Journal articles on the topic 'African Sesame'
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Adiouma Dangue, Oubeidillah Youssoufa Ali, Demba Diaw, Mame Arama Fall Ndiaye, and Tahir Abdoulaye Diop. "Physiology and adaptation strategy of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to salinity." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.11.2.0117.
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Salinization is a global environmental problem. It is particularly prevalent in Africa in areas with a low rainfall trend such as the Senegalese groundnut basin where 20% of the land is affected. It reduces global food production by more than 10%. In Senegal, sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) moderately tolerant to drought and salinity is increasingly cultivated. It is an alternative to fight poverty in rural areas and allows the revaluation of salty land. The objective of this work is to evaluate at the early stage of reproduction the effect of salinity on the chlorophyll and ion (Na+ and Cl−) contents of four African varieties of sesame. The experimental device consists of randomized blocks with two factors and three repetitions. The sesame variety factor consists of four modalities (AS09, AS14, AS15 and AS25). The salinity factor or abiotic stress (NaCl) includes three modalities (0 mM, 17 mM and 34 mM). The parameters evaluated are the contents of Na+ and Cl− ions and of chlorophylls (Chl a, Chl b and total Chl). The results showed that the contents of chlorophylls (Chl a, Chl b and Chl) and Cl− and Na+ ions of sesame leaves increased with NaCl at 44 days after sowing. The Cl− contents of sesame leaves are higher than those of Na+ in all treatments. Chlorophyll increased with sesame varieties and salinity. Variety AS15 produced the greatest amounts of chlorophyll. Sesame, an inclusive-type plant, compartmentalizes Cl− and Na+ ions at the leaf level in vacuoles. He developed a tissue tolerance to salinity.
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Kim, Tae Jin, Jeong Gon Park, Hyun Young Kim, Sun-Hwa Ha, Bumkyu Lee, Sang Un Park, Woo Duck Seo, and Jae Kwang Kim. "Metabolite Profiling and Chemometric Study for the Discrimination Analyses of Geographic Origin of Perilla (Perilla frutescens) and Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Seeds." Foods 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9080989.
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Perilla and sesame are traditional sources of edible oils in Asian and African countries. In addition, perilla and sesame seeds are rich sources of health-promoting compounds, such as fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and policosanols. Thus, developing a method to determine the geographic origin of these seeds is important for ensuring authenticity, safety and traceability and to prevent cheating. We aimed to develop a discriminatory predictive model for determining the geographic origin of perilla and sesame seeds using comprehensive metabolite profiling coupled with chemometrics. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis models were well established with good validation values (Q2 = 0.761 to 0.799). Perilla and sesame seed samples used in this study showed a clear separation between Korea and China as geographic origins in our predictive models. We found that glycolic acid could be a potential biomarker for perilla seeds and proline and glycine for sesame seeds. Our findings provide a comprehensive quality assessment of perilla and sesame seeds. We believe that our models can be used for regional authentication of perilla and sesame seeds cultivated in diverse geographic regions.
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Elhaj, Waleed Elamin, Abdelgadir Ahmed Osman, and Loai Mohamed Elamin Elawad. "Insecticidal Activity of Cyperus rotundus L. and Datura stramonium L. Co-Administered with Sesame Oil Against African Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Agronomy Research 3, no. 4 (June 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-3816.
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African bollwormis a worldwide-spread species that shows a high degree of polyphagia and it is considered as one of the main agricultural pests in the world. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the Research Laboratory, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology to evaluate the lethal effect of C. rotundusand D. stramonium on the H. armigeraand to investigate the synergistic effect of sesame oil and tested extracts by dipping methods. Five concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%) were used for each plant extract in a Completely Randomized Design. Tubers ethanolic extract of C. rotundus at 12% concentration caused 90% mortality after 72 hrs of application, whereas 12% concentration of seeds ethanolic extract of D. stramonium generate only 70% mortality after 72 hrs of exposure. When sesame oil was added to each concentration of ethanolic extract of C. rotundus and D. stramonium it exhibited a synergistic effect. In fact, the 10% concentration scored 53.3% and 76.7% mortality, however, when mixed with sesame oil the mortality increased significantly to 83.3% and 100% for D. stramonium and C. rotundus respectively after 72 hrs of exposure. This study clearly demonstrates that both tested plants have a lethal effect on the larvae of the African bollworm. However, tubers ethanolic extract of C. rotundus seems to be significantly more toxic than the seeds ethanolic extract of D. stramonium. This study also revealed that sesame oil has a synergistic effect when added to these plant extracts.
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Armstrong, Paul R., Elizabeth B. Maghirang, Subramanyam Bhadriraju, and Samuel G. McNeill. "Equilibrium Moisture Content of Kabuli Chickpea, Black Sesame, and White Sesame Seeds." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 5 (2017): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12460.
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Abstract. Sesame and chickpea are important crops in Ethiopia because both are major export crops that generate much revenue for both small farmers and the country as a whole. However, there is a lack of information about the fundamental equilibrium moisture content (EMC) relationships among these crops, which would help facilitate better monitoring and storage. Therefore, EMC adsorption and desorption prediction models based on temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) were developed for the modified Chung-Pfost and modified Henderson models for Kabuli chickpea (KC), black sesame (BS), and white sesame (WS) seeds. The samples for conducting the adsorption and desorption tests were conditioned to various moisture content (MC) levels for the EMC test models. The samples (~500 g) were placed in multiple sealed enclosures equipped with T and RH sensors, which were placed in an environmental chamber where they were exposed to three temperatures (15°C, 25°C, and 35°C). The MCdb ranges used for model development for adsorption and desorption were, respectively, 11.6% to 19.5% and 8.9% to 16.9% for KC samples, 5.0% to 8.7% and 4.3% to 6.9% for BS, and 4.2% to 8.7% and 3.5% to 7.6% for WS. Nonlinear regression was used to determine the model coefficients for the modified Henderson and modified Chung-Pfost equations. The prediction statistics for the adsorption and desorption models yielded an SEE of, respectively, 0.53% and 0.68% MCdb for KC, 0.23% and 0.13% for BS, and 0.28% and 0.25% for WS. The model coefficients obtained in this study will be used in a moisture meter based on EMC measurement, which is currently being used as part of a USAID postharvest project in various African and Asian countries. These EMC models may also be important for other grain operations, which include harvesting, drying, storage, conditioning, and processing. Keywords: Adsorption, Chickpea, Desorption, EMC, Equilibrium moisture content, Sesame.
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shields, david s. "Prospecting for Oil." Gastronomica 10, no. 4 (2010): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2010.10.4.25.
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From the 1770s to the 1880s agriculturists and cooks sought to develop culinary oils from plants. Thomas Jefferson's attempts to introduce the olive into the agriculture of the United States, as a partial substitute for lard in cookery and as a cheap oleo for the consumption of slaves, met with limited success, even in the southeast, because periodic freezes and high humidity thwarted the development of groves. Southern slaves from West Africa supplied their own oil, derived from benne (Sesamum indicum). Benne oil was merely one feature of an elaborate African-American cuisine employing sesame that included benne soup, benne and greens, benne and hominy, benne candy, and benne wafers. Only the last item has survived as a feature of regional and ethnic cookery. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, planter experimentalists began the commercial scale production of benne oil, establishing it as the primary salad oil and the second favored frying medium in the southern United States. It enjoyed acceptance and moderate commercial success until the refinement of cottonseed oil in the 1870s and 1880s. Cotton seed, a waste product of the south's most vital industry, was turned into a revenue stream as David Wesson and other scientists created a salad oil and frying medium designedly tasteless and odorless, and a cooking fat, hydrogenated cottonseed oil (Cottonlene or Crisco) that could cheaply substitute for lard in baking. With the recent recovery of regional foodways, both the olive and sesame are being revived for use in the neo-southern cookery of the twenty-first century.
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Cheseto, Xavier, Steve B. S. Baleba, Chrysantus M. Tanga, Segenet Kelemu, and Baldwyn Torto. "Chemistry and Sensory Characterization of a Bakery Product Prepared with Oils from African Edible Insects." Foods 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060800.
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Globally, there is growing interest to integrate insect-derived ingredients into food products. Knowledge of consumer perception to these food products is growing rapidly in the literature, but similar knowledge on the use of oils from African edible insects remains to be established. In this study, we (1) compared the chemistry of the oils from two commonly consumed grasshoppers, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and the African bush-cricket Ruspolia differens with those of olive and sesame oils; (2) compared the proximate composition of a baked product (cookie) prepared from the oils; (3) identified the potential volatiles and fatty acids contributing to the aroma and taste; and (4) examined acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for the baked product among consumers with no previous experience of entomophagy. Our results showed that the insect oils were compositionally richer in omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, and vitamin E than the plant oils. Proximate analysis and volatile chemistry revealed that differences in aroma and taste of the cookies were associated with their sources of oils. Consumers’ acceptance was high for cookies prepared with R. differens (95%) and sesame (89%) oils compared to those with olive and S. gregaria oils. Notably, cookies prepared with insect oils had more than 50% dislike in aroma and taste. Consumers’ willingness to pay for cookies prepared with insect oils was 6–8 times higher than for cookies containing olive oil, but 3–4 times lower than cookies containing sesame oil. Our findings show that integrating edible insect oils into cookies, entices people to ‘‘take the first step” in entomophagy by decreasing insect-based food products neophobia, thereby, contributing to consumers’ acceptance of the baked products. However, future research should explore the use of refined or flavored insect oils for bakery products to reduce off-flavors that might have been perceived in the formulated food products
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Mtingwa, Sekazi K., and Herman Winick. "Synchrotron light sources in developing countries." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 09 (March 21, 2018): 1830003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318300033.
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We discuss the role that synchrotron light sources, such as SESAME, could play in improving the socioeconomic conditions in developing countries. After providing a brief description of a synchrotron light source, we discuss the important role that they played in the development of several economically emerging countries. Then we describe the state of synchrotron science in South Africa and that country’s leadership role in founding the African Light Source initiative. Next, we highlight a new initiative called Lightsources for Africa, the Americas & Middle East Project, which is a global initiative led by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and the International Union of Crystallography, with initial funding provided by the International Council for Science. Finally, we comment on a new technology called the multibend achromat that has launched a new paradigm for the design of synchrotron light sources that should be attractive for construction in developing countries.
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Were, Beatrice A., Augustino O. Onkware, Samuel Gudu, Margareta Welander, and Anders S. Carlsson. "Seed oil content and fatty acid composition in East African sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) accessions evaluated over 3 years." Field Crops Research 97, no. 2-3 (June 2006): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.10.009.
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Barasa, Josephine, Julius Ochuodho, Syphyline Kebeney, and Augustine Wafula Barasa. "The Role of Sorghum Legume Intercroping System in Improving Soil Productivity on Small Holder Farmers in Western Kenya." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 07 (2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6701.
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Declining crops yield in the smallholder farmers cropping systems of sub-Saharan African (SSA) present the need to develop more sustainable production systems. Depletion of essential plant nutrients from the soils have been cited as the main contributing factors due to continues cultivation of cereal crops without application of organic/ inorganic fertilizers. Field experiments to evaluate effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizers, organic and integration of legumes in sorghum cropping systems on soil, available nitrogen (N) and P, were conducted in Busia County of Kenya during the short (SRS) and long rain seasons (LRS) of 2016 and LRS of 2017 respectively. The experiments comprised either soybean, common bean groundnut or sesame grown with sorghum. The design was a split plot in a randomized complete block design. Main plots were fertilizer inputs; Mavuno, FYM or their combination. Subplots comprised of the legume intercrops mentioned above. Application of Mavuno, FYM or their combination resulted in significantly higher legume, sesame crop yields above the control in the second season. Legume crops due to their N-fixation, litter fall and mineralization made availability of P and N. possible. Application of Mavuno, FYM or their combination gave comparable results with respect to the intercrop yields. Since FYM and (Mavuno+FYM) is cheaper than Mavuno, growing either soybean, common bean groundnut or sesame intercropping system with sorghum with application of the above is recommended for improved legume grain yields and soil fertility improvement.
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Mahbou Somo Toukam, Gabriel, Gilles Cellier, Emmanuel Wicker, Caroline Guilbaud, Rémi Kahane, Caitilyn Allen, and Philippe Prior. "Broad Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains in Cameroon." Plant Disease 93, no. 11 (November 2009): 1123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-11-1123.
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In 2005, an extensive survey of bacterial wilt in Cameroon collected 110 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum from wilting tomato, potato, pepper, huckleberry (Solanum scabrum), sesame, and amaranth. The genetic diversity and phylogeny of selected strains from Cameroon were assessed by multiplex–polymerase chain reaction (PCR), race 3/biovar 2–specific PCR, and sequence analyses of the mutS and egl genes. These data were compared with those from 33 reference strains covering the known diversity within the R. solanacearum species complex. Strains isolated in Cameroon clustered into three of the four known phylotypes: I (Asian), II (American), and III (African). Lowland tomato strains belonged to phylotype I and were quite homogeneous. The strains belonging to phylotype II were genetically diverse, and partitioned into subclusters IIA and IIB (sequevar 1, race 3/biovar 2). Cameroon strains in the African phylotype III were distinct from reference strains from Zimbabwe or the Indian Ocean, highlighting the genetic diversity present within this phylotype. Strains from potatoes growing in the highlands of West Cameroon fell into both phylotypes II (race 3/biovar 2) and III. These phylotype II and III highland strains attacked both potato and tomato and could therefore pose an economic threat to potato and tomato crops throughout Central Africa. This is the first comprehensive report on the genetic diversity of R. solanacearum strains in Cameroon.
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Okello-Anyanga, Walter, Karin Hansel-Hohl, Agnes Burg, Stephan Gaubitzer, Patrick R. Rubaihayo, Johann Vollmann, Paul T. Gibson, Silvia Fluch, and Eva M. Sehr. "Towards the Selection of Superior Sesame Lines Based on Genetic and Phenotypic Characterisation for Uganda." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p13.
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Understanding agricultural biodiversity is critical to formulate breeding strategies for crop improvement and it impacts both, conservation and collection activities. Especially germplasm collections serve as valuable resources, thus, their adequate characterisation is of utmost importance. Although Uganda ranks seventh in African sesame production, meagre research was conducted to determine the current genetic diversity among its germplasm. Therefore, in the present study part of the sesame germplasm conserved at the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI) in Uganda focusing on 85 established lines was genetically and phenotypically characterised. Population genetic and structure analyses revealed rather a low extend of genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity [HE], or gene diversity [D]) ranging from 0 to 0.38 per entry, but a high extend of admixture within and between entries. This decrease of heterozygosity is supported by a fixation index (FST) of 0.530, indicating a medium genetic differentiation among entries. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative agromorphological traits revealed a great inter-trait variability among the entries and further indicated a certain conservation of some of the traits reflecting the geographic origin of the analysed entries. Based on both, the genetic and phenotypic characterisation, a selection of 26 superior entries is proposed, which may form a valuable basis both for farmers and breeders.
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Hess, D. E., and H. Dodo. "Potential for sesame to contribute to integrated control of Striga hermonthica in the West African Sahel." Crop Protection 23, no. 6 (June 2004): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2003.10.008.
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Alcantara-Rodriguez, Mireia, Mariana Françozo, and Tinde van Andel. "Plant Knowledge in the Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648): Retentions of Seventeenth-Century Plant Use in Brazil." Economic Botany 73, no. 3 (September 2019): 390–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-019-09469-w.
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Abstract The Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (HNB, 1648) is the most complete treatise on Brazilian flora and fauna created in the seventeenth century. Scientists Marcgrave and Piso depicted hundreds of plants and described uses, vernacular names, and diseases in Dutch Brazil. We aimed to verify whether these plants are still used similarly, using herbarium vouchers and taxonomic literature to identify the species described in the HNB and reviewing historical and modern ethnobotanical literature to analyze whether the HNB documented specific plants and uses for the northeast region. We highlighted Old World species, as they indicate plant introduction before and during the trans-Atlantic slave trade and exchange of African ethnobotanical knowledge. Of the 378 species found in the HNB, 256 (68%) were useful, mostly used for healing and food in a similar way (80%) both in the seventeenth century and in modern Brazil. Only one species (Swartzia pickelii) is endemic to northeast Brazil, while the others are more widely distributed. The HNB includes one of the first reports on African crops in Brazil, such as sesame, okra, and spider plant. This study brings insights on indigenous and African plant knowledge retentions since the creation of the HNB and acknowledges its non-European contributors.
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LOKONON, BORIS O. K., AKLESSO Y. G. EGBENDEWE, NAGA COULIBALY, and CALVIN ATEWAMBA. "THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE IN WEST AFRICA: A BIO-ECONOMIC MODELING APPROACH." Climate Change Economics 10, no. 04 (November 2019): 1950015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007819500155.
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This paper investigates the impact of climate change on agriculture in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). To that end, a bio-economic model is built and calibrated on 2004 base year dataset and the potential impact is evaluated on land use and crop production under two representative concentration pathways coupled with three socio-economic scenarios. The findings suggest that land use change may depend on crop types and prevailing future conditions. As of crop production, the results show that paddy rice, oilseeds, sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, and sesame production could experience a decline under both moderate and harsh climate conditions in most cases. Also, doubling crop yields by 2050 could overall mitigate the negative impact of moderate climate change. The magnitude and the direction of the impacts may vary in space and time.
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Kim, Seoyun, Hyiyoung Yang, Hwajin Lee, and Jihyeung Ju. "In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Colon Cancer Activities of Sesamum indicum L. Leaf Extract and Its Major Component, Pedaliin." Foods 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061216.
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) leaves (SLs) are used as vegetables and traditional medicines in Asian and African countries. We investigated in vitro antioxidant and anti-colon cancer efficacy of ethanol extract of SL (SLE) and its major bioactive component. SLE contained appreciable amount of major classes of antioxidant phytochemicals, such as total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and carotenoids, and correspondingly exhibited antioxidant activities, such as radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). A cell viability assay showed that SLE time- and dose-dependently attenuated the growth of human colon cancer cells, HT29 and HCT116. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SLE increased sub-G1 (in HT29 and HCT116) and G2/M (in HCT116) cell populations, suggesting that the growth inhibition by SLE was due to induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Trans-well and wound-healing assays showed that SLE alleviated invasion and migration of HT29 and HCT116 cells in non-cytotoxic conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that pedaliin (6-hydroxylueolin 7-methyl ether 6-glucoside; pedalitin-6-O-glucoside) was a major constituent of SLE. Moreover, FRAP, growth-inhibitory, anti-invasive, and anti-migratory activities of pedaliin were found. These results demonstrated that SLE possesses in vitro antioxidant and anti-colon cancer activities and that pedaliin is a major component contributing to such activities.
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Fagbenro, O. A., E. O. Adeparusi, and W. A. Jimoh. "Haematological Profile of Blood of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) Fed Sunflower and Sesame Meal Based Diets." Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2012): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2013.80.86.
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Ben Arfa, Kaouther, Marine de Person, Dorra Hmida, Jean Bleton, Sadok Boukhchina, Alain Tchapla, Sylvie Héron, and Fathi Moussa. "UHPLC-APCI-MS Profiling of Triacylglycerols in Vegetable Oils—Application to the Analysis of Four North African Sesame Seed Varieties." Food Analytical Methods 10, no. 8 (February 28, 2017): 2827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0851-0.
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Kalyebi, Andrew, Sarina Macfadyen, Andrew Hulthen, Patrick Ocitti, Frances Jacomb, Wee Tek Tay, John Colvin, and Paul De Barro. "Within-Season Changes in Land-Use Impact Pest Abundance in Smallholder African Cassava Production Systems." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030269.
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), an important commercial and food security crop in East and Central Africa, continues to be adversely affected by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. In Uganda, changes in smallholder farming landscapes due to crop rotations can impact pest populations but how these changes affect pest outbreak risk is unknown. We investigated how seasonal changes in land-use have affected B. tabaci population dynamics and its parasitoids. We used a large-scale field experiment to standardize the focal field in terms of cassava age and cultivar, then measured how Bemisia populations responded to surrounding land-use change. Bemisia tabaci Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) was identified using molecular diagnostics as the most prevalent species and the same species was also found on surrounding soybean, groundnut, and sesame crops. We found that an increase in the area of cassava in the 3–7-month age range in the landscape resulted in an increase in the abundance of the B. tabaci SSA1 on cassava. There was a negative relationship between the extent of non-crop vegetation in the landscape and parasitism of nymphs suggesting that these parasitoids do not rely on resources in the non-crop patches. The highest abundance of B. tabaci SSA1 nymphs in cassava fields occurred at times when landscapes had large areas of weeds, low to moderate areas of maize, and low areas of banana. Our results can guide the development of land-use strategies that smallholder farmers can employ to manage these pests.
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Dossa, Komivi, Louis Yehouessi, Benoît Likeng-Li-Ngue, Diaga Diouf, Boshou Liao, Xiurong Zhang, Ndiaga Cissé, and Joseph Bell. "Comprehensive Screening of Some West and Central African Sesame Genotypes for Drought Resistance Probing by Agromorphological, Physiological, Biochemical and Seed Quality Traits." Agronomy 7, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7040083.
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Kishlyan, N. V., M. Sh Asfandiyarova, Y. V. Yakusheva, and A. G. Dubovskaya. "Biological features and cultivation of sesame (a review)." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-4-156-165.
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Sesame is an ancient oilseed crop grown throughout the arid and subarid climates. Sesame oil has a good taste and is appreciated for its beneficial properties. The genus Sesamum L. (Pedaliaceae Lindl.) includes up to 38 species. The only cultivated species is S. indicum L. (2n = 26). It is grown in areas located between 45° N and 45° S. South Africa is considered the homeland of S. indicum. Sesame seeds contain 50–63% of oil, 25–27% of protein, 20% of carbohydrates, and are sources of such micronutrients as copper, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, vitamins A, B1, C and E. Sesame seeds and oil are used not only in the food industry but also in medicine. Sesame meal is a good animal feed. Recently, thanks to the deciphering of the sesame nuclear genome and the development of various genomic resources, including molecular markers for qualitative and quantitative characters, molecular breeding has become possible for such agronomic traits as high oil content and its composition, drought resistance, resistance to waterlogging, disease resistance, and high yield. The world production of sesame seeds according to FAO estimates for 2019 was about 7 million tons. The largest cropping areas are located in Africa, India, and China. In Russia, sesame can be grown in southern regions: Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Rostov and Astrakhan Provinces. Breeding work on sesame was carried out at the All-Union Research Institute of Oil Crops, where cultivars resistant to bacterial blight and Fusarium wilt were developed. Currently, sesame breeding programs are absent in Russia. There are over 25,000 sesame accessions in the world’s genebanks, including about 1,500 accessions in the VIR collection.
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Zewide, Isreal. "Review on Status of Organic Farming." Nutrition and Food Processing 4, no. 6 (September 20, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/061.
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Organic agriculture started much more recently in thousands of years ago, Agriculture almost equal share of the farming systems of crop production and characterizes the key issues of Ethiopian economy. The quality of organic resources and their fertilizer equivalence are the main criteria to be judged for effective utilization of the organic resources for soil fertility improvement and promotion of agricultural products both in quantity and quality.Organic agriculture is production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. The evaluation of organic matter in soils depends on type and nature of organic source. Organic agriculture in the extent to which African farmers certified yields (more than 50% higher than local yield averages). The export main products produced are cotton, sesame and coffee, followed by cocoa, dried fruits, frozen fruit/pulp, fresh mainly tropical fruit and spices. Ethiopia is famous as the origin of coffee and is the largest producer in Africa. Forest coffee has the advantage that it originates from an organic and shaded production area - a quality increasingly important for coffee drinkers worldwide coffee cultivation systems, superior quality and organic in nature. Certified-organic farmers will generally require a higher price to compensate for the costs of inspection, certification and the major source of foreign exchange and thus account more than half of the value of total export. Total number of 12 forest coffee cooperatives in remote areas of southwestern Ethiopia were certified according to Fairtrade, organic (EU standard) and Utz Certified standards. The common understanding of agricultural production in all types of organic agriculture is managing the production capacity of an agro-ecosystem. Pesticides and fertilizers are damaging human health and polluting the surrounding environment and thus violating the sustainability of ecosystem.
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Jimoh, W. A., O. A. Fagbenro, and E. O. Adeparusi. "Response of African Catfish, <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> (Burchell 1822), Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Differently Timed Wet-Heat-Treated Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i>) Seedmeal." Agricultural Sciences 05, no. 12 (2014): 1159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.512126.
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Somefun, Olabisi T., Victor I. O. Olowe, Sunday O. Adigbo, and Faucett O. Olasantan. "Mixture productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) intercropped with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the humid tropics: effects of sunflower introduction date and organic fertiliser." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 12 (2020): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20330.
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Intercropping is a major production strategy in the tropics. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are two resilient oilseed crops of high economic potential with contrasting growth and morphological characteristics, which may make them suitable candidates for intercropping. Two field trials were conducted during the late cropping season (July–November) of 2018 and 2019 at Abeokuta, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects of organic fertiliser application and varying the introduction date of sunflower into sesame fields on intercrop productivity and efficiency. Sunflower was sown at 0, 10 and 20 days after sowing (DAS) of two varieties of sesame. On average, mixtures that involved either sesame variety with sunflower interplanted at 0 or 10 DAS plus fertiliser application showed a high land-equivalent ratio of >1.00 (biological efficiency), high land-equivalent coefficient of >0.25 (intercrop compatibility), and high economic efficiency in terms of monetary advantage index and sesame yield equivalent. Weight of sesame capsules per plant increased significantly (P < 0.05) following application of organic fertiliser in both years. Similarly, aboveground plant weight of sesame was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced irrespective of the date of introducing sunflower into sesame fields in both years. Sesame grain yield (543.4–636.5 kg/ha) during the wetter late season of 2019 compared favourably with mean values from Africa (473.5 kg/ha) and the world (512.3 kg/ha). Organic fertiliser application significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced sesame grain yield in both years. Delaying introduction of sunflower until 20 DAS of sesame resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower sunflower head weight and achene weight per head and depressed sunflower grain yield in both years. Therefore, mixtures of both sesame varieties with sunflower introduced at 0 or 10 DAS and with organic fertiliser applied achieved high intercrop productivity and land-use efficiency, and are hereby recommended for cultivation under humid tropical conditions.
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Hubert Dieu-Béni, Elian, Djamndo Djasbé Mathurin, Goudi-Denango Eric Borgio, Ngbika Daniel, Ngonda Cesar, and Mounga Dayangou Princia Laurelle. "Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Native to Senegal on the Growth and Yield of Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L.) Grown Under Glass in Central African Republic." American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 10, no. 3 (2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20221003.13.
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Park, Jong-Hyun, Sundan Suresh, Gyu-Taek Cho, Nag-Gor Choi, Hyung-Jin Baek, Chul-Won Lee, and Jong-Wook Chung. "Assessment of molecular genetic diversity and population structure of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) core collection accessions using simple sequence repeat markers." Plant Genetic Resources 12, no. 1 (September 19, 2013): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262113000373.
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil crops and is widely cultivated in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships and population structure of 277 sesame core collection accessions collected from 15 countries in four different continents. A total of 158 alleles were detected among the sesame accessions, with the number varying from 3 to 25 alleles per locus and an average of 11.3. Polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.34 to 0.84, with an average of 0.568. These values indicated a high genetic diversity at 14 loci both among and within the populations. Of these, 44 genotype-specific alleles were identified in 12 of the 14 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers. The core collection preserved a much higher level of genetic variation. Therefore, 10.1% was selected as the best sampling percentage from the whole collection when constructing the core collection. The 277 core collection accessions formed four robust clusters in the unweighted pair group method and the arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram, although the clustering did not indicate any clear division among the sesame accessions based on their geographical locations. Similar patterns were obtained using model-based structure analysis and country-based dendrograms, as some accessions situated geographically far apart were grouped together in the same cluster. The results of these analyses will increase our understanding of the genotype-specific alleles, genetic diversity and population structure of core collections, and the information can be used for the development of a future breeding strategy to improve sesame yield.
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Teklu, Desawi Hdru, Hussein Shimelis, and Seltene Abady. "Genetic Improvement in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): Progress and Outlook: A Review." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092144.
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Sesame production and productivity are severely constrained by a lack of high-yielding and locally adapted varieties, susceptibility to capsule shattering and low seed retention, biotic and abiotic stresses, and a lack of modern production and pre- and post-harvest technologies. Unimproved landraces are widely cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. The landrace varieties are low yielders (<0.6 tons·ha−1), but they possess intrinsic seed oil quality characteristics, such as unique aroma and taste. Therefore, current and future sesame genetic improvement programs should integrate yield- and quality-promoting traits, local adaptation, amenability to machine harvesting, and other industrially essential food and feed attributes for multiple utilities. This can be achieved by integrating the conventional breeding methods, as well as genetic and genomic techniques such as mutation breeding and genomics-assisted breeding. Therefore, the objective of this review is to document the breeding progress, opportunities, and challenges of sesame with regard to genetic improvement, variety release, and deployment with enhanced seed yield and related agronomic traits, as well as oil content and fatty acid compositions. The review highlights sesame’s economic values, production status, major production constraints, conventional breeding methods, and genomics-assisted breeding, as well as their integration, for accelerated breeding and cultivar development with market-preferred traits.
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Teklu, Desawi Hdru, Hussein Shimelis, Abush Tesfaye, and Seltene Abady. "Appraisal of the Sesame Production Opportunities and Constraints, and Farmer-Preferred Varieties and Traits, in Eastern and Southwestern Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 11202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011202.
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop with well-developed value chains. It is Ethiopia’s most valuable export commodity after coffee (Coffea arabica L.), contributing to socioeconomic development. The productivity of the crop is low and stagnant in Ethiopia and other major sesame growing regions in sub-Saharan Africa (<0.6 t/ha) due to a multitude of production constraints. The objective of this study was to document sesame production opportunities and constraints, as well as farmer- and market-preferred varieties and traits, in eastern and southwestern Ethiopia as a guide for large-scale production and breeding. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) study was conducted in two selected sesame growing regions and four districts in Ethiopia. Data were collected from 160 and 46 sesame farmers through semistructured questionnaires and focus group discussions. Sesame is grown by all respondent farmers in the study areas for food and as a source of cash. Most respondent farmers (56%) reported cultivating sesame using seeds of unknown varieties often sourced from the informal seed sector. About 83% of the respondents reported lack of access to improved seeds as the most important production constraint, followed by low yield gains from cultivating the existing varieties (reported by 73.8% of respondents), diseases (69.4%), and low market price (68.8%). Other production constraints included insect pests (59.4%), lack of market information (55%), and high cost of seed (50%). The above constraints were attributed to the absence of a dedicated breeding programme, lack of a formal seed sector, poor extension services, and underdeveloped pre- and postharvest infrastructures. The most important market-preferred traits of sesame included true-to-type seed (reported by 36.3% of respondents), white seed colour (28.8%), and high seed oil content (23.8%). The vital farmer-preferred attributes included reasonable market price (reported by 11.3% of respondents), resistance to crop diseases (10.9%), drought tolerance (10.3%), resistance to crop insect pests (9.2%), higher seed yield (8.9%), higher thousand-seed weight (7.2%), higher oil content (6.3%), white seed colour (6.1%), early maturity (6.1%), and good oil qualities such as aroma and taste (5.7%). Therefore, there is a need for a dedicated sesame genetic improvement programme by integrating the above key production constraints and market- and farmer-preferred traits to develop and deploy new generation varieties to enhance the production, productivity, and adoption of sesame cultivars in Ethiopia.
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Muresan, Vlad, Sabine Danthine, Emil Racolta, Sevastita Muste, Christophe Blecker, Andrei Borsa, and Andruta Elena Muresan. "The Influence of Palm Oil Addition on Sunflower Halva Stability and Texture." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 71, no. 1 (May 20, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:10110.
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Halva is one of the most popular food products of Middle Eastern and North African countries. Worldwide, the most known halva contains roasted sesame seeds, while usually in Eastern European countries the most appreciated is sunflower halva. However, even if sunflower halva is an appreciated product, it has currently a quality below the expectations of the new generation of consumers. Sunflower halva main issue is caused by the oil which separates at the surface during storage, determining a low commercial aspect of the product. Thus, the aim of this work was to assess the influence of palm oil addition on sunflower halva stability and texture. Five samples containing different oil percentages [w/w] (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) were prepared, as well as a control sample prepared using the standard recipe (no palm oil added). The texture of all samples was analyzed by an instrumental method, while the colloidal stability was determined by a gravimetric technique during 40 days of storage at two different temperatures (1-2ºC and 15-20ºC). After the storage test at 1-2oC, there were not significant differences between the samples, for all palm oil containing samples as well as for control the percentages of separated oil being below 0.6%. With respect to the control sample, the halva samples containing 1%, 4% and 5% of palm oil showed a decrease in their stability, while samples containing 2% and 3% showed an improved stability (3.44% and 1.78% of separated oil). During this study it was established that the sample containing 3% palm oil was the most favorable, regarding its textural properties, as well as its colloidal stability.
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Nyongesa, Benson Ouma, Beatrice Ang’iyo Were, Samuel Gudu, Otto George Dangasuk, and Augustino Osoro Onkware. "Genetic diversity in cultivated sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and related wild species in East Africa." Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 16, no. 1 (March 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-012-0114-y.
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Ssentongo, Paddy, Djibril M. Ba, Claudio Fronterre, and Vernon M. Chinchilli. "Village-level climate and weather variability, mediated by village-level crop yield, is associated with linear growth in children in Uganda." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 10 (October 2020): e002696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002696.
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IntroductionTo investigate total annual precipitation, precipitation anomaly and aridity index in relation to linear growth in children under 5 in Uganda and quantify the mediating role of crop yield.MethodsWe analysed data of 5219 children under 5 years of age who participated in the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Annual crop yield in kilograms per hectare for 42 crops at a 0.1° (~10 km at the equator) spatial resolution square grid was obtained from the International Food Policy Research Institute. Normalised rainfall anomaly and total precipitation were derived from the African Rainfall Estimation Algorithm Version 2 product. Linear regression models were used to associate total annual precipitation and anomalies with height-for-age z-scores and to explore the mediating role of crop yield qualitatively. The intervening effects were quantitatively estimated by causal mediation models.ResultsTwenty-nine per cent of children were stunted (95% CI 28% to 31%). After adjusting for major covariates, higher total annual precipitation was significantly associated with increasing height-for-age z-scores. At the mean, an increase of 1 standard deviation in local annual rainfall was associated with a 0.07-point higher z-score. Aridity index and precipitation anomaly were not associated with height-for-age z scores in altitude-adjusted models. Crop yields of nuts, seeds, cereals and pulses were significant mediating factors. For instance, 38% of the association between total annual precipitation with height-for-age z-scores can be attributed to the yield of sesame seeds.ConclusionsHigher total annual precipitation at the village-level was significantly associated with higher height-for-age z-scores among children in Uganda. This association can be partially explained by higher crop yield, especially from seeds and nuts. This study suggests that more attention should be paid to villages with lower annual rainfall amounts to improve water availability for agriculture.
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Baraki, Fiseha, and Muez Berhe. "Evaluating Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicumL.) Genotypes in Different Growing Seasons in Northern Ethiopia." International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7804621.
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Ethiopia is one of the famous and major producers of sesame in sub-Saharan Africa, and Ethiopian sesame is among the highest quality in the world. The experiment was conducted in Northern Ethiopia for three growing seasons (2013–2015) under a rain fed condition with the objective of identifying high-yielding genotypes and their agronomic traits. The experiment consisted of twelve genotypes laid down in randomized complete block design with three replications. The genotype, year, and genotype × year interaction components showed statistically highly significant variation (p<0.001) for most of the agronomic traits which clearly confirms the presence of genotype × year interaction in this study. The highest combined mean grain yield (906.3 kg/ha) was obtained from Hirhir followed by Serkamo white (756.5 kg/ha), and from the three growing seasons, the highest grain yield (1161.5 kg/ha) was recorded from Hirhir grown in the second growing season (2014). The growing seasons were different from one another in allowing the genotypes to have a different performance, and all of the agronomic traits, except thousand seed weight, were statistically different across the three growing seasons. In the ordination of the genotypes and agronomic traits, PCA1, which accounted for 38.3% of the variation, was positively associated with grain yield, branches per plant, length of the pod-bearing zone, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and thousand seed weight. On the contrary, PCA2, which accounted for 19.7% of the variation, was positively associated with days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity.
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Rena, Ravinder. "Agriculture Development and Food Security Policy in Eritrea - An Analysis." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 7, no. 16 (September 19, 2007): 01–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.16.2335.
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The main economic activity of the people of Eritrea is agriculture: crop production and livestock herding. Agriculture mainly comprises mixed farming and some commercial concessions. Most agriculture is rain-fed. The main rain-fed crops are sorghum, millet and sesame, and the main irrigated crops are all horticultural crops like bananas, onions and tomatoes and cotton. The major livestock production constraints are disease, water and feed shortages and agricultural expansion especially in the river frontages. The agricultural sector employs eighty percent of the working population, but its production has not managed to cover internal food demand and is forced to cover nearly 50 per cent of its annual cereal requirements through imports- commercial and food assistance. Like most African countries, Eritrea is also a victim of the problem of food insecurity. In good years the country produces only about 60 per cent of its total food needs and in poor years, it produces no more than 25 per cent. On average, once in 10 years, the country is threatened with famines. Annual crop production depends on rainfall that is variable and unevenly distributed from year to year. Therefore, the primary goal of Eritrea is to guarantee food security by introducing modern technology, irrigation, terracing, soil and water conservation, with less dependence on rainwater. Thus the Government has articulated its food policy, which stresses national ownership of grant food assistance and to achieve food security in the coming five years. The policy indeed encompasses all sectoral policies and represents the Government’s engagements with regard to food security. Despite the general trends of improvement in the economy of Eritrea, it has not yet fully recovered, and thus will still continue to require variable degrees of food assistance for the coming few more years. Based on this historical and recurrent food insecurity in Eritrea, an attempt is made in this paper to assess the agriculture development and food policy in the country. Furthermore, the paper captures the available food security policy proposals of Eritrea and eventually draws conclusions.
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Wang, Liwen, Jingyin Yu, Yanxin Zhang, Jun You, Xiurong Zhang, and Linhai Wang. "Sinbase 2.0: An Updated Database to Study Multi-Omics in Sesamum indicum." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020272.
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Sesame is one of the oldest oil crops in the world and is widely grown in the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and America. Upon the completion of the sesame reference genome version 1.0, we launched Sinbase 1.0 as an integrated database for genomic and bioinformatics analyses. Recently, an upgraded version (version 2.0) of the genome sequence was released. In addition, large numbers of multi-omics data have been generated on sesame, but a comprehensive database that integrates these resources for the community has been lacking until now. Here, we developed an interactive and comprehensive sesame multi-omics database, Sinbase 2.0, which provides information of the sesame updated genome containing 13 chromosomes, 3 genetic linkage maps, 5 intra- and 6 inter-species comparative genomics, 1 genomic variation analysis, 5 transcriptome data, 1 proteome, 31 functional markers, 175 putative functional genes, and 54 QTLs detected for important agronomic traits. Moreover, Sinbase 2.0 has been enriched with novel user-friendly computational tools. All datasets of Sinbase 2.0 can be downloaded online conveniently. Sinbase 2.0 will be updated regularly with new available sesame multi-omics data and can be accessed freely via Sinbase 2.—Sesame Muti-Omics Database. We expect that Sinbase 2.0, similarly to the previous version, will continue to make a major contribution to advance sesame research towards a better understanding of its biology and genetic improvement, as well as comparative genomics and evolutionary biology.
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Segal, Lauren, Charlotte Frances Cole, and Janice Fuld. "Developing an HIV/AIDS Education Curriculum for Takalani Sesame, South Africa's Sesame Street." Early Education & Development 13, no. 4 (October 2002): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1304_2.
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DALHA ABUBAKAR, KABIRU, and LAWAN SANI ABDU. "EFFECTS OF PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE AND SODIUM AZIDE ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF SESAME ( Sesamum indicum L.)." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-555.
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ABSTRACT
Sesame is an important source of income and edible oil particularly in sub-saharan Africa. Its cultivation is constrains by many factors including lack of improved varietiess, pests and disease and abiotic stresses. Creating genetic variability could provide a base upon which improvement could made. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of Sodium Azide and Para-dichlorobenzene on Germination and Seedlings growth of three sesame varieties (Ex-sudan, E-8 and JAN-IRI). Pot experiments were conducted during 2017 and 2018 seasons using completely randomized design (CRD). The treated seeds were planted and resulting plants (M0) were allowed to produce seeds. The seeds of the M0 were used in generating M1 plants which were used to evaluate the effect of the mutagens. Few days to germination were recorded in seeds treated with 3.0 mM So dium azide (3.0 days) or 3.0 mM Para-dichlorobenzene (3.0 days) in EX-SUDAN as well as seeds treated with 3.0 mM Sodium azide (3.0 days) in E-8. Percentage germination was significantly increased The highest shoot length was obtained when EX-SUDAN was treated with 2.0 mM (19.3cm) or 3.0 mM Sodium azide (18.2cm while highest root length was obtained when JAN-IRI and EX-SUDAN were treated with either 1.0 mM Para-dichlorobenzene (4.2cm) or 3.0 mM Sodium azide (3.8cm). The mutagens (Sodium azide and Para-dichlorobenzene) could be used to create variability for genetic improvement of Sesame.
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Kfir, Rami. "Parasitoids of the African stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in South Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 3 (September 1995): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300036105.
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AbstractEighteen parasitoids were recorded from the African stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), on maize and grain sorghum, in Delmas and Cedara, South Africa. In Delmas, larval parasitism on both crops fluctuated below 20% with occasional peaks of 40–60%. In Cedara, larval parasitoids were active throughout the season with peaks of 75% and 60% parasitism during January and March-April, respectively on the ratoon crop, and 20% in May on the crop. Pupal parasitism peaked in Cedara at 100% during February-March, and at 80% during November, when parasitoids attacked pupae that formed after B. fusca larvae had emerged from diapause and pupated. In Delmas activity by pupal parasitoids was negligible. The egg parasitoids, Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were rare. The larval parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was active throughout the season and was by far the most abundant, emerging from about 90% of parasitized larvae. Its cocoons were often attacked by Aphanogmus fijiensis (Ferrière) (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae). Second in abundance among the larval parasitoids was Bracon sesamiae Cameron (Braconidae) whose cocoons were attacked in turn by Eurytoma braconidis Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Eurytoma braconidis was reared also from cocoons of Euvipio sp. and Aleiodes sp. (both Braconidae). All other larval parasitoids were rare. Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant pupal parasitoid. Trichogrammatoidea lutea, Glyptapanteles maculitarsis (Cameron) (Braconidae) and Odontepyris transvaalensis (De Buysson) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) have not been recorded before from B. fusca. Some considerations and proposals for introductions of parasitoids into South Africa against B. fusca are discussed.
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Brett, Peter. "Who are judicial decisions meant for? The ‘global community of law’ in Southern Africa." International Political Science Review 39, no. 5 (November 2018): 585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512118773449.
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Rationalist models of judicial decision-making expect courts to defend their institutional integrity in politically sensitive cases. This article presents two African case studies of courts not doing so. They have elicited predictable backlash from executives and placed their institutions in avoidable danger. I argue that judges’ desire for esteem from emerging global judicial networks can explain this otherwise puzzling behaviour. These new networks become particularly salient in human rights cases. This conclusion partially supports Anne-Marie Slaughter’s controversial claims about the significance of ‘the global community of law’ but also identifies risks this poses for courts’ domestic authority. The argument is made with reference to two recent and well-known decisions by the High Court of Botswana and the Southern African Development Community Tribunal. The first case, Sesana (2006), dealt with the vexed question of indigenous rights in Africa. The second case, Campbell (2008), concerned the compensation of expropriated commercial farmers from Zimbabwe.
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Tadesse, Awoke, Yimegnushal Bekele, and Biruk Gezahign. "The effect of intra and inter-row spacing on growth, yield and yield attributes of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under irrigated condition in Benna Tsemay Distinct, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Science and Practice 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasp2021.264.
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Sesame is cultivated almost in all the tropical and subtropical countries of Asia and Africa. However, the yield of this crop is limited due to the lack of appropriate plant density among others discourage factors. Therefore, the field study was conducted during the 2018 and 2019 planting season with the objective of evaluating the effect of intra and inter-row spacing on yield and yield attributes of sesame in Weyito, South Omo Zone and Southern Ethiopia. This field study was factorial with three inter-row spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three intra-row spacing (10, 15 and 20 cm) and used randomized complete block design with three replications. Number of primary branches per plant, plant height, number of capsules per plant, thousand seed weight and grain yield data were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis. The results of this study showed that there was a highly significant (p<0.01) difference among the main effect inter and intra-row spacing in number of primary branches per plant, plant height, number of capsules per plant, thousand seed weight and grain. The highest (1.19 ton per hectare) and (1.04 ton per hectare) grain yields were obtained from 15 cm intra and 40 cm inter-row spacing, respectively. Therefore, the use of 40 cm inter row and 15 cm intra row spacing can be recommended for sesame producing farmers to attain the higher grain yield of sesame at the study area and similar soil and climatic factors areas.
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Sharaby, Noureldin N., Artyom A. Doroshenko, and Andrey V. Butovchenko. "Simulation of Sesame Seeds Outflow in Oscillating Seed Metering Device Using DEM." Engineering Technologies and Systems 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.030.202002.219-231.
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Introduction. Sesame crop is one of the most important export crops in many countries around the world, especially in Africa. To meet the agricultural requirement of precision planting, various types of precision seed planters have been developed. Numerous studies were carried out to study the optimisation of the parameters of the precision planting. One of these parameters, affecting the quality of the precision seeder, is the grain outflow from the seed metering device. Materials and Methods. In order to maintain good continuous performance of an oscillating seeder, it is important to monitor seed flow in real-time and adjust oscillation parameters automatically. Existing research methods, such as prototyping and monitoring the process using a high-speed camera, by reason of the random movement of particles, do not allow obtaining sufficient data to understand trajectories and velocities of particles and existing equations for particle motion when simulating the sowing process do not allow taking into account the interaction of particles that having various shapes, rolling and sliding friction coefficients, and the elastic modulus of particle materials and a working body. In this study, the outflow rate of sesame seeds in an oscillating seed metering device was modeled using the simulation method based on the discrete element method. The aim of this study is to create a simulation model of an oscillating-type sowing planter using the sowing sesame seeds as an example for evaluating the effectiveness of this model, and the possibility of further optimization and prediction of sowing seeds with this device. Results. The analysis of the results showed that during the simulation, the sowing rate of sesame seeds when leaving the oscillating seed metering holes has significant differences in number and direction. The results of the modeling process in this study showed that when opening a hole in the oscillating seeder, a number of sesame seeds from 0 to 4 were coming out of it. The resulting model allows monitoring the behavior of each particle of a sesame seed, analyzing its trajectory, speed, and forces acting on it at any one time, and varying the parameters to obtain the dependence of uneven seeding on the kinematic and geometric parameters of the device. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained simulation results provide an effective method for predicting the consumption of sesame seeds from the oscillating seed meter, which serves as the basis for optimizing the kinematic and geometric parameters of the oscillating sowing device in order to increase its efficiency. This model is universal and can be adapted to sow other crops.
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Abang, Albert Fomumbod, Samuel Nanga Nanga, Apollin Fotso Kuate, Christiant Kouebou, Christopher Suh, Cargele Masso, May-Guri Saethre, and Komi Kouma Mokpokpo Fiaboe. "Natural Enemies of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Different Agro-Ecologies." Insects 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060509.
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Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and southern armyworm (SAW) Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) have become major threats to crops in Africa since 2016. African governments adopted emergency actions around chemical insecticides, with limited efforts to assess the richness or roles of indigenous natural enemies. Field surveys and laboratory studies were conducted to identify and assess the performance of parasitoids associated with spodopterans in Cameroon. FAW was the most abundant spodopteran pest. Telenomus remus (Nixon), Trichogramma chilonis (Ishi), Charops sp. (Szépligeti), Coccygidium luteum (Cameron), Cotesia icipe (Fernandez & Fiaboe), and Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) are the first records in the country on spodopterans. Telenomus remus, T. chilonis, C. icipe, and Charops sp. were obtained from both FAW and SAW; C. luteum and C. sesamiae from FAW. The distribution of spodopterans, their endoparasitoids, and parasitism rates varied with host, season and location. In the laboratory, T. remus showed significantly higher parasitism on FAW than SAW, and significant differences in the development parameters between the two host eggs, with shorter development time on FAW. It induced significant non-reproductive mortality on FAW but not on SAW. Developmental parameters showed that C. icipe has a shorter development time compared to other larval parasitoids. Implications for conservative and augmentative biocontrol are discussed.
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Sileye Niang, Mamadou, Jean Fall, Selemane Thiaw, Nogaye Sene, Ndeye Fatou Diagne, Malick Diouf, and Diegane Ndong. "INCORPORATION OF LOCAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS IN THE FEEDING OF JUVENILE NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS, LINNE, 1758) IN SENEGAL, WEST AFRICA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 09 (September 30, 2022): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15335.
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A research for eight weekswas conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting fish meal with local agricultural products in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Three treatment dietaries were prepared. The dietary composition of the tested diets is as follows: A1/plant based-diet (Groundnut cake, sesame cake, millet bran, maize meal and 0% fish meal) A2/fishmeal partial replacement diet (Groundnut cake, sesame cake, millet bran, maize meal, and 10% fish meal) and A3/fishmeal based-diet (Groundnut cake, sesame cake, millet bran, maize meal, and 25% fish meal). All the diets were isoprotein and isolipidic diets. The initial average weight of the fish was 3.45±0.5g. The fishes were fed twice a day in triplicate for eight weeks. After the experiment, the final average weights were 4.97±0.5g, 5.43±0.5g, and 5.86±0.5g for A1, A2, and A3, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) among the three diets. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of juveniles fed on the A3 diet (1.77) was significantly better (lower) compared to A1 and A2 (3.41 and 2.59, respectively). The FCR of the fish fed diets A1 and A2 were not significantly different. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Individual Daily Growth (IDG), and relative average weight gain of juveniles fed on A3 and A2 diets were not significantly different. However, they were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the A1 diet. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05)among all the diets for average weight gain and survival rate. This study revealed the possibility of partial but not total substitution of fishmeal by plant materials in the diet of 3.45g Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings considering both growth and economic factors.
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Sileye Niang, Mamadou, Jean Fall, Selemane Thiaw, Nogaye Sene, Ndeye Fatou Diagne, Malick Diouf, and Diegane Ndong. "INCORPORATION OF LOCAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS IN THE FEEDING OF JUVENILE NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS, LINNE, 1758) IN SENEGAL, WEST AFRICA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 09 (September 30, 2022): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15337.
Full textAbstract:
A research for eight weekswas conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting fish meal with local agricultural products in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Three treatment dietaries were prepared. The dietary composition of the tested diets is as follows: A1/plant based-diet (Groundnut cake, sesame cake, millet bran, maize meal and 0% fish meal) A2/fishmeal partial replacement diet (Groundnut cake, sesame cake, millet bran, maize meal, and 10% fish meal) and A3/fishmeal based-diet (Groundnut cake, sesame cake, millet bran, maize meal, and 25% fish meal). All the diets were isoprotein and isolipidic diets. The initial average weight of the fish was 3.45±0.5g. The fishes were fed twice a day in triplicate for eight weeks. After the experiment, the final average weights were 4.97±0.5g, 5.43±0.5g, and 5.86±0.5g for A1, A2, and A3, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) among the three diets. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of juveniles fed on the A3 diet (1.77) was significantly better (lower) compared to A1 and A2 (3.41 and 2.59, respectively). The FCR of the fish fed diets A1 and A2 were not significantly different. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Individual Daily Growth (IDG), and relative average weight gain of juveniles fed on A3 and A2 diets were not significantly different. However, they were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the A1 diet. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05)among all the diets for average weight gain and survival rate. This study revealed the possibility of partial but not total substitution of fishmeal by plant materials in the diet of 3.45g Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings considering both growth and economic factors.
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Srisongkram, Tarapong, Natthida Weerapreeyakul, Jussi Kärkkäinen, and Jarkko Rautio. "Role of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) for the Selective Cytotoxicity of Sesamol in Human Melanoma Cells." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 27, 2019): 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213869.
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Sesamol is effective against melanoma cells with less damage to normal cells. The underlying selective cytotoxicity of sesamol in melanoma vs. non-cancerous cells is undefined. Melanoma cells differ from normal cells by over-expression of the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). We sought to clarify the transport mechanism on selective cytotoxicity of sesamol in melanoma cells. A human melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-2) and African monkey epithelial cell line (Vero) were used to study the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of sesamol. The intracellular concentration of sesamol was quantified by UV-HPLC. The cytotoxicity was determined by neutral red uptake assay. Sesamol showed a higher distribution volume and uptake clearance in SK-MEL-2 than Vero cells. Sesamol was distributed by both carrier-mediated and passive transport by having greater carrier-mediated transport into SK-MEL-2 cells than Vero cells. Higher mRNA expression and function of LAT1 over LAT2 were evident in SK-MEL-2 cells compared to Vero cells. Sesamol uptake and sesamol cytotoxicity were inhibited by the LAT1 inhibitor, suggesting LAT1 had a role in sesamol transport and its bioactivity in melanoma. The LAT1-mediated transport of sesamol is indicative of how it engages cytotoxicity in melanoma cells with promising therapeutic benefits.
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Catarino, Luís, Maria M. Romeiras, Quintino Bancessi, Daniel Duarte, Diana Faria, Filipa Monteiro, and Margarida Moldão. "Edible Leafy Vegetables from West Africa (Guinea-Bissau): Consumption, Trade and Food Potential." Foods 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100493.
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Wild Edible Plants are common in the diet of rural communities of sub-Saharan Africa. In Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, wild plant resources are widely used in human diet, but very few studies have addressed them. The aim of this study is to reveal: (1) the wild and semi-cultivated leafy vegetables consumed in Guinea-Bissau; and (2) the nutritional composition of those plants traded at the largest country market in Bissau. Our results revealed that 24 native or naturalized species with edible leaves are currently consumed by Guinea-Bissau population. Five of them were found at the market: dried leaves of Adansonia digitata, Bombax costatum and Sesamum radiatum, and fresh leaves and shoots of Amaranthus hybridus and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The analysis of the nutritional properties revealed that leaves contain a significant amount of protein (10.1–21.0 g/100 g, dry basis), high values of macronutrients and micronutrients, as well as of phenolic compounds (13.1–40.3 mg GAE/g) and a considerable antioxidant capacity (DPPH 111.5–681.9 mg Eq Trolox). Although price and availability vary among the leafy vegetables analyzed, these traditional foods appear to be a good dietary component that can contribute to food security in Guinea-Bissau and in other West African countries, as these species are widely distributed in this region.
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Schulthess, F., N. A. Bosque-Pérez, and S. Gounou. "Sampling lepidopterous pests on maize in West Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, no. 3 (September 1991): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300033575.
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AbstractThe spatial distribution of five lepidopterous pests, Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae), Eldana saccharina Walker (Pyralidae), Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Noctuidae), Mussidia nigrivenella (Ragonot) (Pyralidae), and Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Tortricidae), on maize in West Africa is described using Taylor's power law and the relationship of proportion of infested plants to the mean density. All five species showed a highly aggregated distribution, with Taylor's indices of aggregation ranging between 1.23 for C. leucotreta and 1.52 for Sesamia calamistis. Enumerative and binomial sampling plans that incorporate Taylor's power law are proposed to estimate mean densities of S. calamistis, C. leucotreta and the species complex consisting of E. saccharina, M. nigrivenella and Spodoptera exempta which showed similar spatial distributions, with a predefined reliability level.
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Emmerson, W. D. "A Note On Three Uncommon Southern African Grapsids, Helice Leachii Hess, 1865, Sesarma (Sesarma) Longipes Krauss, 1843 and Sesarma (Sesarma) Smithi H. Milne Edwards, 1853." Crustaceana 67, no. 3 (1994): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854094x00413.
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Bedigian, Dorothea. "Slimy Leaves and Oily Seeds: Distribution and Use of Wild Relatives of Sesame in Africa." Economic Botany 58, sp1 (December 2004): S3—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[s3:slaosd]2.0.co;2.
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Adhikari, Dr Swapan Kumar. "Physiological Concepts with Inbuilt Mathematics in Scratches on Ishango Bone by Upper Paleolithic People of Africa." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 4, 2020): 1048–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug569.
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It was as early as 35000 BCE, bones and stones were the open pages for writing anything that mind had to say. It was women who were the torch bearers. They scratched on any surface available to them and poured their mind upside down. It is now the wise men of the posterity to decipher the pristine symbols. We have collected a few items from different sources and applied our mind to decode the primitive dots and lines of those sleeping alphabets of an age much earlier than the hieroglyphic days of the known civilisation where involvement of mathematics has been explored. We said ‘open sesame’ and the door of unexplored mathematics, astronomy and religion etc.: opened up in front of our eyes! Here is our presentation.
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Meijerman, Lynn, and Sandrine A. Ulenberg. "Identification of African stemborer larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae) based on morphology." Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, no. 5 (October 1996): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300039365.
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AbstractDescriptions are given of the larval stages of the 15 most damaging African stemborer species, belonging to the genera Chilo Zincken, Coniesta Hampson, Eldana Walker, Maliarpha Ragonot, Scirpophaga Treitschke (Pyralidae), Sesamia Guenée and Busseola Thurau. Chaetotaxy of the larvae has been studied. Previously published studies on the same subject are discussed. A key is provided for the identification of the genera, and where possible, the species.
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Ndemah, R., S. Gounou, and F. Schulthess. "The role of wild grasses in the management of lepidopterous stem-borers on maize in the humid tropics of western Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, no. 6 (December 2002): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002196.
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AbstractSites in the humid forest of Cameroon and the derived savanna of Benin were selected to evaluate the effect of planting border rows of wild host plants on lepidopterous stem-borer infestations and on maize yield. Grass species were chosen that in surveys and greenhouse trials were highly attractive to ovipositing female moths but with offspring mortality of close to 100%, thus acting as trap plants. In Cameroon, elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum Moench significantly lowered infestations of Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hampson and Eldana saccharina Walker and increased yields of maize though the differences were not significant during all three cropping seasons. In 1998 in Benin, the only grass tested, Pennisetum polystachion L., significantly increased parasitism of mainly S. calamistis eggs by Telenomus spp. and larvae by Cotesia sesamiae Cameron and reduced numbers of the cob-borer Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot. In 1999, three grass species; P. polystachion, Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf and Panicum maximum Jacq. were tested. Panicum maximum was the most efficient species for suppressing S. calamistis and M. nigrivenella infestations and enhancing egg and larval parasitism. In the Benin trials, with the exception of M. nigrivenella damage to cobs, the grass species tested had no beneficial effect on yield because pest densities were too low and also rodent damage to maize was enhanced with grasses in the vicinity of the crop. By contrast, stand losses due to Fusarium verticillioides Sacc. (Nirenberg), were significantly reduced by border rows of grasses.