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Journal articles on the topic 'African American police in fiction'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Gföllner, Barbara. "'The World Called Him a Thug'." JAAAS: Journal of the Austrian Association for American Studies 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47060/jaaas.v2i1.23.

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Widespread police violence, often targeted at black people, has increasingly entered public debates in recent years. Inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement, various African American young adult novelists have addressed the topic of police brutality and offer counternarratives to the stories about black victims disseminated in the media. This article illustrates how prevalent debates of Black Lives Matter are reflected in contemporary young adult fiction. To this end, the first part elucidates substantial issues that have led to the precarious position of African Americans today and to the emergence of the Black Lives Matter movement. Drawing on theoretical concepts such as Judith Butler’s notion of "precarious lives" and Frantz Fanon’s description of the black experience in a white-dominated world, I will analyze Angie Thomas's novel The Hate U Give in view of ongoing debates about racial inequality. As I will show, the novel features striking similarities to real-world incidents of police brutality while simultaneously drawing attention to the manifold ways in which society disregards black lives and continues to subject African Americans to racial injustice.

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TOWNSEND WALKER, BRENDA L. "Sixty Years After Brown v. Board of Education: Legal and Policy Fictions in School Desegregation, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and No Child Left Behind." Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56829/2158-396x.14.2.41.

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The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court decision ruled that segregated schools were unequal and unconstitutional. Since Brown's ruling, scholars have questioned whether African American children have benefitted from school desegregation and subsequent school reform initiatives. In spite of several post-Brown school reform movements, the achievement gap persistently impacts African American learners including those with, or likely to be labeled with, disabilities. Thus, this article examines several legal and policy fictions inherent in Brown, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and the No Child Left Behind Act (2001). After discussing the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) data, strategies are identified to eradicate legal and policy fiction in school reform for African American learners.

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3

Ball, James R. "Eye Contact: Mesmeric Revelations in Baltimore." TDR/The Drama Review 62, no. 4 (December 2018): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00794.

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In Baltimore in 2015, Submersive Productions staged The Mesmeric Revelations! of Edgar Allan Poe, an immersive spectacle based on the women populating Poe’s fiction and personal life. Also in Baltimore in 2015, Freddie Gray, an African American man, was killed by Baltimore police, leading to mass protests and civil unrest. A striking coincidence between the two events suggests that immersive spectatorship intensifies our political experience of the social forces that make us subjects, indicating new ways for theatre to address a nation that has always been fractious and fractured.

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Edith, Nabasa, Ainembabazi Earnest B, Gideon Too Kiplagat, Nantale Hadijja, and Niwagaba Tarcis. "A Feminist Critique of Women Portrayal in NGUGI WA THIONGO’S Devil on the Cross." INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 10, no. 1 (May 29, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/inosrah/2024/101.1801.

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African American Literature demonstrates that the Black Women's Feminism Caucus acknowledged that black women faced a dual patriarchal oppression from within their own community and from white society. This paper examines how Devil on the Cross portrays a Kikuyu woman striving for liberation and transformative change in Kenyan society. Employing a feminist perspective, the researcher contends that Ngugi Wa Thiong'o illustrates the plight of women in Kenyan society, interpreting feminism within its cultural framework. Building on this foundation, the study advocates for the designation of essential services such as police protection, justice, shelters, helplines, and community support services, ensuring they receive adequate support and resources to operate during pandemics and other public emergencies affecting women and girls. It emphasizes the necessity of involving women and women's civil society organizations in policy formulation, development, and implementation to integrate their knowledge, experiences, and needs into response strategies. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of prioritizing prevention and protection against gender-based and domestic violence in national responses by collecting detailed data on the prevalence of such violence and identifying which demographics of women and girls are most vulnerable. Keywords: Domestic violence, Feminist critique, Fiction, Women emancipation, Women portrayal

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5

Lee, A. J. Yumi. "Repairing Police Action after the Korean War in Toni Morrison’s Home." Radical History Review 2020, no. 137 (May 1, 2020): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8092810.

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Abstract Narrating the fictional story of an African American veteran of the desegregated Korean War, Toni Morrison’s 2012 novel Home links the violence of US military “police action” in Korea to the long history of police violence at home. This article argues that Home’s critical portrayal of the Korean War punctures two enduring 1950s myths: the myth of a peaceful domestic “color-blind” society and the myth of heroic US military intervention abroad. The article reads Home as an allegory that invites readers to imagine forms of justice outside of a policing framework, both globally and domestically, through its narrative of repairing trauma and harm through community care rather than punishment or retribution. This reading shows that Morrison’s rewriting of the 1950s in Home places the contemporary idioms of police and prison abolition and transformative justice in a broader historical and global imaginative frame.

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Mafe, Diana Adesola. "Phoenix Rising: The Book of Phoenix and Black Feminist Resistance." MELUS 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlab021.

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Abstract This essay focuses on Nnedi Okorafor’s 2015 novel The Book of Phoenix and reads the black female protagonist and narrator, Phoenix Okore, as a powerful metaphor for a radical twenty-first-century black feminist politics and a signifier of the contemporary social movement Say Her Name. Phoenix is the product of experimentation, “a slurry of African DNA and cells” (146) who is birthed by an African American surrogate mother and then raised in a laboratory prison. She herself identifies as “SpeciMen, Beacon, Slave, Rogue, Fugitive, Rebel, Saeed’s Love, Mmuo’s Sister, Villain” (224). Okorafor thus imagines a multilayered metaphor that speaks to the complexities of black female identities in the new millennium. True to her name, Phoenix is repeatedly reborn from her own ashes after dying at the hands of a white supremacist organization called the Big Eye. Hers is, by turns, neo-slave narrative, cautionary tale, and social critique. As a revolutionary black woman who is never meant to be a simplistic paragon, Phoenix ultimately uses her superhuman abilities and her rage to change the world, albeit in a cataclysmic way. Although the novel predates our current historical moment—namely, international protests, calls for police reform in the wake of George Floyd’s murder, and the dismantling of racist iconography—it serves as an uncanny reflection, if not a harbinger, of this moment. Furthermore, it models the ways in which fiction channels our most desperate desires, especially the need for justice.

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Anatol, Giselle Liza. "Getting to the Root of US Healthcare Injustices through Morrison’s Root Workers." MELUS 46, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlab053.

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Abstract Although a number of scholars have tackled the figure of the Black folk-healer in Toni Morrison’s novels, the character deserves greater attention in the present moment for the insights she provides into two contemporary catastrophes: the coronavirus pandemic and the structural racism that precipitates rampant violence against brown-skinned people in the United States. Beginning with M’Dear, the elderly woman who is brought in to treat Cholly’s Aunt Jimmy in The Bluest Eye (1970), I survey descriptions of several root workers, hoodoo practitioners, and midwives in Morrison’s fiction, including Ajax’s mother in Sula (1973) and Milkman’s aunt Pilate in Song of Solomon (1977). Morrison’s portraits of these women and their communities capture the endurance of African folk customs, the undervalued knowledge of aged members of society, and a sense of Black women’s strength beyond that of the physical, laboring, or hypersexual body. The fictional experiences of Morrison’s healers also alert readers to the very real injustices that have historically impeded the successes of African Americans—and continue to hamper them, as has been exposed during the COVID-19 crisis and public outrages over police brutality. These injustices include inequities in lifelong earning potential, education, housing, and access to healthcare. Paying closer attention to the Nobel Laureate’s root-working women makes her novels more than simply “transformative” and “empowering” for individual readers; analyzing these figures allows one to unearth important critiques of medical bias and other forms of discrimination against marginalized members of society—disparities that must be dismantled in the push for social change.

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Elias, Martille, Rebecca Rogers, Karen E. Wohlwend, E. Wendy Saul, Lawrence R.Sipe, and Jennifer L.Wilson. "Professional Book Reviews - Children’s Reading Today and in the Future: Igniting their Passions and Engaging their Interests." Language Arts 87, no. 3 (January 1, 2010): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/la201029430.

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Often, the reading practices that children encounter in school represent only a small range of the countless ways in which students engage meaningfully with texts. Recent reports indicate that children are reading less literature than they have in the past. Are children reading less overall, or is it simply that the texts they are reading are changing? The reviews in this column reflect the complexity of these questions. The review of Play, Creativity, and Digital Cultures edited by Rebekah Willett, Muriel Robinson, and Jackie Marsh examines how children’s interactions with digital media influences their multi modal literacy development. It addresses ways for teachers to connect children’s love of new media to classroom practice. In keeping with the theme of new literacies, the second entry in this column does not review a book, but rather a website, INK: “Interesting Non-fiction for Kids,”that seeks to encourage children’s reading of non-fiction. This site includes commentary by non-fiction authors and provides opportunities for sparking young readers’ interest in non-fiction texts. This is a particularly salient issue as the concern that children are reading less is perhaps exceeded only by the concern that readers have abandoned non-fiction altogether. The next title, Embracing, Evaluating, and Examining African American Children’s & Young Adult Literature edited by Wanda Brooks and Jonda McNair highlights the importance of including rich, culturally diverse literature in the classroom. If we are to engage all readers, then children of all cultures, ethnicities and races should be able to see themselves in the literature of our classrooms. The final title reviewed in this column is Readicide: How Schools are Killing Reading and What You Can Do About It by Kelly Gallagher. This book challenges educators and administrators to consider how policy and curriculum is extinguishing children’s passion for books. Gallagher asserts that the only way to create readers is to give them books that matter, and teach them to read deeply.

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Chaudhry, Ayesha Siddiqua. "Shattering the Stereotypes." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i4.1668.

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Ever since the West’s initial contact with the East, Muslim women haveoccupied center stage as highly politicized subjects who the West hasclaimed to liberate from the oppressive East and who the East has claimedto protect from the hedonistic West. Despite their central role as pawns inthis political struggle, women have been strikingly silent subjects. Thisbook belongs to an emerging collection of books that seek to give voice tothese silent subjects. Nawal El Saadawi, in her emotionally charged“Foreword,” captures the book’s tone quite well in her expression that “thepersonal is political” (p. x). Through personal stories, this anthology seeksto dissociate Islam from both terrorism and the oppression of women.Fawzia Afzal-Khan’s anecdotal introduction reveals that her goal istwofold: first, to connect various strands of conversation between MuslimAmerican women from different backgrounds since 9/11, and, second, toenlighten both Muslim and non-Muslim readers of the varied realities of the“Muslim Woman.”This anthology is divided into six sections. Section 1, “Non-Fiction,”contains several personal accounts of Muslim American women’s encounterswith 9/11. In her piece “Unholy Alliances,” Afzal-Khan vents her frustrationon several targets, including Israel, American foreign policy, SalmanRushdie, women who choose to wear the hijab, as well as the MontclairUniversity Muslim Students’ Association and the Global Studies Institute.Nadia Ali Maiwandi, Zohra Saed, and Wajma Ahmady reflect on theresponses they encountered and experienced amidst the Afghan-Americancommunity in the aftermath of 9/11. Eisa Nefertari Ulen’s genuinely tolerantarticle encourages Muslim and non-Muslim women to work together.Writing from her perspective as an African-American convert, she identifiesissues of gender and religion as mere smokescreens used by the “oppressor”to separate women (p. 50). Humera Afridi’s witty and refreshing work functionsas a social commentary on the climate of New York City after the 9/11attacks. One of the most edifying pieces is Rabab Abdulhadi’s “Where isHome?” This piece, written as a series of journal entries, captures the strugglesof identity faced by an exiled Palestinian woman as she tries to make ahome in New York City in the aftermath of 9/11 ...

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10

Thornton, Jerome E. "The Paradoxical Journey of the African American in African American Fiction." New Literary History 21, no. 3 (1990): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/469136.

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11

Boudreau, Kristin, and Maxine Lavon Montgomery. "The Apocalypse in African-American Fiction." American Literature 69, no. 1 (March 1997): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2928187.

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12

Griffin, Barbara L. J., and Maxine Lavon Montgomery. "The Apocalypse in African-American Fiction." MELUS 24, no. 1 (1999): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/467919.

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13

Smith, Yolanda. "Effect Of Body-Worn Cameras On African-American Perceptions Of Police Performance And Fairness." Scholar Chatter 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47036/sc.2.1.44-56.2021.

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This research study examined the effect of body-worn cameras on African American perceptions of police performance and fairness to gain a well-rounded understanding of the public's perception of body-worn cameras. Prior research involving police body-worn cameras focused on police use of force and community perceptions. Limitations within previous research call for further investigation into African American perceptions of the police and consider the role body-worn cameras play in affecting that perception. Using procedural justice theory, I focused on body-worn cameras and their effect on African-American perceptions of police performance and fairness. Employing a quantitative, non-experimental research design and surveying 124 African-American adult participants 18 years and older, I found that African-Americans favor police officers who wear body-worn cameras. Future research suggests incorporating a greater sample size, thereby strengthening the validity and improving generalizability. Policy implications suggest that studying body-worn cameras may add additional research to the knowledge base and help law enforcement understand the relationship between police officers who wear body-worn cameras and African-Americans perceptions of police treatment when body-worn cameras are present. Keywords: African-American, body-worn cameras, police performance, fairness, procedural justice

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14

Westerbeck, Ryan. "Police Brutality, Over-Policing, and Mass Incarceration in African American Film." Journal of Black Studies 51, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934719895579.

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This article seeks to examine the role of the police in African American film. Looking at the last three decades of filmmaking, five films stand out as important examples for this study: Do the Right Thing, Boyz n the Hood, Set it Off, Training Day, and Get Out. These films are both consistent in the message regarding the police and African American communities, and are separated by time to demonstrate the distinct differences in how that message has been shown. An examination of the real-world relationship between the two groups is also studied, to better understand the accuracy of the films. The gendering of film and police brutality is a further discussion within the article in regard to the lack of female African American directors in Hollywood and the less frequently discussed police violence against African American women. These issues are addressed through a combination of film analysis and secondary source data on the police interaction and brutality in the African American community.

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15

Macleod, Christine, and Robert Butler. "Contemporary African American Fiction: The Open Journey." Modern Language Review 95, no. 3 (July 2000): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735528.

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Butler, Robert, and Phillip Page. "Reclaiming Community in Contemporary African American Fiction." African American Review 34, no. 3 (2000): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2901398.

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Reilly, John M., and Robert Butler. "Contemporary African American Fiction: The Open Journey." African American Review 34, no. 4 (2000): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2901443.

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18

House, E. B. "Reclaiming Community in Contemporary African American Fiction." American Literature 72, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-72-2-441.

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19

Lock, Helen, and Philip Page. "Reclaiming Community in Contemporary African American Fiction." South Atlantic Review 65, no. 2 (2000): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3201826.

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20

Johnson, Sherry. "The Geographies of African American Short Fiction." Resources for American Literary Study 44, no. 1-2 (October 2022): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/resoamerlitestud.44.1-2.0379.

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21

Barlow, Daniel. "Blues Narrative Form, African American Fiction, and the African Diaspora." Narrative 24, no. 2 (2016): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nar.2016.0012.

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22

Kleck, Gary. "Are Police Officers More Likely to Kill African-American Suspects?" Psychological Reports 100, no. 1 (February 2007): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.31-34.

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In recent psychological research decisions by police officers to shoot criminal suspects are often assumed to be racially biased, and it is concluded that officers are more likely to shoot African-American suspects. This assumption was tested with national data on persons killed during legal interventions and with data bearing on the African-American proportion of criminal suspects law enforcement officers face. Analysis indicates that the African-American share of persons killed by law enforcement officers, while higher than the African-American percentage of the U.S. population, is lower than one would expect based on the estimated African-American proportion of suspects confronted in violent encounters or the African-American percentage of suspects who kill police officers.

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23

Pryce, Daniel K., and Joselyne L. Chenane. "Trust and Confidence in Police Officers and the Institution of Policing: The Views of African Americans in the American South." Crime & Delinquency 67, no. 6-7 (February 10, 2021): 808–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128721991823.

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The relationship between the police and African Americans has been beset by a lack of trust for decades. Improving this relationship is important to scholars, practitioners, and citizens; as a result, we examine in this study African Americans’ trust and confidence in the police. Using trust questions found in the literature, we interviewed 77 African Americans in Durham, NC, to assess their views about the police. We found that for the police to earn the trust of African Americans, the police should treat African Americans equitably, invest in community policing, and respect African Americans. Although some respondents do not believe that their relationship with the police could be repaired, this is a small percentage of respondents, less than 5%.

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24

Gibson, Simone. "Critical Readings: African American Girls and Urban Fiction." Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 53, no. 7 (April 2010): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/jaal.53.7.4.

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Baillie, Justine. "Contesting Ideologies: Deconstructing Racism in African-American Fiction." Women: A Cultural Review 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0957404032000081683.

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26

BRUNSON, ROD K. "“POLICE DON'T LIKE BLACK PEOPLE”: AFRICAN-AMERICAN YOUNG MEN'S ACCUMULATED POLICE EXPERIENCES*." Criminology & Public Policy 6, no. 1 (February 2007): 71–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00423.x.

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27

Engle, Anna. "Teaching About Police Brutality Through Music." Babylonia Journal of Language Education 1 (April 28, 2021): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55393/babylonia.v1i.43.

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I taught 2nd year high school students at a private girl’s school in Japan about police brutality and the African American experience through songs by four different African American artists: Michael Jackson, Beyoncé, James Brown and Alicia Keys. Other resources utilized in this elective class included the film “The Hate U Give” (2018), interviews and videos on YouTube and an original interview with an African American teacher working at the school. Utilizing music and many other primary sources, this course helped students improve their English, learn about American culture, and reflect on challenging current events. While the topic was linguistically difficult for English language learners, I introduced vocabulary from the songs and other sources, prepared pre-viewing guides, and regularly checked for comprehension through discussion questions and collecting student work. The students seemed to appreciate being able to discuss a difficult, relevant topic, and their vocabulary related to the subject matter steadily improved. Students also seemed to enjoy the materials used to teach the content matter.

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Kumar, Fayaz Ahmad, and Colette Morrow. "Theorizing Black Power Movement in African American Literature: An Analysis of Morrison's Fiction." Global Language Review V, no. IV (December 30, 2020): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2020(v-iv).06.

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This paper analyzes the influence of the Black Power movement on the AfricanAmerican literary productions; especially in the fictional works of Toni Morrison. As an African-American author, Toni Morrison presents the idea of 'Africanness' in her novels. Morrison's fiction comments on the fluid bond amongst the African-American community, the Black Power and Black Aesthetics. The works of Morrison focus on various critical points in the history of African-Americans, her fiction recalls not only the memory of Africa but also contemplates the contemporary issues. Morrison situates the power politics within the framework of literature by presenting the history of the African-American cultures.

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Ngom, Ousmane. "Conjuring Trauma with (Self)Derision: The African and African-American Epistolary Fiction." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n2p1.

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All the female narrators of the three stories examined here – So Long a Letter, The Color Purple, and Letters from France – suffer serious traumas attributable to their male counterparts. Thus as a healing process, letter-writing is an exercise in trust that traverses the distances between the addresser and the addressee. Blurring the lines in such a way results in an intimate narration of trauma that reads as a stream of consciousness, devoid of fear of judgment or retribution. This paper studies the literary device of derision coupled with a psycho-feminist analysis to retrace the thorny, cathartic journey of trauma victims from self-hate to self-acceptance and self-agency.

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Wilson, Betty, and Terry A. Wolfer. "Reducing Police Brutality in African American Communities: Potential Roles for Social Workers in Congregations." Social Work & Christianity 47, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34043/swc.v47i3.153.

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In the last decade, there have been a shocking number of police killings of unarmed African Americans, and advancements in technology have made these incidents more visible to the general public. The increasing public awareness of police brutality in African American communities creates a critical and urgent need to understand and improve police-community relationships. Congregational social workers (and other social workers who are part of religious congregations) have a potentially significant role in addressing the problem of police brutality. This manuscript explores and describes possible contributions by social workers, with differential consideration for those in predominantly Black or White congregations.

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Barlow, David E., and Melissa Hickman Barlow. "Racial Profiling: A Survey of African American Police Officers." Police Quarterly 5, no. 3 (September 2002): 334–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109861102129198183.

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Landers, Amber J., David Rollock, Charity B. Rolfes, and Demietrice L. Moore. "Police contacts and stress among African American college students." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81, no. 1 (January 2011): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01073.x.

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Priest, Thomas B., and Deborah Brown Carter. "Evaluations of police performance in an african american sample." Journal of Criminal Justice 27, no. 5 (September 1999): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(99)00016-1.

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Wilson, Franklin T., and Howard Henderson. "The Criminological Cultivation of African American Municipal Police Officers." Race and Justice 4, no. 1 (January 2014): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368713517396.

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35

Gilyard, Keith. "Genopsycholinguisticide and the Language Theme in African-American Fiction." College English 52, no. 7 (November 1990): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/377632.

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36

Dubey, Madhu. "Contemporary African American Fiction and the Politics of Postmodernism." NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 35, no. 2/3 (2002): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1346181.

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37

Payne, James Robert, and Terry McMillan. "Breaking Ice: An Anthology of Contemporary African-American Fiction." World Literature Today 66, no. 1 (1992): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40147970.

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38

Bacharach, Nancy, and Terry Miller. "Integrating African American Fiction into the Middle School Curriculum." Middle School Journal 27, no. 4 (March 1996): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.1996.11495907.

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39

Henson, Kristin K. "Book Review: Reclaiming Community in Contemporary African American Fiction." Christianity & Literature 49, no. 2 (March 2000): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310004900220.

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40

Rossler, Michael T., Charles Scheer, and Michael J. Suttmoeller. "Patrol career interest and perceptions of barriers among African-American criminal justice students." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2018-0078.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether black and African-American criminal justice students perceive barriers to a police patrol career differently than white students, and whether the perceptions of these barriers impact desire to enter a police patrol career.Design/methodology/approachThe current inquiry uses a self-administered survey of over 630 undergraduate students in criminal justice classes across five public universities.FindingsFindings suggest that African-American students differ significantly from white students in perceived social disapproval of patrol careers, respect for police and perceptions of whether the police engage in racial profiling. These perceptions display a significant indirect relationship indicating lower patrol career interest for black and African-American students compared to all other races.Research limitations/implicationsResearch limitations of the current inquiry include the lack of a nationally representative sample, the use of four-year university students as a sample to represent the potential police patrol applicant pool, and the use of a survey instrument to gauge respondent beliefs about patrol careers as opposed to actions they would take in pursuit of a police career.Practical implicationsFindings from the current inquiry indicate that departments may need to focus more on improving global perceptions of the police and discussing the nature of the career with recruit social support structures. Police recruiters should focus on techniques such as addressing social isolation experienced by the police rather than on decreasing standards for background checks or simply increasing awareness of police careers.Originality/valueThe current inquiry is one of the first to explore perceptions of barriers to entering a patrol career among CJ students. It is also among the first to examine the impact these perceptions have on patrol career interest. The findings may also help criminal justice instructors more fully discuss these barriers with students of color.

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Mummolo, Jonathan. "Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (August 20, 2018): 9181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805161115.

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The increasingly visible presence of heavily armed police units in American communities has stoked widespread concern over the militarization of local law enforcement. Advocates claim militarized policing protects officers and deters violent crime, while critics allege these tactics are targeted at racial minorities and erode trust in law enforcement. Using a rare geocoded census of SWAT team deployments from Maryland, I show that militarized police units are more often deployed in communities with large shares of African American residents, even after controlling for local crime rates. Further, using nationwide panel data on local police militarization, I demonstrate that militarized policing fails to enhance officer safety or reduce local crime. Finally, using survey experiments—one of which includes a large oversample of African American respondents—I show that seeing militarized police in news reports may diminish police reputation in the mass public. In the case of militarized policing, the results suggest that the often-cited trade-off between public safety and civil liberties is a false choice.

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Leib, Sophie I., Emma C. Faith, Samuel R. Vincent, and Steven A. Miller. "Police Interactions, Perceived Respect, and Longitudinal Changes in Depression in African Americans." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 40, no. 1 (February 2021): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2021.40.1.27.

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Introduction: We examined police exchanges' and feelings of discrimination's impact on changes in adolescent depression symptoms. Relative to other races, police speak more disrespectfully to African Americans and often exert unnecessary force. We investigated the impact of these exchanges on depression. Methods: Adolescent Health Study data were analyzed. Latent growth curve modeling with mediation illustrated relationships between police exchanges, perceived discrimination, and depression changes. Results: African American adolescents had significantly higher levels of initial depression than other racial/ethnic identity groups. For African Americans, police exchanges predicted depression changes. Perceived respect predicted levels and changes of depression for both groups, but mediated the relationship between police exchanges and depression changes only in the “other” racial/ethnic identity group. Discussion: Police stoppings impacted depression changes for African Americans independent of perceived respect. Findings highlight a potentially unique relationship between depression and police exchanges among African Americans. Future studies may investigate roles of individual differences.

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Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Driven by the Market: African American Literature after Urban Fiction." American Literary History 33, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 320–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajab008.

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Abstract Kenneth W. Warren’s What Was African American Literature? (2011) compelled literary historians to question deeply held assumptions about periodization and racial authorship. While critics have taken issue with Warren aligning African American literature with Jim Crow segregation, none has examined his account of what came after this conjuncture: namely, the market’s wholesale cooptation of Black writing. By following the career of African American popular novelist Omar Tyree, this essay shows how corporate publishers in the 1990s and 2000s redefined African American literature as a sales category, one that combined a steady stream of recognized authors with a mad dash for amateur talent. Tyree had been part of the first wave of self-published authors to be picked up by major New York houses. However, as soon as he was made to conform to the industry’s demands, Tyree was eclipsed by Black women writers who developed the hard-boiled romance genre known as urban fiction. As Tyree saw his literary fortunes fade, corporate publishing became increasingly reliant on Black book entrepreneurs to sustain the category of African American literature, thereby turning racial authorship into a vehicle for realizing profits.

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Benton, Mark, and Michelangelo Landgrave. "How Can the Police Avoid Earning Our Distrust?" Journal of Social Equity and Public Administration 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/jsepa.v2i1.4987.

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The American public’s distrust in the police is at a historic high. Distrust impairs the ability of the police to meet their objectives. It is therefore important to better understand how the police can avoid earning distrust. Using data from the 2020 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS), we explore the associations of police distrust among African Americans. Americans as a group are overpoliced, but we focus on African Americans because of their especially high levels of interaction with the police bureaucracy and the damage police racial inequity has to their citizenship. If the police can avoid earning distrust with African Americans, police could avoid earning distrust with Americans broadly. We find that recent, frequent, discriminatory, and low-quality stops are associated with increased police distrust. This suggests that police can minimize earning distrust by avoiding unnecessary stops and, when stops cannot be avoided, by focusing on quality, nondiscriminatory interactions.

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Schroedel, Jean Reith, and Roger J. Chin. "Whose Lives Matter: The Media’s Failure to Cover Police Use of Lethal Force Against Native Americans." Race and Justice 10, no. 2 (October 15, 2017): 150–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368717734614.

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The August 9, 2014, police shooting of Michael Brown reinvigorated the Black Lives Matter movement and triggered widespread media scrutiny of police use of lethal force against African Americans. Yet, there is another group, Native Americans, whose members have experienced very high levels of fatal encounters with the police, but whose deaths arguably have not generated media attention. In this research, we tracked the numbers of African American and Native American deaths associated with police use of lethal force as well as fatalities in police custody following arrest from May 1, 2014, through the end of October 2016. Then, we examined the extent of mainstream media coverage given to these fatalities in the 10 highest circulation newspapers in the United States. Finally, we considered the reasons for the disparities between the two groups.

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Djeddai, Imen, and Fella Benabed. "The Strong Binti in Nnedi Okorafor’s African American Science Fiction." Traduction et Langues 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v19i2.374.

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By looking carefully at the history of science fiction, we can notice that African American authors have been excluded from the scene for a long time due to the “whiteness” of the genre in terms of writing and publication. In addition to racism, sexism persists in the science fiction community. Hence, marginalized black women writers of science fiction try to include more black women characters in their literary works. Through Binti, Binti: Home, and Binti: The Night Masquerade, Nnedi Okorafor focuses on the experience of being black and woman in a technological society of the future. This study discusses how Okorafor provides sharp comments on the lives of black women in America in terms of “race” and “gender.” She challenges the stereotypical image of the black woman as “other” through the subversion of white norms and traditions. In this analysis, we use “Afrofuturism” and “black feminism” as a theoretical framework since “Afrofuturism” tackles African American issues related to twentieth-century technoculture, and “black feminism” deals with black women empowerment. The major character, Binti, proves that she deserves to reach a higher position as an empowered girl of the future, which gives her self-confidence to be autonomous and to have control over her own life.

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Marshall, Ian. "Constructions of Race and Revolution in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Porter”." Hemingway Review 43, no. 1 (September 2023): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hem.2023.a913500.

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Abstract: In this essay, Ian Marshall analyzes Ernest Hemingway’s writing methodology in his short fiction, paying particular attention to constructions of labor, landscape, and African American male identity. Marshall argues that Hemingway was incapable of imagining a black working-class revolution, or a racially unified working-class revolution in the United States. This inability shapes his characters actions, particularly George, the main African American character in “The Porter,” and contributes to our understanding of revolutionary and social class consciousness in the U.S. as presented in Hemingway’s fiction.

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Skrypchenko, Ihor. "BLACK LIVES MATTER AS A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT: IMAGINATION AND REALITY." Politology bulletin, no. 84 (2020): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2020.84.218-227.

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The study of the emergence of the Black Lives Matter political and social movement in the U.S. allows us to identify the real goals that drove the organizers of the movement during its creation and understand the reason for the protests in the U.S. in 2020. The real reasons behind the emergence of the political and social movement «Black Lives Matter» have been found to be far from defending the democratic principles of freedom and responsibility, instead being a covert form of manipulation of the issues of racism by the African American movement’s organisers for the purpose of achieving political dividends and power. In summary, most researchers, especially those representing the African American community, have been skeptical of the Black Lives Matter movement’s political statements and beliefs. The scholars see in the essence of the protests only speculations on the notion of racism by some representatives of the Black community. This argument is proved by both forensic data certifying the absence of a biased attitude towards the African Americans on the part of police officers, and the nexus between high mortality among African Americans and other factors, not highlighted by the BLM movement’s organisers. The impartiality of the US judiciary while considering and deciding upon the aforementioned cases has been confirmed. Data on African American and White American mortality caused by the use of weapons on the part of police officers have been analysed. Thus, the article has posited that critique of the police measures is biased and does not benefit the African American community.

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Hagan, John, Carla Shedd, and Monique R. Payne. "Race, Ethnicity, and Youth Perceptions of Criminal Injustice." American Sociological Review 70, no. 3 (June 2005): 381–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000302.

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This paper advances a comparative conflict theory of racial and ethnic similarities and differences in youth perceptions of criminal injustice. We use HLM models to test six conflict hypotheses with data from more than 18,000 Chicago public school students. At the micro-level African American youth are more vulnerable to police contacts than are Latinos, who are more at risk than whites, and there is a corresponding gradient in minority group perceptions of injustice. When structural sources of variation in adolescents' experiences are taken into account, however, minority youth perceptions of criminal injustice appear more similar to one another, while remaining distinct from those of white youth. At the micro-level, Latino youth respond more strongly and negatively to police contacts, even though they experience fewer of them. At the macrolevel, as white students in schools increase cross-sectionally, perceptions of injustice among both African American and Latino youth at first intensify and then ultimately abate. Although there are again signs of a gradient, African American and Latino responses to school integration also are as notable in their similarities as in their differences. Reduced police contacts and meaningful school integration are promising mechanisms for diminishing both adolescent African American and Latino perceptions of criminal injustice.

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Patterson, George T., and Philip G. Swan. "Police shootings of unarmed African American males: A systematic review." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 26, no. 3-4 (January 11, 2016): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1125204.

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