Academic literature on the topic 'African Governance Architecture'

This handbook offers a critical assessment of the African agenda for conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding; the challenges and opportunities facing Africa’s regional organisations in their efforts towards building sustainable peace on the continent; and the role of external actors, including the United Nations, Britain, France, and South Asian troop-contributing countries. In so doing, it revisits the late Ali Mazrui’s concept of Pax Africana, calling on Africans to take responsibility for peace and security on their own continent. The creation of the African Union, in 2002, was an important step towards realising this ambition, and has led to the development of a new continental architecture for more robust conflict management. But, as the volume’s authors show, the quest for Pax Africana faces challenges. Combining thematic analyses and case studies, this book will be of interest to both scholars and policymakers working on peace, security, and governance issues in Africa.

Since the 1990s, university governance has attracted the attention of scholars. However, most of the extant studies focus on the governance of national-level universities and use national regulatory frameworks. Therefore, there is a dearth of studies that hinge on the governance of supranational higher education institutions, such as the Pan African University (PAU), with the aid of regional regulatory frameworks. Consequently, little is known about the governance architecture of supranational universities, which are a post-2010 phenomenon. In view of the above, the article answers the following question: How is the Pan African University governed within a multi-layer environment? Using an interpretive lens, data was collected from the Revised Statute of the Pan African University, 2016. Content analysis was used to analyse the resultant data. The findings revealed that observance of the values of higher education, adoption of the steering-at-a-distance university governance model by the African Union Commission and of the shared governance arrangement, and merit-based selection of staff are the hallmarks of the PAU governance architecture. The governance model of the PAU resonates with the governance architecture of country-level universities in form rather than in substance. The notable variations in the substance include the partial adoption of the philosophy of ‘letting the managers manage’, the existence of multi-governance layers, lay domination of the University Senate, the presence of ‘universities’ in PAU governance arrangement, the existence of a ‘quasi-governance’ organ with external representation at the level of the Institute, and the continental outlook of the PAU Council. Therefore, it can be concluded that the missions of the universities and their context shape universities’ governance architecture. Received: 04 May 2020Accepted: 29 July 2020

Abstract This study explores the thoughts of the youth about foreign powers’ governance. The concept of African Governance Architecture underpins the study. A review of archival material and other relevant publications and policy documents shows that youth have condemned Western prescriptions for the improvement of their economies and general governance systems, describing them as an attempt at re-colonization and an infringement on their sovereignty. Some have also rubbished foreign advice as ‘alien’ and irrelevant to their needs and problems. In view of the serious levels of suspicion, there is need for stakeholders to appropriately socialize and educate each other on the ideals of governance. The study also established that youth in Africa have been pounded with an ideology and doctrine that may require a lot of investment to undo.

Ten years after its endorsement by the un General Assembly, the operationalisation of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) concept faces challenges of consistency and capacity. Too often, global politics at the world’s premier intergovernmental body, the un, hampers effective action. Regional arrangements have a crucial role to play in this regard, however, questions of capacity to live up to this expectation remain. The Peace and Security Council (psc) of the African Union (au), mandated to implement the African Peace and Security Architecture (apsa) has primarily focused on developing the African Standby Force (asf), which the au succeeded in bringing to its ‘Full Operational Capability’ (foc) in December 2015 for implementation. Deploying the asf in deserving cases, for instance in Burundi in 2016, raises issues of sovereign consent, risks and costs. To avoid these complexities, this article argues that regional arrangements under Chapter viii are primarily pacific tools of the Security Council; focusing on harnessing these peaceful mechanisms of conflict prevention offers potential for consistent and effective ‘first responses’ to crises, with fewer complications. Regional arrangements as mediation tools present great opportunity for peaceful settlement of local disputes. Support for mediation is typically by peace operations. This article proposes that mediation support by a ‘preventive arbitration’ tool through ‘popular participation’ under the African Governance Architecture (aga) may have a pivotal role in this respect. Therefore, a regional responsibility to protect, through greater mediation, requires mediating challenges of governance in Africa.

In principle, the 2007 African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG) could be a powerful instrument to bring the African Governance Architecture to life and to help ensure that its universal values, including respect for human rights and the rule of law, are implemented across all African Union member states. Yet how serious in reality are the latter on this question? Ratification of the African Charter has taken five years and, as of late 2019, the implementation of its compliance mechanism is still pending. This article asks how these empirical puzzles can be best addressed. In the absence of robust data on member states’ preferences and with a view to developing hypotheses for further research, this article inductively interrogates how data on the various regimes’ political liberties may or may not relate to the ratification of the African Charter and the implementation of the ACDEG compliance mechanism.

BRICS is a grouping of five major developing countries that includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, all with the ambition of changing the governance architecture of international political-economy but with claims to speedy industrialization, fast growing economies and relatively strong regional and global influence. South Africa joined BRICS at the invitation of China in 2010 and has shown commitment to the group through friendly relations with other member countries. The country’s extensive economic links with China and the other BRICS states underpinned its strategy of diversifying its external trade especially with regard to looking away from West. This article employs content analysis to reflect on South Africa’s membership of BRICS, focusing specifically on the country’s relations with China. It argues that, while South Africa’s economic indicators do not fit well with the BRICS grouping, China is promoting this relationship in order to counter the West’s neo-imperialism and neo-liberal rhetoric. South Africa’s willingness to accept Chinese superiority in the African market and to act as a junior partner in the global power configuration makes the country the perfect choice for this project.

Purpose – Highly sensitive information pertaining to citizens and government transactions is processed in an electronic format, making information security a critical part of e-Government applications and architectures. Information security measures should ideally span from authentication to authorisation and from logical/physical access control to auditing of electronic transactions and log books. The lack of such measures compromises confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Today, most e-Government projects in developing countries in Southern Africa Developing Community (SADC) face challenges in two main areas, namely, information security and application software integration. This paper aims to discuss and analyse the information security requirements for e-Government projects and proposes an information security governance model for service-based architectures (SBAs). Design/methodology/approach – The current state of information security in emerging economies in SADC countries was researched. The main problems identified were the lack of software integration and information security governance, policy and administration. The design consists of three basic layers: information security governance defined at the strategic level of the government; information security policy/management defined at the management/operational level; and information security measures, implemented at the technical level. This section also proposes a policy for implementing public key infrastructures to protect information, transactions and e-services. A Token-Ring-based mechanism for implementing Single-Sign-On has also been developed as part of this study. Findings – The main problems identified were the lack of software integration and information security governance, policy and administration. These challenges are causing e-government projects to stagnate. Practical implications – The proposed approach for implementing information security in e-Government systems will ensure a holistic approach to ensuring confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation, allowing e-Government maturity to progress from “interaction” to “online transaction” stage in emerging economies. Originality/value – Research has not focused on developing a solution for emerging economies which are facing difficulties in integration software applications to deploy end-to-end e-services and to produce an underlying identity management architecture and information security governance to secure the e-services developed and deployed using an SBA. The work produced in this paper is specific to SBAs in e-government environments where legacy systems already exist. The work includes: information security governance defined at the strategic level of the government; information security policy/management defined at the management/operational level; and information security measures implemented at the technical level. This section also proposes a policy for implementing public key infrastructures to protect information, transactions and e-services. A Token-Ring-based mechanism for implementing Single-Sign-On has also been developed as part of this study.

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM)
The aim of this study is to investigate why the implementation of Enterprise Architecture (EA)in the Provincial Government of the Western Cape (PGWC)adopted in 2006,failed to be ineffective to address application duplication.

The thesis examines the ownership model and various control arrangements of state-owned companies (SOCs) to establish how the division of corporate power between the boards of directors and shareholder-representatives and the exercise of corporate power by these organs impact corporate governance. The thesis makes several claims. First, it argues that the architecture of ownership and control is not underpinned by a sound theoretical base and lacks a clear and consistent economic and political logic. Second, the motivations for state ownership are vague and contradictory, resulting in an irrationally amorphous ownership model. Third, shareholder control powers are excessive, often abused, and lead to shareholder proximity to the locus of governance, which engenders interference and erodes boards' autonomy and authority to govern effectively. Fourth, the legal and regulatory regime governing SOCs is plural, complex, fragmented, and contradictory. Collectively, these and other conceptual flaws have an adverse impact on governance. To address the flaws, the true nature and role of SOCs as entities of a special kind designed to fulfil an overarching public interest mandate need to be reimagined. To realise the public interest mandate, SOCs must be governed in the public interest. This has several aspects. The first is the truncation of excessive shareholder powers and the elimination of interference by removing SOCs from direct political control and placing them under an independent and professional shareholder entity akin to Singapore's state holding company, Temasek. The second aspect is a rethink and expansion of the duties of SOCs' directors by introducing a novel duty to act in the public interest, in addition to their traditional duties. The third aspect is that the legal and regulatory framework must be de-layered, responsive, and complementary to accommodate and give impetus to the public interest approach to corporate governance. Ultimately, these changes must culminate in a nuanced and bespoke architecture of ownership and control that is minimalist and structured and that can, arguably, address the idiosyncratic governance challenges that confront South African SOCs.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Coordination, Collaboration, and Cooperation, (C04); Community (C01) Driven Development (D2) minus Historical Institutionalisation (HI) is equal to Policy Implementation Effectiveness (PIE), is recommended by the researcher to improve results. Trends in compiled data were analysed with regards to legislative oversight and accountability in the petroleum industry, using the OECD/ DAC evaluation criteria. In terms of relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency, the researcher discovered a partial link between the activities performed by parliamentarians representing the petroleum industry where HDSA transformation is concerned. It was concluded that electrical energy generation and distribution throughout the five-year period drew more focus in terms of oversight than on other sectors. It was further noted that oversight and accountability could have been applied more efficiently if input were linked to policy objectives and activities. This resulted in only partial or limited HDSA transformation in the petroleum industry. When it comes to sustainability the researcher argued that despite the apparent long-term stability of parliamentary activities, such stability may not translate to sufficient oversight and accountability to ensure sustainable transformation in the petroleum industry. It was concluded that while oversight and accountability was being applied to one specific arena, other areas in need of transformation did not receive sufficient, or indeed any, legislative oversight. The facilitation model: Communication, Coordination, Collaboration, and Cooperation, (C04); and Community (C01) Driven Oversight and Accountability (D1OA) is recommended by the researcher to improve effective oversight and accountability. Thus, Effective (A + O) = C04 + C01 /D1OA equals to (A + O)e = C205 / D1OA.

African Union (AU) multilateral efforts in governance flounder at the level of implementation and their substantive intervention worth do not accord with the aspirations embodied in adopted normative frameworks and instruments. The research served to uncover the policy and delivery challenges within the overall AU institutional system as a means of providing a perspective on the future of AU governance mechanisms and related intervention modalities. Detailed empirical engagement, through an institutional lens, with norm formation and implementation in accountability, the rule of law and state capacity, and related delivery practices, enabled the extraction of crucial efficacy challenges in the AU institutional system. The exploration, using evidence embodied in documents from the AU governance implementation system, served to confirm that the AU continues to struggle between the imperatives of integration through established shared values and the exercise of state sovereignty. Within the policy-delivery nexus, the research points to the importance of agency by AU institutions and how practices and incentives serve to pervert the aspiration for a multilateral value-adding system in governance. In addition to providing a comprehensive historical macro-overview of AU governance intervention and related implementation modalities, the research served to uncover the implementation ‘black-box’ through a careful and comprehensive study of practices in each of the governance intervention terrains. The institutional focus serves to affirm that answerability for performance in the use of public resource and the structuring of organisations, matter for delivery and the production of substantive regional integration value. The core efficacy challenges at the level of AU multilateral engagements and implementation, such as norm proliferation, the exercise of power and sovereignty, staffing and capacity gaps, point to the need for a substantive and strategic reorientation of the AU governance normative framework and related intervention modalities. As an outcome of the analysis and reflection, a ‘norm graduating model’ is proposed to accommodate contextual realities in AU Member States on the back of historically hard-fought-for shared values in governance. At the level of implementation modalities, efficacy challenges point to the importance of a more tempered and realistic delivery approach. The primary focus in the immediate term should be on building governance through a diffused peer-engagement strategy culminating in norm compliance and full adherence to the provisions of established AU governance instruments over the long-term.
Public Administration and Management
Ph. D. (Public Administration)

This study analyses the role of project management during strategy execution within the telecommunications environment in South Africa. The study is qualitative in nature and utilises semi-structured face-to-face interviews with participants. Content analysis is utilised from a data analysis perspective. For the cross-case analysis an adapted version of the Interactive Qualitative Analysis technique was utilised to complete this. This qualitative study found that there is a disconnect when utilising the project management discipline during strategy execution. This is due to a lack of corporate process ownership regarding the concepts under study. A further finding is that projects are selected based on financial viability even though a formal criteria is constituted for the selection of projects. Within this study, strategy execution results are achieved by applying dynamic processes when utilising the project management discipline. A project management based strategy execution framework will aid effective strategy execution in this regard. This research is a cross sectional study at a particular point in time and not a longitudinal study over an extended period. The study does not have extensive cause and effect, behaviour and additional informational characteristics for informed theory building over an extended period as with a longitudinal study. The study has been conducted across four cases within a specific industry. An extensive sample across different industries would have allowed for better generalisability.
Hierdie studie ontleed die rol van projekbestuur gedurende strategie-uitvoering in die telekommunikasie-omgewing in Suid-Afrika. Die studie is kwalitatief van aard en gebruik semi-gestruktureerde, persoonlike onderhoude met deelnemers. Inhoudsontleding word aangewend vanuit 'n dataontledingsperspektief. 'n Aangepaste weergawe van die interaktiewe kwalitatiewe ontledingstegniek is gebruik om die kruisgeval-ontleding te doen. Hierdie kwalitatiewe studie het bevind dat daar 'n onsamehangendheid is wanneer die projekbestuurdissipline gedurende strategie-uitvoering aangewend word. Hierdie is weens 'n gebrek aan korporatiewe proses-eienaarskap rakende die konsepte wat ondersoek word. 'n Verdere bevinding is dat projekte gekies word op grond van finansiële lewensvatbaarheid, hoewel formele kriteria saamgestel word om projekte te kies. In hierdie studie word strategie-uitvoeringsresultate bereik deur dinamiese prosesse toe te pas wanneer die projekbestuurdissipline aangewend word. 'n Uitvoeringsraamwerk vir 'n projekbestuurgebaseerde strategie sal effektiewe strategie-uitvoering help in hierdie opsig. Hierdie navorsing is 'n deursnee-studie op 'n bepaalde tydsduur en nie 'n longitudinale studie oor 'n uitgebreide tydperk nie. Die studie het nie 'n breedvoerige oorsaak en uitwerking, gedrags- en addisionele inligtingseienskappe vir ingeligte teoriebou oor 'n uitgebreide tydperk soos met 'n longitudinale studie nie. Die studie is oor vier gevalle in 'n spesifieke bedryf uitgevoer. 'n Breedvoerige steekproefneming oor verskillende bedrywe sou vir 'n beter veralgemening gesorg het.
Hierdie studie ontleed die rol van projekbestuur gedurende strategie-uitvoering in die telekommunikasie-omgewing in Suid-Afrika. Die studie is kwalitatief van aard en gebruik semi-gestruktureerde, persoonlike onderhoude met deelnemers. Inhoudsontleding word aangewend vanuit 'n dataontledingsperspektief. 'n Aangepaste weergawe van die interaktiewe kwalitatiewe ontledingstegniek is gebruik om die kruisgeval-ontleding te doen. Hierdie kwalitatiewe studie het bevind dat daar 'n onsamehangendheid is wanneer die projekbestuurdissipline gedurende strategie-uitvoering aangewend word. Hierdie is weens 'n gebrek aan korporatiewe proses-eienaarskap rakende die konsepte wat ondersoek word. 'n Verdere bevinding is dat projekte gekies word op grond van finansiële lewensvatbaarheid, hoewel formele kriteria saamgestel word om projekte te kies. In hierdie studie word strategie-uitvoeringsresultate bereik deur dinamiese prosesse toe te pas wanneer die projekbestuurdissipline aangewend word. 'n Uitvoeringsraamwerk vir 'n projekbestuurgebaseerde strategie sal effektiewe strategie-uitvoering help in hierdie opsig. Hierdie navorsing is 'n deursnee-studie op 'n bepaalde tydsduur en nie 'n longitudinale studie oor 'n uitgebreide tydperk nie. Die studie het nie 'n breedvoerige oorsaak en uitwerking, gedrags- en addisionele inligtingseienskappe vir ingeligte teoriebou oor 'n uitgebreide tydperk soos met 'n longitudinale studie nie. Die studie is oor vier gevalle in 'n spesifieke bedryf uitgevoer. 'n Breedvoerige steekproefneming oor verskillende bedrywe sou vir 'n beter veralgemening gesorg het.
Isifinyezo esiqukethe umongo wocwaningo Lolu cwaningo luhlaziya indima ye-project management ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesu kumkhakha wobuxhakaxhaka bokuxhumana ngezingcingo i-telecommunication eNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo ngolwenhlobo ye-qualitative kanti lusebenzisa ama-interview ahlelekile kodwa angenazihibe eziqinile, ukuqondana nalabo ababamba iqhaza ubuso nobuso. Kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwe-data lapho kuhlaziywa ingqikithi. Lapho kuhlaziywa nokuqhathanisa ama-case, kuye kwasetshenziswa ithekniki ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Interactive Qualitative Analysis ukuphetha lo msebenzi. Lolu cwaningo lwe-qualitative, luye lwathola ukuthi kukhona ukungaxhumani noma ukungahambelani phakathi kwe-project management kanye nesu ngesikhathi kusetshenziswa isu. Lokhu kungenxa yokusweleka kobunikazi kwinqubo ye-corporate maqondana nemibono okucwaningwa ngayo. Kanti futhi kubuye kwatholakala ukuthi amaprojekthi akhethwa ngkulandela ukuthi ngabe azongenisa imali yini ngisho noma kubekwe imibandela ethize ekukhethweni kwamaprojekthi. Kulolu cwaningo, imiphumela yesu lokusebenza ifezeka ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ezisebenza ngokuphezulo lapho kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-project management. Uhlaka olugxile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-project management luzosiza ekufakeni kahle kwesu lapho lusetshenziswa maqondana nalokhu. Lolu cwaningo luxhumanisa ukuqhathanisa eminye imikhakha yocwaningo ngesikhathi esithile kanti akulona ucwaningo olulandelelwa isikhathi eside. Lolu cwaningi alunawo umkhakha wembangela nomphumela, imibandela yokuziphatha kanye neminye imibandela yolwazi olungezelelwe ukwakha ithiyori esekelwe phezu kolwazi esikhathini socwaningo olulandelelwa isikhathi eside. Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe kuma-case amane kwimboni ethile eyodwa. Ukuthatha amasampuli ajulile ezimboni ezehlukene bekuzobe kusize ukuthi imiphumela ikwazi ukubonelela nokwengamela ngokunabile.
Business Management
D.B.L.

The goals of every organisation are unique. It is difficult to find a single information technology governance framework that will embrace the functions of every organisation. This is attributed to the primary reason why organisations tend to select multiple IT governance frameworks, for their processes and activities. However, many organisations later realised that some of the frameworks are very similar and others are inappropriate. This evidently and inevitably causes complexities and negatively impacts return on investment in organisations. This highlights the need for an architectural framework that guides the selection and implementation of an appropriate framework, as presented and discussed in this chapter. The qualitative case study and interpretive method and approach are followed in conducting this research, which is to develop an architectural framework for the implementation of IT governance in organisations. A South African organisation was used as a case, focusing on the IT division. The data collection method presented in this research was semi-structured interviews.