Journal articles: 'African Intellectual Property Organization'

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Blakeney, Michael, and Getachew Mengistie. "Intellectual property policy formulation in Africa." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2021.01.06.

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This article examines continental, sub-regional and national initiatives in the formulation of intellectual property policy Africa. The article is divided into seven parts. The first looks at the relationship between IP and economic development. The second part examines the role of IP regional integration and trade. The third part looks at African regional trade agreements. Next, the article surveys the activities of sub-regional IP systems in Africa: the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and the Organisation Africaine de la Propriété (OAPI). The fifth part looks at the recent formation of the Pan African Intellectual Property Organization (PAIPO) and its relationship with ARIPO and OAPI. The sixth part gives a brief overview of the efforts made in designing national IP polices. The concluding section summarizes the IP policy-making process in Africa.

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Zerbe, Noah. "Contesting Privatization: NGOs and Farmers' Rights in the African Model Law." Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 1 (February 2007): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.1.97.

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The development of the concept of farmers' rights in the Food and Agriculture Organization, and its adoption by the African Union as a counterbalance to the private property rights of plant breeders, highlights the divisiveness of the question of ownership in biodiversity and biotechnology. This article examines the development of the African Model Law, a regional regime intended to promote indigenous control over local biodiversity. The principal argument is that key nongovernmental organizations were able to draw on African efforts and concerns regarding conceptions of private property rights embodied in international agreements, framing the question of farmers' rights in a way that spoke to the African experience. Farmers' rights thus came to be a focal point for African negotiators at international discussions on intellectual property rights and biodiversity, enabling Africa to take a key role in the articulation of alternatives to the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement.

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Kongolo, Tshimanga. "The African Intellectual Property Organizations." Journal of World Intellectual Property 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2005): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2000.tb00127.x.

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Mupangavanhu, Y. "African Union Rising to the Need for Continental IP Protection? The Establishment of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organization." Journal of African Law 59, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855314000229.

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AbstractIntellectual property rights protection is at the forefront of some of the major controversies regarding the impact of globalization. African countries have in recent years participated to an unprecedented degree in both international and bilateral initiatives dealing with intellectual property. The negotiating positions have been varied and, from a regional perspective, have not been coherent at some levels, with different countries advancing different positions. African countries have adopted regional integration as a strategy to deal with the challenges of globalization. Regional integration is believed to increase negotiating capacities and competitiveness in global trade. It is also believed to improve access to foreign technology. The African Union is facilitating the establishment of a continental intellectual property body. Accordingly, the main aim of this article is to discuss the establishment of the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organization in line with the African Union's vision for regional integration.

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Gathegi, John N. "Intellectual Property, Traditional Resources Rights, and Natural Law: A Clash of Cultures." International Review of Information Ethics 7 (September 1, 2007): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie20.

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Western nations, through international treaties and bodies such as the World Trade Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, and economic and political pressures on many governments, are to a large degree succeeding in strengthening protection of intellectual property rights as they are understood mainly within the western context. Framing the debate within Locke‘s theory of natural law, the paper discusses the extent to which this strengthening of intellectual property rights is appropriate for developing countries, especially within the African context.

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Ncube, C. B., and E. Laltaika. "A new intellectual property organization for Africa?" Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 8, no. 2 (January 24, 2013): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jps207.

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Ngombe, Laurier Yvon. "Audiovisual Work in the Member States of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI)." Journal of World Intellectual Property 9, no. 4 (July 2006): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00286.x.

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Nechaeva, Yulia Sergeevna. "Current trends in the development of the Intellectual Property Law." Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, no. 1 (January 2024): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2024.1.70007.

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This article examines the prospects for the development of intellectual property law in national jurisdictions (Russian Federation, Republic of Indonesia, Federative Republic of Brazil, African countries and others), as well as the place of intellectual property in the system of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The main areas of activity of the World Intellectual Property Organization in the context of achieving these goals, the results of the implementation and use of digital systems and artificial intelligence in the field of intellectual property in national jurisdictions (for example, automation of patent application processes, of document evaluation, of sending documents to the applicant) are analyzed, also the results of the implementation and application of the process of accelerated examination of “green” patents in a number of countries, including the Russian Federation. During the study, general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, logical method, generalization, as well as a special legal method and a comparative legal method. The author came to the conclusion that the introduction of artificial intelligence and digital platforms into the activities of organizations in the field of intellectual property significantly speeds up and simplifies the entire process from filing a patent application to issuing a patent; it is necessary to create a unified database of “green” patents and carry out comprehensive work to popularize activities in the field of environmental inventions, since currently the search for “green” patents issued in Russia is difficult, and in general, environmental inventions in Russia account for only 1% of the total number of inventions; it is necessary to develop interstate cooperation in the field of intellectual property and develop joint projects, since the problems that need to be solved in the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goals are global in nature.

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Ngombe, Laurier Y. "The Protection of Folklore in the Swakopmund Protocol Adopted by the ARIPO (African Regional Intellectual Property Organization)." Journal of World Intellectual Property 14, no. 5 (September 2011): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2011.00426.x.

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The African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation has adopted, on August 2010, one new protocol. This regional text is on the protection of folklore and TK (Traditional Knowledge). Concerning the expressions of foklore, several issues are included such as the ownership of transnational folklore or the distribution of “royalties”. The text is fundamentally inspired by rules relating to copyright law and consolidated by customary law rules.

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Mushita, Andrew T., and Carol B. Thompson. "Patenting Biodiversity? Rejecting WTO/TRIPS in Southern Africa." Global Environmental Politics 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638002317261472.

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The year 2000 was the deadline for developing countries to bring their national laws into compliance with the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement under the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the transition to one universal intellectual property law is not proceeding as scripted. After briefly summarizing a long tradition of debate about intellectual property, this article first analyzes what is new and different about TRIPS. It then argues that extending intellectual private property rights to plants, in particular in the form of patents, challenges scientific logic and threatens biodiversity. Southern Africa has also taken this view, and is proposing political and legal alternatives to the patenting of biodiversity. Combining principles from the Convention on Bio logical Diversity and the FAO International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, draft legislation affirms farmers' and community rights, while not denying the important role of international protocols. The proposal, calling for local and national control, is not only a model for Africa, but for other developing countries to resolve the incongruities between TRIPS and the CBD over the patenting of living organisms.

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Polak, Fiona, and Athol Leach. "DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR SOUTH AFRICAN MUSIC LIBRARIANS." Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0027-2639/1677.

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Music librarians must have knowledge of the copyright laws which govern the transferring of music from the old analogue form to the new digital formats. These laws were a particular concern of the South African Music Archive Project (SAMAP) which aimed to create an online resource for indigenous South African music particularly that of musicians suppressed during the apartheid years. Polakâ€™s (2009) study was an offshoot of SAMAP. This article draws on her study and identifies the specific problems encountered by music librarians with regard to digital copyright law pertaining to music. The guiding theoretical framework is based on the Berne Convention (2014) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty (1996) which provide the overarching international framework for guiding copyright. The literature review focuses on the international and national legislation; copyright in original recordings; duration of copyright; fair use, the public domain and information commons; copyright and fair dealing; and the South African Copyright Act (No. 98 of 1978). A survey conducted by e-mail identified problem areas experienced by the music librarians regarding the digital music copyright laws in South Africa. Two sets of guidelines for South African music librarians were formulated using their responses and the literature reviewed, and recommendations are made.

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Kongolo, Tshimanga. "Trademarks and Geographical Indications within the Frameworks of the African Intellectual Property Organization Agreement and the Trips Agreement." Journal of World Intellectual Property 2, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.1999.tb00089.x.

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Do Carmo Silva, Marcela, Carlos Francisco Gomes, and Castelar Lino Da Costa Junior. "The use of TOPSIS for Ranking WIPO’S Innovation Indicators." Innovar 29, no. 73 (July 1, 2019): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v29n73.78027.

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The purpose of this study is to study African, Asian and Oceanic countries in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) ranking of innovation indicators by means of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) analysis, as a support to the methodology applied by WIPO. The quantitative methodology used is the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This paper includes a Pearson’s correlation between the indicators. Results suggest a novelty to WIPO’s methodology using TOPSIS as a support for ranking countries, contributing to improve the methodology of innovation indicators by joining their qualitative and quantitative perspectives and principles.

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Thomas, Monica. "To Waive or not to Waive: International Patent Protection and the Covid-19 Pandemic." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 49, Issue 1 (January 1, 2022): 7–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2022002.

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In 2020, South Africa and India submitted a landmark proposal to the World Trade Organization (WTO) to allow all countries the legal right under international trade rules to choose not to grant or enforce patents and other intellectual property (IP) related to COVID-19 drugs, vaccines, diagnostics and other technologies and materials for the duration of the pandemic. Since then, the proposal for an IP waiver has gained support from 100 WTO members. However, a small number have continued to oppose implementing an IP waiver, maintaining that the current flexibilities under the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) provide a sufficient remedy. The TRIPS flexibility most recommended by waiver opponents is the Compulsory Licensing mechanism which allows government the authority to grant permission to itself or domestic producers to make a patented product without the patent owners’ consent. This article conducts a comparative analysis of the potential IP waiver and the compulsory licensing mechanism’s functioning in relation to facilitating increased production of Covid-19 vaccines by generic pharmaceutical manufacturers. Covid-19 vaccine access, international intellectual property regime, TRIPS agreement, access to medicine, intellectual property waiver, compulsory licensing

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Finston, Susan K. "Commentary: An American BioIndustry Alliance Perspective on CBD/TRIPS Issues in the Doha Round." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850072. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1159.

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Commentary on the relationship between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Susan Finston is Executive Director of the American BioIndustry Alliance (ABIA), a new advocacy organization that seeks enabling conditions for biotechnology through sustainable, mutually beneficial Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) policies. Previously, she worked for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), where she was Associate Vice President for Intellectual Property, Middle East/Africa and South Asian Affairs. Prior to joining PhRMA in 1999, Finston served in the U.S. Foreign Service, specializing in intellectual property and international trade policy. She received two meritorious Honor Awards for work on bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations. From 1986 -1988, Finston served as a Motions Clerk working with active judges at the Federal Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago, Illinois. She was admitted to practice before the Illinois Bar, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. She graduated from the University of Michigan in 1986 with a joint J.D./M.P.P. degree and with a B.S. in Philosophy in 1982. Her recent article, “The Relevance of Genetic Resources to the Pharmaceutical Industry—The Industry Viewpoint,” appeared in the March 2005 Journal of World Intellectual Property.

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Abraham Mahanga Tsoni, Cety Gessica, Railh Gugus Tresor Massonini Ngoma, and Xiangrui Meng. "Innovation and Climate Change Mitigation Technology in the Asian and African Mining Sector: Empirical Analysis Using the LMDI Method." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 9424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249424.

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Technology plays an essential role as climate change becomes a growing concern worldwide. This article aims to examine the influence that innovation exerts on climate change mitigation technology (CCMT) in the African and Asian mining sectors. Data were collected from the World Intellectual Property Organization mining database. We conducted a decomposition analysis of patent families between 2011 and 2020 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method. Findings revealed that African countries do not devote their innovation efforts to adaptive technologies, resulting in a mismatch between mining and access to technologies as the scope of R&D narrows. In Asia, the drive for innovation and technological efficiency is a tool to prevent economic damage and legitimize technological benefits as solutions for climate change mitigation technology. This outcome calls on political, national, and international governments to bridge the innovation gap to trigger a real shift from innovation to these technologies.

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Wabwire, Jonai. "A Review of intellectual property rights: The weak link with the African Traditional knowledge." Journal of Healthcare Ethics & Administration 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22461/jhea.1.71632.

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Protecting traditional knowledge (TK) has been acknowledged in various discussions under the umbrella of a number of inter-governmental organizations that deal with biodiversity, the environment, indigenous peoples’ rights, human rights, among others. It has, however, been difficult to arrive at a consensus on the proper modality that can serve the needs and desires of Indigenous and Local Communities (ILCs) in their economic and cultural participation. The paper examines the requirements for the protection of TK and explores the modalities of TK protection at the international level for regulating the control of, access to and utilization of biodiversity associated with it. It is argued that any modality of TK protection should incorporate defensive and positive protection that address gaps in protecting TK. Protection of TK should, therefore, involve identifying different modalities, including those based on Intellectual Property, to fit the nature and use of TK in particular contexts. The paper makes a case for a shift in strategy for protecting TK by adopting pluralistic modalities that address the protection needs of ILCs, depending on the purpose and the context in which the knowledge is practiced.

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Jecker, Nancy S., and Caesar A. Atuire. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." Journal of Medical Ethics 47, no. 9 (July 7, 2021): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107555.

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This paper gives an ethical argument for temporarily waiving intellectual property (IP) protections for COVID-19 vaccines. It examines two proposals under discussion at the World Trade Organization (WTO): the India/South Africa proposal and the WTO Director General proposal. Section I explains the background leading up to the WTO debate. Section II rebuts ethical arguments for retaining current IP protections, which appeal to benefiting society by spurring innovation and protecting rightful ownership. It sets forth positive ethical arguments for a temporary waiver that appeal to standing in solidarity and holding companies accountable. After examining built-in exceptions to existing agreements and finding them inadequate, the paper replies to objections to a temporary waiver and concludes, in section III, that the ethical argument for temporarily waiving IP protection for COVID-19 vaccines is strong.

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Botoy, Ituku Elangi. "Potential and Substantial Benefits of the Trips Agreement to the Member Countries of the African Intellectual Property Organization in the Patent Field." Journal of World Intellectual Property 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2005): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2001.tb00165.x.

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Volgina, Natalia. "Global Value Chain Research: The Role of International Organisations." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 255–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-02-12.

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Recent years the phenomenon of global value chains (GVCs) has attracted great attention of international organizations. Many of them are involved in the study of GVCs, primarily the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the UN Commission on Trade and Development, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the World Intellectual Property Organization and others, including regional international organizations, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asia, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, African Development Bank, etc. The purpose of this article is to identify how the role and position of international organizations in the global market for GVC research has changed, both in terms of specific content and in terms of interaction with individual scientists and other international and national institutions. GVC research by international organizations makes an important contribution to the understanding the contradictory features of international fragmentation, the participation of countries, regions, industries and individual firms in it. The publications of international organizations have a common research paradigm: they all recognize the importance of GVCs for national economic development. A similar conceptual framework for the study of GVCs is combined with the research specialization of international organizations, which reflects the main focus of the activity of one or another organization. The availability of research specialization is accompanied by continuity and coordination of research; the conclusions of international organizations do not contradict, but rather complement each other. The most important feature of all publications of international organizations is also their practical orientation, the focus on elaborating recommendations for national policies aimed at maximizing the benefits of participation in GVCs and minimizing the risks of such integration. A key feature of the research of international organizations is their generalizing nature, which allows highlighting the key trends in the development of GVCs and perspective areas for future research. Conducting large-scale research and the development of expert estimates in the field of GVCs became possible due to the availability of significant financial, intellectual and statistical resources of international organizations, including databases (TiVA, EORA, AMNE). The availability of such resources allows not only to conduct generalizing and comparative studies on a large array of macro and micro data, but also to carry out “pioneering” studies, which are a real increment of scientific knowledge in the field of GVC. Obtaining important generalizing or “pioneering” conclusions became possible due to the development of multilateral research cooperation of international organizations with individual researchers, universities, other international institutes and “think tanks”.

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Kabau, Tom, and Faith Cheruiyot. "The Arusha Protocol on plant varieties protection: balancing breeders' and farmers' rights for food security in Africa." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2019.03.04.

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The adoption of the Arusha Protocol for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (Arusha Protocol) in 2015 created a harmonized regional legal mechanism for the protection of plant breeders’ rights (PBRs) in the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) member states. Regrettably, the Arusha Protocol, which is to enter into force after the requisite ratifications, reaffirms the often criticized International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants of 1991 (UPOV 1991) in its extensive limitation of the traditional farmers’ rights to freely save, replant and exchange seeds of protected plant varieties, while liberally conceptualizing PBRs. The stated farmers’ rights are essential for the food security of the developing ARIPO member states, as their agriculture is predominantly characterized by impoverished small-scale farmers who rely on informal seed exchanges. On that basis, this article is premised on the view that the legal regime for plant varieties protection established under the Arusha Protocol is inappropriate for ARIPO members as it fails to balance breeders’ and farmers’ rights in a manner that promotes food security. It proceeds to evaluate the appropriate approach that can suitably balance breeders’ and farmers’ rights for the purposes of promoting food security in Africa.

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Hafiz, Usman Ahmed, Fauzilah Salleh, Murtala Garba, and Norfadzilah Rashid. "The Moderating Role of Innovation on Institutional Components and Life Insurance Penetration: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting 13, no. 2 (August 15, 2022): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33094/ijaefa.v13i2.628.

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A well-functioning insurance market benefits the economy by promoting efficient capital allocation, liquidity, savings, and risk reduction. However, in most Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, risk protection uptake is sketchy compared to other regions. For instance, data shows that insurance penetration in Africa stood at 2.78% in 2019, lower than the global average of 7.23%. Hence, this study aims to determine the moderating effect of innovation on institutional components and life insurance penetration in 35 SSA nations between 2009 and 2020. The study employs data from the Financial Development and Structure Database (FDSD), Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for life insurance penetration, the institutional components, and the global innovation index. The study uses the panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) estimation technique. The study establishes that innovation promotes life insurance penetration by enhancing voice and accountability, the rule of law, and government efficacy mechanisms. The study concludes that innovation is an essential catalyst for performance efficiency through which weak institutional factors can be improved to stimulate insurance uptake. This study adds to the scant body of knowledge on insurance advancement in Africa by examining the previously underexplored function of innovation via the pathway of institutional components. The findings may assist policymakers, managers, and other stakeholders in coordinating innovation plans with institutional mechanisms to boost insurance coverage in the SSA region.

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Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Bawa Singh, Jaspal Kaur, and Mihajlo Jakovljevic. "COVID-19 Vaccine, TRIPS, and Global Health Diplomacy: India’s Role at the WTO Platform." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6658070.

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In light of the devastation caused by COVID-19, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and vaccine research and development (R&D) have been occupying a prominent position in the field of global health diplomacy (GHD). Most countries, international organizations, and charitable organizations have been engaged in the R&D of COVID-19 vaccines to ensure timely affordability and accessibility to all countries. Concomitantly, the World Trade Organization (WTO) provides some provisions and enforcements regarding copyrights, patents, trademarks, geographical indications, and industrial designs. Given these safeguards, it is considered that intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become major barriers to the affordability and accessibility of vaccines/medicines/technology, particularly to the developing/least developed countries. Realizing the gravity of the pandemic impact, as well as its huge population and size, India has elevated this issue in its global health diplomacy by submitting a joint proposal with South Africa to the World Trade Organization (WTO) for a temporary waiver of IPRs to ensure timely affordability and accessibility of COVID-19 medical products to all countries. However, the issue of the temporary waive off had become a geopolitical issue. Countries that used to claim per se as strong advocates of human rights, egalitarianism, and healthy democracy have opposed this proposal. In this contrasting milieu, this paper is aimed at examining how the TRIPS has become a barrier for developing countries’ development and distribution of vaccines/technology; secondly, how India strategizes its role in the WTO in pursuant of its global health diplomacy? We conclude that the IPRs regime should not become a barrier to the accessibility/affordability of essential drugs and vaccines. To ensure access, India needs to get more engaged in GHD with all the involved global stakeholders to get strong support for their joint proposal. The developed countries that rejected/resisted the proposal can rethink their full support.

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Amin, Tahir, and Aaron S. Kesselheim. "A Global Intellectual Property Waiver is Still Needed to Address the Inequities of COVID-19 and Future Pandemic Preparedness." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 59 (January 2022): 004695802211248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580221124821.

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In October 2020, India and South Africa submitted a proposal to the World Trade Organization (WTO) to suspend IP on all COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics until widespread vaccination could help achieve immunity among people in low- and middle-income countries. After 18 months, the final WTO Decision substantially watered down the original text proposed by India and South Africa, limiting it only to patents on vaccines and the use of protected clinical trial data for regulatory approval. We address why an IP waiver under TRIPS consistent with the one originally proposed by India and South Africa is still needed to not only meet the ongoing inequities of COVID-19, but also to ensure the right precedent for future equitable pandemic preparedness and other crises affecting the global South. To meet the multilateral goals of the WTO, an IP waiver as proposed by India and South Africa is still needed to increase manufacturing capability for vaccines, therapeutics, and other COVID-19 health-related technologies.

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Gadkari, Ahan, and Sofia Dash. "Not Tripping over TRIPS: An Analysis of Necessity and Legality of the COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver Proposal." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 5 (January 30, 2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e6675.0110522.

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The availability of vaccinations against COVID-19 provides hope for containing the epidemic, which has already claimed over 2.84 million lives. However, inoculating millions of individuals worldwide would need large vaccine manufacturing followed by fair distribution. A barrier to vaccine development and dissemination is the developers' intellectual property rights. India and South Africa have jointly sought to the World Trade Organization that certain TRIPS rules of COVID-19 vaccines, medicines, and treatments be waived. This piece argues for such a waiver, highlighting the unique circumstances that exist. It believes that TRIPS's flexibilities are inadequate to cope with the present epidemic, particularly for nations without pharmaceutical manufacturing competence.

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Tonye Mahop, Marcelin. "Are the African Organization of Intellectual Property Patent Approach and Cameroonian National Biodiversity Regulations at a Crossroads? Suggesting Alternatives Tailored to National and Regional Interests." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 14, no. 3 (November 2005): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00448.x.

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G. Ivliyev. "Intellectual Property Organizations in Africa." International Affairs 69, no. 002 (April 30, 2023): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.84942824.

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Usman, Khalid, Liu Zhiying, Shen Huayan, Jie Xin, and Jin Yujia. "The study of innovation and absorptive capacity of BRICS countries by using multiple regression analysis." International Journal of Innovation 10, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 118–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/iji.v10i1.20717.

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Objective of the study: This research aims to explore the diverse impacts of national innovation systems of BRICS countries by indicating the key elements and systems aspect, how these aspects have committed to the running of the whole systems and interpreted inside the economic development of these nations.Methodology/approach: Data were collected from the World Bank (WDI), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United State Patent and Trade office (USPTO), and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries. Data used for following research are time series, annual data from 1999-2014. The multi-regression analysis was completed with utilizing the Statistical package for the Social Science (SPSS).Originality/Relevance: We intend at devoting to the research literature and policy by producing quantitative based proof of the framework that connects the comprehensive element of innovation system to economic system for a longtime.Main results: The findings showed the degree to which components of the National innovation system (NIS), depend on one another for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) , in this regard, any changes in one indicator can effect on other indicators in the system.Theoretical/methodological contributions: Our research is based on the conceptual analyses which draw from the existing literature. It is based on a model to evaluate the dynamics of innovation capacity, absorptive capacity impact and robustness of the economic development.Social /management contributions: Our results have significant implication for policy makers.

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Lopes, João, Márcio Oliveira, Paulo Silveira, Luís Farinha, and José Oliveira. "Business Dynamism and Innovation Capacity, an Entrepreneurship Worldwide Perspective." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010094.

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This research aims to identify which factors best explain business dynamics and innovation capacity in the continents of Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and North America. To achieve this, data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Competitiveness Report is used. The linear regression method is utilized with the stepwise procedure for data analysis. It is possible to ascertain that, with a view to increasing innovation capacity in the African continent, business leaders and managers should be acquainted with innovation studies to better understand technological advances. In relation to Asia, the detected models of business dynamism and capacity for innovation are positive. On the European continent, the results show that RIS3 has a positive impact on the capacity for innovation. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it seems that business dynamism and the capacity for innovation are negative and regional development policies should be more flexible. In North America, it appears that business dynamism and the capacity for innovation are negative. The research contributes with measures that can be applied by organizations and policymakers to these five continents to improve the performance of business dynamism and the capacity for innovation in their territories. The resulting data give originality to the research as well as important contributions, not only to the theory, but also to the entities (organizations and governments) acting in the field who can implement new policies, such as tax incentives to companies for the first purchase of high-tech equipment, products, or products with intellectual property rights developed by national companies and provide support policies directed to companies that purchase high-tech domestic equipment.

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Akhmadova, Maryam Abdurakhmanovna. "International legal protection of copyrights in the medical sphere of BRICS countries." Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, no. 2 (February 2020): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2020.2.32914.

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The subject of this research is multilateral international acts in the area of copyright that were joined by the BRICS countries – Berne Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, TRIPS Agreement, etc., as well as bilateral agreements between the governments of Russia and Brazil in 2007, Russia and India in 1994, Russia and China in 1992, Russia and South Africa in 2014, which regulate different legal aspects of realization of joint scientific and technological activity, namely in the sphere of medicine. Attention is focused on the problematic moments associated with the spread of copyright regime upon certain objects of medical activity. The scientific novelty of this work consists in articulation of the problem and approaches to its research. The authors comes to the conclusion that the BRICS countries have formed a sufficient international legal system for the protection of copyrights with one, but serious flaw substantiated by the refusal of India and Brazil to join the Agreement of World Intellectual Property Organization. Proliferation of scientific information through the Internet requires more stringent regulation on the international level, since it inflicts substantial damage to the authors of scientific works.

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Ringo, Frederick S. "The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement in the GATT and Legal Implications for Sub-Saharan AfricaProspective Policy Issues for the World Trade Organization." Journal of World Trade 28, Issue 6 (December 1, 1994): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1994038.

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Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Shalini Pooransingh, and Hamid Allahverdipour. "Global health diplomacy at the intersection of trade and health in the COVID-19 era." Health Promotion Perspectives 11, no. 1 (February 7, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.01.

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Global health diplomacy has gained significant importance and undoubtedly remained high on the agendas of many nations, regional and global platforms amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Many countries have realized the importance of the health sector and the value of a healthy workforce. However, there is little control on issues related to trade that impact on human health due to the dominance of profit-oriented business lobbies. A balance, however, needs to be struck between economic profits and a healthy global population. This paper aimed to highlight the importance of building capacity in global health diplomacy, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic so that health personnel may effectively negotiate on the multisectoral stage to secure the resources they need. The recent proposal to waive off certain provisions of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement for the prevention, containment and treatment of COVID-19 by India and South Africa at the World Trade Organization (WTO) presents an important opportunity for all governments to unite and stand up for public health, global solidarity, and equitable access at the international level so that both developed and developing nations may enjoy improved health outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Deiss, Robert. "Intellectual property organizations and pharmaceutical patents in Africa." Social Science & Medicine 64, no. 2 (January 2007): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.018.

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Zuijdwijk, Ton. "TRIPS and COVID-19 Vaccines: The New WTO TRIPS COVID-19 Waiver." Global Trade and Customs Journal 17, Issue 11/12 (November 1, 2022): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2022064.

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The COVID-19 pandemic (coronavirus disease, previously known as novel coronavirus 2019) and the inequality of access to COVID-19 vaccines generated a proposal for a waiver by the World Trade Organization (WTO) of broad sections of the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), on a time-limited basis. India and South Africa presented a proposal to that effect in October 2020. The text proposed was controversial, led to considerable debate in the TRIPS Council and eventually led to a lengthy stand-off in the TRIPS Council, from October 2020 until May 2021. The European Union and the United States were the principal (but not the only) WTO Members opposing this proposal. Following the transition from the Trump Administration to the Biden Administration, the United States changed its position on a possible TRIPS COVID-19 waiver (in May 2021) and declared its willingness to engage in text-based negotiations. That prompted India and South Africa, together with other co-sponsors, to produce a somewhat revised version of their earlier proposal. Shortly after the change in the US position, the European Union presented an alternative proposal for a WTO COVID-19 waiver, in June 2021. It was only in the period of December 2021 to March 2022 that serious negotiations on the text of a TRIPS COVID-19 waiver took off, initially in ‘high-level group’, consisting of India, South Africa, the European Union and the United States. The outcome of these negotiations was taken to the TRIPS Council and resulted eventually in the adoption of a TRIPS COVID-19 waiver decision by the WTO Ministerial Conference, in June 2022. This article tracks the different proposals for a TRIPS waiver through their various phases, in a broader WTO and TRIPS context. It also evaluates the contributions of the different proposals to the final text of the TRIPS COVID-19 waiver decision and arrives at some conclusions as to the merits and significance of the resulting waiver. WTO, TRIPS, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, WTO Agreement, waiver

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White, Michael. "World Intellectual Property Organization." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 8, no. 1 (February 2002): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j109v08n01_08.

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Dinic, Jordan. "Meaning and contents of the programme for a revitalization of Africa." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 1 (2004): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0401079d.

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The programme for a revitalization of Africa through the New Partnership for Africa?s Development (NEPAD) project is determined by the need of the African continent to overcome its historic heritage and a rather unfavourable current situation, and to become part of the globalisation processes that had spread throughout the world in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. After a brief clarification of the terminology included in the very title of the above project, the author identifies and analyses the important characteristics of the current situation in the continent, which has been and still is conditioned by the marginalisation and isolation of the continent from the main streams and processes that had been expanding throughout the world over the past decades. Assessing that the underdevelopment and poverty are the essence of the problem, the subliming factor of all other negative trends and the main cause of the continent?s marginalisation in the world?s economic, political and civilizational developments, the main point of the analysis is actually focused on finding the causes of this situation. In that context, the legitimacy of colonialism, the consequences of the globalisation process in the African continent, the link between domestic and external factors in the cause-and-effect connection with the negative development of the continent are being analysed. The analysis of the important factors of the present and the future of the continent includes and identifies the historic and current advantages of the continent, which are also the realistic foundation on which the revitalization project rests on, such as natural and human resources and the richness of Africa?s culture, which has largely contributed to the diversity of the global cultures. In the section on the contents and objectives of the programme for a revitalization of Africa, the author points out several essential characteristics, underlining that the programme is a part of the African leaders themselves, that it is the authentic product of their awareness that without their own responsibility for the fate of Africa?s peoples the problems that those countries are faced with will not be overcome. Since the purpose of the programme for a revitalization is to include the continent in the globalisation processes its implementation depends directly on the support and assistance of the international community and the international agencies and organizations particularly of the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Namely, the global partnership for Africa?s development is directly correlated with the preservation of the global stability. A continuation of Africa?s marginalisation in the globalisation process would be a serious threat to both the world stability and the globalisation process itself, which would be incomplete without the inclusion of all of the world countries. With an identification and analysis of the main priorities of the Programme and of the mechanisms and responsibilities for its implementation, the author concludes that NEPAD?s implementation will be successful only if it becomes the property and a true concern not only of the leaders but also of all African peoples united in their diversity. The author analyses the historic and current external and internal factors that had caused the present situation in the continent, and identifies the potential natural, human and other resources. The programme for a revitalization also encourages the raising of self-consciousness of the segments of society at large about the realistic potentials of the African peoples, thus gaining also a mobilizing character. The author believes that the drawing up of the Plan of Action and its inclusion in the Programme is a rather positive side of the programme for a revitalization assessing it as a strategic mechanism for obtaining sustainable development in the 21st century. The Plan of Action identifies establishment of peace and stability, democratisation of the systems in African countries and formation of uncorrupted and competent governments, that would work in the interest of the people and not in the interest of certain groupings or individuals, as important conditions for the implementation of the strategy. The author also points out the basic sector priorities that the Plan of Action stipulates: overcoming infrastructural differences between certain sectors, investing in information and communication technologies development of electric power supply industries, transport and water supply. The development of human resources implies a poverty reduction, advancement of education system, upgrading of intellectual elite, development of health systems, agriculture, culture, science and technology. In the section on "Controversies, challenges and problems in the process of programme realization," the author tries to consider the Programme? vision, contents and objectives within the milieu of Africa?s present reality and the main development tendencies in the international scene, which would to a large degree determine the frameworks, scope and results of the Programme?s attainment in practice. In view of the diversity of cultures and traditions beliefs and religions, different historic heritage, and with this different external influences, disproportionate degree of economic and overall social development, conflicts within and among certain states, the tradition of unconstitutional rulers and rules, corruption and a series of other factor the author concludes that the project, basically substantial and progressive, will be faced with a number of challenges, dilemmas and difficulties, which would make its implementation uncertain, inconsistent and time-consuming.

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May, Christopher. "The world intellectual property organization." New Political Economy 11, no. 3 (September 2006): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563460600841140.

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Dumont, Alberto J., and Inés Gabriela Fastame. "World Intellectual Property Organization Development Agenda." Journal of Generic Medicines 6, no. 2 (February 2009): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jgm.2009.5.

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Gargate, Gouri, Qutbuddin Siddiquee, and Chaitanya Wingkar. "Intellectual property audit of an organization." Journal of World Intellectual Property 22, no. 1-2 (October 16, 2018): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12112.

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Papagalska, Dimitrina. "Knowledge Management and Intellectual Property in the Organization." Strategies for Policy in Science and Education-Strategii na Obrazovatelnata i Nauchnata Politika 32, no. 1s (February 10, 2024): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/str2024-1s-10-kno.

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This paper aims to demonstrate the interrelationship between knowledge management and intellectual property management in the organization as a prerequisite for achieving and maintaining competitiveness in different types of organizations. Knowledge subject to management can refer to both processes of creation of intellectual property objects and in terms of their market realization. Among the characteristics of this type of intellectual property knowledge is that it is concentrated in experts in the field, either internal or external to an organisation, and that the intellectual property legislation and market are dynamic. These are just some of the premises justifying the importance of managing this knowledge for the purpose of maintaining the competitive advantage of organisations that own intellectual property assets. The author’s thesis is that the management of an organisation’s intellectual assets inherently involves the management of knowledge associated with them, but knowledge management itself is not limited to that associated with intellectual property. An interdisciplinary methodology is used, the approach is from the general to the particular. Complex, systemic, and structural approaches are used as well as the methods of analysis and synthesis.

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Abbott, Frederick M. "World Intellectual Property Organization: Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits." International Legal Materials 28, no. 6 (November 1989): 1477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002078290001723x.

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McMahon, Joe, and Catherine Seville. "IV. Intellectual Property." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 3 (July 2001): 714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.3.714.

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This Journal's previous piece on current developments in EC intellectual property noted that this area of law is dominated by the drive towards harmonisation.1 This drive continues, and its success has been such that it can now begin to be seen in an overarching context of globalisation. The idea of a unified global system for the protection of intellectual property now seems at least conceivable, even if not immediately achievable. It is even possible to state that some stages have been achieved on the journey, most notably the TRIPs Agreement. Since adherence to this is a requirement of World Trade Organization (WTO) membership, the arguments in its favour have suddenly become “persuasive”. It represents a tremendous achievement in terms of the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights throughout the world. The World Intellectual Property Organisation's contribution here and elsewhere has been immense.

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Satyanarayana, Kanikaram, and Sadhana Srivastava. "Patent Pooling for Promoting Access to Antiretroviral Drugs (ARVs) – A Strategic Option for India." Open AIDS Journal 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601004020041.

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The current HIV/AIDS scenario in India is quite grim with an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in 2008, just behind South Africa and Nigeria. The anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) remain the main stay of global HIV/AIDS treatment. Over 30 ARVs (single and FDCs) available under six categories viz., NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), Protease inhibitors, the new Fusion inhibitors, Entry inhibitors-CCR5 co-receptor antagonists and HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors. The major originator companies for these ARVs are: Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim (BI), Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Merck, Pfizer, Roche, and Tibotec. Beginning with zidovidine in 1987, all the drugs are available in the developed countries. In India, about 30 ARVs are available as generics manufactured by Aurobindo, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; Cipla Limited, Goa; Emcure Pharmaceuticals, Pune, Maharashtra; Hetero Drugs, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; Macleods Pharmaceuticals, Daman; Matrix Laboratories, Nashik, Maharashtra; Ranbaxy, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh; and Strides Arcolab, Bangalore, Karnataka. The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) set up in 1992 by the Govt. of India provides free ARVs to HIV positive patients in India since 2004. The drugs available in India include both single drugs and FDCs covering both first line and second line ARVs. Even while there are claims of stabilization of the disease load, there is still huge gap of those who require ARVs as only about 150,000 PLHA receive the ARVs from the Govt. and other sources. Access to ARVs therefore is still a cause of serious concern ever since India became fully Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)-complaint in 2005. Therefore, the Indian pharmaceutical companies cannot make generics for those for drugs introduced post-2005 due to product patent regime. Other concerns include heat stable, other better formulations and second line ARVs for adults and more drugs and formulations for paediatric groups, that are still to be widely available in India and other developing countries. To examine whether strong intellectual property (IP) protection systems are to be considered important barriers for the limited or lack of access to ARVs, we studied the patent profile of the ARVs of the originator companies within and outside India. We could record 93 patents in the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO). The originator companies have been also aggressively filing and enforcing patents in India. There have been a few efforts by companies like Gilead and GSK to grant licenses to generic manufacturers in developing countries, ostensibly to promote access to ARVs through lower (two-tier) pricing. These steps are considered as too little and too late. There is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies to promote access to ARVs both linked to and independent of IPRs. Patent pooling as a viable strategy mooted by the UNITAID should be seriously explored to promote access to ARVs. India is ideally suited for trying out the patent pool strategy as most of the global requirement of affordable ARV drugs for HIV/AIDS treatment is sourced from Indian generic companies.

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Babich, Alona. "World Intellectual Property Organization: goals, structure, competence." Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law, no. 11 (2020): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2020.11.47.

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Gervais, Daniel. "Protection of intellectual property and copyright: The rôle of the World Intellectual Property Organization." Learned Publishing 6, no. 3 (January 1993): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/leap/60052.

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Шахбазян, К. С. "Intellectual property rights in contracts for research and development of the World Intellectual Property Organization." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 4(35) (December 29, 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2020.4(35).221219.

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Akimochkina, T. A., O. Yu Rudakova, and N. M. Abramov. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AS A FACTOR OF THE EFFICIENCY OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATION SECURITY." Economics Profession Business, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202250.

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Intellectual property management as an integral element of the effective sustainable development of an organization and ensuring its financial security by increasing the cost of capital in an innovative economy is of particular relevance. Taking into account the complexity of organizing the intellectual property management process, as well as insufficiently developed theoretical and methodological approaches and methodological tools, the purpose of the study is to consider the implementation of the intellectual property management process in a company, justify the need for system management and its impact on the effectiveness of innovation. As a result of the study, the authors confirmed that the issues of intellectual property management are related to the theory of sustainable development, since innovative development can significantly save resources, and the organization's economic security strategy, since the organization of effective intellectual property management allows organizations to reduce strategic and financial risks. The effectiveness of innovations largely depends on the conditions for their implementation in the company. Optimal conditions are provided by the intellectual property management system. The scientific novelty of the research is presented in the form of updating and increasing scientific knowledge and methodological recommendations for the implementation of the intellectual property system in an organization. Based on the principles of the process-system approach and modeling methods, the authors propose a model and methodological tools for implementing the intellectual property system at the organization level. The system, in turn, is presented as a process, with the allocation of stages and a description of the content of each stage. The proposed model can be used in the practical activities of the company.

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Husakovska, Tetiana O., and Leonid O. Sviatnyi. "Intellectual Property Audit as a Component of the Management Process of the Objects of Organization’s Intellectual Property Portfolio." Business Inform 1, no. 552 (2024): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2024-1-369-374.

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The aim of the article is to define the essence of the process of auditing the intellectual property of an organization and to study its features in the context of business development. It is determined that the main purpose of an intellectual property audit is to collect information about what intellectual property (IP) has been created or acquired and what steps have been taken to protect it. It is also necessary to analyze the procedures for documenting and protecting intellectual property used in the enterprise. The main tasks of the intellectual property audit are noted as follows: inventory of all issued patents and patent applications pending consideration; cataloging license agreements; analysis of the consistency of the intellectual property strategy with the corporate strategy of the enterprise; cataloging documents related to previous litigation, disputes, analysis, or research; review of intellectual objects of property (IPO) portfolio management plans and the company’s policy on intellectual property strategy. The carried out research allowed to conclude that the implementation of the IP audit allows the management of the organization to determine the existing intellectual products, submitted applications and already received IPO, their commercial potential in the context of the organization’s development strategy. In addition, in accordance with the development strategy, the audit of the organization’s IPO allows you to determine the need to obtain external IPOs, as well as to review the strategy for managing the IPO portfolio. Prospects for further research in this direction are the development and improvement of methodological instruments for the process of auditing objects of intellectual property of an organization as a component of the process of managing the IPO portfolio.

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Benkler, Yochai. "Intellectual property and the organization of information production." International Review of Law and Economics 22, no. 1 (July 2002): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8188(02)00070-4.

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Lerner, Jack. "Intellectual Property and Development at WHO and WIPO." American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, no. 2-3 (June 2008): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400207.

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Recent activity at major intergovernmental organizations reflects a renewed emphasis on making the international intellectual property system work to foster global health in developing countries. The World Intellectual Property Organization (“WIPO”) recently approved a historic “Development Agenda” – a wide-ranging set of reforms that reorients WIPO towards development and reconfigures how the organization makes policy, provides technical assistance, and is administered. Such an initiative may seem natural for the only inter-governmental organization (IGO) that is focused primarily on intellectual property, but such reforms are not restricted to WIPO. The World Health Organization (“WHO”) has launched its own development agenda of sorts – an Intergovernmental Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (“IGWG”) that is tasked with preparing “a global strategy and plan of action” aimed at “securing an enhanced and sustainable basis for needs-driven, essential health research and development relevant to diseases that disproportionately affect developing countries, proposing clear objectives and priorities for research and development, and estimating funding needs in this area.”

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Journal articles on the topic 'African Intellectual Property Organization'

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