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Journal articles on the topic 'African safari'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Verdcourt, B., L. J. G. van der Maesen, X. M. van der Burgt, and J. M. van Medenbach de Rooy. "African Safari." Biodiversity Letters 3, no. 6 (November 1996): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2999680.

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2

Cox, John L. "An East African safari." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 1 (January 1989): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.1.25.

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To have been external examiner for the Masters Degree in Psychiatry (M Med) of the University of Nairobi for the last three years was an unusually stimulating opportunity, not only for a ‘busman's holiday’ (as my registrar called it) and a ‘good enough’ reason for a return to Africa, but it also enabled me to contribute again to training East African psychiatrists – a task which I first undertook in 1972 when a lecturer at Makerere University in Uganda. Because of the civil wars in Uganda, however, the Department of Psychiatry in neighbouring Kenya has now flourished and become one of the most substantial Departments in Central and Southern Africa. The Department, which includes one ‘full’ professor, two associate professors, four lecturers, two tutorial fellows, will soon have its own teaching in Kenyatta National Hospital as well as accommodation at the Mathari Mental Hospital, made famous by the pioneer observations of Carothers. In addition to its commitment to postgraduate training the Department provides three months teaching for other doctors taking an M Med in Medicine and Paediatrics and also teaches 150 medical students each year.

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3

Valenti, Michael. "Tracking Africa’s Inferno." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-dec-6.

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This article focuses on instruments aboard an orbiting satellite and high-flying aircraft study grass fires that straddle a continent. NASA designed its $1.3 billion Terra to be the flagship in a new series of Earth-observing satellites that will study phenomena affecting the climate. The instruments carried by Terra that were most active during the Safari 2000 field experiment were Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MODIS), Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR), and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT). MOPITT accomplishes its mission by using gas correlation spectroscopy to measure rising and reflected infrared radiance in three absorption bands of carbon monoxide and methane. The Terra’s Safari 2000 observations were augmented by measurements taken by instruments aboard several aircraft, including the high-altitude Lockheed-Martin ER-2 that NASA flew from Pietersburg, South Africa, as part of the African field experiment. The South African Weather Bureau contributed two Aerocommander 690A aircraft to Safari 2000. One of the twin-engine, turboprop planes was used for aerosol research, while the other one helped validate the carbon monoxide measurements obtained by MOPITT.

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4

Han, Xiliang, and Laetitia Radder. "Measurement And Consequences Of U.S. Tourists Perceptions Of Service Quality: A South African Hunting Safari Case Study." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, no. 5 (May 2, 2011): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i5.4229.

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This research verifies the usefulness of the service quality principles and the Basic Service Package elements of the Augmented Service Offering model in measuring perceived service quality of a complex wildlife tourist activity. In addition, it determines the existence of a quality-satisfaction and quality-intention link. The South African hunting safari serves as an illustrating example. As U.S. hunters constitute the largest cluster of non-domestic customers in the South African safari hunting industry, their perceptions of service quality and the resulting satisfaction and behavioral intentions can significantly impact the sustainable competitiveness and profitability of safari service providers. The results negate the applicability of the SERVQUAL model, but confirm the usefulness of the Augmented Service Offering model in measuring the service quality of the safari hunt and in identifying areas of service failure and adequate service performance. The regression analysis confirmed the existence of important quality-satisfaction and quality-intention links.

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5

MacDonald, Scott. "His African Journey: An Interview with Peter Kubelka." Film Quarterly 57, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2004.57.3.2.

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Abstract A conversation with Peter Kubelka, focusing on Our African Journey (Unsere Afrikareise, 1966), his short, brilliantlye dited exposéé of colonialism, constructed from sound and image recorded while he was a young filmmaker in the employ of several Austrian businessmen on safari in Africa. Kubelka's revealing stories about the process of shooting the film and his candid discussion of the film's politics bring new light to an avant-garde and documentary classic.

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6

Scholte, Paul, Francis Nguimkeng, and Emmanuel Iyah. "Good news from north-central Africa: largest population of Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius is stable." Oryx 51, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001258.

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AbstractNorth-central Africa (i.e. Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Chad) once held important populations of large mammals, including the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Exports of hippopotamus trophies from Cameroon were suspended in 2012 but the species’ status and population trends remain poorly known. Using the same methodology as in 2000 and 2008, we counted hippopotamuses in Faro National Park and bordering hunting zones in 2014. We counted 685 individuals along 97 km of river, compared with 647 and 525 in 2000 and 2008, respectively. The stability of this population contrasts with the declines in populations of large mammals across north-central Africa. We attribute this conservation success to private efforts (i.e. safari hunting) compensating for a decline in state protection. However, the situation remains fragile, as highlighted by an influx of transhumant cattle and gold diggers. We recommend increasing public–private conservation efforts, including incentives for the safari hunting industry, which is also under pressure.

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7

RADDER, LAETITIA, and XILIANG HAN. "TRAVELLING HUNTERS SATISFACTION WITH THEIR SOUTH AFRICAN SAFARI EXPERIENCES." International Journal of Management Cases 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5848/apbj.2010.00070.

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8

Vadra, Ratna. "Shifting FDIs scenario: a case of an African safari." International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 5, no. 4 (2012): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2012.047410.

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9

Uslan, Daniel Z., Kurt M. Jacobson, Neeraj Kumar, Elie F. Berbari, and Robert Orenstein. "A Woman with Fever and Rash after African Safari." Clinical Infectious Diseases 43, no. 5 (September 2006): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/506447.

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10

Maingi, Shem Wambugu. "Safari tourism and its role in sustainable poverty eradication in East Africa: the case of Kenya." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 13, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-08-2020-0084.

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Purpose Globally, poverty has been a persistent problem despite decades of unprecedented growth. The purpose of this paper is to deliberate on a sustainable livelihoods and poverty eradication approach in an African context. Design/methodology/approach The paper aims to bridge the gaps in poverty eradication strategies in East Africa by examining recent literature on livelihoods approaches and poverty eradication approaches. Findings Safari tourism is one way of connecting poor communities in Kenya to the tourism industry. The development of community conservancies in Kenya presents yet more opportunities for communities to be integrated with the sector. The Africanization of the tourism sector in Kenya is a priority, as communities embrace tourism and poverty eradication measures. Practical implications There is a need for the Safari tourism sector to integrate the local community’s indigenous knowledge systems, community social capital and the community’s natural capital with tourism product development and diversification. Originality/value The paper draws on applied research and technical analysis of the unique opportunities for enhancing sustainable poverty eradication through the tourism sector in East Africa and, more particularly, a Kenyan context.

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11

Hall, Sheldon. "African Adventures: Film Finances Ltd and Actor-Producers on Safari." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 34, no. 4 (September 5, 2014): 546–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2014.952101.

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12

Swap, Robert J., Harold J. Annegarn, J. Timothy Suttles, Michael D. King, Steven Platnick, Jeffrey L. Privette, and Robert J. Scholes. "Africa burning: A thematic analysis of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 108, no. D13 (July 15, 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003747.

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13

MILLSPAUGH, JOSHUA J., TARRYNE BURKE, GUS VAN DYK, ROB SLOTOW, BRIAN E. WASHBURN, and RAMI J. WOODS. "Stress Response of Working African Elephants to Transportation and Safari Adventures." Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 4 (June 2007): 1257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-015.

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14

Wurster, Charles F. "Safari. The East African Diaries of a Wildlife Photographer. Nigel Sitwell." Quarterly Review of Biology 60, no. 4 (December 1985): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/414586.

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15

Rogerson, Christian M., Holly Hunt, and Jayne M. Rogerson. "Safari lodges and local economic linkages in South Africa." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 43, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/5061.

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The potential contribution of tourism to the wellbeing of rural communities is impacted by the development of local economic linkages. For development practitioners and policy makers the importance of evolving linkages between tourism and agriculture demands attention. This article provides an examination of the state of linkages in South Africa’s luxury safari lodge tourism sector. The results reveal the existence of only limited linkages between safari lodge accommodation providers and local agriculture. Current supply chains are mainly organised by intermediary supplier enterprises which source required food mainly from urban markets with only minimal local impacts. Linkages represent a vital potential mechanism through which to achieve the objectives of pro-poor tourism and a first step to maximise pro-poor impacts and avert polarization is to understand why such linkages rarely materialize and to identify the necessary conditions necessary for them to do so. South African policy frameworks for strengthening linkages must be informed by local evidence and draw from international experience.

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16

Albízuri Prado, Fátima, Alba Sánchez, Marta Feito, Ander Mayor, Ana Rodriguez, and Raúl de Lucas. "Fever and Multiple Eschars After an African Safari: Report of Three Cases." Pediatric Dermatology 34, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): e179-e181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.13163.

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17

Hossain, M. Najmul, Anita Rani Dey, Nurjahan Begum, and Thahsin Farjan. "Parasitic infection in captive wild mammals and birds in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 17889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5682.13.3.17889-17894.

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We investigated the infection rate of gastrointestinal (GI) parasite eggs and premature stages from different wild animals and birds in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Dulahazra, Cox’s Bazar. A total of 56 fecal samples were collected from 24 species during July to November 2012 using modified Stoll’s ova dilution technique. Coprology analysis revealed that the overall rate of parasitic infection was 78.6%, of which 51.8% were helminths and 35.7% protozoa. The identified parasites were Paramphistomum spp. (7.1%), Fasciola spp. (5.4%), strongyles (26.8%), Ascaris spp. (3.6%), Strongyloides spp. (7.1%), Dictyocaulus spp. (5.4%), Trichuris spp. (3.6%), Capillaria spp. (5.4%), Heterakis spp. (3.6%), and Balantidium coli (35.7%). Mixed infection (21.4%) was observed in nine animals, including co-infection with Balantidium coli and strongyles in Tiger Panthera tigris, Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor and Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp. and larvae of Dictyocaulus spp. in Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus, Balantidium coli and Capillaria spp. in Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa, Fasciola spp. and Balantidium coli in Spotted Deer Axis axis, Ascaris spp. and strongyles in African Elephant Loxodonta africana, Strongyloides spp. and Heterakis spp. in Peafowl Pavo cristatus and Heterakis spp. and strongyles co-infection in Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis. It is concluded that GI parasites were prevalent in this safari park. Further epidemiological investigation is necessary for controlling parasitic infection.

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18

Wilkie, David S., and Julia F. Carpenter. "The potential role of safari hunting as a source of revenue for protected areas in the Congo Basin." Oryx 33, no. 4 (October 1999): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00079.x.

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AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa conservation of biodiversity is increasingly predicated on finding ways to ensure that the economic value of maintaining a landscape in its ‘natural’ state meets or exceeds the expected returns from converting the area to an alternative land use, such as agriculture. ‘Wildlands’ in Africa must generate, directly or from donor contributions, funds sufficient to cover both the operating costs of conservation, and the opportunity costs of forgoing other forms of resource use. Government and donor investments currently meet less than 30 per cent of the estimated recurring costs required to manage the protected-area network within central African countries effectively, and cover none of the growing opportunity costs incurred to maintain protected areas. Unfortunately, few additional sources of funding are available.

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19

Rogerson, Christian M. "Tourism Food Supply Linkages in Zambia: Evidence from the African Safari Lodge Sector." Tourism Review International 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427211x13139345020174.

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20

Epstein, R. J. ""By the way doctor, I've booked an African safari after my next chemo"." BMJ 350, jan06 7 (January 6, 2015): g7822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7822.

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21

Jeke, Augustine, Admire Chanyandura, Victor K. Muposhi, Daphine Madhlamoto, and Edson Gandiwa. "Trophy Hunting and Possible Source-Sink Dynamics in Protected Areas: Insights from Trophy Size and Offtake Patterns in Southeast Zimbabwe." International Journal of Zoology 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1313927.

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Developing harvest management strategies in designated hunting areas requires systematic and robust monitoring. We assessed the trophy size, quota utilization, and distribution of kill sites of African elephant, Cape buffalo, greater kudu, and leopard for the period 2007-2014 in Malapati Safari Area, southeast Zimbabwe. Trophy sizes for African elephant significantly increased over time albeit being below the expected minimum Safari Club International (SCI) score. Cape buffalo trophy sizes declined significantly over time but were not different from the SCI minimum score. However, greater kudu trophy sizes were higher than the SCI minimum score despite being constant over time. Leopard trophy sizes were higher than the SCI minimum score and increased with time. Quota utilization for African elephant and Cape buffalo increased while that of greater kudu and leopard did not change between 2007 and 2014. Some kill sites, in particular, for the African elephant and Cape buffalo, were within the buffer area with the state protected area, i.e., Gonarezhou National Park. Increased hunting pressure likely leads to poor trophy quality and hunting within the protected buffer areas. In contrast, effective adherence to hunting ethics and scientifically and conservatively set quotas largely does not compromise the trophy quality of harvested species. The observed trophy size patterns and kill sites distribution suggest the possible existence of source and sink dynamics of trophy species occurring in a protected area complex within the Zimbabwe’s component of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park. To ensure sustainable trophy hunting in the study area and similar ecosystems the following are recommended: (i) scientifically robust, adaptable, and participatory quota setting process, (ii) enhanced adherence to good practice in terms of ethical hunting conduct, and (iii) development of a robust hunting monitoring system covering all elements of hunting for adaptive wildlife management.

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22

Wang, Yufeng. "Hemingway’s Ecological Consciousness in “An African Story”." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 11, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1104.10.

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Ernest Hemingway’s stories with African Safari themes play a significant role in his abundant works and they deserve an in-depth investigation. However, little academic scholarship has been devoted to these African stories compared with his other works. As eco-criticism has become an important perspective of the Hemingway studies, this article is an eco-critical interpretation and deep exploration of the ecological consciousness in “An African Story”. In this story, Hemingway revealed man’s cruelty towards the animals and presented his contemplation over the conflict between man and nature from an innocent little child’s point of view. Through the detailed description of the protagonist David’s experiences as a bystander of an animal slaughter, Hemingway exposed the conflict between human beings and nature. The story is actually a presentation of Hemingway’s sympathy for the destroyed ecology, which also reflects the writer’s pursuit of spiritual home and his criticism against the human exploitation of nature.

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23

Horback, Kristina Marie, Lance Joseph Miller, Jeffrey Andrews, Stanley Abraham Kuczaj, and Matthew Anderson. "The effects of GPS collars on African elephant (Loxodonta africana) behavior at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 142, no. 1-2 (December 2012): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.09.010.

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Konare, A., C. Liousse, B. Guillaume, F. Solmon, P. Assamoi, R. Rosset, J. M. Gregoire, and F. Giorgi. "Combustion particulate emissions in Africa: regional climate modeling and validation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 6653–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-6653-2008.

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Abstract. Africa, as a major aerosol source in the world, plays a key role in regional and global geochemical cycles and climate change. Combustion carbonaceous particles, central in this context through their radiative and hygroscopic properties, require ad hoc emission inventories. These inventories must incorporate fossil fuels FF (industries, traffic,...), biofuels BF (charcoal, wood burning,... quite common in Africa for domestic use), and biomass burning BB regularly occurring over vast areas all over the African continent. This latter, subject to rapid massive demographic, migratory, industrial and socio-economic changes, requires continuous emission inventories updating, so as to keep pace with this evolution. Two such different inventories, L96 and L06 with main focus on BB emissions, have been implemented for comparison within the regional climate model RegCM3 endowed with a specialized carbonaceous aerosol module. Resulting modeled black carbon BC and organic carbon OC fields have been compared to past and present composite data set available in Africa. This data set includes measurements from intensive field campaigns (EXPRESSO 1996, SAFARI 2000), from the IDAF/DEBITS surface network and from MODIS, focused on selected west, central and southern African sub-domains. This composite approach has been adopted to take advantage of possible combinations between satellite high-resolution coverage of Africa, regional modeling, use of an established surface network, together with the patchy detailed knowledge issued from past short intensive regional field experiments. Stemming from these particular comparisons, one prominent conclusion is the need for continuous detailed time and spatial updating of combustion emission inventories apt to reflect the rapid transformations of the African continent.

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Hacker, CE, LJ Miller, and BA Schulte. "Examination of enrichment using space and food for African elephants (Loxodonta africana) at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park." Animal Welfare 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.27.1.055.

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26

Bradshaw, Jeffrey D., and Marlin E. Rice. "Of Ants and Elephants: Measuring Student Appreciation for Insects and Charismatic Megafauna During an African Safari." American Entomologist 55, no. 1 (2009): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/55.1.6.

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27

Palazy, Lucille, Christophe Bonenfant, Jean-Michel Gaillard, and Franck Courchamp. "On the use of the IUCN status for the management of trophy hunting." Wildlife Research 39, no. 8 (2012): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12121.

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Context Whether trophy hunting is beneficial or a threat to the conservation of species is an open and hotly debated question. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is in charge of assessing the need for species protection at the global scale and providing a useful guide for sustainable exploitation and conservation. Consideration of the IUCN status in wildlife management and its consequences on the attractiveness of trophy-hunted species remains to be quantified. Aims The present study investigated the link between the IUCN status of the trophy species and its exploitation in 124 taxa. We expected that the number of trophies should be inversely correlated with the IUCN vulnerability status across species. Methods Using the database of the Safari Club International, one of the largest hunting associations worldwide, we investigated the effect (1) of the first status attribution and (2) of an upgrade of the IUCN status on the number of trophies recorded by the Safari Club International, by comparing the average number of trophies 5 years before and after a status change. Key results First, we found that the status attributed by the IUCN in a given year had no effect on the number of recorded trophies during the following 5 years. Second, upgrading the IUCN status led to an important decrease in the number of recorded trophies for most species (75%), except for the most vulnerable ones (African elephant, Loxodonta africana; banteng, Bos javanicus; lelwel hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel; European bison, Bison bonasus). Conclusions Our results suggest that although a protective IUCN status lowers the exploitation of the moderately threatened species, hunting pressure on the most threatened one increases instead. The findings support the possibility of an anthropogenic Allee effect (AAE), i.e. a disproportionate exploitation of the rarest species. Implications The highly profitable exploitation of rare species could have harmful consequences, unless appropriate management actions and protection rules are enforced.

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van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile A. B. "Esquisse du Parlementarisme et du Monopartisme en Afrique: Le cas du Togo." Afrika Focus 5, no. 3-4 (January 15, 1989): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0050304002.

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An Outline of the Parliamentarism and the One Party System in AfriKa: The Case of Togo. Witnessed the last hundred years profound political and constitutional changes. In this respect there are many differences between African States depending on which kind of colonial overlord has been the ruling power. The African State was a juridical entity in international law, but was it also, at the time of independence, an empirical entity in national fact? In almost all cases the empirical reality as a functioning government was still primarily the presence of European bureaucrats who has embodied the colonial state. Independence therefore opened a gap between the international legitimacy and the internal marginality of many emergent African State. The gap often presented a real political dilemma to the new African rulers: they usually could retain European officials only by compromising their national independence and could dispense with them only at the risk of undermining governmental performance. After adoption of European constitutional law and with, initially, a high degree of similarity between most constitutions in French-speaking Africa, nowadays these constitutions differ widely, contrary to the Commonwealth Africa that has experienced fewer innovations and constitutional breakdowns. Parliamentary systems of government gave way to One Party Systems, introduced in many cases by the national army, as the best equiped, trained, paid and organised power in the country. This has been the political and constitutional development in Togo as well. Since 1969, it has a One Party System, the Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais, founded by the President of the Togolese Republic, Gen. Gnassingbé Eyadéma. But, as everywhere else, doubts are growing about the effectiveness of the One Party System. Are the Togolese perspectives such that Eyadéma is willing to have an open mind and to be all ears for the critics to his own creation? Another intriguing question is to know in which way the African traditional authorities (“chieftancy”), as the core of the concern for the local world and as the embodiment of a moral and political order, could have a new (?) role in the socio-political development of the state in Africa? Will the chiefs’ position in the long term be that of a noble élite, an echo from the past, useful as a tourist attraction or as managers of fun parks with safari possibilities.

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Hacker, Charlotte E., and Lance J. Miller. "Zoo visitor perceptions, attitudes, and conservation intent after viewing African elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park." Zoo Biology 35, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21303.

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Liza, Fahmida Tasnim, Mandira Mukutmoni, and Aleya Begum. "Occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in Bengal Tiger and African Lion of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Gazipur, Dhaka." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v5i1.53859.

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Forty-two fresh fecal samples from the Bengal tigers (n=30) and African lions (n=12) were collected during March 2018 to July 2018 from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Gazipur, Dhaka. The fecal samples were processed using formol-ether concentration technique. A total of six types of parasites (egg/ cyst) were observed viz.; one protozoan (Coccidia spp.), two cestodes (Hymenolepis spp., and Diphyllobothrium spp.) and three nematodes (Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp. and hookworms). No trematodes were found during the study. Occurrence of gastrointestinal (hereafter GI) parasites recorded in tigers was 90% (n=27/30) and lions was 100% (n=12/12). The highest prevalence was of Coccidia spp. (85.71%) followed by Diphyllobothrium spp. (42.86%), Hymenolepis spp. (28.57%), Ascaris spp. (21.43%), Toxocara spp. (14.29%) and hookworms (14.29%). The prevalence of protozoans (85.71%) was higher than that of helminths (78.57%) in the hosts. On the basis of intensity of parasites, male carnivores were more susceptible to infection than females. The intensity of infection was higher in young ones as compared to adults. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (1), 27-32

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31

Ji, Qiang. "A Method to Correct the Thermal Dome Effect of Pyranometers in Selected Historical Solar Irradiance Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1977.1.

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Abstract In using pyranometers to measure solar irradiance, it is important to know the magnitudes and the consequences of the thermal effect, which is introduced by the glass domes of the instruments. Historically, the thermal dome effect was not monitored on a regular basis. Case studies show that, due to the thermal dome effect, the output of the pyranometers altered from less than 5 W m−2 in the nighttime to over 20 W m−2 around noontime during the Aerosol Recirculation and Rainfall Experiment (ARREX) in 1999 and the Southern African Fire–Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI) in 2000 field campaigns, depending on sky conditions. A calibration and data processing procedure with the thermal dome effect incorporated has been tested to resolve the issue. It is demonstrated that the intrinsic calibration constants of the pyranometers can be obtained if two pyranometers are used side by side, and the thermal dome effect may be inferred whenever a pyranometer and a pyrgeometer are collocated.

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32

Edgington, Ryan. "The Safari of the Southwest: Hunting, Science, and the African Oryx on White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, 1969–2006." Western Historical Quarterly 40, no. 4 (November 2009): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/40.4.469.

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33

Myhre, Gunnar, Terje K. Berntsen, James M. Haywood, Jostein K. Sundet, Brent N. Holben, Mona Johnsrud, and Frode Stordal. "Modeling the solar radiative impact of aerosols from biomass burning during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI-2000) experiment." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 108, no. D13 (April 29, 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002313.

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34

Formenti, P., W. Elbert, W. Maenhaut, J. Haywood, S. Osborne, and M. O. Andreae. "Inorganic and carbonaceous aerosols during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) experiment: Chemical characteristics, physical properties, and emission data for smoke from African biomass burning." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 108, no. D13 (March 25, 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002408.

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Lucas, C., and B. Stanyon. "Improving the welfare of African elephants Loxodonta africana in zoological institutions through enclosure design and husbandry management: an example from Blair Drummond Safari and Adventure Park." International Zoo Yearbook 51, no. 1 (October 24, 2016): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/izy.12139.

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Williams, Ellen, Anne Carter, Carol Hall, and Samantha Bremner-Harrison. "Social Interactions in Zoo-Housed Elephants: Factors Affecting Social Relationships." Animals 9, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100747.

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Elephants have complex social systems that are predominantly driven by ecological factors in situ. Within zoos, elephants are held in relatively static social groups and the factors observed driving social relationships in the wild are largely absent. Little research has investigated the effect of social group factors in zoos on elephant social interactions. The aim of this research was to establish whether there is a relationship between social group factors and social behaviour, in order to identify factors that make elephant herds more or less likely to be compatible. Results will facilitate recommendations for optimum social groupings for zoo elephants. Behavioural data quantifying social interactions were collected between January 2016 and February 2017 at seven UK and Irish zoos and safari parks from 10 African and 22 Asian elephants. Social interactions were split into four categories: positive physical, positive non-physical, negative physical and negative non-physical. Social interactions were related to age (positive physical higher and negative non-physical lower in calves than adults), personality (elephants with higher sociability scores engaged in more positive interactions and less negative interactions), presence of calves in the herd (herds with calves had more positive non-physical), relatedness to other elephants in the herd (positive non-physical were higher when relatives were in the group and negative non-physical were higher between unrelated elephants) and species (Asian elephants engaged in more positive non-physical than African elephants). A greater understanding of factors that may contribute to the success of zoo-elephant social groups is important for individual and herd welfare as it will enable evidence-based decisions which have minimal impact on social structures to be executed. This knowledge will enable proactive management approaches to be undertaken and will thus be paramount in ensuring optimal welfare for elephant herds moving forwards.

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Andreae, Meinrat O., Jack Fishman, and Janette Lindesay. "The Southern Tropical Atlantic Region Experiment (STARE): Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE A) and Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI): An introduction." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101, no. D19 (October 1, 1996): 23519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jd01786.

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Grant, Elizabeth. "A Safari in Africa." Contact 141, no. 1 (January 2003): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13520806.2003.11758967.

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HOOGEWERF, ANTONIA. "SAFARI THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA – IV." Science and Culture 86, no. 9-10 (October 20, 2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.36094/sc.v86.2020.safari_south_africa.hoogewerf.314.

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HOOGEWERF, ANTONIA. "SAFARI THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA - I." Science and Culture 86, no. 3-4 (May 31, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.36094/sc.v86.2020.safari_south_africa.hoogewerf.110.

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Williams, Ellen, Samantha Bremner-Harrison, Carol Hall, and Anne Carter. "Understanding Temporal Social Dynamics in Zoo Animal Management: An Elephant Case Study." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050882.

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Zoo animal management procedures which lead to changes to social groups can cause disruption in social hierarchies and the temporary breakdown of social relationships. Animals have different roles in social networks. Understanding individual positions in social networks is important for effective management and ensuring positive welfare for all animals. Using elephants as a case study, the aim of this research was to investigate temporal social dynamics in zoo animals. Behavioural data were collected between January 2016 and February 2017 from 10 African and 22 Asian elephants housed at seven zoos and safari parks in the UK and Ireland. Social interactions were defined as positive physical, positive non-physical, negative physical or negative non-physical. Social network analysis explored social relationships including the fluidity of networks over time and dyadic reciprocity. Social interaction networks were found to be fluid but did not follow a seasonal pattern. Positive interaction networks tended to include the entire social group whereas negative interactions were restricted to specific individuals. Unbalanced ties were observed within dyads, suggesting potential inequalities in relationships. This could impact on individual experiences and welfare. This research highlights subtle temporal dynamics in zoo elephants with the potential for species-level differences. Similar temporal dynamics may also be present in other socially housed zoo species. This research thus provides evidence for the importance of understanding the social networks of zoo animals over longer periods of time. Understanding social networks enables pro-active and evidence-based management approaches. Further research should seek to identify the minimum sampling efforts for social networks in a range of species, to enable the implementation of regular monitoring of social networks and thus improve the welfare of social species under human care.

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Lattanzio, Alessio, Michael Grant, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Rob Roebeling, and Jörg Schulz. "Assessment of the EUMETSAT Multi Decadal Land Surface Albedo Data Record from Meteosat Observations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101992.

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Surface albedo, defined as the ratio of the surface-reflected irradiance to the incident irradiance, is one of the parameters driving the Earth energy budget and it is for this reason an essential variable in climate studies. Instruments on geostationary satellites provide suitable observations allowing long-term monitoring of surface albedo from space. In 2012, EUMETSAT published Release 1 of the Meteosat Surface Albedo (MSA) data record. The main limitation effecting the quality of this release was non-removed clouds by the incorporated cloud screening procedure that caused too high albedo values, in particular for regions with permanent cloud coverage. For the generation of Release 2, the MSA algorithm has been replaced with the Geostationary Surface Albedo (GSA) one, able to process imagery from any geostationary imager. The GSA algorithm exploits a new, improved, cloud mask allowing better cloud screening, and thus fixing the major limitation of Release 1. Furthermore, the data record has an extended temporal and spatial coverage compared to the previous release. Both Black-Sky Albedo (BSA) and White-Sky Albedo (WSA) are estimated, together with their associated uncertainties. A direct comparison between Release 1 and Release 2 clearly shows that the quality of the retrieval improved significantly with the new cloud mask. For Release 2 the decadal trend is less than 1% over stable desert sites. The validation against Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI) surface albedo shows a good agreement for bright desert sites and a slightly worse agreement for urban and rain forest locations. In conclusion, compared with MSA Release 1, GSA Release 2 provides the users with a significantly more longer time range, reliable and robust surface albedo data record.

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Spies, Yolanda, and Patrick Dzimiri. "A conceptual safari: Africa and R2P." Regions and Cohesion 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2011.010104.

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The Responsibility to Protect is a new human security paradigm that re-conceptualizes state sovereignty as a responsibility rather than a right. Its seminal endorsement by the 2005 World Summit has however not consolidated the intellectual parameters of the norm. Neither has it succeeded in galvanizing R2P's doctrinal development; hence the January 2009 appeal by the UN secretary-general for the international community to operationalize R2P at the doctrinal level, in addition to at institutional and policy levels. R2P represents a critical stage in the debate on intervention for human protection purposes, but its key concepts require more exploration. Africa is a uniquely placed stakeholder in R2P on account of its disproportionate share of humanitarian crises and because Africans have played key roles in conceptualizing the norm. The continent should therefore not just offer an arena for, but indeed take the lead in, the conceptual journey that R2P's doctrinal development requires.Spanish La responsabilidad de proteger es un nuevo paradigma de seguridad humana que reconceptualiza la soberanía del Estado como una responsabilidad en lugar de un derecho. Pese al respaldo inicial que obtuvo en la Cumbre Mundial de 2005, los parámetros intelectuales de esta norma no se han consolidado. En esta cumbre tampoco se logró fortalecer el desarrollo de la doctrina del R2P (Responsibility to Protect), por lo que se produjo un llamado en enero de 2009 por parte del secretario general de la ONU para poner en práctica el nivel de la doctrina del R2P, además de los niveles institucional y político. La R2P representa una etapa crítica en el debate sobre la intervención con fines de protección humana, pero sus conceptos clave requieren más profundización. África tiene una posición única en la R2P dada su parte desproporcionada en las crisis humanitarias y porque los africanos han tenido un papel clave en la conceptualización de la norma. Por ello, el continente debería no sólo ofrecer un espacio, sino de hecho tomar la delantera en el trazado conceptual que requiere el desarrollo de la doctrina de la R2P.French Le «devoir de protection» est un nouveau paradigme de la sécurité humaine qui redéfinit la souveraineté de l'État comme une responsabilité plutôt que comme un droit. Cependant, lors du Sommet Mondial de 2005 les paramètres du concept n'ont pas été consolidés. Ce sommet n'a pas non plus réussi à activer le développement doctrinal du devoir de protection (en anglais «Responsibility to Protect» ou «R2P»), d'où l'appel lancé en janvier 2009 par le Secrétaire Général des Nations Unies à la communauté internationale pour qu'elle rende le «devoir de protection» opérationnel à un niveau doctrinal en plus des niveaux institutionnel et politique. Le devoir de protection représente un moment critique du débat sur les interventions ayant pour but la protection humaine, mais ses concepts méritent une analyse encore plus approfondie. En matière de devoir de protection, l'Afrique est une partie prenante incomparable, du fait de sa part disproportionnée de crises humanitaires, mais aussi parce que les Africains ont joué un rôle clé dans la conceptualisation de ce e norme-là. Dans ces conditions, le continent africain ne devrait-il pas, non seulement offrir le terrain d'étude, mais aussi prendre la tête dans le cheminement conceptuel que le développement doctrinal du devoir de protection exige ?

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Gökburun, Yeter, and Halil Yildiz. "Fever after a safari in Africa." Emergency Medicine Journal 34, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2015-205605.

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Staples, Amy J. "Safari Adventure: Forgotten Cinematic Journeys in Africa." Film History: An International Journal 18, no. 4 (2006): 392–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fih.2007.0007.

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Staples, Amy J. "Safari adventure: forgotten cinematic journeys in Africa." Film History: An International Journal 18, no. 4 (December 2006): 392–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/fil.2006.18.4.392.

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Roux, O., F. Desruelles, P. Delaunay, Y. Le Fichoux, and J. P. Ortonne. "Ticks and photo safari in South Africa." British Journal of Dermatology 143, no. 5 (November 2000): 1109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03868.x.

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Del Gizzo, Suzanne. "Hemingway in Africa: The Last Safari (review)." Hemingway Review 26, no. 1 (2006): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hem.2006.0044.

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HOOGEWERF, ANTONIA. "SAFARI THROUGH SOUTH AFRICA - II KRUGER NATIONAL PARK." Science and Culture 86, no. 5-6 (June 7, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.36094/sc.v86.2020.safari_south_africa.hoogewerf.175.

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De beer∗, F. C., and W. J. Strydom. "Neutron radiography at safari-l in south africa." Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 16, no. 2-6 (January 2001): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10589750108953073.

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