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Neple, Pernille. "The regulation of mercenary and private security-related activites under South African law compared to other legislations and conventions /." Link to online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1603.
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Slay, David Henson. "New masters on the Mississippi the United States colored troops of the middle Mississippi Valley /." [Fort Worth, Tex.] : Texas Christian University, 2009. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-05012009-121518/unrestricted/Slay.pdf.
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Stone, M. S. "The Victorian army : health, hospitals and social conditions as encountered by British troops during the South African War, 1899-1902." Thesis, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320071.
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Erasmus, Willem Driesse. "Development of military leadership : a proposed model for the South African National Defence Force." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1177.
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Thesis (PhD (Public Management and Planning
))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The result of this research is an alternative model for leadership character development in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). The SANDF reflects the racial and cultural diversity of South Africa as a nation. The need for a unifying leadership-related mechanism for the military milieu in which humane leadership development will flourish, is evident. This statement is based on the premise that no evidence is found that any previous efforts by the SANDF to instil a leadership philosophy or policy as a way of military life was successful. Further shortcomings in the current SANDF leadership development model, apart from the reality that its selection process of officer candidates needs improvement, are the absence of political guidance and participation in the development of its military leaders, as well as emaciated attention to the development of the character side of leaders during officer formative training. The SANDF, unlike the international tendency, has no military leadership institution to ensure that its leadership development policies and practices are based on sound academic research. Such an institution will also ensure that the SANDF stays contemporary in the global field of military leadership development. The shortcomings of the current SANDF Model were identified by progressing through the academic theories on leadership and leadership development to a comparative analysis of leadership development practices in the militaries of Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada and the SANDF. This supplied the information needed to propose the Five Point Star Model (FPS Model) for leadership character development in the SANDF. The five components of the FPS Model, which address the shortcomings of the current SANDF Model, are Convergent Leadership, Political Participation, Superior Selection, Interventions for Leadership Character Development, and a Military Leadership Institution.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uitkoms van hierdie navorsing is ’n alternatiewe model wat die tekortkominge in die ontwikkeling van leierskapkarakter in die Suid Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) aanspreek. Die SANW weerspieël die rasse- en kulturele diversiteit van die Suid Afrikaanse nasie, wat die behoefte aan ‘n samebindende leierskapsverwante meganisme na vore bring. Hierdie stelling is gegrond daarop dat geen bewys, waar die SANW daarin geslaag het om ’n samebindende leierskapsfilosofie of –beleid as ‘n militêre leefwyse te vestig, gevind is om sodoende die militêre milieu te skep waarin mensgerigte leierskap sal floreer nie. Verdere tekortkominge in die huidige Leierskapsontwikkelingsmodel van die SANW, bo en behalwe dat die keuringsproses van kandidaat-offisiere uitgebrei en verbeter moet word, is die afwesigheid van politieke deelname en rigtinggewing waar die ontwikkeling van die land se jong militêre leiers ter sprake is. Te min aandag word ook gewy aan die ontwikkeling van kandidaat-offisiere se karakter of inbors tydens offisiersvorming kursusse. Die internasionale tendens is vir weermagte om ‘n militêre leierskapsinstelling te hê. Die SANW het nie so ‘n instelling om te verseker dat militêre leierskapsontwikkelingsbeleid en -praktyke op behoorlike akademiese navorsing gefundeer is nie. Dit maak dit moeilik om ’n kontemporêre bydrae in die internasionale veld van militêre leierskap te maak. Die wyse waarop die tekortkominge van die huidige SANW Leierskapsontwikkelingsmodel geïdentifiseer is, was om voort te bou op die akademiese teorieë oor leierskap en leierskapsontwikkeling en om ’n vergelykende studie tussen leierskapsontwikkelingspraktyke in die weermagte van Duitsland, Brittanje, Kanada en die SANW te doen. Die vergelykende studie het inligting verskaf om die Vyfpuntster Model vir die ontwikkeling van leierskapkarakter in die SANW voor te stel. Die vyf komponente van die nuwe model spreek die tekortkominge van die huidige SANW Model aan, en die komponente is Konvergerende Leierskap, Politieke Deelhebberskap, Voortreflike Keuring, Intervensies vir Leierskapkarakterontwikkeling, en ‘n Instansie vir Militêre Leierskap.
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Neple, Pernille. "The regulation of mercenary and private security-related activities under South African law compared to other legislations and conventions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1896.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have become increasingly important actors since the end of the Cold War. They provide a wide range of services and are therefore difficult to classify. Many view them as new front companies for mercenaries, which this thesis argues is not the case. Few states have put in place legislation to deal with the problems caused by these companies, and they are therefore generally not accountable to states. This is problematic because their services are within an area where states have traditionally had monopoly. This thesis studies the new South African legislation, the Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act of 2006, which was put in place in order to ban mercenaries and regulate the services offered by the private military and security companies based in the country. By comparing it to the older South African legislation, the thesis evaluates the extent to which the new legislation has been able to close loopholes inherent in the old legislation. The new South African legislation is also compared to the international conventions which bans mercenaries. By banning these actors, South Africa is very much in line with the international community when it designed the conventions. However, PNSCs are not mercenaries. The thesis then compares the new South African legislation to the domestic regulation in place in the United States of America. It finds that despite having many of the same weaknesses as the South African legislation, it is more likely that the American regulation will be abided by than the South African. This is due to the positive relationship between the US government and American PMSCs, and the fact that the government is a major client of the companies. South Africa does not enjoy the same positive relationship with its companies. Finally, the new South African legislation is compared to the UK Green Paper of 2002, which presented options of how to deal with the companies. The ban on mercenaries put in place by the new South African legislation was discouraged in the Green Paper. The licensing regime (as in the USA) that was proposed by the Green Paper, however, is similar to the authorisation scheme established in South Africa.
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Berman, Julia E. "African American tropes in popular film /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091899.
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Hillary, Gama Samuel Amule. "Mercenarism and the curbing of mercenary activity in Africa, 1990 to 2005 selected case studies /." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03112010-124730.
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Lawson, Shannon L. "Tales, Tropes, and Transformations: The Performance of Gusaba no Gukwa in Rwanda." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1386338407.
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Ojo, Adegboye Philip. "Mortuary tropes and identity articulation in Francophone Caribbean and Sub-Saharan African narratives /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3095268.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-215). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Maguire, Anna Mary. "Colonial encounters during the First World War : the experience of troops from New Zealand, South Africa and the West Indies." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/colonial-encounters-during-the-first-world-war(e25db8ce-ba0c-4293-bf91-c34a93896c8e).html.
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This thesis offers a sustained comparative analysis of colonial encounters during the First World War by examining the experience of troops from New Zealand, South Africa and the West Indies. While the war is usually understood as a military clash of empires, the thesis argues that it also created fresh spaces for a range of encounters as diverse groups were thrown together. These encounters varied from fleeting interactions to more sustained relationships in changing contact-zones dependent on military mobilisation. While race remains the primary focus in the thesis, the analysis is also nuanced to other categories, such as class, gender, and combatant/civilian status. In the recent ‘global’ turn in First World War studies, more has been learnt about colonial participation and the impact of empire. If much of the work has focussed on particular national or ethnic groups, this thesis adopts a comparative and at times transnational approach to make lateral connections between the colonial groups and their represented experiences. The thesis investigates how the structures and hierarchies of colonialism operated once dislocated by the movements of war, disclosing the complex lived realities of colonial cultures in times of war. The thesis draws upon document and photograph collections at the Imperial War Museum, alongside other archival collections, as well as memoirs, oral testimonies, newspapers, magazines and literary works, and often reads them together in order to recover and analyse this complex history. Many of the non-white troops were non-literate and the subsequent paucity of written material necessitates this broader interdisciplinary approach. Encounters represent a central element of the represented war service of the colonial troops in the source material. The concentration on encounters in this thesis, through the perspective of cultural history, reveals how war challenged and changed identity beyond the space of the battlefield.
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Moxley, Courtney. "Infection of two distinct Trichuris sp. genotypes within and among baboon (Papio ursinus) troops on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7625.
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The chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) population on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa is divided into 16 geographically isolated troops, 14 of which are classified as being commensal with humans. Regular contact with humans in urban and agricultural settings may have increased the risk of transmission of the different parasite species identified within this population. The aim of the study was to identify whether two previously-identified genotypes of the whipworm, Trichuris sp., infect the same individual baboon simultaneously and whether both genotypes infect baboons of different troops on the Peninsula. Genomic DNA was extracted from adult Trichuris worms extracted from the gastrointestinal tract of six baboons from five different troops on the Peninsula. Two sets of primers were designed to amplify different sized products of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA through PCR. Diagnostic PCR revealed the DG genotype among two Trichuris sp. specimens in a baboon from an unknown troop, while the CP-GOB genotype was observed among five specimens within a baboon from the Groot Olifantsbos troop. Sequence data confirmed the presence of a single genotype in each troop. This study suggests that the genotypes are specific to baboon troops but the potential for both genotypes to infect baboons within troops on the Peninsula cannot be ruled out. Knowledge of the specificity of the Trichuris genotypes to baboon hosts of different troops may inform our understanding of the evolution of diversity within this genus. Future research into the transmission of both genotypes within and between troops may also highlight the potential for two distinct species of Trichuris to exist among the baboons. Considering the close contact between baboons and humans on the Peninsula, clarification on host specificity of either genotype will also be important for managing zoonoses and preventing break-outs of infectious diseases between the species.
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Macabela, Monwabisi Victor. "Country and city: a study of autobiographical tropes in Ncumisa Vapi's novel Litshona limpume." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11945.
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Includes bibliographical references.The title of this thesis, Country and City - Autobiographical tropes in Ncumisa Vapi's Litshona Liphume arises out of a complex understanding of the author's narrative and literary intentions. Country refers to the fact that the story is set in a specifically named rural area in the Eastern Cape in the late 1960s and early 1970s. City on the other hand does not refer to any particular city, but is rather a symbol of changed and challenge, of opportunity and wealth but also of a world view deficient in tradition and spiritual connection with the land and the ancestors.
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Hu, Xiaoran. "Undoing apartheid, becoming children : writing the child in South African literature." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/31798.
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This thesis examines the trope of the child in South African literature from the early years of apartheid to the contemporary moment. The chapters focus on some of the most established and prolific authors in South African literary history and roughly follow a chronological sequence: autobiographies by the exiled Drum writers (Es'kia Mphahlele and Bloke Modisane) in the early 1960s; Nadine Gordimer's writing during the apartheid era; confessional novels by Afrikaans-speaking authors (Mark Behr and Michiel Heyns) in the transitional decade; and J. M. Coetzee's late and post apartheid works. I argue that, while writing from diverse historical and political positions in relation to South Africa's literary culture, these authors are all in one way or another able to articulate their subjectivities-with their underlying ambiguities, contradictions, and negations-by imagining themselves as the child or/and through childhood. My analyses of the works under discussion attend to the subversive and transformative potential of, and the critical energies embedded in the trope of the child, by investigating narrative reconfigurations of temporality and space. Firstly, I will be looking at the ways in which the images, structures, and aesthetics making up the imaginings of the child disrupt a linear temporality and serve as critique of a teleological historiography of political emancipation and the liberation struggle. Secondly, I will pay attention to the spatial relations with which representations of the child are bound up: between the country and the city, black townships and white suburbs, the home and the street. By attending to specific transgressions and reorderings of these spatial relations, my reading also explores the ways in which spatial underpinnings and ideological boundaries of national identities are contested, negotiated, and restructured by forces of the transnational, the diasporic, and the global around the figure of the child.
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Dunietz, Mariel R. "Marseille en Trompe l'Œil: la Marginalisation de Sa Population d'Origine Nord-Africaine." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/649.
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Within the past few years, Marseille has been upheld in the media as a success story of French immigration policy due its apparent ability to welcome and integrate diverse social groups, notably North African immigrants and their descendants. While it is true that Marseille has largely escaped the social unrest found in other French cities with significant numbers of immigrant residents, the city’s large North African population still faces marginalization and discrimination. This thesis aims to challenge the recent positive journalistic narrative by highlighting the ongoing social issues that North African immigrants still face in the city.
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Bou, Jean Humanities & Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The evolution and development of the Australian Light Horse, 1860-1945." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38689.
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Despite the place that the Light Horse occupies in Australia???s military history and the national martial mythology, there has not yet been a scholarly attempt to investigate the evolution and development of Australia???s mounted branch. This thesis is the first attempt to fill this gap in our knowledge and understanding of the history of the Australian Army. In doing so it will consider the ways in which the Light Horse evolved, the place it had in defence thinking, the development of its doctrine, its organisational changes and the way in which that organisation and its men interacted with their society. This thesis firstly analyses the role and place of the mounted soldier in the British and colonial/dominion armies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries before going on to examine what effects the debates about this had on the development of Australia???s mounted troops. It will find that in the nineteenth century the disparate mounted units of the Australian colonies were established mainly along the organisational model of the mounted rifleman. Influenced by social ideas about citizen soldier horsemen and a senior officer with firm views, this model continued to be used by the new Light Horse until well into the First World War. During that war it was gradually discovered that this military model had its limitations and by the end of the war much of the Light Horse had become cavalry. This discovery in turn meant that during the inter-war period cavalry continued to be part of the army. Analysed in depth also are the many organisational changes that affected the mounted branch during its existence. Some of these reflected doctrinal and tactical lessons, and others were the result of various plans by the government and military authorities to improve the army. It will be seen that regardless of these plans part-time citizen horse units continued to have many problems and they rarely came to be what the government wanted of them. That they were as strong as they were was testimony to the efforts of a dedicated and enthusiastic few.
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Santos, Lorene dos. "Saberes e práticas em redes de trocas: a temática africana e afro-brasileira em questão." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8GHN3L.
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One of the central discussions among researchers, teachers and other social groups that has a strong political meanings in Brazilian society nowadays is the subject related to African and Afro-Brazilians theme. This subject was transformed into mandatory curriculum content in BasicEducation through the Law 10.639/03 and its Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação das Relações Étnico-raciais e para o Ensino de História e Cultura Africana e Afro-brasileira, that regulates the teaching about this subject, and has been generated political, pedagogical and historiographic tensions. This research seeks the comprehension of the school knowledge and teaching knowledge and practices already in use and under construction under the Law 10.639/03, focusing especially on the historical school knowledge concerning the Afro-Brazilian subject. This study is based on different fields of knowledge specially historiographical and educational fields. Considering the latter the focus was placed on the studies about curriculum and about teachers learning and practice. On historiography, the research includes studies of Africa and Afro- descent in Brazil, specially studies on slavery. We also analyse the teaching ofhistory as a field of both research and social practice. The research was conducted in Contagem, Minas Gerais and followed a set of methodological tools of qualitative nature. The analysis was mainly based in the reports of teachers of Basic Education in two different moments: a) the Exchange Network, an event involving over a hundred teachers with different backgrounds and levels; b) a Focal Group, withnine history teachers who participated in the Exchange Network.The results lead to a configuration of a complex framework of knowledge and practices placed around a perspective of positivation in the context of the African and Afro-Brazilian history and culture, that promotes an anti-racist education. We found also the axiological dimension ofthe school knowledge and the power framework towards the reception of the Law 10.639/03. At last, the investigation contributed to pointing out the challenges and dilemmas that belongs to this process, and brought clues about the repositioning of issues considered relevant, or even priority for the Brazilian education today.A temática africana e afro-brasileira remete a uma longa trajetória de debates e polêmicas, constituindo-se como tema de fortes significações políticas e sociais, no âmbito da sociedade brasileira. Sua transformação em conteúdo curricular obrigatório da EducaçãoBásica, a partir da Lei 10.639/03 e de suas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação das Relações Étnico-raciais e para o Ensino de História e Cultura Africana e Afrobrasileira, tem gerado novas tensões e dilemas de ordem política, pedagógica e historiográfica, entre outras.Esta pesquisa procura mapear e analisar os saberes escolares e os saberes e práticas docentes mobilizados e em processos de construção no interior de escolas e salas de aula, no bojo do processo de recepção à Lei 10.639/03, enfocando-se, de maneira especial, o lugar dos saberes históricos escolares no trato da temática africana e afrobrasileira. Recorre-se a aportes teóricos de diferentes campos de conhecimento, especialmente os campos historiográfico e da educação. No interior desse último, privilegiam-se os estudos sobre currículo e sobre formação e trabalho docente. No campo historiográfico, retomam-se estudos sobre África e sobre a presença africana e afro-descendente no Brasil, especialmente os estudos sobre escravidão. Aborda-se, ainda, o ensino de História como campo de pesquisa e prática social. A investigação foi desenvolvida no município de Contagem, Minas Gerais, e pautouse pelo investimento em um conjunto de instrumentos metodológicos de natureza qualitativa, privilegiando-se a análise de depoimentos de professores da Educação Básica, recolhidos em dois momentos distintos: um evento denominado Redes de Trocas, em que participaram mais de cem professores, com formações distintas e atuando em diferentes níveis de ensino; um Grupo Focal, constituído por nove professores de História que participaram das Redes de Trocas. Os resultados apontam para a configuração de um quadro multifacetado de saberes e práticas nucleadas em torno da perspectiva de positivação da história e cultura africana e afro-brasileira, com vistas à promoção de uma educação antirracista. Ficou evidenciada a dimensão axiológica dos saberes escolares e as relações de poder que atravessam o processo de recepção à Lei 10.639/03 e, por último, a investigação contribuiu para a identificação de desafios e dilemas envolvidos nesse processo, além de trazer pistas sobre o reposicionamento de questões consideradas relevantes, ou mesmo prioritárias, para a educação brasileira atual.
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Jolly, Laurent. "Le tirailleur somali : le métier des armes instrumentalisé (début XXe siècle - fin des années 60)." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU1009/document.
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Cette étude porte sur les recrues de l’armée française à Djibouti, de la Grande Guerre à la fin des années 60. Le faible nombre de recrues comparé aux autres parties de l’empire africain a occulté leur participation aux conflits mondiaux. Pourtant à la différence des autres colonies françaises, les engagements ont tous été volontaires, beaucoup des engagés ne sont pas originaires de la colonie. En apparence il s’agit donc de mercenaires engagés pour des opérations extérieures, renforçant ainsi les représentations guerrières des populations de la région, en particulier des Somali, les plus nombreux à s’être engagés. L’étude repose sur les archives françaises, notamment sur les livrets individuels de plus de 1300 tirailleurs représentant le quart des recrutements des années les plus significatives. Cette approche statistique, complétée par une enquête de terrain, permet d’aborder ces recrutements sous l’angle social, et révèle des motivations bien éloignées des clichés encore répandus tant en Occident qu’au sein des populations de la Corne. Cette double approche, quantitative et micro-historique, révèle les motivations de ces jeunes hommes engagés dans les rangs d’une armée coloniale, les migrations régionales, leurs stratégies individuelles, en relation avec le contexte socio-économique de la Corne, marqué par les crises alimentaires, l’insécurité politique et le déclin progressif du pastoralisme. Instrumentalisés par une puissance coloniale comme bien d’autres Africains au cours des différents conflits auxquels ils participèrent, ces intérimaires de la guerre ne perdirent jamais de vue leur intérêt qu’ils tentèrent de concilier avec la domination coloniale. Leur passage dans l’armée française, souvent de courte durée, fut à bien des égards une expérience de vie, une forme d’entrée en modernité. Ce travail tente de mesurer cette altérité, notamment au travers de trajectoires individuelles et familiales. S’ils furent des intermédiaires culturels, la puissance colonisatrice tenta vainement de les instrumentaliser dans le contexte de la décolonisation. L’armée fut dans ce cas productrice de nouvelles notabilités, et tenta de fidéliser le groupe des anciens combattants. Mais là encore, les individus ont adopté des postures bien plus complexes qu’il n’y parait, leur fidélité n’allant pas au-delà de leur intérêt personnel. L’instrumentalisation du métier des armes s’est donc poursuivie dans la sphère privée, mais aussi dans l’espace politique naissant après 1945This study is about the recruits of the French army in Djibouti, from the First World war until the sixties. Because of their scarce numbers, compared with those from other parts of the African empire, their part in world conflicts is less known. Though, contrary to what went on in other French colonies, the enlistments were all voluntary and many of the enlisted were not from Djibouti. So, they seem to have been mercenaries hired for operations abroad thus strengthening their image as warriors in the eyes of the people in the area, especially the Somali who enlisted the most. The study is based on the French archives, particularly on the personal records of over 1300 “tirailleurs” representing a quarter of the enlistments during the most significant years. This statistical approach, completed with field work, allows us to study these enlistments from a social point of view and reveals motivations quite different from the clichés still widely spread in the western world as well as among the population of the Horn. This double point of view, quantitative and micro-historical, reveals the motivations of these young men enlisted in a colonial army, regional migration movements, their individual strategies in relation with the socio-economical context in the Horn marked by food crisis, political insecurity and the decline of pastoralism. Being used as instruments by a colonial power like many other Africans during the several conflicts in which they took part, these temporary warriors never forgot their own interests which they attempted to conciliate with the colonial domination. Their often short stay with the French army was for many reasons an experience, a sort of step into modernity. This study attempts to measure this otherness particularly through individual and familial paths. Even though they were cultural go-betweens, the colonizing power tried to use them in the context of decolonization. In that case, the army produced new notabilities and attempt to win the loyalty of its ex-servicemen. But then, again, the different individuals adopted postures far more complex than they seem to be, their faithfulness never overstepping their personal interest. The profession of arms was thus used at a private level, but also in the new political world after 1945
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Van, Jaarsveld Aldri. "Private Military Companies as "new peacemakers" in Africa : is regulation sufficient?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18710.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis evaluates and explores the function of Private Military Companies (PMCs) on the African continent. The phenomenon of PMCs evolved after the end of the Cold War. This study focuses on the relevant international and national legislation regulating PMCs that conduct active military assistance operations. These PMC operations have a strategic impact on the political, social, economical and security environments of the areas in which they are contracted to operate. The purpose of the thesis is to assess whether PMCs are efficient and cost effective, can be held accountable and to whom, and if current legislation (national and international) regulating PMCs is sufficient. This thesis is a literature survey that seeks descriptive and comparative information relevant to the purpose of this study. It deals with that information qualitatively. No empirical research has been conducted. It is therefore not an opinion survey as no questionnaires have been completed, although interviews with knowledgeable people have been conducted. The thesis focuses on the operations conducted by the now defunct Executive Outcomes (of the Republic of South Africa), a combat type PMC in Angola and Sierra Leone and Military Professional Resources Incorporated (of the United States of America), a non-combat type PMC in Equatorial Guinea. The study concludes that PMC operations through legitimate government contracts at international level are indeed legitimate. The regulations (international and national, if they exist) regarding PMCs are not sufficient, and allow for many grey areas. PMCs that operate in this sphere of grey areas are unacceptable for the international community in the current milieu. PMCs are, however, operating in a vacuum of accountability and regulation (international and national). With sufficient legislation, PMCs could be the new peacemakers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis evalueer en ondersoek die funksionering van Privaat Militêre Maatskappye (PMM’e) en hul werksaamhede in Afrika. Die PMM-verskynsel het voortgespruit uit die stilstand van die Koue Oorlog. Die tesis fokus op die relevante internasionale en nasionale wetgewing rakende PMM’e wat aktief in een of ander formaat by militêre operasies betrokke is. Hierdie PMM-operasies het ’n beduidende strategiese impak op die sosio-politiese, ekonomiese en sekuriteitareas van die gebiede waartoe hul gekontrakteer is. Die doel van die tesis is om die effektiwiteit en koste-effektiwiteit van PMM’e te evalueer, asook om uit te vind of hulle aanspreeklik is en aan wie hulle verantwoording moet doen. Daar is ook gefokus op huidige wetgewing (internasionaal sowel as nasionaal) rakende PMM’e om die doeltreffendheid van sodanige wetgewing te bepaal. Hierdie tesis is ‘n opname van beskrywende en vergelykende literatuurstudies, relevant tot die doel van die tesis. Inligting is kwalitatief aangewend. Geen empiriese navorsing is onderneem nie. Hierdie tesis is ook nie gebaseer op ‘n meningsopname nie. Geen vraelyste is ingevul nie, maar daar is wel onderhoude met kenners van die betrokke vakgebied gevoer. Die tesis fokus op die vroeëre werksaamhede van die ontbinde “Executive Outcomes” as Suid-Afrikaanse PMM wat aktief betrokke was by oorlogvoering in Angola en Sierra Leone en ook op die steeds aktiewe Amerikaanse PMM “Military Professional Resources Incorporated” wat in Ekwatoriaal Guinieë werksaam is en wat nie aktief by oorlogvoering betrokke raak nie. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat PMM-kontrakte wat bekom word deur legitieme regeringskontrakte op internasionale vlak wel legitiem is. Daar is bevind dat wetgewing (internasionaal en nasionaal, waar wel beskikbaar) rakende PMM’e egter nie voldoende en effektief is nie. Daar is steeds baie grys areas rakende verantwoordbaarheid en wetgewing van PMM’e. Dit is in hierdie grys areas waarin baie PMM’e funksioneer en waardeur hulle onaanvaarbaar vir die internasionale gemeenskap in die huidige klimaat is. Doeltreffende wetgewing kan moontlik verseker dat PMM’e die nuwe vredemakers kan word.
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Asplund, Elin. "Prevalens av horisontella avståndsforier och avståndstropier bland hjälpsökande i Ghana." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medicin och optometri (MEO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53593.
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Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka prevalensen av avståndsforier och avståndstropier bland hjälpsökande i Ghana under en resa med hjälporganisationen Vision For All. Metod: Vid behov utfördes en enkel binokulär refraktion för att finna den bästa sfäriska ekvivalenten. Med denna eventuella korrektion på utfördes covertest på 6 m avstånd. Om indikation på att en fori eller tropi var förekommande mättes denna upp med prismastav och prisma covertest. Resultatet jämfördes sedan med liknande prevalensstudier i andra länder. Resultat: Av de personerna som screenades ingick 153 personer i studien. Åldern varierade mellan 5-85 år, där medelåldern var 47±19 år. Hos 134 personer (87,6 %) hittades ingen inställningsrörelse och de noterades som ortofori. Hos resterande var 7,8 % exofori, 0,7 % esofori. Exotropi och esotropi var lika förekommande med 2,0 % vardera. Medelvärdet var 0,27±1,21 Δ exofori för hela gruppen, med tropierna borträknade. Vanligast förekommande var 2 Δ exofori. Enbart två utav de sex upptäckta tropierna kunde mätas upp, dessa var 6 Δ esotropi och 10 Δ esotropi. Slutsats: Det vanligaste binokulära tillståndet på avstånd var ortofori. Därefter var den vanligaste binokulära avvikelsen exofori. Vilket ligger i linje med tidigare studier. Förekomsten av tropi var något högre än medelvärdet hos de studier som jämförts med. Denna studie kan ses som en fingervisning om hur prevalensen av avståndstropier och avståndstropier ter sig i Ghana.The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of distance heterophoria and heterotropia in a sample population of Ghana who attended vision screening camps from the Swedish non-profit organization called Vision For All. Vision For All collects, cleans and measures old spectacles in Sweden. During organized trips to less privileged countries in the world they perform eye examinations and donate spectacles. At first a simple eye examination was performed to find the patients’ best binocular spherical equivalent. Then to determine if a distance phoria or tropia was present, the unilateral and alternating cover test were used. If a heterophoria or heterotropia was found the prism cover test was performed using a prism bar to determine the size. 153 people were included in the study, with an average age of 47±19 years and ranging between 5-85 years. The study found that 87,6 % were orthophoric at distance. 7,8 % were exophoric and 0,7 % were esophoric. Exo- and esotropia were 2,0 % respectively. The average deviation size for the whole group was 0,27±1,21 Δ exophoria, where 2 Δ exophoria was the most common. Only two of the six found tropias could be measured, they were 6 Δ esotropia and 10 Δ esotropia. Earlier studies confirm that the most common condition is no deviation at distance and that an exophoric state is the second most common condition. The presence of tropia in this study was more frequent than the mean of other studies presented in this paper. This study only shows a hint of how the prevalence of distance heterophoria and heterotropia is in Ghana. Desirably further prevalence studies should be conducted with more stable conditions, better spectacle correction and a bigger sample size to accomplish higher reliability.
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Gonçalves, Joana Sofia Quaresma Figueiredo. "Conservação e restauro de uma Trompa em marfim: metodologia de tratamento de um material de origem animal e participação no tratamento de conservação e restauro de um Presépio com Maquineta e Trempe." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/5881.
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O presente estudo surge na sequência da intervenção de conservação e restauro de uma
obra etnográfica intitulada ―Trompa em marfim‖, de origem congolesa, pertencente ao
acervo do Museu Antropológico da Universidade de Coimbra
Este relatório pretende analisar as várias perspectivas inerentes à obra com vista à sua
conservação e preservação. Para tal foram efectuados o estudo histórico, cultural e artístico
da obra para acessar correctamente à determinação do seu estado de conservação e materiais
e técnicas empregues na construção deste material de origem animal. Definindo igualmente
as intervenções posteriores à produção original da obra e determinado de que forma se
encontram a prejudicar a sua preservação. Para tal foram efectuados os seguintes métodos de
exame e análise: FTIR-μS, XRD, Radiografia e fotografia com luz UV que foram
convenientemente relacionados com a bibliografia consultada. Por fim foram elaboradas,
uma proposta de tratamento adequada, de carácter conservativo, visando restabelecer apenas
a estabilidade da obra e uma proposta de acondicionamento da obra em reserva.
Foi igualmente prestada colaboração na intervenção de um presépio barroco com
maquineta e trempe proveniente do ―Convento das Salésias‖, com vista à sua exposição na
Sala do Tecto pintado no Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga. Sendo apresentada uma breve
contextualização histórica e artística e desenvolvidas de forma sucintas as temáticas inerentes
à intervenção efectuada na tampa deste presépio.
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Leuthardt, Julia. "Blues Trope as a Cultural Intersection in Alice Walker's The Temple of My Familiar and Sherman Alexie's Reservation Blues." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/335.
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Though bound historically through hundreds of years, the African-Native American relation has not received much attention by scholars of literature; hence, the emphasis of this thesis is to investigate the literary portrayal of the interethnic relation between African Americans and Native Americans through the blues trope. The blues trope provides an intriguing literary platform for the psychological and physical struggles in finding an identity within such a diverse multiethnic society like the United States. For African American writer Alice Walker and Native American author Sherman Alexie the blues trope is a successful literary device in expressing long lost and rediscovered emotions, identities and hopes among an ever growing multiethnic nation.
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Schwitzer-Borgiallo, Hélène. "Le théâtre au service du développement dans l'Afrique du Sud post-apartheid : l'art de l'engagement (2004-2014)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3073.
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Depuis la fin de l’apartheid, l’Afrique du Sud est entrée dans un vaste processus de reconstruction nationale. Les artistes de théâtre, qui s’étaient pour beaucoup impliqués dans la lutte contre le régime, ont ainsi dû redéfinir leur place au sein du pays. Cette thèse se concentre sur la période de 2004 à 2014 et étudie en particulier l’idéologie et les pratiques de troupes de théâtre professionnelles ayant choisi de mettre leur art au service du développement. Dans une dynamique prescriptive, ces dernières s’attaquent en priorité aux problématiques menaçant de façon immédiate l’équilibre vital de la société sud-africaine, prônant un changement attitudinal et comportemental auprès des publics visés. Constatant les difficultés de l’Afrique du Sud à gérer sa diversité et à effacer les multiples clivages issus de son histoire, les artistes s’emparent également de la question identitaire. Ainsi, les comédiens relaient les diverses perspectives sur le sujet et proposent à leur public de trouver un équilibre entre la reconnaissance des particularismes identitaires et la construction d’une nation fédérée autour de valeurs communes. Enfin, cette pratique artistique a pour vocation de transformer la réalité, constituant ainsi un défi pour tous ceux qui s’y impliquent. En modifiant le statut du spectateur, qui devient participant, les comédiens explorent la dimension performatrice de l’art théâtral. De plus, les artistes eux-mêmes sont confrontés à une exigence de cohérence, qu’il s’agisse de respecter effectivement leur mission en tant que troupe engagée pour le développement, ou d’incarner, au niveau professionnel comme privé, les valeurs qu’ils prônent sur scèneSince the end of apartheid, South Africa has entered into a vast process of national reconstruction, mobilising diverse constituent parts of its society. Theatre artists, many of whom were involved in the fight against the regime, have had to redefine their role within their country. This thesis focuses on the period of time between 2004 and 2014, and studies in particular the ideology and practices of professional theatre companies that chose to devote their art to the service of development. Following a prescriptive approach, these companies put a priority on tackling issues that represent an immediate threat to the vital balance of South African society, advocating an attitudinal and behavioural change in the target audiences. Observing the difficulties South Africa faces in managing its diversity and overcoming the numerous divisions that are by-products of its history, the artists also take on the question of identity. In this way, the actors present diverse perspectives on the subject and leave it to their audience to find the balance between recognising particular identities and adopting common values to build a truly united nation. Finally, such a theatre aims at transforming reality, therefore challenging the audience and the artists alike. Through modifying the status of the spectator, who becomes a participant, the actors explore the performative dimension of theatrical art. In addition, the artists themselves are confronted with a requirement for coherence, whether this involves respecting their purpose as a company committed to development, or incarnating, in both a professional and private sense, the values which they advocate on stage
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Neamtu-Voicu, Andreea-Madalina. "L’impuissance de la puissance : entre l’obstacle et l’opportunité (Trois femmes puissantes et Ladivine de Marie NDiaye)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF20011/document.
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À l’origine de cette recherche se trouve un débat taxinomique opposant deux points de vue différents sur l’œuvre et l’appartenance ethnique de l’écrivain Marie NDiaye. Sa filiation franco-sénégalaise et sa couleur de peau ont poussé certains critiques à intégrer ses écrits à la littérature noire francophone, alors que la romancière a principalement vécu en Europe et se dit modelée par la mentalité et la culture occidentales. Pourtant, dans ses deux derniers romans, l’Afrique est un élément essentiel de la diégèse. Notre curiosité a été suscitée par ces différents positionnements. Afin de trancher entre la fascination pour un endroit exotique auquel la romancière est souvent associée et une appartenance sans équivoque au champ littéraire de l’Afrique francophone, nous avons mené une étude sur trois niveaux. Le point de départ a été de relever les influences les plus marquantes qui ont façonné les œuvres de Marie NDiaye et de situer les romans du corpus dans une tradition littéraire évidente. La deuxième partie interroge les dimensions narrative et descriptive de Trois femmes puissantes et Ladivine afin de déceler des signes de métissage. Le dernier fil conducteur creuse les figures de l’imaginaire et relie les deux œuvres étudiées surtout aux mythes et aux symboles issus de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine et du catholicisme. Au terme de notre thèse, nous pensons avoir réussi un travail rigoureux dont les conclusions prouvent que la filiation littéraire de Marie NDiaye est du côté de la littérature françaiseAt the origin of this research is a taxonomic debate between two different views on the work and the ethnicity of the writer Marie NDiaye. Her Franco-Senegalese descent and skin color have determined some critics to integrate her works within the Francophone black literature, while the novelist lived mainly in Europe and said she was shaped by the Western mentality and culture. Yet in her last two novels, Africa is essential for the diegesis. Our curiosity was aroused by these different positions. To distinguish between the fascination for an exotic location to which the novelist is often associated and an unequivocal belonging to the literary field of Francophone Africa, we conducted a study on three levels. To distinguish between the fascination for an exotic location to which the novelist is often associated and an unequivocal belonging to the literary field of Francophone Africa, we conducted a study on three levels. The starting point was to meet the most important influences that have shaped the works of Marie NDiaye and to find the place of the novels of the corpus in an obvious literary tradition. The second part examines the narrative and descriptive dimensions of Three Strong Women and Ladivine in order to detect signs of miscegenation. The last thread studies the figures of the imaginary and connects the two works with myths and symbols derived from the Greco-Roman antiquity and the Catholicism. At the end of our thesis, we think we have achieved a rigorous work which proves that the literary lineage of Marie NDiaye is on the side of the French literature
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Forstchen, William R. "The 28th United States Colored Troops Indiana's African-Americans go to war, 1863-1865 /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39758013.html.
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SCARSELLI, ALDO GIUSEPPE. "Truppe coloniali di Italia e Regno Unito in Africa Orientale: una comparazione (1924-1939)." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1151823.
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L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è quello di confrontare i dispositivi di sicurezza militare delle colonie italiane e
inglesi in Africa Orientale nel periodo 1924-1939. Oggetto della ricerca saranno le truppe coloniali indigene,
gli ascari/askari, di Eritrea e Somalia per quanto riguarda l’Italia, e di Somaliland, Kenya, Uganda, Nyasaland,
Tanganika e Sudan per quanto riguarda la Gran Bretagna. Tale contesto cronologico e geografico non ha
ricevuto molta attenzione dalla storiografia se lo si guarda da un’ottica regionale e trans-coloniale. Inoltre,
alcuni corpi militari sono stati letteralmente trascurati da entrambe le storiografie, nella fattispecie quelli delle
due Somalie.
The objective of this research is to carry on a comparison between the military security devices deployed by
Italy and Great Britain in East African Colonies during the period 1924-1939. This research focuses on the
indigenous African troops – the askari/askari - recruited and employed by Italians in Eritrea and Somalia, and
by the British in Somaliland, Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Nyasaland and Sudan. At the present, this
chronological and geographical context has been scarcely investigated from a comparative and trans-colonial
perspective, not to mention the fact that some of these colonial corps have received little attention from both
national historiographies, especially the Somali askari/askari.
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Alexander, Edward George McGill. "The airborne concept in the South African military, 1960-2000 : strategy versus tactics in small wars." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23448.
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Text in EnglishRestricted files have not been uploaded
The thesis commences by elaborating on the concept of vertical envelopment as a form of military manoeuvre and defining airborne operations as comprising parachute, helicopter and air-landed actions. It goes on to describe strategy and tactics as they apply to the discussion before briefly tracing the development internationally of vertical envelopment and the thinking of the South African military about airborne operations during the Second World War. Events leading up to the decision by the South African military to acquire helicopters and to train paratroopers in 1960 are examined and the early operational employment of helicopters is analysed. The establishment of 1 Parachute Battalion is discussed in the light of the absence of a clear understanding of how it should be employed. Moving on to the commencement of the conflict known as the Southern African Thirty Year War, the issue of strategic versus tactical application of an airborne capability during operations in Namibia, Angola and Rhodesia is defined. Strategic application is then illustrated by specific independent airborne strikes, and the requirement for an airborne brigade to plan and conduct such operations is highlighted. The establishment of 44 Parachute Brigade and the difficulties experienced in its development are reviewed before scrutinising the tactical use of airborne forces in support of other ground forces. The high point in organisation and capability of the airborne forces of the South African Defence Force at the time of the ending of the Thirty Year War is appraised and the unfulfilled potential of the capability is elucidated. Faced with change and uncertainty, the employment of the paratroopers in urban operations during the height of the civil unrest is examined. This is followed by probing the response of the paratrooper organisation to severe budget cuts, enforced reorganisation and relocation, the ending of conscription and integration into the new South African National Defence Force following the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the airborne actions during the incursion by South Africa into Lesotho in 1998 and an assessment of the implications of the loss of a strategic airborne capability.
History
D. Litt. et Phil. (History)
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Abrahams, Lucienne Ann. "Trends, tropes and positioning in the university research sub-system n emerging knowledge economies : a theory of research entanglement." Thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/23815.
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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, May 2016Universities in 21st century emerging knowledge economies seek to build a culture and practice of research activeness and intensiveness. How do university research sub-‐‑systems position universities to push through conditions of adversity to realise research activeness and intensiveness? Based on data collected from an exploratory study of selected research active universities in India and four case studies from a single research active university in South Africa, the research finds that university research sub-‐‑systems, operating in emerging knowledge economies, are engaged in quantum research games. Research complexity and adversity; uncertainty with respect to the outcomes and impact of research; and contestation with respect to resources, values and value; renders the university research game a quantum game, leading to the research entanglement of scientist-‐‑researchers. Epistemologically located in social constructionism and using grounded theory analytical methodology, the theory of positioning universities for research activeness and intensiveness through research entanglement identifies four trends of entanglement. Research actors who operate in a habitual state of heightened entanglement are able to push through adversity. It is theorised that the position of leaning towards heightened research entanglement creates an advantage for universities towards achieving greater research activeness and intensiveness. Where the position of leaning away from entanglement is dominant, this may create institutional stasis and an inability to advance the institution towards greater research effort
GR2018
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TEIXEIRA, DOMINGOS MENDES LOMBA TIAGO. "Emprego de Tropas Especiais em Forças Nacionais Destacadas. Estudo de Caso: Teatro de Operações da República Centro Africana." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/30069.
Full textAbstract:
O presente Relatório Científico Final do Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada está subordinado ao tema “Emprego de Tropas Especiais em Forças Nacionais Destacadas – Estudo de Caso: Teatro de Operações da República Centro Africana”
Este trabalho de investigação tem como objetivo identificar de que modo é que as Tropas Especiais do Exército Português podem ser empenhadas em missões Internacionais como Forças Nacionais Destacadas.
Para esta investigação optou-se por usar o modelo hipotético-dedutivo, sendo que no final da investigação são verificadas as hipóteses enunciadas, são respondidas as perguntas derivadas e por último responde-se à pergunta de partida. Os dados recolhidos na investigação são provenientes da análise documental e da análise qualitativa das entrevistas realizadas.
Esta investigação encontra-se dividida em duas partes: A Parte I – Enquadramento Teórico, a Parte II – Prática. Na parte I é apresentado um enquadramento teórico dos conceitos fundamentais da investigação. Na Parte II são expostos os procedimentos e metodologias utilizados na investigação, a análise e discussão dos resultados alcançados e por fim as conclusões obtidas.
Como conclusões da investigação identificou-se que o emprego ideal de Forças Nacionais Destacadas, constituídas por unidades de manobra provenientes de Tropas Especiais, nomeadamente por Forças Comandos e Paraquedistas, deverá ter em conta fatores como as especificidades do Teatro de Operações, a missão e tarefas a serem desempenhadas. Estas Forças, de acordo com as suas capacidades de emprego operacional são mais adequadas para serem empenhadas em Teatros de Operações caracterizados pela elevada complexidade, grande incerteza e risco e em missões e tarefas onde as mesmas capacidades sejam o mais aproveitadas, nomeadamente tarefas decisivas. O emprego operacional das Forças Nacionais Destacadas para o Teatro de Operações da República Centro Africana é considerado adequado uma vez que vai ao encontro ao quadro de emprego previsível e expectável para as Tropas Especiais, nomeadamente as Forças Comandos e Paraquedistas.
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Magano, Thato. "Of patriarchy, madness, mythology, and the queer in nation making: a critique on tropes of sexualities in post-colonial African literatures." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25965.
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Masters in African Literature
Faculty of Humanities
University of WitwatersrandThis research report interrogates how queer sexualities are represented in postcolonial African literatures. It queries representations of queer sexualities and their place in the fiction of the nation. It deploys queer as the coopted marker of pride and liberation that was deployed by gender and sexuality activists in the gay liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s, and subsequently, gender and sexuality scholars in contemporary times. It relies on this articulation of queer to locate homosexuality and same-sex desire at the centre of an argument about the development of the idea of the African nation, and how this idea continues to locate same-sex desire and sexuality outside of or hidden in discussions about dominant modes of sexuality expressions. It reads Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958/1962) in conversation with Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions (1988) and K. Sello Duiker’s The Quiet Violence of Dreams (2001) to explore the discursive modalities through which queer sexualities circulate in these seminal works, and to interrogate the extent to which they employ Achebe’s fictional world as integral to what it means to be African. This exploration is located within a set of assumptions about how the African nation is reproduced, and how modes of living and existing, are determined in African literature. Central to its argument, it meditates on the narrative closures employed by Achebe, Dangarembga and Duiker to determine how they facilitate, challenge, affirm or disrupt the sanctity of the heterosexual African nation through the circulation of patriarchal constructions of masculinity and same-sex desires and sexuality. The report explores the extent to which the texts deploy mythology and madness as points of entry into transgressive modes of existence within the nation. It further considers the role of the archive in imagining the queer body in the nation and the power dynamics that instruct the reading of same-sex desiring and homosexual bodies as non-normative. It argues that due to the exclusion of same-sex desiring and homosexual bodies in what constitutes the imaginary of the African nation in negotiating the nation’s anxiety about benefiting from the nations affect schema, the excluded bodies are burdened with the work of excavating from historical archives to legitimate their existence. In using the archive, the report argues that queer bodies enact resistance by un-silencing the archive and excavating the costs of a collective forgetting process that facilitates the postcolonial project of civilized sensibilities. This work is undertaken to perform historical commentary that trespasses the dominant modes of erasure that continue to locate the queer body as outside the experience of Blackness. The report ultimately makes a case for the productive capacity of interrogating and reporting Black abjection in order to construct epistemological frameworks that enable a pedagogy that re-memories and re-members those that the nation opts to erase. It argues for a disavowal of fictions about progress that are predicated on a desire that fits within the scope of liberal conceptions of progress and civility. As a mode of re-memory-ing and re-member-ing, this report proposes an affinity for irresolvability with regards to conceptions of subjecthood in order to negotiate nationmaking projects that are liberatory for those who have been historically placed outside of the complicated and irresolvable matrix of national sentiment that privileges heterosexual sexuality expressions.
MT 2018
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Kalwahali, Kakule. "The crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in Africa: a reflection on jurisdictional and accountability issues." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9950.
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This thesis investigates both substantive and procedural issues pertaining to allegations of crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in three African countries, Somalia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Under the current UN Model Status-of-Forces Agreements, criminal jurisdiction over peacekeepers rests with their sending States. However, although the UN has no criminal jurisdiction, it has been the Office of Internal Oversight Services that has conducted investigations. It is argued that every Status of Force Agreement and every Memorandum of Understanding should contain specific clauses obligating Troop-Contributing Countries to prosecute and the UN to follow-up.
If rape, murder, assault, and any other crimes by UN peacekeepers go unpunished, the message sent to the victims is that peacekeepers are above the law. Rape is the most commonly committed crime by peacekeepers, but is usually considered as an isolated act. The procedural issue of prosecuting peacekeepers is investigated in order to establish whether troops can be caught under the ambits of the criminal law of the Host State to hold UN troops criminally accountable for their acts. The laws relative to the elements of each crime and the possible available defences under the three Host States, and the criminal law of South Africa as a Troop-Contributing Country, are discussed. The apparent lack of prosecution is investigated and existing cases of prosecution discussed. Alternatives to the unwillingness by States with criminal jurisdiction under the Status of Forces Agreement or under the Memorandum of Understanding are considered. Considering the current rules related to crimes committed by peacekeepers, the argument put forward is that crimes by peacekeepers must be dealt with completely and transparently though a Convention aiming at barring Troop-Contributing Countries who do not meet their obligations under international law from participating in future operations of peace.
This thesis, furthermore, suggests a tripartite court mechanism to fill the lacunae in the law relating to the prosecution of peacekeepers. It considers the issues of reserving jurisdiction over peacekeepers to the Troop-Contributing Countries which are reluctant to prosecute repatriated alleged perpetrators. The victims’ importance in criminal proceedings and their their right to a remedy are highlighted.Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.D.