2014): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.018.

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45

Kurosaki, Takashi. "Household-Level Recovery after Floods in a Tribal and Conflict-Ridden Society." World Development 94 (June 2017): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.039.

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46

Jović, Dejan, and Christopher K. Lamont. "Introduction Croatia after Tuđman: Encounters with the Consequences of Conflict and Authoritarianism." Europe-Asia Studies 62, no. 10 (November 24, 2010): 1609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2010.522421.

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47

Elliott, Bronwen, Patricia Kiely, and Sue Tolley. "So much to gain: New approaches to child protection meetings." Children Australia 26, no. 3 (2001): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200010312.

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While participation of parents in case planning in child protection is widely accepted as desirable, in practice both workers and parents are often left frustrated by the outcomes of child protection meetings. Two models of managing the decision making process are reviewed, Looking After Children (LAC) and Family Decision Making (FDM). Approaches to preparation, planning and management of conflict are highlighted. Strategies for facilitating parental participation are identified and can be applied more broadly to child protection meetings, to encourage more effective outcomes.

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48

Visoka, Gëzim. "Everyday peace capture: Nationalism and the dynamics of peace after violent conflict." Nations and Nationalism 26, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nana.12591.

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49

Narangoa, Li. "Mongolia and Preventive Diplomacy: Haunted by History and Becoming Cosmopolitan." Asian Survey 49, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 358–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.2.358.

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Since 1992, Mongolia has sought to embed itself and its neighbors, Russia and China, in regional security arrangements and international law. This strategy can be categorized as preventive diplomacy and involves seeking to create a climate in which conflict will not arise, rather than managing conflict after it has emerged.

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Robertson, Iain. "Governing the Highlands: The Place of Popular Protest in the Highlands of Scotland after 1918." Rural History 8, no. 1 (April 1997): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001151.

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This paper seeks to explore the relationship between agencies of government and crofting tenantry in the Highlands of Scotland, as manifested in events of popular protest after 1914. These events seem to have received little attention when compared to disturbance of earlier periods, which have been extensively documented, and the period after 1918 in particular has been under represented in the literature. Furthermore the actions of agencies of government were significantly different in this later period. Where before the Great War government actions were wholly reactive, this paper will demonstrate that during the war and after, the Board of Agriculture made significant attempts to be proactive in the face of incipient protest. Yet, conflict, and the resultant acts of protest, continued to be a characteristic element of social relations in the Highlands in the post-war period. This paper seeks to show that whilst the actions of the land-working population were of central significance, this conflict was not solely between the tenantry and landowners or agencies of government but was also within those various groupings. Consequently, it is argued that protest attests to a complex nexus of conflict on both regional and national levels.

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