Journal articles: 'African americans – study and teaching (higher)'

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Richardson, James L. "Motivating at Risk African Americans and Hispanics Through the Study of New Media Technology." HETS Online Journal 1, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55420/2693.9193.v1.n2.89.

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The rising number of African Americans and Hispanics turning away from higher education is creating a problem that threatens many aspects of American society. Educators can help reverse this destructive trend by creating New Media based curricula that addresses the motivational factors impeding the academic success of these students. The recent advances in personal computing, as well as the rise of the Internet and global networks offer educators an unprecedented opportunity to reengage and motivate many of these students by teaching them to develop digital content that is technically advanced, economically viable, and which stays true to their core values. This new approach, which makes use of interactive technology, can bridge the gap and make it possible for many disenfranchised African American and Hispanic students to view academia in a more positive light. The rising number of African Americans and Hispanics turning away from college and higher education is creating a problem that threatens many aspects of American society. It has been shown that increasing numbers of these students, many without sufficient economic and socio-political influence, can lead to increased levels of poverty, criminal behavior, incarceration (James, 2004), and greater family instability. However at the same time that some of these “at risk” students are turning away from higher education, new media centric areas of our economy and popular culture are experiencing incredible growth with this same demographic (Smith, 2010).

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Carbonell, Alfredo M., Amy E. Lincourt, Brent D. Matthews, Kent W. Kercher, Ronald F. Sing, and B. Todd Heniford. "National Study of the Effect of Patient and Hospital Characteristics on Bariatric Surgery Outcomes." American Surgeon 71, no. 4 (April 2005): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480507100407.

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The influence of patient and hospital demographics on gastric bypass (GB) outcomes is unknown. We analyzed year 2000 data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for all GB patients. In 2000, 5876 GB were performed in the 137 sample hospitals (M:F, 14%:86%). Length of stay (LOS, days), charges, comorbidities, and morbidity were higher for those aged >60 years compared to <40 years. LOS, charges, comorbidities, morbidity, and mortality were highest in males. LOS was longest in African Americans compared to Caucasians and Hispanics. Charges and comorbidities were greatest in African Americans and Hispanics compared to Caucasians. Medicare and Medicaid-insured patients have higher LOS, charges, comorbidities, morbidity, and mortality compared to privately insured and self-pay patients. Lower income patients have higher LOS and total charges. Nonteaching hospitals have an increased LOS and charges and treat patients with more comorbidities compared to teaching hospitals. LOS, charges, and morbidity are directly proportional to hospital size. Urban hospitals have lower LOS and higher charges compared to rural hospitals. As hospital GB volume increases, LOS, charges, and morbidity decrease with no mortality effect. After controlling for all other covariates, male gender, increased age, and large hospital size were predictors of increased morbidity. Having had a complication predicted increased mortality, while female gender had a protective effect. Patient income, insurance status, and race did not play a role in morbidity or mortality. Neither academic, teaching status of the hospital or hospital gastric bypass volume influenced patient outcomes. Patient and hospital demographics do affect the outcomes of patients undergoing GB. Increasing age, male gender, and surgery performed in large hospitals are predictors of morbidity. Male gender and postoperative complications predict increased mortality. Neither comorbidities, race, payer, income, hospital academic status, location, nor hospital volume affect the outcome after GB.

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Kamoun, Camilia, and Diane Spatz. "Influence of Islamic Traditions on Breastfeeding Beliefs and Practices Among African American Muslims in West Philadelphia: A Mixed-Methods Study." Journal of Human Lactation 34, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334417705856.

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Background: Little is known regarding the influence of religion on breastfeeding in African American communities. In particular, whether Islamic traditions influence breastfeeding beliefs and practices among African American Muslims has not been studied. Research aim: This study sought to gain understanding of breastfeeding attitudes, rates, and education among African American Muslims in West Philadelphia and to examine if engaging Islamic teachings in breastfeeding education can positively influence breastfeeding attitudes. Methods: Open-ended, in-person, digitally recorded qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 community leaders and analyzed by conventional content analysis. A study tool distributed to a convenience sample of 44 community members and 11 leaders was used to gather information about education received from community leaders, breastfeeding attitudes and practices, and the potential for Islamic teachings to positively affect breastfeeding attitudes and practices. To obtain further data on this last topic, preliminary data analysis guided the creation of an education pamphlet, about which feedback was gathered through another study tool. Results: Education surrounding Islamic perspectives on breastfeeding was not prevalent. African American Muslims in West Philadelphia view breastfeeding favorably and have higher rates of breastfeeding than African Americans as a whole. Community education about breastfeeding that engaged Islamic teachings improved respondents’ breastfeeding attitudes. Conclusion: Increasing education among providers and African American Muslims about Islamic perspectives on breastfeeding may improve breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Healthcare providers who care for Muslim women should be aware of Islam’s tradition of positive attitudes toward breastfeeding and partner with Muslim leaders to improve breastfeeding rates and duration among such women.

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Heiney, Sue P., Sara B. Donevant, Swann Arp Adams, Pearman D. Parker, Hongtu Chen, and Sue Levkoff. "A Smartphone App for Self-Management of Heart Failure in Older African Americans: Feasibility and Usability Study." JMIR Aging 3, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): e17142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17142.

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Background Mobile health (mHealth) apps are dramatically changing how patients and providers manage and monitor chronic health conditions, especially in the area of self-monitoring. African Americans have higher mortality rates from heart failure than other racial groups in the United States. Therefore, self-management of heart failure may improve health outcomes for African American patients. Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the feasibility of using an mHealth app, and explore the outcomes of quality of life, including self-care maintenance, management, and confidence, among African American patients managing their condition after discharge with a diagnosis of heart failure. Methods Prior to development of the app, we conducted qualitative interviews with 7 African American patients diagnosed with heart failure, 3 African American patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, and 6 health care providers (cardiologists, nurse practitioners, and a geriatrician) who worked with heart failure patients. In addition, we asked 6 hospital chaplains to provide positive spiritual messages for the patients, since spirituality is an important coping method for many African Americans. These formative data were then used for creating a prototype of the app, named Healthy Heart. Specifically, the Healthy Heart app incorporated the following evidence-based features to promote self-management: one-way messages, journaling (ie, weight and symptoms), graphical display of data, and customized feedback (ie, clinical decision support) based on daily or weekly weight. The educational messages about heart failure self-management were derived from the teaching materials provided to the patients diagnosed with heart failure, and included information on diet, sleep, stress, and medication adherence. The information was condensed and simplified to be appropriate for text messages and to meet health literacy standards. Other messages were derived from interviews conducted during the formative stage of app development, including interviews with African American chaplains. Usability testing was conducted over a series of meetings between nurses, social workers, and computer engineers. A pilot one-group pretest-posttest design was employed with participants using the mHealth app for 4 weeks. Descriptive statistics were computed for each of the demographic variables, overall and subscales for Health Related Quality of Life Scale 14 (HQOL14) and subscales for the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) Version 6 using frequencies for categorical measures and means with standard deviations for continuous measures. Baseline and postintervention comparisons were computed using the Fisher exact test for overall health and paired t tests for HQOL14 and SCHFI questionnaire subscales. Results A total of 12 African American participants (7 men, 5 women; aged 51-69 years) diagnosed with heart failure were recruited for the study. There was no significant increase in quality of life (P=.15), but clinically relevant changes in self-care maintenance, management, and confidence were observed. Conclusions An mHealth app to assist with the self-management of heart failure is feasible in patients with low literacy, low health literacy, and limited smartphone experience. Based on the clinically relevant changes observed in this feasibility study of the Healthy Heart app, further research should explore effectiveness in this vulnerable population.

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Hauser, Joshua M., Sharon F. Kleefield, Troyen A. Brennan, and Ruth L. Fischbach. "Minority Populations and Advance Directives: Insights from a Focus Group Methodology." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 1 (1997): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007611.

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Numerous studies have shown almost uniformly positive opinions among patients and physicians regarding the concept of advance directives (either a healthcare proxy or living will). Several of these studies have also shown that the actual use of advance directives is significantly lower than this enthusiasm would suggest, but they have not explained the apparent discordance. Nor have researchers explained why members of minority groups are much less likely to complete advance directives than are white patients. In this study, we used a focus group methodology to examine the ways in which diverse populations of patients view the medical, philosophical, and practical issues surrounding advance directives. We were motivated by the significantly lower prevalence of advance directives among African-American and Hispanic patients at one urban teaching hospital (18% for Caucasians, 4% for African-Americans, and 2% for Hispanics). Our premise was that African-American and Hispanic populations, who have had higher rates of morbidity and mortality across numerous disease categories, and historically have had limited access to care and opportunities to discuss health concerns, may be more suspicious about the right of autonomy that an advance directive is designed to ensure.

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Holowatyj, Andreana N., Aishatu Suleiman Maude, Halimatu Sadiya Musa, Ahmed Adamu, Sani Ibrahim, Adamu Abdullahi, Muhammad Manko, et al. "Patterns of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Among Nigerians and African Americans." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (October 2020): 1647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00272.

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PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates are increasing among individuals < 50 years of age (early-onset CRC) globally with causes unknown. Racial/ethnic disparities in early-onset CRC have also grown more pronounced, because Black individuals have higher early-onset CRC incidence and poorer survival compared with White individuals. We describe the prevalence and burden of early-onset CRC among Africans in Nigeria and African Americans (AAs) in the United States. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified Black individuals diagnosed with a first primary CRC ages 18 to 49 years between 1989 and 2017 at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital in Zaria, Nigeria (Nigerians), and in the United States (AAs) using the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute’s SEER program of cancer registries. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate clinical and demographic differences between Nigerians and AAs with early-onset CRC, adjusted for age, sex, tumor site, and histology. RESULTS A total of 5,019 Black individuals were diagnosed with early-onset CRC over the study period (379 Nigerians; 4,640 AAs). Overall, approximately one third of young Black patients were diagnosed with rectal tumors (35.8%). Nigerian individuals with early-onset CRC were eight-fold more likely to be diagnosed with rectal tumors (odds ratio [OR], 8.14; 95% CI, 6.23 to 10.62; P < .0001) and more likely to be diagnosed at younger ages (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.89; P < .0001) compared with young African Americans in adjusted models. CONCLUSION Compared with AA individuals diagnosed with early-onset CRC, Nigerian individuals harbor distinct features of early-onset CRC. Additional investigation of the histopathologic and biologic heterogeneity of early-onset CRCs among Black individuals is critical for understanding racial disparities in susceptibility and outcomes, which may have implications for tailored early-onset CRC prevention, detection, and treatment strategies.

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Shrotriya, Shiva, Bipin Ghimire, Ujjwal Karki, Tara Rangarajan, Can Wang, Kadhim Al-Banaa, Hycienth Ahaneku, et al. "Evaluating disparities in pancreatic cancer outcomes in African Americans." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e18657-e18657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e18657.

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e18657 Background: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PA) is a leading cause of cancer-related death across the world, with poorer outcomes observed in minority populations. The observed variation in outcomes has been attributed to delayed diagnosis, barriers to optimal treatment and health care related disparities. We sought to evaluate the impact of race on clinical presentation and outcomes in pancreatic cancer at a large academic teaching center. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed between January 2016 to December 2021. The demographic characteristics (age, tobacco use, alcohol use, BMI); comorbidities (diabetes, acute/chronic pancreatitis); pathology, treatment (chemotherapy regimen, radiation, surgery) and progression free survival (PFS) based on race were analyzed. Results: The cohort (N = 983) consisted of 154 (16%) African Americans (AA) and 803 (82%) Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). The median age at diagnosis was 65 years (60, 70) among AA and 71 years (64, 78) in NHW. Thirty-seven (26%) of AA and 104 (14%) of NHW were current smokers; 46 (33%) of AA and 323 (45%) of NHW consumed alcohol regularly. Among AA, 32 (22%) were obese (BMI > 30), compared to 194 (25%) in NHW. Other comorbidities included diabetes (35% in AA vs. 32% in NHW) and acute/chronic pancreatitis (11% among AA vs. 9% among NHW). The treatment modality consisted of chemotherapy (57% in AA vs. 61% in NHW), surgery (26% in AA vs. 27% in NHW) and radiation (10% in AA vs. 12% in NHW). The median time to treatment initiation was 24 (16, 41) months for AA and 34 (20, 56) months for NHW. On univariate analysis, AA race was associated with younger age at diagnosis (p 0.043), higher current tobacco use (p 0.001), lower alcohol use (p 0.012), lower rates of obesity (p 0.024) and higher rate of acute pancreatitis (p 0.037) in pancreatic cancer. On multivariate analysis, race was not associated with difference in progression free survival (12 months in AA vs. 14 months in NHW; p 0.96) when adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, tobacco use, cancer stage and chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our study revealed that pancreatic cancer in AA was diagnosed at a younger age, associated with active smoking and pancreatitis. Although there was a shorter time to treatment initiation among AA, there was no significant difference in progression free survival compared to NHW when adjusted for other variables. Future studies incorporating novel biomarkers are needed to determine impact of racial health disparities on outcomes in pancreatic cancer.

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Sato, Takahiro, and Samuel Russell Hodge. "African American Teacher Candidates’ Experiences in Teaching Secondary Physical Education." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 36, no. 1 (January 2017): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2016-0010.

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The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the teaching experiences of African American physical education teacher candidates in secondary physical education programs at urban schools. The research design was explanatory multiple-case study situated in positioning theory (Harré & van Langenhove, 1999). The participants were seven African American physical education teacher candidates. The data sources were interviews, self-reflective journal logs, and e-portfolios. The data were analyzed using a constant comparative method (Boeije, 2010). The thematic findings were: (a) tacit positioning (unconscious and unintentional), (b) self–other discourse, and (c) reflective positioning. The study’s findings offer additional empirical evidence that physical education teacher education programs must do more to better prepare teacher candidates for working in urban schools with greater cultural competency and higher self-efficacy.

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Shrotriya, Shiva, Bipin Ghimire, Ujjwal Karki, Shyam K. Poudel, Can Wang, Kadhim Al-Banaa, Daniel Ezekwudo, Ishmael A. Jaiyesimi, and Dana Zakalik. "Assessing disparities in pancreatic cancer outcomes in African Americans." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2024): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.3_suppl.612.

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612 Background: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PA) is a leading cause of cancer-related death across the world, with poorer outcomes noted in minority populations. The observed variation in outcomes has been attributed to delayed diagnosis, barriers to optimal treatment and health care related disparities. We evaluated the impact of race on clinical presentation and outcomes in pancreatic cancer at a large academic teaching center. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed between January 2016 to December 2021. The demographic characteristics (age, tobacco use, alcohol use, BMI); comorbidities (diabetes, acute/chronic pancreatitis); pathology, treatment (chemotherapy regimen, radiation, surgery) and recurrence free survival (RFS) and overall survival based on race were analyzed. Results: The cohort (N=947) consisted of 147 (16%) African Americans (AA) and 775 (82%) Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). The mean age at diagnosis was 68 years (±10) among AA and 70 years (±11) in NHW. Thirty-seven (26%) of AA and 104 (14%) of NHW were current smokers; 46 (33%) of AA and 323 (45%) of NHW consumed alcohol regularly. Among AA, 32 (22%) were obese (BMI>30), compared to 194 (25%) in NHW. Other comorbidities included diabetes (35% in AA vs. 32% in NHW) and acute/chronic pancreatitis (11% among AA vs. 9% among NHW). Eighteen percent (18%) of AA and 17% of NHW had stage II disease, 16% and 12% had stage III and 48% in both had stage IV disease respectively. The treatment modality consisted of chemotherapy (63% in AA vs. 66% in NHW), surgery (25% in AA vs. 26% in NHW) and radiation (10% in AA vs. 12% in NHW). The median time to treatment initiation was 30 (17, 41) months for AA and 26 (16, 40) months for NHW. On univariate analysis, AA race was associated with younger age at diagnosis (p 0.043), higher current tobacco use (p 0.001), lower alcohol use (p 0.012), lower rates of obesity (p 0.024) and higher rate of acute pancreatitis (p 0.037) in pancreatic cancer. On multivariate analysis, race was not associated with difference in recurrence free survival (12 months in AA vs. 14 months in NHW; p 0.96) when adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, tobacco use, cancer stage and chemotherapy. High mean age, clinical stage II, III and IV, current alcohol use, underweight and BMI>30 and cerebrovascular accident as a comorbidity was associated with worse overall survival when adjusted for other variables. Conclusions: Our study revealed that pancreatic cancer in AA was diagnosed at a younger age, associated with active smoking and pancreatitis. We observe there was no difference in treatment initiation among AA and NHW. There was no significant difference in recurrence free survival and overall survival compared to NHW when adjusted for other variables. Future studies incorporating germline mutations, novel biomarkers are needed to determine impact of racial health disparities on outcomes in pancreatic cancer.

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Albagoush, Sara, Kamelah Abushalha, Sarah J. Aurit, Janani Baskaran, and Maryam Gbadamosi-Akindele. "Venous thromboembolism related hospitalizations among patients with genitourinary malignancy in the United States: A nationwide analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e16126-e16126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e16126.

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e16126 Background: Cancer Patients are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). In this study, we aim to get an estimate of the incidence of VTE as a primary admission diagnosis among patients with genitourinary malignancies. Methods: We utilized ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes to identify patients with malignant neoplasms of the prostate, bladder, kidney, and testis who are older than 18 years and admitted with a primary diagnosis of DVT, PE within the NIS database during 2007-2016. Unadjusted incidence of DVT and PE was analyzed for each cancer site with the Rao-Scott chi-square test; multivariable logistic regression was employed to adjust for age, biological sex ( not for prostate/ testicular cancer), race, insurance, year of admission, and use of chemotherapy to further examine incidence. Results: We identified 3,339,985 admissions affiliated with genitourinary malignancies of whom 0.59% experienced DVT and 0.13% experienced PE with bladder cancer patients have the highest risk of hospitalization for VTE ( 79/1000). Within bladder cancer population; insurance ( p < 0.001) and hospital location and teaching status ( p < 0.001) were associated with DVT incidence; and biological sex ( p = 0.040) and race and ethnicity ( p = 0.026) with PE incidence. For all sites combined and after adjusting for all else, it was found that every year increase in age was associated with 1.2% increased odds of DVT or PE incidence (OR 95% CI: 1.01-1.02; p < 0.001). Further, rural vs. urban teaching hospitals had 41.2% increased odds (95% CI: 1.26-1.58; p < 0.001), and urban non teaching vs. urban teaching hospitals had 35.1% increased odds (95% CI: 1.26-1.45) of DVT or PE incidence. African Americans vs. whites had 46.8% increased odds of DVT or PE incidence (95% CI: 1.35-1.60; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Within the population of genitourinary malignancies who admitted with a primary diagnosis of VTE; the incidence was higher with older age, African Americans, uninsured population, in rural and urban non teaching facilities, bladder cancer population.

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Jenkins, Sulaiman. "Examining the (im)mobility of African American Muslim TESOL teachers in Saudi Arabia." Transitions: Journal of Transient Migration 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tjtm_00005_1.

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Abstract Through the lens of raciolinguistics, this nascent study examines the mobility/immobility of two African American Muslim TESOL teachers (AAMTT) working in the Saudi Arabian higher education (HE) context. The data were collected through interviews and autobiographies in order to examine the participants' lived experiences and their stories. It also explores the paradoxes, tensions and duplicities in treatment experienced by these two TESOL teachers while teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) in Saudi Arabia. These teachers moved to the Gulf region with diverse forms of cultural, symbolic, linguistic, economic and social capital, including being 'native speakers' with excellent command of the English language, identifying (and being identified) with the culture of hip hop and Hollywood (which is replete with famous African Americans), and representing American ideals of individualism, freedom of expression, open mindedness and upward mobility. Conversely, navigating through Saudi Arabia, these AAMTT have also experienced marginalization by consistent questioning of their national origins, failure to secure employment or being flatly rejected due to colour, and scepticism by students and administrators about the level of linguistic competence, accent, rhetoric and accuracy in delivering English lessons. Likewise, subscribers to the Islamic faith, their lofty expectations of what life would be like in the Gulf have been further complicated by experiences of direct and indirect racism (a direct contradiction of Islamic teachings of universal inclusion), and they have also striven to learn the Arabic language to gain religious and social capital while simultaneously fending off perceptions that Arabic speakers cannot be 'native speakers' of English. Therapeutically, the researcher reflects on his own experiences with transnationalism as well as the experiences of these two TESOL teachers and their struggles with constantly re-conceptualizing identity and self as new challenges present themselves in the Saudi Arabia. The paradox of possessing the cultural tools for mobility while also having features that hinder mobility is explored and the researcher discusses the strategies ultimately adopted and employed to navigate living in the Gulf.

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Kuo, Yu-Tung, and Yu-Chun Kuo. "African American Students’ Academic and Web Programming Self-Efficacy, Learning Performance, and Perceptions towards Computer Programming in Web Design Courses." Education Sciences 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121236.

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Computer programming has been included in computer literacy education in many countries in the last decade. This study examined the effects of gender and the prior programming experience of computer programming on academic and web programming self-efficacy and learning performance in the web design course among African American students, as well as their perceptions towards computer programming. This study’s 14-week web design course taught African American students multiple web programming languages, including HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, in order. A one-group pretest–posttest design was adopted in the experiment. The quantitative method was primarily used in data analysis. This study revealed that African American students’ academic and web programming self-efficacy significantly increased after the web design course. Most of the African American students’ perceptions of computer programming became positive after attending the web design course. This study also found that male African American students had a significantly higher level of web programming self-efficacy than female students before the web design course. Interestingly, this difference disappeared after the course. Additionally, both gender and prior experience in computer programming did not significantly affect students’ learning performance in the web design course. The findings of this study not only contribute to the understanding of the feasibility of teaching multiple programming languages in web programming courses for African American students, they also provide evidence of the positive influence of web programming on African American students’ perceptions of computer programming.

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Sodavarapu, Soujanya, Kate Hatter, Megha Goyal, Prakash Ramdass, Majed Sayedi, Nashwan Obad, Amandeep Singh Gill, and Dinesh Vyas. "Health disparity in Central Valley of California: Higher incidence of breast cancer in Asian population." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e19029-e19029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19029.

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e19029 Background: California has the most immigrants of any state in the U.S., with approximately a quarter of the residents being foreign-born. The impact of migration on breast cancer incidences over time has not yet been characterized in the Northern Central Valley. This provides a unique opportunity to study the influence of migration, socioeconomic gradient, and racial identity on the incidence of breast cancer in San Joaquin County. Methods: This study was a retrospective, single-institution study that compared the socio-demographic variables and clinical characteristics of the patients who had a history of breast cancer in a teaching central valley hospital. We reviewed all charts with a breast cancer diagnosis from 2014-2019. We compared age, demographics, socioeconomic status comorbidities, pathology, treatment, and outcomes. Appropriate statistics have been used to analyze the data. Results: A retrospective chart review of all patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer from 2014-2019 at a central valley teaching hospital. 33.5% were white, 17.2% African American, 26.6% Hispanic, and 22.6% were Asian. Migrated Asian women are having three times increased incidence in central California compared to their peers in Asian. Additionally, those of lower socioeconomic status were more often affected (61.9% vs. 30.4% of middle-class status) in our population. Demographics and comorbidities were studied. Smoking was seen in 23.2% of patients, alcohol in 16.3%, hypertension in 43.6%, Diabetes in 18.9%, lung disease in 11.7%, and Kidney disease in 6.9%. 23.8% of the patients had a family history of cancer. Screening was only done in 41% of patients, and the distribution of race was as follows: white 10.6%, African American 7.7%, Hispanic 8.9%, Asian 8.9%. It was found that infiltrating ductal carcinoma was seen in 54.8% of patients, of which 16.1% were white, 10% African American, 15.5% Hispanic, and 13.2% were Asian. Triple-negative breast cancer was seen in 14.9% in our patient population. We further reviewed treatment methods, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, as well as recurrence rates. Conclusions: We suggest that screening has to be more concentrated in all communities. The fact that the Asian population in the Central Valley shows higher rates of breast cancer could be due to epigenetic, western lifestyle, and environmental factors. Higher awareness and willingness as a subgroup may be contributing as well or there may be an actual increase; this requires further investigation, and we will present further subgroup analysis at presentation.

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Goldhaber, Dan, David Perry, and Emily Anthony. "The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) Process: Who Applies and What Factors Are Associated with NBPTS Certification?" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 26, no. 4 (December 2004): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737026004259.

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National Board Certification represents one of the most significant reform efforts in the area of teacher quality in the last two decades. Since the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certified its first round of teachers in 1995, approximately 32,000 teachers have become certified at a cost to the country of well over $300 million, yet no large-scale quantitative research exists on the candidates of the program. In this article, we describe the results of a study of teachers in North Carolina assessing the factors associated with the decision to apply to NBPTS and those associated with certification of candidates. We find that, all else equal, teachers who are African-American, female, score higher on standardized tests, and/or are younger are more likely to apply for certification. Among applicants, we find that African-American and male teachers are less likely to be certified, and teachers who score higher on standardized tests are far more likely to be certified.

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Wang, Lei, and Jorge A. Gonzalez. "Racial/ethnic and national origin bias in SET." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 28, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 843–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-06-2019-1793.

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Purpose This study aims to test the presence of an adverse impact against professors belonging to minority groups (African American, Asian American, Hispanic American and foreign national origin) in official student evaluation of teaching (SET). Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a series of regression analyses to compare SET rating sources and control for course difficulty. Findings The regression analysis results showed that White American professors receive higher SET ratings than non-White American and foreign professors, which implies the presence of bias in SET. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine race/ethnicity and national origin bias in SET using official SET results from multiple universities.

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Duan, Ruziyi, Yi Wan, and Haoyang Zhang. "The influence of teaching styles on students’ math score." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 49 (May 21, 2023): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v49i.8503.

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There is a researching that three teachers with two different teaching methods in a junior high school, where students came from four different ethnic groups. Ruger and Smith used the standards-based method and Wesson used the traditional method, they were suggested to use the same teaching approach and the same textbook. The study aims to understand fully which teacher is best fitted for which ethnic group and which teaching approach is better. This research used statistical methods such as pie charts and bar plots to analyze data and used linear regression to investigate the relationships between the teaching methods and the students’ performance. The results showed that students who were taught by Ruger achieved the lowest math scores across all ethnics; Smith's teaching method suits Caucasian students; the traditional method resulted in higher math scores for students of African-American, Asian and Hispanic; and students who learnt using traditional method got higher scores compared to students learnt using standards-based method in average. Although each method has its own benefit, these results suggest that the traditional method is better than the standards-based method and these teachers should use the same teaching approach.

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Joseph, Nicole M., Andrea L. Tyler, Nicol R. Howard, Samantha L. Akridge, and Kelsi R. Rugo. "The Role of Socialization in Shaping Black Girls’ Mathematics Identity: An Analysis of the High School Longitudinal Study 2009." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 122, no. 11 (November 2020): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201105.

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Background/Context Previous literature has focused on mathematics socialization as it relates to the construction of mathematics identity, yet much of that research has been qualitative and lacking the theorization of high school Black girls. This study presents a longitudinal analysis of the relationships between socialization factors and mathematics identity among high school Black girls. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Mapping HSLS:09 variables onto Martin's (2000) theoretically rich Multilevel Framework for Analyzing Mathematics Socialization and Identity Among African-Americans, this study explored the distribution of high school Black girls’ responses to questions that measure a mathematics socialization construct and identified relationships between mathematics socialization measures and mathematics identity for Black girls in their ninth- and eleventh-grade years of high school. Research Design, Data Collection, and Analysis This quantitative study used secondary data from the base-year and first follow-up of the High School Longitudinal Study (HSLS:09), a nationally representative longitudinal study that started in 2009 with more than 23,000 ninth grade students from 944 schools. Using multiple linear regression in SPSS 26, the authors mapped HSLS:09 variables onto Martin's (2000) Multilevel Framework for Analyzing Mathematics Socialization and Identity Among African-Americans to test and examine the mathematics socialization constructs of high school Black girls who enrolled in a ninth-grade mathematics course (n=925) and continued participation in the HSLS:09 in their eleventh-grade year (n=637). Findings/Results The results showed that Black girls in the ninth grade with higher scores on measures associated with Martin's theoretical framework (Sociohistorical, School and Institutional and the Intrapersonal subscales) were expected to have higher mathematics identity, after controlling for the other variables in the model. The Community and Family subscale did not contribute to the regression model. The strongest predictor in the ninth-grade year, the Intrapersonal subscale, was still a strong predictor of mathematics identity for Black girls in their eleventh-grade year (B = .16, t (636) = 20.244, p < .000). Martin's theoretical framework holds true for high school Black girls in relation to their mathematics identity, specifically their Intrapersonal socialization. Conclusions/Recommendations The authors conclude that since mathematics is an exclusionary discipline and not necessarily designed for Black girls to succeed, understanding socialization factors can help the field of mathematics education design effective programming and teaching and learning experiences that disrupt hegemonic ways society has socially constructed mathematics. Specifically, mathematics teachers and other educators can work in solidarity with Black girls to help them increase their positive self-perceptions as mathematics learners. Educators engaging in these practices can support Black girls’ resilience and agency in mathematics despite negative contextual factors.

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Gannamani, Vedavyas, Vaishali Deenadayalan, Sravya Manne, Srilatha Vinumurthy, Jay Vakil, Maria Cuartas, Muhammad Bilal Ibrahim, and Maryam Zia. "Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Organism Infections (AROI) in Acute Leukemia Patients." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 7444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-188260.

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Introduction:Infections and related complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in acute leukemia patients. There is a growing concern for increased antibiotic-resistant organism infections (AROI), including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia (MRSA) with the widespread use of antibiotics. Risk factors include older age, prior use of antibiotics, duration of use and type of antibiotics. The role of race, gender, income and insurance status has not been studied. We aimed to study the trends in the prevalence of AROI from 2016 to 2020. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried to identify adult patients admitted with a principal diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic or myeloid leukemia using the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) codes. Total leukemia admissions were then analyzed using secondary diagnoses codes for resistance to antimicrobial agents and MRSA pneumonia to assess trends for AROI prevalence and demographic characteristics. Statistics were performed using STATA, and multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for confounders. Results:There were a total of 144,385 admissions for acute leukemia in the study period. The leukemia admission rate increased steadily from 2016 to 2020 (p=0.003). A higher proportion of patients belonged to the elderly group (>65 years, 45.2%) compared to middle-aged (45-65 years, 31.9%) and young adults (18-45 years, 22.8%), [p=0.018]. Most of the study population was White (60.9%), followed by Hispanics (15.7%) and African Americans (9.4%). The study population's predominant types of insurance were Medicare (37.5%) and private insurance (38.9%) followed by Medicaid (20.5%). Admissions related to AROI constituted only a small percentage of total leukemia admissions but the proportion of AROI increased from 1.16% in 2016 to 1.90% in 2020 [Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR): 1.12, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)-1.02-1.24; p=0.021]. Woman had a higher prevalence of AROI than men (AOR: 1.39, 95% CI-1.11-1.76; p=0.004). Elderly patients (> 65 years) have nearly similar odds of getting AROI (AOR 1.01) as younger patients (< = 65 years). Compared to Whites, the prevalence trend of AROI is higher in African Americans (AOR: 1.87, 95% CI-1.32-2.66; p<0.01) and Hispanic populations (AOR: 1.99, 95% CI-1.46-2.74; p<0.01). Higher-income population had increased odds of antibiotic resistance infections than the lower-income population (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI-1.01-1.85; p=0.046). Compared to patients with Medicare, those with Medicaid (AOR: 1.63, 95% CI-1.05-2.52; p=0.027) and Private insurance (AOR: 1.85, 95% CI-1.33-2.57; p=<0.01) had higher AROI, and there was no statistically significant difference with uninsured population. Over the study years, those admitted to larger hospitals (AOR: 1.82; p=0.007) and teaching hospitals (AOR: 2.07; p=0.006) had higher AROI trends than smaller hospitals and non-teaching hospitals respectively. When stratified by Charlson comorbidity index, there was statistically significant trend with increased rates of AROI in patients with lower index points (< = 4) but not in those with higher index points (> 4). Conclusion:There was a statistically significant rise in the prevalence of AROI across the study years. Racial and economic disparities exist in the prevalence of these resistant infections. Further studies are needed to assess the underlying reasons and steps to address these.

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Mutinda, Gladys, and Zhimin Liu. "On the Roles of World-Class Universities and the Sustainability Agenda in Africa: A Case Study of Two Universities in South Africa and Egypt." Higher Education Studies 11, no. 4 (October 6, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v11n4p70.

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In the past decade, the World Class University discussion has become rampant due to the integral role that higher education plays in any economy's aspiration to compete globally while still pursuing sustainability. This article reports on a study that explored the roles played by world-class universities (WCUs) in fostering sustainability initiatives and practices in the African context. The article harnesses a document review approach that facilitates in-depth document analysis using two world-class institutions in Africa: The University of Cape Town in South Africa and American University in Cairo in Egypt as case studies. This study finds that world-class institutions in the two countries have rigorous, comprehensive sustainability organisations, synthesised and adopted from international agreements and concepts. The sustainability organisation is characterised by a less hierarchical approach to its management and leadership. Sustainability in research is fostered through environmental research and other key research areas such as food and medicine. Sustainable teaching is fostered through living-learning labs, redesigned curriculums, targeted degree programs and lecturer development through training and awards as incentives. Tangible, sustainable technology and innovation initiatives are also evident. This article comprehensively establishes the links and roles played by WCUs in fostering sustainability. It aids potential WCUs in Africa to understand and adopt sustainable initiatives within different and dynamic institutional contexts.

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M Williams, Brittany, and Raven K Cokley. "#GhanaTaughtMe: How Graduate Study Abroad Shifted Two Black American Educators’ Perceptions of Teaching, Learning, and Achievement." Journal for the Study of Postsecondary and Tertiary Education 4 (2019): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4424.

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Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this collaborative autoethnographic research study was to explore how a shared Ghanaian study abroad experience would (re)shape how two U.S. first-generation Black women doctoral students understood teaching, learning, and academic achievement. Through our experiences, we reflected on what a reimagining U.S. higher education could look like to facilitate a cultural shift in educational norms. Background: The centrality of whiteness in U.S. education contributes to the learning and unlearning of people of Black students. The promise of Ghana, then, represents a space for revisioning who we are and could be as student affairs and counselor educators through more African ways of knowing. Methodology: Collaborative Autoethnography (CAE) served as the methodology for this study. CAE can be described as a collaborative means of self-engagement (Chang, Ngunjiri, Hernandez, 2013; Chang, 2016) and is an interplay between collaboration, autobiography, and ethnography among researchers (Chang, Ngunjiri, Hernandez, 2013), where researchers’ experiences, memories, and autobiographical materials are gathered, analyzed, and interpreted to gain insight into a particular experience (Chang, Ngunjiri, Hernandez, 2013; Chang, 2016). Contribution: This study nuances ways of knowing and expectations around learning and accomplishment for Black students. This is done through following the journey of two Black women doctoral students in counselor education and student affairs who are deeply aware of the ways their classroom and educative practices contribute to the socialization and learning of Black children. This paper offers strategies for operationalizing more culturally responsive ways of engaging students and of enacting student affairs and counselor educator practices. Findings: The findings from this study have been synthesized into two major themes: (1) The reimagining of professional preparation; and (2) student and teacher socialization. Together, they reveal ways in which inherently Ghanaian practices and techniques of teaching and learning contribute to increased student engagement, educational attainment, and success. Recommendations for Practitioners: Higher education practitioners should consider how to apply Ghanaian principles of success and inclusion to ensure students can participate in campus programs and initiatives with minimal barriers (financial, social, and emotional) through collective commitment to inclusion, centering non-western constructs of time so that students have flexibility with institutional engagement, and design support systems for student leaders where collective rather than individual accomplishments are centered. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers should consider shifting the centrality of positivist notions of scholarship in publication and research pipelines so that inherently African ways of knowing and being are included in the construction of knowledge. Impact on Society: This study has societal implications for the P-20 educational pipeline as it pertains to Black students and Black education. Specifically, there are implications for the many ways that we can affirm Black brilliance in U.S. public school settings, by acknowledging what and how they come to know things about the world around them (e.g., via singing, dancing, poetry, questioning). In terms of higher education in the U.S., this study calls into question how we, as educators and practitioners, position Black students’ ancestral knowledges as being both valid and valuable in the classroom. Future Research: Future researchers may wish to examine: (1) the direct suggestions for what inclusive education can look like from Ghanaians themselves as outsiders looking into U.S. education; (2) exploration of Black American and Ghanaian student perspectives and perceptions on teaching and learning in their respective countries, and (3) exploration of a broader range of Black people's voices including those of Black LGBT people, Black trans women, and non-millennial Black educators, for insight into making educational spaces more inclusive, transformative, and affirming.

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Jain, Akhil, Maharshi Raval, Karnav Modi, Sunita Kumawat, Kunal Patel, Shrenil Kavathia, Sharvilkumar Kataria, et al. "Impact of pulmonary hypertension on outcomes of influenza pneumonia patients: A nationwide analysis." F1000Research 12 (October 11, 2023): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.137447.1.

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Background: Pulmonary hypertension can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for influenza pneumonia (IP) patients. We performed analysis from the multicentric National Inpatient Sample (NIS) datasets to study the influence of disorders of pulmonary hypertension on the outcomes in IP patients. Methods: We used NIS 2016–2019 to identify IP hospitalizations (between 22–90 years of age) and divided them into with and without pulmonary hypertension (herein PHDPC). We analyzed for differences in demographics, primary (all-cause mortality) and other secondary outcomes. Results: Of 353,460 IP hospitalizations, 6.5% had PHDPC. The PHDPC cohort had more elderly, females, African Americans, and Medicare enrollees predominantly with more hospitalizations to large bed sizes and urban teaching hospitals, and higher cardiovascular comorbidities than non-PHDPC cohort. PHDPC had higher primary outcomes for in-hospital mortality (8.9% vs. 5.8%, adjusted OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.21–1.61). PHDPC also had higher secondary outcomes for sepsis, septic shock, cardiogenic shock and need for mechanical ventilation, prolonged ventilation, hospital resource utilization for longer mean length of stay, mean hospitalization cost, transfer to other facilities or need for home health care, and high risk for 30-day readmission than the non-PHDPC cohort. Conclusions: With our study, we provide contemporary data for the outcomes of IP inpatients with pulmonary hypertension and depict worse outcomes for mortality, complications, and hospital resource utilization. Although our study does not include stratification for vaccination status for the outcome, primary care physicians, cardiologists, and pulmonologists should pro-actively educate patients on preventive strategies during the flu season.

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Puri, Sonam, Tapan Mehta, Kathan Mehta, Khushboo Sheth, Ronak Soni, Jitesh Joshi, and James J. Vredenburgh. "Predictors of in-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1699.1699.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a variant of Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) arising in the cranio-spinal axis without evidence of systemic involvement. The estimated age adjusted incidence of PCNSL is 0.48 per 100,000. Although uncommon, PCNSL is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study is to better describe the factors affecting the in hospital course and mortality in patients with PCNSL. METHODS: We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 2007 and 2011 using the ICD-9 diagnosis code. We separated hospitalizations with diagnosis of PCNSL (ICD 9 - 200.5). Severity of co-morbidities was determined using Deyo modification of Charlson’s co-morbidity index (CCI). Primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality and secondary outcomes were length of stay (LOS) and cost of care. The cost of care was adjusted for inflation using Consumer Price Index (CPI) published by Bureau of Labor Statistics. Multivariate predictors for in-hospital mortality were identified by logistic regression model and multivariate predictors for LOS and cost of care were identified by linear regression model. Using SAS 9.2, survey procedures were used to accommodate for hierarchical two-stage cluster design of NIS. RESULTS A total of 3,391 hospitalizations (weighted N =16,790) with primary CNS lymphoma were available for analysis. After controlling for potential confounding factors (age, sex, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, Epstein -Barr virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis, diffuse diseases of connective tissue, myasthenia gravis, sarcoidosis, systemic vasculitis, organ transplantation, immune deficiency syndromes, charlson's index, hospital region in the United States, teaching status of the hospital) immunodeficiency syndromes (Odds ratio [OR] 16.532 95% CI 1.802-151.706), HIV infection (OR 4.762 95% CI 1.110-20.434), African American(AA) Race (OR 2.869 95% CI 1.075-7.659) and increasing age (OR 1.030, 95% CI 1.001-1.059) were found to be independent predictors of increased mortality in patients with PCNSL. Charlson’s index (OR 1.034 95% CI 0.856-1.250), history of organ transplantation (OR 0.658 95% CI 0.066-6.521), female gender (OR 0.668 95% CI 0376-1.189) and teaching status of the hospital (OR 0.542 95% CI 0.258-1.139) were not associated with increased mortality. There was no difference in mortality and length of hospital stay amongst the hospitals in different geographical regions. The teaching status of the hospital was not associated with in-hospital mortality, but was found to be associated with an increased average LOS (0.644161 days more, p value=0.0006) and cost of hospitalization (4498.4 dollars more per hospitalization, p value <0.0001). In addition to AA race being an independent predictor of mortality, the average length of hospital stay in AA population was 2.2 days higher (p= 0.0003) than the Caucasian population and was also associated with a higher average cost of hospitalization (4777.2 dollars more per hospitalization, p< 0.0001). In sub analysis for racial predisposition on mortality in HIV- PCNSL patients we found that presence of infection was associated with increased risk of mortality in Caucasian population however there was no risk increase noted in the AA population. (p =0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis revealed that immunodeficiency syndromes, HIV infection, AA race and increasing age were independent predictors of in hospital mortality in PCNSL patients. History of organ transplantation, associated co morbidities (charlson’s index), female gender and teaching status of the admitting hospital were not associated with increased mortality. Interestingly, HIV infection was a risk factor in Caucasians but not in African Americans. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Čuřín, Michal, and Michala Mikolášíková. "Teacher Preferences of Literature Curricula at Higher Secondary Schools in the Czech Republic." European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences 30, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.306.

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The current revision of national curricula documents in the Czech Republic is motivated by the increasing digitalization of society as well as the need to prepare students for future challenges linked with economic restructuring. The revision includes the reduction of teaching content as well as the establishment of a new range of student learning outcomes. This paper focuses on identifying teacher preferences with regard to the literature curriculum in terms of the curricular content and scope at higher secondary schools. Based on a thorough content analysis of current school curricula documents and textbooks, a so-called model maximum curriculum of literature was established as a basis for the construction of a questionnaire for teachers to express their preferred content. 20 secondary school teachers were selected according to their gender, type of school and duration of working experience as the sample for this study. The analysis found that teachers are satisfied with the current curriculum in terms of content and scope. However, two common tendencies were observed. Firstly, the majority of respondents agreed on the reduction of the curricular content devoted to older literature. Secondly, the reduction of curricular content was consistent in rejecting foreign thematic blocks and minor national literatures. The analysis also confirmed the teachers' lack of interest in including Asian, African, and Central and South American literature in the curriculum.

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Smith, Allison. "The Counternarrative of Teacher Evaluation: The Kangaroo Court, the Salem Witch Trials, and the Scarlett Letter." Education Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9020147.

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The purpose of this sequential transformative study was to elucidate the negative experiences of teachers with performance evaluations and to juxtapose the intended use of current popular teacher evaluation reform movements to the evident implementation. One may quickly assume that negative experiences with evaluation are a result of unsatisfactory teaching practices. However, this may not accurately explain the negative experiences. This study focused on the negative experience of teacher evaluation to provide a broader understanding of the impact of new evaluation policy reform on student achievement and teacher quality. With a paucity of previous research focused on the negative impacts of teacher evaluation, this study addressed the following questions: (1) How does the Peer Assistance and Review (PAR) teacher evaluation process negatively impact teachers? (2) What, if any, parallel traits exist among those teachers who had negative experiences with the PAR evaluation system? and, (3) How does the intended use of the PAR teacher evaluation process compare to the evident use of PAR? Data revealed dissonance among intent and evident use of the evaluation policy. A disproportionate number of African Americans, women over the age of 55, and teachers higher on the pay scale were referred to PAR. Vague policy language was suggested as the impetus for misuse, abuse, and biased implementation at the local level. This study suggests that policymakers and school district officials take heed of multiple perspectives and consider the negative impacts of teacher evaluation reform. Evaluation systems that prioritize teacher learning over accountability are integral to successfully improving student achievement.

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Rhoodie, Denys. "The functional structure of the academic year at higher education institutions in the United States of America and at South African technikons, with particular reference to the communication sciences." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 18, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v18i2.1840.

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The decision to undertake this study was based on the belief that both time managementand the time-allocation framework of the academic year of South African technikons,specifically as regards journalism, public relations and mass communications programmes,needs substantial organisational and functional restructuring to come to terms withradically changed societal, economical, political and educational realities. Legitimacy,quality assurance and resources are the three main components of an educationalsystem. Time is a vital resource as well. The major thrust of the study was to ascertainat first-hand how the American academic calendar works in practice and whether itoffers distinct advantages that could practically and in accordance with currentlegislation and policy be introduced in the academic calendar of South Africantechnikons in general, and communications programmes in particular. This includedlooking at continuous student assessment and summative final examinations insofaras they impact on the use of academic time for teaching. In conclusion, the studyproposes the creation of a new time mould which will result in a more effective use ofexisting academic time and also provides a number of additional benefits andadvantages to both student and teacher/instructor

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Boaitey, Gloria Agyekum, Rachel Martini, Melissa B. Davis, Lisa Newman, Brian Stonaker, Linda Ahenkorah Fondjo, Christian Obirikorang, et al. "Abstract 2247: Evaluation of multidrug resistant genes among breast cancer patients in Ghana." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2247.

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Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of cancer death in Ghana and around the world. Ghanaian women are diagnosed at younger ages with the more aggressive Triple Negative BC (TNBC) subtype where West African ancestry is associated with advanced BC diagnosis and higher mortality rates compared to age-matched women of European ancestry. Genomic comparisons of BC tumors from women of African and European ancestry show differences in frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and copy number variations. These differences may contribute to disparities in disease and treatment outcomes observed in women of African ancestry. Chemotherapy plays a major role in treatment of recurrent and metastatic BC. Long-term BC survival remains poor especially in Africa due to multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR has been associated with binding cassette (ABC) protein transporters. ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 are ABC transporter genes that code for proteins involved in drug efflux. We hypothesize that SNPs in ABC transporter genes may alter their physiological protective role and increase risk of MDR, treatment failure and death among BC patients. Preliminary dataWe explored gene expression profiles of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 in an African ancestry-enriched subset of women with TNBC (ICSBCS cohort: Ghanaian n = 6, African American (AA) n = 9, Ethiopian n = 11). Preliminary data showed significantly higher expression of ABCC1 among Ghanaian and AA patients compared to Ethiopians, and a significant positive correlation with African ancestry. ABCB1 and ABCG2 showed lower expression in all three groups (ns).To study the relationship between ABC transporter gene SNPs and MDR, we have collected data over a 3-year period (2019-2021) from the Oncology Department of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Ghana. The overall prevalence of BC recurrence was 3.4% (CI = 2.5 - 4.7%), and prevalence of metastatic BC was 47.6% (CI = 44.6 - 50.6%). Methodology: SNPs in ABC transporter genes will be obtained from 150 consented female BC patients who have undergone chemotherapy. We will compare genotype frequencies among patients with disease recurrence and/or metastasis (n = 100) to those with no disease recurrence or metastasis (n = 50). Single-plex genotyping of the ABC gene SNPs will be completed using a real-time PCR allelic discrimination assay. Conclusion: ABCC1 has been established to be associated with African ancestry. Determining the association of ABC gene SNPs and MDR among Ghanaian BC patients will provide further information on allelic variants and their effects on BC treatment outcomes. Citation Format: Gloria Agyekum Boaitey, Rachel Martini, Melissa B. Davis, Lisa Newman, Brian Stonaker, Linda Ahenkorah Fondjo, Christian Obirikorang, Ernest Osei Bonsu, Ernest Adjei, Ishmael Kyei, Mavis Bobie Ansah, Mahteme Bekele, Timothy Chu, Nicolas Robine. Evaluation of multidrug resistant genes among breast cancer patients in Ghana [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2247.

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Dietz, Gunther, and Laura Mateos Cortés. "'Indigenising' or 'interculturalising' universities in Mexico?: Towards an ethnography of diversity discourses and practices inside the Universidad Veracruzana Intercultural." Learning and Teaching 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2011.040102.

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Multicultural discourse has reached Latin American higher education in the form of a set of policies targeting indigenous peoples. These policies are strongly influenced by the transfer of European notions of 'interculturality', which, in the Mexican context, are understood as positive interactions between members of minority and majority cultures. In Mexico, innovative and often polemical 'intercultural universities or colleges' are being created by governments, by NGOs or by pre-existing universities. This trend towards 'diversifying' the ethnocultural profiles of students and curricular contents coincides with a broader tendency to force institutions of higher education to become more 'efficient', 'corporate' and 'outcome-oriented'. Accordingly, these still very recently established 'intercultural universities' are often criticised as being part of a common policy of 'privatisation' and 'neoliberalisation' and of developing curricula particular to specific groups which weakens the universalist and comprehensive nature of Latin American public universities. Indigenous leaders, on the contrary, frequently claim and celebrate the appearance of these new higher education opportunities as part of a strategy of empowering actors of indigenous origin or African descent.Going beyond this polemic, this paper presents the first findings of an activist anthropological and ethnographically-based case study of the actors participating in the configuration of one of these new institutions of higher education, the Universidad Veracruzana Intercultural (UVI), located on the Mexican gulf coast. This article examines the way UVI has appropriated the discourse of interculturality on the basis of fieldwork conducted in the four indigenous regions where the UVI offers a B.A. in Intercultural Management for Development. The study focuses on the actors' teaching and learning practices, which are strongly shaped by an innovative and hybrid mixture of conventional university teaching, community-oriented research and 'employability'-driven development projects.

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George, Lina James, Ekrem Turk, Youjin Oh, Alejandro Vallejo, Angelo Caputi, and Shweta Gupta. "A nationwide analysis of demographic and treatment patterns in admissions for malignant pleural effusions from 2016-2020." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.1618.

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1618 Background: Malignant pleural effusions are an indicator of metastatic malignancy, with poor survival and need for palliative procedures to alleviate symptoms. Our study aims to identify the disparities in the utilization of these procedures and their effects on hospitalization outcomes. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to identify all adult hospitalizations with malignant pleural effusion (MPL) between the years 2016-2020. We studied patient demographics and treatment modalities during admission. The study's primary outcome measure was to identify the difference in the total length of stay (LOS) and total healthcare cost (THC)incurred during admission. The secondary outcome was mortality rates among patients undergoing these procedures. Statistical analysis was done using multivariate linear and logistic regression models. Results: A total of 439,245 admissions for MPL were identified, constituting 0.2% of all U.S. admissions. Among these, 59.6% were females and mean age was 67.3 years. There were 68% Whites, 15% Blacks, 8% Hispanics, 4% Asians or Pacific Islanders, 0.4% Native Americans, and 2.9% others. About 61% had Medicare, 11.2% Medicaid, 25.7% Private insurance, and 1.9% Self-pay. Most admissions occurred in teaching hospitals (76.3%), urban settings (94.5%), and hospitals with larger bed strength (56.1%). The most common primary admission diagnosis was sepsis (8.3%). The most common primary malignancies were Lung (39.9%), breast (27.9%), gastrointestinal (9%), and hematopoietic malignancies (7.1%). We studied rates of thoracocentesis, Pleurodesis, Decortication, and intrapleural chemotherapy. The mean LOS and THC increased in admissions where procedures were performed, highest for decortication (12.1 days, p<0.01). However, the odds of death in hospitals significantly reduced. When compared to primary lung cancer causing malignant effusions, primary G.I., renal, urinary, and upper aerodigestive malignancies with MPL had significantly higher mortality rates (p<0.05). Disparities were observed in procedures performed, with women having 29% lower odds of undergoing decortication (p<0.001). African Americans had lower odds of undergoing any procedures for MPL when adjusted for age, sex insurance status, compared to whites. Teaching hospitals had 10.9 times higher odds of performing thoracocentesis but lower odds of performing pleurodesis and decortication (p<0.05). Conclusions: This investigation provides insights into the favorable impact of invasive procedures on in-hospital mortality for malignant pleural effusions, suggesting a possibility that patients with better performance status underwent such interventions. We also noted racial and sex-based disparities in the performance of these procedures. Further studies are essential to identify the reasons for this disparity to help promote equitable care.

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Yadukumar, Lekha, Yuvaraj Singh, Neethi Dasu, Yaser Khalid, and Maya Gogtay. "Beyond the binary: Analysis of esophageal cancer hospitalizations in the transgender population, a national inpatient sample study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e18888-e18888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e18888.

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e18888 Background: Transgenders are individuals with a gender identity that differs from their sex at the time of birth. Over > 1.6 million adults identify themselves as transgender in the US, of which 39% are women and 36% are men. While gender differences in cancer prevalence have been well established between men and women, very few studies evaluate the prevalence of cancer in patients who identify as transgender people. We aimed to evaluate the trends of esophageal cancer admission hospitalizations in the transgender population compared to the general population. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the data obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Data were sampled from 2015 to 2020 utilizing the ICD-10 codes of esophageal cancer and patients( > 18 years) who identified as transgender. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were the length of stay (LOS) and total costs in the hospital, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio. Results: A total of 212,425 patients with esophageal cancer were admitted between 2015- 2020, of which 97,950 were transgender. The mean age was 33 vs. 34 years in the general population. Both groups were predominantly Caucasian (65% vs. 68%), followed by African Americans (15.2% vs. 5.2%). Median household income (MHI) in transgender people was commonly in the lower quartile (27.8%). In cisgender patients, 37% had a MHI in the 26th-50th followed by 26% in the 76th-100th percentile. Inpatient mortality in transgender patients with esophageal cancer was OR = 5.1[1.8-8.3] (p < 0.05). The average LOS was higher in the transgender population by 2.15 days [1.1-3.1](p < 0.05). Increased LOS in teaching hospitals by 1.3 days [1.08- 1.59] (p < 0.001) and larger hospitals by 1.4 days [0.51- 2.28] (p < 0.001) was observed. The total cost of admission was significantly different in teaching hospitals ($27,774, p < 0.001). Conclusions: We found a significant difference between the inpatient outcomes of transgender and the general population. Despite the markedly low representation of transgender people in the national cancer registries, they experienced an increased mean length of stay and mortality compared to cisgenders with esophageal cancer. Further investigation is required to determine the cause of disparity in healthcare utilization amongst the gender-diverse population. [Table: see text]

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Arnold, Michael A., Tim D. Davis, and David W. Reed. "A Survey of Horticulture and Plant Science Graduate Programs and Faculty Salaries at North American Universities." HortTechnology 16, no. 1 (January 2006): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.1.0146.

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A group of 53 institutions of higher education in the United States and Canada offering degrees in horticulture, or closely related plant science degrees, was surveyed to determine various characteristics associated with the degree programs offered, demographics of students and faculty, and selected procedures and practices associated with administration of these graduate programs. Total response rate was 94%, yielding 85% usable completed surveys. Very few programs (0-3 per degree type) were offered via distance education and on average only 4.1% to 4.5% of resident instruction program students participated in distance education courses. Domestic students averaged 64% to 75% of enrollment. Students were 69% to 73% white. Asian students were the predominant minority group at 12% to 16% of enrollment, followed by African Americans (3% to 8%) and Hispanics (1% to 4%). Most institutions provided out-of-state tuition waivers (75%), and often in-state-tuition waivers (61%), to those students on assistantships or fellowships. Typical commitments to students were 3 years for a PhD and 2 years for a master's degree program. Research assistantships were the dominant form of assistance at all institutions (38% to 53% of students), while teaching assistantships contributed significant secondary funding (7% to 13%). With the exception of mean maximum fellowships, mean maximum assistantships ($11,499-$13,999) at non-1862 Morrill Act universities (NMAU) averaged near the mean minimums ($13,042-$14,566) for the corresponding assistantship types at 1862 Morrill Act universities (MAU). Requirements for teaching experience ranged from 41% of PhD programs to 18% of non-thesis master's degree programs. Typical departments contained 29 faculty members, of which 44% were full professors, 27% associate professors, 19% assistant professors, 6% junior or senior lecturers, and 3% were in other classifications. Traditional 12-month appointments (65.9% of faculty) were predominant at MAU. With the exception of junior lecturer positions, mean salaries at MAU averaged $9125, $6869, $8325, and $28,505 more for professor, associate professor, assistant professor, and senior lecturer, respectively, than at NMAU. This study provides useful information for departments undergoing external review or revision of graduate programs.

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Becker, Jonathan D. "Digital equity in education: A Multilevel examination of differences in and relationships between computer access, computer use and state-level technology policies." education policy analysis archives 15 (February 13, 2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v15n3.2007.

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Using data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) state assessment and a survey of state-level technology policies, this study examined digital equity in education as a multilevel organizational phenomenon with data from 70,382 students in 3,479 schools and 40 states. Students in rural schools or schools with higher percentages of African American students were likely to have less access to computers. With respect to computer use, girls and students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch were more likely to use computers more frequently when computers are available in the classroom. With respect to relationships between computer access and computer use, having computers available in a lab increases the likelihood of higher levels of computer use. The results suggested that no more than 5% of the variance in computer access can be attributed to state factors, and less than 1% of the variance in computer use was between states. The findings suggested that where student technology standards are integrated into subject-area standards, computer use was likely lower than in other states. In states where pre-service teachers must meet technology-related requirements to receive their teaching credential and states where funds earmarked for technology are distributed as competitive grants, computer use was likely to be higher.

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Cao, M., Kristen Bridges, Pratibha Vemulapalli, Jaime Sexton, and Brian Gilchrist. "Survival in Newly Created Hospital Units in Response to COVID 19 Pandemic Crisis." SVOA Medical Research 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2023): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58624/svoamr.2023.01.006.

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Importance: New York City (NYC) was the first major US city struck by the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) with significant infection rates, mechanical intubations, and subsequent mortality. New hospital units were created to accommodate the surge of pandemic patients. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to a community teaching NYC hospital with newly created units and compare them to outcomes of patients admitted to established hospital units to determine if there is a mortality difference. Design: We retrospectively collected data on patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection between March 8, 2020 and April 7, 2020. Included were patient demographics, comorbidities, risk factors, clinical factors, laboratory data, imaging studies, hospital course, and outcomes obtained from our electronic medical records. Data were analyzed between two cohorts: new hospital units (NHU) and established hospital units (EHU) to determine if a mortality difference existed. Setting: The study is based on a 454-bed community teaching hospital in NYC at a location that serves an ethnically diverse population using population-based data. Participants: All patients included in our study were 17 years or greater in age. The study endpoint was defined as either patient discharge or death, and pregnant women and patients who died in the Emergency Department before admission were excluded from the analysis. Results: Of the 1288 screened patients, 351 confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients were included in our analysis. Specifically, the racial demographics for African Americans were similar between both units (p=0.139). Factors such as elevated BUN, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and troponin were found to be similar in both cohorts. Overall survival was higher for patients in EHU compared to NHU (p=.012). The mortality rate was most striking in the NHU ICU where the mortality, especially in patients on mechanical ventilation (MV), was higher than in EHU ICU units (p = <.004). Conclusion: Our analysis revealed that patients admitted to newly created hospital units had a significantly lower overall survival rate compared to those admitted to established units, particularly in the NHU ICUs, especially for MV patients. These findings highlight the need for better planning, including the development of protocols that encompass trained providers' assignment, competency, proper orientation to the new unit, team cohesion, familiarity with the equipment, and critically ill patients' allocation. Such measures can help mitigate the survivorship disadvantage observed during surges in hospitalizations, particularly when NHU, especially new ICUs, need to be created.

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Madsen, Jean, Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela, and Elisabeth A. Luevanos. "School context: implications for teachers of color." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 38, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-02-2018-0031.

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Purpose By 2026, students of color will make up 54 percent of the school-age population. Literature on recruiting and retaining teachers of color reveal that teachers of color are underrepresented in US schools (Castro et al., 2018). Cultural differences between teachers and students result in higher number of students of color being expelled or suspended, low graduation rates and lower numbers of students of color in advanced math, science and gifted courses. With an emphasis on retaining teachers of color the purpose of this paper is to examine how traditional school contexts play a role in teacher retention. Design/methodology/approach This was a qualitative case study that examined white teachers’ perceptions about their interactions with African American teachers (Merriam, 1998). A case study was useful in describing the boundaries of the school and how this type of context allowed the researchers to explore intergroup differences between both groups of teachers (Hays and Singh, 2011). Nine white teachers from predominantly white schools in the USA were interviewed (Seidman, 1998). The data were analyzed using what Glaser and Strauss (1967) call a constant comparative method. This process compared the intergroup theory with teachers’ responses. Findings Findings indicated that white teachers had little or no experience interacting with people who were racially and culturally different from them. Because of their curiosity about race, African American teachers were categorized as the “black expert.” White teachers asked them to speak with African American parents, give expertise on areas of discipline and chair multicultural events. Group boundaries developed rapidly as white teachers overwhelmed teachers of color with only their racial problems. African American teachers were forced into roles, which prevented them from contributing in other areas. Thus, African American teachers grew tired of only playing one aspect of their teaching. Research limitations/implications Upon entering their schools, teachers bring with them a broad array of experiences, knowledge, skills and abilities. This results in a form of assimilation where they become like-minded to their schools’ norms and values. As incoming teachers of color enter with different norms and culture, they mediate boundaries having both groups of teachers adjust to cultural differences (Madsen and Mabokela, 2013). Intergroup differences often occur due to changing demographics in schools. If teachers cannot work through these normative conflicts, it will be reflected in teacher turnover, absences, workplace disagreements and teachers of color leaving. Practical implications If the focus is to recruit teachers of color, there needs to be an emphasis on preparing leaders on how to identify and address intergroup differences. As in Bell’s (2002) study and Achinstein’s (2002) research, when teachers have differences it will have influence how teachers will collaborate. Thus, teachers of color are prevented from sharing their philosophy about teaching students of color. These individuals also share the burden of being the only person who can advocate for students of color, but also serve as cultural translators for other students as well. Social implications Future educators not only need to understand how to teach demographically diverse students, but it is important for them to understand how multicultural capital plays an inclusive role in getting all students to do academically well. The question becomes of how one teaches the importance of “humanistic” commitments for all children. Originality/value Booysen (2014) believes that identity and workplace identity research only allows for integration of divergent perspectives. More study is needed to understand how do workers navigate their identity through the workplace. Workplace identity among group members results in power discrepancies and assimilation verses the preservation of micro cultural identity. Thus, both groups often have competing goals and there is a struggle for resources. Cox (1994) believes that these tensions cause group members to center on preserving of their own culture. Hence, groups are more aware of their need to protect their cultural identity which ultimately affects retention of workers.

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Jakhar, Ishaan, Medha Singh, Suman Sahil, Annapoorna Singh, and Daulath Singh. "RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER IN PATIENT WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 28, Supplement_1 (January 22, 2022): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac015.032.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is a 2nd leading cause of cancer death in the USA among men. We aim to investigate incidence, characteristics, and risk factors for PC in patients diagnosed with Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using Cerner Health Facts, a national longitudinal database representing approximately 69 million patients. METHODS All male patients over 40 years of age with IBD were included in our analysis. Our primary endpoint was development of PC, specified by ICD coding. Patient characteristics were evaluated as potential risk factors for development of PC using multivariable regression built using all variables with p<0.1 on univariable analysis. RESULTS Overall, 2.23% patients with IBD developed prostate cancer (992/44,551). Mean age was 59.7±12.7 years and 9.65% (04,297/44,551) of patients were obese. In terms of race, 82.9% (36,929/44,551) were white and 7.8% (3,470/44,551) were African American. 94.9% (41829/44,551) received care at an acute care facility and 83.7% (37,266/44,551) received care at an urban facility. On multivariable regression, the risk factors associated with higher risk of prostate cancer include diabetes (odds ratio OR 1.20), obesity (OR 1.22), age (OR 1.07), family history of prostate cancer (OR 6.04), African American race (OR 2.00), and married status (OR 1.43). Factors that decreased risk of pancreatic cancer include other race (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.53-0.92), and presentation at acute facility (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.46-0.76). Factors not found to be associated with high risk of PC in our study includes sexually transmitted disease, alcohol use disorder, smoking, presentation at teaching facility, and facility size/type (Table 1). The most protective variable against PC was presentation at acute facility (OR 0.59), other-race (OR 0.70). Table 1 contains our univariable analysis and multivariable regression model with 95% confidence intervals; 6 variables were predictive for PC and 2 variables were protective against PC. CONCLUSION We describe risk factors for development of PC from IBD. In this longitudinal national database study of patient with diagnosed IBD – age, diabetes, obesity, married status, family history of prostate cancer, and African American race were noted to be associated with high risk of developing prostate cancer. Careful evaluation and follow up is advised for IBD patients.

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Malapati, Sindhu Janarthanam, Sunny R. K. Singh, Rohit Kumar, Jibran Ahmed, Ishaan Vohra, Vatsala Katiyar, and Zyad Kafri. "Outcomes of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ICPR) for cardiac arrest in adult patients with metastatic solid cancers: A nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) database analysis from 2012 to 2014." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.31_suppl.44.

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44 Background: Cardiopulmonary arrest is known to have a poor prognosis which is further worsened by existing co-morbidities. The prevalence of metastatic malignancy is rapidly increasing with improved cancer treatments and yet the outcomes of ICPR are not well studied in these patients. We aim to study the epidemiology, associations and outcomes in this subpopulation. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis of the 2012 to 2014 NIS database. We included patients ≥ 18 years with the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification procedure codes for ICPR and diagnosis codes for solid metastatic cancers. Primary diagnosis of cardiopulmonary arrest was excluded (represents out‐of‐hospital arrest.) Primary outcome was inpatient mortality following ICPR and the factors associated were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: Amongst 1,432,240 admissions of adults with metastatic solid cancers, 0.6% (n = 8840) received ICPR, of which 82% (n = 7245) died in the same admission. Inpatient mortality following ICPR in adults without metastatic solid cancers was 68.7%. For adults with metastatic solid cancers receiving ICPR, mean age was 65.9 years, 57.7% were males and 60.6% Caucasian. Also, 11.5% of them had an inpatient palliative care encounter. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, African Americans had higher mortality than Caucasians (OR 1.5, p 0.01) while elective admission and age < 50 years had lower mortality (OR 0.5, p < 0.05 and OR 0.5, p 0.01 respectively.) There was no difference in mortality based on site of primary tumor, gender, day of admission, Charlson Comorbidity Index, insurance status and hospital teaching status, location or size. Conclusions: Amongst adult patients with metastatic solid cancers receiving ICPR, 82% died within the same admission. Race, age and admission type predicted mortality. Despite known poor prognosis, only 11.5% had a palliative care encounter. [Table: see text]

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Alhasson, Hussam, Peng Cai, Zimu Gong, Anas Saad, Muneer Al-Husseini, Pei Yang, Bassam Alhasson, Pratyusha Tirumanisetty, Tausif Syed, and Yu Zhao. "Trends and Outcomes of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: Results from National Inpatient Sample Database 1998-2016." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-131579.

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Introduction: Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a known association with venous thromboembolism (VTE), with incidence of approximately 17%. There is limited published data about trends and outcomes of PC patients with VTE. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and mortality trends in PC with VTE and analyze VTE impact on hospitalized PC patients from 1998 to 2016. Methods: We analyzed data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database of the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Adults≥18 years with PC as well as presence of VTE were identified by using ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes. Cost of hospitalization was adjusted for inflation in reference to 2016. Comorbidities were classified using the Elixhauser comorbidity index. Demographic characteristics, trends and in-hospital outcomes between PC with and without VTE were compared. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain risk-adjusted odds ratio (OR) to compare inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), total charges, and disability at discharge between PC patients with and without VTE. The regression model was adjusted for age, sex, primary expected payer, teaching status of the hospital, hospital location, and presence of comorbid conditions. Results: 96,777 (6.5%) of a total of 1,488,543 hospitalized PC patients had an accompanying diagnosis of VTE. Mean age of the study population was 67 years. African Americans, younger age, and metastatic disease are associated with higher VTE prevalence rate. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with those without VTE, PC patients with VTE had significantly higher inpatient mortality (12.6% vs 9.7%; OR, 1.41 [confidence interval (CI), 1.34-1.49]; P<0.001), longer LOS (8.04 vs 7.98 days; OR, 1.27 [CI, 1.23-1.32]; P<0.001), higher average cost of hospitalization (US $71,332 vs US $57,117; OR, 1.4 [CI, 1.34-1.46]; P<0.001), and greater likelihood of moderate to severe disability (defined as any beyond routine home discharge; ranging from short-term stay to skilled nursing facility to death upon discharge) (62.2% vs 50.6%, OR, 1.71 [CI, 1.65-1.78]; P<0.001). Although the annual prevalence of VTE among PC increased from 2.1% to 8.8%, in-hospital mortality declined from 23.3% in 1998 to 12.9% in 2016 (P<0.001). Conclusion: In the NIS cohort of hospitalized patients with PC and VTE from 1998-2016, annual prevalence increased while mortality overall decreased. When compared to patients without VTE, PC patients with VTE had higher inpatient mortality, longer length of stay, higher hospital cost and higher degree of disability upon discharge. Consideration for anticoagulation and interventions to limit VTE in PC patients may improve in-hospital outcomes. Figure Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Nartey, Yvonne Ayerki, Ju Dong Yang, Tyler Zemla, Joshua Ayawin, Shadrack Osei Asibey, Mohamed El-Kassas, Sally Afua Bampoh, et al. "Abstract 4802: Accuracy of the GALAD serologic model in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Ghanaian patients." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 4802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-4802.

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Abstract Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, HCC is the second most common cancer in men and the sixth in women. African patients present with HCC at a young age and at advanced stage of disease. Improved surveillance can increase early HCC detection. The GALAD score has good sensitivity in the diagnosis of HCC in Asia, Europe and North America, however, it has not been validated in an African cohort. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the GALAD score in the diagnosis of HCC in Ghanaian patients. Methods: Clinical data from patients with cirrhosis (n=93) or HCC (n=78) from out-patient hepatology clinics at 3 teaching hospitals in Ghana were abstracted, and serum samples analyzed. A logistic regression model predicting HCC status based on GALAD score was constructed to obtain the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve for GALAD. The area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence interval was calculated and used to assess the performance of the GALAD score in surveillance for HCC. Results: The median AFP (5010.2 vs. 3.4), L3% (28.3 vs. 0.3) and DCP (507.6 vs. 0.2) levels were all significantly higher among HCC cases than the controls (p<0.0001). The median GALAD score was also higher among HCC patients (8.0 vs. -4.1, p<0.0001). The AUC of the GALAD score in the diagnosis of HCC was 0.86 (95% CI 0.79 - 0.92). At a cut-off value of -0.37, the GALAD score had a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.86. In a re-fit of the logistic regression model, the most significant factors in the GALAD model in our cohort were AFP-L3% and log(DCP). The AUC of the new GALAD model after model selection was 0.89. Conclusion: The GALAD score can be used to detect HCC in Ghana and has the potential to improve HCC surveillance in low-resource settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Citation Format: Yvonne Ayerki Nartey, Ju Dong Yang, Tyler Zemla, Joshua Ayawin, Shadrack Osei Asibey, Mohamed El-Kassas, Sally Afua Bampoh, Amoako Duah, Adwoa Agyei-Nkansah, Yaw Asante Awuku, Mary Yeboah Afihene, Hiroyuki Yamada, Jun Yin, Amelie Plymoth, Lewis Rowland Roberts. Accuracy of the GALAD serologic model in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Ghanaian patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4802.

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Blazer, Ashira, Ida Dzifa Dey, Janet Nwaukoni, Margaret Reynolds, Festus Ankrah, Huda Algasas, Tasneem Ahmed, and Jasmin Divers. "Apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes in Ghanaian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective cohort study." Lupus Science & Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 2021): e000460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2020-000460.

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ObjectiveTwo apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk variants (RV) are enriched in sub-Saharan African populations due to conferred resistance to Trypanosoma brucei. These variants associate with adverse renal outcomes by multiple causes including SLE. Despite emerging reports that SLE is common in Ghana, where APOL1 variant allelic frequencies are high, the regional contribution to SLE outcomes has not been described. Accordingly, this prospective longitudinal cohort study tested the associations between APOL1 high-risk genotypes and kidney outcomes, organ damage accrual and death in 100 Ghanaian patients with SLE.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of 100 SLE outpatients who sought care at Korle bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana. Adult patients who met 4 American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE were genotyped for APOL1 and followed longitudinally for SLE activity as measured by the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) hybrid and organ injury as measured by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SDI) at baseline and every 6 months for 1 year. Outcomes of interest were kidney function, SDI and case fatality.ResultsAssuming a recessive inheritance, the APOL1 high-risk genotype (2RV) associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at an OR of 14 (p=0.008). These patients accrued more SDI points particularly in renal and neurological domains. The SDI was 81.3% higher in 2RV patients compared with 0RV or 1RV patients despite no difference in SLE activity (p=0.01). After a 12-month period of observation, 3/12 (25%) of the 2RV patients died compared with 2/88 (2.3%) of the 0RV or 1RV carriers (OR=13.6, p=0.01). Deaths were due to end-stage kidney disease and heart failure.ConclusionAPOL1 RVs were heritable risk factors for morbidity and mortality in this Ghanaian SLE cohort. Despite no appreciable differences in SLE activity, APOL1 high-risk patients exhibited progressive renal disease, organ damage accrual and a 13-fold higher case fatality.

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Antel, Katherine, Aleksander Nesmelov, Meng-Xuan Wu, Charlotte Slome, Dharshnee Chetty, Raymond Kriel, Ekaterina Postovalova, et al. "Abstract 786: Genomic distinctions of HIV- and EBV-associated DLBCL in a diverse African cohort." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-786.

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Abstract Lymphoma, a leading cancer cause of death among people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally, poses a pressing public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the epicentre of the HIV epidemic. Despite its prevalence, the genetic underpinnings of lymphoma in Black Africans and PLHIV remain poorly defined, contributing to regional disparities. This study aims to elucidate the impact of HIV status and EBV on the genetic landscape, molecular subtypes and survival outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in ethnically diverse SSA patients. We established a cohort of 117 newly diagnosed DBLCL cases (55 HIV+, 21 EBV+, 62 Black Africans), with histopathologic and clinical annotation from a public teaching hospital in Cape Town, South Africa (2010-22). Tumor specimens underwent histologic review, whole exome sequencing (WES) and bulk whole transcriptome sequencing. Germline variants were filtered by paired normal WES (when available) and normal references augmented by supervised machine learning in tumor-only specimens. Aberrant somatic hypermutation (ASHM) was assessed in curated genes within paired samples. Microsatellite instability (MSI) was assessed via MSI-sensor. Canonical genetic aberrations reproduced in this cohort included recurrent SNVs in TP53, CARD11, TET2, SOCS1, MYD88, and KMT2D with differences in relative proportion compared to the NCI consortium cohort being more attributable to HIV or EBV status than ethnicity. HIV+ cases harbored frequent mutations in TET2, BRAF, and KRAS, with fewer in NFKB pathway genes including CARD11, IKBK, and BTK. ABC-type HIV+ cases manifested higher expression of genes in the JAK-STAT pathway. EBV+ cases exhibited distinct genomic features including amplifications in NOTCH1, CARD11, NFKBIE, MYC, CD274, and JAK2, as well as frequent gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the NOTCH1 PEST domain (40% vs 3.8% q=0.04). Tumor mutation burden was consistent across ethnic and virological strata (median mutations 139-167, p>0.05). Notably, ASHM was not identified as a predominant mutational signature in either HIV-positive or negative cases, and 4 HIV+ DLBCL cases exhibited MSI, corroborated by protein-affecting mutations in mismatch repair genes. The 2-year overall survival (OS) was less than 40%, markedly inferior to published Western cohorts, even when controlled for clinical prognostic factors and treatment regimen. This study highlights genetic and biological distinctions in DLBCL due to HIV and EBV. Key findings include the absence of ASHM correlates of pathogenic driver mutations, challenging a prevailing hypothesis of HIV-associated lymphomagenesis, and the identification of MSI in HIV+DLBCL. The dismal survival of this cohort and distinct genomic features, especially in EBV+DLBCL, highlight the urgency of further biological interrogation and inclusive clinical trials for these demonstrably underserved populations. Citation Format: Katherine Antel, Aleksander Nesmelov, Meng-Xuan Wu, Charlotte Slome, Dharshnee Chetty, Raymond Kriel, Ekaterina Postovalova, Robert Redd, Martin Aryee, Delphine Armand, Lauren McGrath, Nina Xiong, Jenna Oosthuizen, Karryn Brown, Andrey Tyshevich, Svetlana Podsvirova, Felix Frenkel, Natalia Kuzkina, Jessica Scher, Cagdas Tazearslan, Ksenia Zornikova, Nikita Kotlov, Aleksander Bagaev, Nathan Fowler, Arnold Freedman, Scott Rodig, Estelle Verburgh, Mark A. Murakami. Genomic distinctions of HIV- and EBV-associated DLBCL in a diverse African cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 786.

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Hsieh, Tien-Chan, Guangchen Zou, Yee Hui Yeo, Jiayi Zheng, and Robert A. Kloss. "Racial and socioeconomic factors associated with palliative care utilization in pancreatic cancer: An analysis of National Inpatient Sample." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e16296-e16296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e16296.

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e16296 Background: Palliative care (PC) has been validated as a crucial component in end-of-life quality. Despite the higher PC utilization in cancer patients than other conditions, some studies have raised concern of systemic inequality in PC utilization. PC has a significant role in the care of pancreatic cancer, especially due to the poor prognosis. Here, we investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with the recent trend of PC utilization in pancreatic cancer. Methods: We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample database, all-payer inpatient care database in the United States, with data years 2016-2019. The end-of-life hospitalizations were defined as adult patients (age at least 18 years old) who were hospitalized at least three days and passed away. The cases were identified with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10th edition for pancreatic cancer (C25.0-25.9) within the top three diagnoses. Prevalence of PC consultation could be estimated with the billable code Z51.5. The factors that were statistically associated with PC utilization in univariable analysis would be included in the final multivariable logistic regression model. Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to adjust for comorbidities. Hospital factors such as size and base (rural, urban, urban teaching) were included in the analysis. Results: Among 339,318 adult patients who were hospitalized at least three days and passed away, 2,011 cases had pancreatic cancer within top three diagnosis codes. 1576 (78.4%) patients were at least age 60 or above. 1,275 (63.4%) of them had PC consult at their end-of-life. There was a significant yearly trend of increasing PC utilization (Cochran-Armitage test p-value < 0.05). Male, African American, lower income, and rural area were significantly associated with less PC consult in multivariable regression model. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of PC consult was 0.66 (p < 0.005) in African American. There was significantly more PC utilization in the top 25% income group (vs the bottom 25% counterpart, aOR 1.35; p < 0.05) and in urban hospitals (vs rural hospitals, aOR 1.80 in nonteaching; aOR 1.88 in teaching; p < 0.001). Conclusions: There was a trend of increasing PC utilization in pancreatic cancer. Nevertheless, racial and socioeconomic factors were still significantly associated with the PC utilization. Further study and systemic policy approach are required to investigate and address such disparities and promote the PC utilization.

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Guddati, Achuta Kumar, Anand Jillella, and Vamsi Kota. "Analysis of Outcomes in Hospitalized Pregnant Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-118583.

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Abstract Background: There have been significant advances in the management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the past decade. However, management of AML in the pregnant patient has been challenging and as most interventions are contraindicated in pregnancy. Medical termination of pregnancy is advocated over chemotherapy in the first trimester as delaying chemotherapy could often be fatal. Chemotherapy during second and third trimesters may be provided with close surveillance of fetal abnormalities. There have been reports of worse outcomes in women with AML compared to non-pregnant age-matched female patients with AML. The outcomes in these patients have not been systematically studied and have been limited to case reports and case series in medical literature. Methods: Patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of AML were identified using the International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) codes in the National Inpatient Sample database. This database is maintained by the Agency of Healthcare Research Quality under the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It represents 20% of all hospitalizations occurring in the United States every year. Amongst these AML patients, all patients who were pregnant were identified and their demographic information was extracted. Other details related to their hospitalization, hospital size, location, region and teaching status were also determined. The association of outcomes with common medical comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease and diabetes were studied. Pregnancy related outcomes, mode of delivery and mortality rates were calculated for the 15 year time period. Results: During the time period of 2000 to 2014, 678942 hospitalizations involved AML patients of which 5076 were noted to be from pregnant women. The hospitalization trend gradually increased over these years and was noted to be the highest in the age group of 18-34 years. The highest hospitalization rates were noted in African American and Native American patient populations. There was no difference in rate of hospitalizations between different hospital sizes (small vs. medium vs. large) and geographical location (Northeast vs. Midwest vs. South vs. West). Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease and smoking were noted to be more prevalent in pregnant women with AML. A majority of these patients had a Charlson's comorbidity index of 1-3. 3.5% of patients underwent medical termination of pregnancy, 16.25% suffered from pregnancy related complications, 0.6% suffered from puerperal infection, 4% of patients had normal vaginal delivery, 2.8% of patients had cesarian section and 5.7% of patient died. The rate of mortality was the highest in Native Americans followed by Caucasians. Mortality in these patients was also not related to hospital size or geographical location. Multiple regression showed that odds of mortality have decreased from 2000 to 2015 and that a higher Charlson's comorbidity score was an independent predictor of mortality. Conclusions: This is the first nationwide study to document the outcomes of pregnancy in hospitalized AML patients. AML in pregnancy is rare and this study shows that the mortality has been improving over the past 15 years. Notably, vaginal delivery has been more common than cesarian section in pregnant AML patients. Native Americans have high prevalence and high mortality rates, a likely result of healthcare disparity. Pregnant AML patients with high Charlson's comorbidity score may benefit from aggressive management of their comorbidities. Further studies are required to better characterize outcomes in pregnant women with AML. Disclosures Kota: Pfizer: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria; Xcenda: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria.

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Mohammadi, Arefeh, Kevin Grosskopf, and John Killingsworth. "An Experiential Online Training Approach for Underrepresented Engineering and Technology Students." Education Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10030046.

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Workforce pipelines are essential to sustain a productive workforce in an increasingly competitive, high-tech environment. Advanced automation, sensors, materials and data analytics will increase the need for highly skilled workers in the manufacturing (and manufactured construction) sector. Attracting and developing the next-generation workforce is not without its challenges; however, students are often deficient in technical skills and generally have negative perceptions about manufacturing and construction. As a result, new education and training models have been developed to provide instruction at all levels of the educational system, with a focus on both traditional students and non-traditional students, including ethnic minorities, women, veterans, disabled persons and older adult learners. This study focused specifically on certain underrepresented students in STEM programs offered at community colleges in the Great Plains region of the U.S. An available online training program by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers was used as a contextualized online training tool. The Learning Management System embedded in this online training tool was used to gather student data. Conducting multiple regression analyses on the test outcomes, completion rates, and improvement between post-test and pre-test scores showed that female participants achieved greater improvement between pre- and post-test scores than males, and achieved higher rates of credentialing compared to all other demographic groups. African American participants achieved greatest improvement between pre- and post-test scores than all other ethnic groups while Hispanics achieved higher rates of module completion. Additionally, this study also examines the background related to contextualized teaching and learning, as well as the effectiveness of this delivery method for these underrepresented populations.

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Roberts, Tangela. "African Americans and Activism." Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology 15, no. 1 (August 31, 2023): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/jsacp.15.1.14-31.

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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological well-being and PTSD symptoms in relation to activism orientations among African Americans. Additionally, the study explored the moderating roles of activist self-identity and length of activism involvement in these relationships. A national sample of 298 African American adults was examined, and the following findings were observed: African Americans with a greater inclination toward conventional activism reported higher levels of psychological well-being. Those who self-identified as activists displayed a nearly fourfold decrease in PTSD symptoms. Moreover, older African Americans showed decreased PTSD symptoms and increased psychological well-being compared to younger adults, while African American females reported higher levels of psychological well-being compared to males. Neither high-risk activist orientation nor activist self-identification significantly contributed to the prediction of PTSD symptoms or psychological well-being. Additionally, African American females and older adults with longer durations of involvement in activist organizations reported higher levels of psychological well-being. These findings emphasize the importance of considering age, sex, and duration of activist involvement as contributing factors in understanding variations in mental health. The clinical and community implications of these findings are further discussed.

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Christian, Colmore, Santosh Ojha, and Berneece Herbert. "Minority High School Students in Non-Math-Science-Oriented and Math-Science-Oriented Majors: Do They View the Environment Differently?" Social Sciences 7, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080130.

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The aim of the study was to investigate differences, if any, in environmental attitude, knowledge, experience and participation, between non-math-science (NMS) and math-science (MS) high school students from minority ethnic groups. A 16-item survey instrument was used for data collection. Participants were students at eight high schools in Madison County, Alabama, USA who were enrolled in North Alabama Center for Educational Excellence’s (NACEE’s) 2014 and 2015 summer programs. Eighty-six completed questionnaires were collected, the majority from Black/African-American and Hispanic minority ethnic groups. Pearson’s chi-square test and Spearman rho correlation were applied to assess differences and relationships between the groups. We found high level of positive attitude (NMS [95%] and MS [98%]) towards environmental protection among both groups; however, no statistically significant differences were evident. While both groups had low levels of participation and engagement in environmental protection and outdoor recreation activities, the MS group had comparatively higher participation than the NMS group. The relationship between participation and satisfaction was significantly positive for MS students and significantly negative for NMS students. To increase minority students’ knowledge and participation in pro-environmental activities in the future, Alabama’s Environmental Education Program should emphasize selective activities (e.g., involving students’ families and communities in environmental initiatives, providing opportunities to students to socialize and have fun with nature, and encouraging age-appropriate teaching and learning approaches).

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Wills, John S. "Putting the Squeeze on Social Studies: Managing Teaching Dilemmas in Subject Areas Excluded from State Testing." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 109, no. 8 (August 2007): 1980–2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810710900804.

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Background/Context Recent research indicates that social studies is being “squeezed” from the elementary curriculum as instructional time is shifted to language arts and mathematics in response to state testing and the federal No Child Left Behind Act, especially in schools serving poor students and students of color. However, less is known about the specific curricular and instructional choices teachers make as they confront reduced instructional time for social studies, and the enacted curriculum resulting from these choices. Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze what happens to the enacted curriculum in social studies in elementary schools where instructional time for social studies was reduced in response to state testing in language arts and mathematics. Setting This research was conducted at a rural elementary school in Southern California serving poor Latino, African-American, and White students, a low performing yet improving school as measured by state testing in language arts and mathematics. Research Design A ten-month qualitative case study of social studies curriculum and instruction was conducted in one fourth-grade and two fifth-grade classrooms at one elementary school. Data Collection and Analysis Data collection consisted of observation and videotaping of classroom lessons and activities in social studies during the 2002-2003 school year in three teachers’ classrooms, consisting of a total of 125 videotaped observations. Interviews with teachers, students, and the principal, and the collection and analysis of student work and curricular materials supplemented this data. For this article, data analysis was based on the coding of field notes, analysis of transcripts of lessons and activities, and teacher interviews, to understand the curricular and instructional choices teachers made in social studies and the effect of these choices on the enacted curriculum. Findings/Results Reduced instructional time in social studies has resulted in a reduction of the scope of the curriculum, the curtailment or elimination of opportunities to promote students’ higher order thinking, and an increased emphasis at times on the simple reproduction of content knowledge. Conclusions/Recommendations The institution of a system of accountability meant to improve teaching and learning for all students is instead undermining the quality of students’ education in social studies, especially at low performing elementary schools serving poor students and students of color. As instructional time is shifted to language arts and mathematics the scope of the social studies curriculum and opportunities for thoughtfulness that would deepen students’ understanding of history are being squeezed from the enacted curriculum.

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Quayson, Felix. "Sociocultural Perspective: The Factors Affecting African American Graduation Rate In Higher Education." Interdisciplinary Journal of Advances in Research in Education 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55138/ab104284hep.

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The graduation rate for African-Americans in the United States is alarming at a time when jobs require college degrees and advanced career knowledge. The disparities in African-American graduation rate are partly due to the lack of allocated resources and insufficient preparation. Educators and leaders are concerned about the challenges facing African American students and their graduation rate. Hines et al. (2020) and Kunjufu (2007) argued that the impact of class differences and socio-economics on teaching and learning puts forward other factors as better predictors for educators to gauge student performance such as embracing success stories in schools that serve low-income students and teacher training program, teacher expectations, professional development, and educational leadership are some of the main factors that determined the educational outcomes of a school. Perhaps, the most important hallmark of success for African Americans is their capacity to learn, cooperate, collaborate, and adapt. African American enrollments show improvement at the nation’s highest-ranked colleges and universities over the past quarter-century (The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2006). The primary purpose of this article is to raise awareness on African-American graduation rate in higher education. The secondary purpose of this article is to educate administrators, faculty, institutional leaders, and those involved in the affairs of African-American education programs to become competent on the issues and challenges facing African-Americans in higher education. The author examined the factors that become barriers for African Americans in higher education setting including the role of gender and the challenges of finances in the education space through meta-analysis review of empirical knowledge on African American education. Keywords: Social Cultural Education; Urban Education; African-American, Graduation Rate, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8444-8619

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Greenfield, Sheldon, Edward M. Uchio, Mark S. Litwin, Gregory Gin, Isla Garraway, Timothy J. Daskivich, Harwood Garland, and Sherrie H. Kaplan. "The Personalized Medicine for Prostate Cancer (PMPC) Study: The role of race, genomics, and patient complexity in treatment outcomes." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.302.

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302 Background: Matching of patients with optimal treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa) requires accurate estimates of risk for progression or recurrence. Traditional risk assessment methods may underestimate risk for certain patient subgroups, (e.g. minorities). In the PMPC study, we replicated an expanded risk model, adding genomic data to improve risk prediction and optimize treatment assignment for PCa. Methods: A prospective cohort of 660 patients with early PCa was identified from 3 teaching hospitals and 2 VA Hospitals in Southern California. Risk model data were collected from electronic medical records, patient questionnaires and tissue-based genomic data provided by GenomeDx. Complexity variables included demographic characteristics, clinical markers (PSA levels, Gleason score), patient-reported health status measures (e.g. comorbidity burden, depression, stress) and Decipher score. We compared individual components of the complexity score for 425 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) and 104 African American (AA) men using t-tests. Composite complexity scores were derived from weights from general linear models. Mean complexity scores were compared using t-tests. Results: Compared with NHW men, AA men had statistically significantly more comorbidity, poorer health ratings, poorer physical functioning, more depression, less energy, more fatigue, more stress and less resilience. More AA men had Gleason scores >6 (60.0%) than NHW men (46.6%), p=.0134. Fewer AA men (41.5%) had ‘low risk’ Decipher scores compared to NHW men (53.8%). More AA men had high complexity scores compared with NHW men (63.4% vs. 45.1%, p=.008), however, there were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of NHW vs. AA men on active surveillance, 46.0% vs. 40.7%, p=.384. Using clinical variables alone there were no significant differences in low risk between NHW and AA men. Conclusions: The addition of genomic data improved the complexity model developed earlier. AA men may be at higher risk for suboptimal treatment than predicted by clinical variables alone. Data from the longitudinal cohort will test accuracy of model prediction for disease progression or recurrence. Clinical trial information: NCT03770351.

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Skipper, Antonius, and Robert Taylor. "Marital and Romantic Satisfaction Among Older African Americans." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.184.

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Abstract There remains a lack of knowledge on marital satisfaction of African Americans generally, but particularly older African Americans. In addition, only a handful of studies investigate satisfaction among couples who are unmarried. With data from the National Survey of American Life, this study examined the correlates of romantic and marital satisfaction among older African Americans. Findings reveal that married older African Americans were slightly more satisfied with their relationship than individuals who were either remarried or unmarried but in a romantic relationship. Among older African American married adults, older age was associated with higher marital satisfaction, and men had higher levels of marital satisfaction than women. Also, married older African Americans with lower family incomes reported higher marital satisfaction. Given the limited research on older African Americans couples, either married or unmarried, this study offers valuable implications for individuals and professionals engaging these couples in practical settings.

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Assari, Shervin, Babak Najand, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Ethnic Variation in the Association Between Objective and Subjective Health in Older Adults." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 10, no. 3 (September 3, 2022): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2022.23.

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Introduction: The African Americans’ health paradox can be defined as better subjective health held of African American individuals compared to White individuals, despite their higher objective and medical adversities such as chronic medical conditions (CMCs). This phenomenon depicts African Americans’ relative resilience (advantage). However, most of the existing literature on this topic is limited to studies comparing African Americans and Whites. There is little research, if any, on this phenomenon among other ethnic groups. To fill this gap in the literature, this study tests the African Americans’ health paradox with consideration of Latinos as the control group. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected demographic data, socioeconomic status, CMCs, and subjective health of 734 African American and Latino older adults residing in south Los Angeles. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: 118 Latino and 616 African Americans entered our study. Overall, a higher number of CMCs was associated with lower subjective health, however, a statistically significant interaction between ethnicity and the number of CMCs suggested that this association is weaker for African Americans than Latinos, which is the African American health paradox. Conclusion: African Americans with a higher number of CMCs report better subjective health compared to Latinos with the same number of CMCs. This finding is indicative of a relative advantage of African Americans compared to other ethnic groups.

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Raffield, Laura M., Neil A. Zakai, Qing Duan, Cecelia Laurie, Joshua D. Smith, Marguerite R. Irvin, Margaret F. Doyle, et al. "D-Dimer in African Americans." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 37, no. 11 (November 2017): 2220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.117.310073.

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Objective— Plasma levels of the fibrinogen degradation product D-dimer are higher among African Americans (AAs) compared with those of European ancestry and higher among women compared with men. Among AAs, little is known of the genetic architecture of D-dimer or the relationship of D-dimer to incident cardiovascular disease. Approach and Results— We measured baseline D-dimer in 4163 AAs aged 21 to 93 years from the prospective JHS (Jackson Heart Study) cohort and assessed association with incident cardiovascular disease events. In participants with whole genome sequencing data (n=2980), we evaluated common and rare genetic variants for association with D-dimer. Each standard deviation higher baseline D-dimer was associated with a 20% to 30% increased hazard for incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Genetic variation near F3 was associated with higher D-dimer (rs2022030, β=0.284, P =3.24×10 –11 ). The rs2022030 effect size was nearly 3× larger among women (β=0.373, P =9.06×10 –13 ) than among men (β=0.135, P =0.06; P interaction =0.009). The sex by rs2022030 interaction was replicated in an independent sample of 10 808 multiethnic men and women ( P interaction =0.001). Finally, the African ancestral sickle cell variant ( HBB rs334) was significantly associated with higher D-dimer in JHS (β=0.507, P =1.41×10 –14 ), and this association was successfully replicated in 1933 AAs ( P =2.3×10 –5 ). Conclusions— These results highlight D-dimer as an important predictor of cardiovascular disease risk in AAs and suggest that sex-specific and African ancestral genetic effects of the F3 and HBB loci contribute to the higher levels of D-dimer among women and AAs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'African americans – study and teaching (higher)'

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