Journal articles on the topic 'African American participants'
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Dyslin, Deborah, Sara Dunlop, Brenda Aldridge, Robin Tillotson, and Darby Morhardt. "Attitudes About Brain Donation Among African American Research Participants." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2685.
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Abstract Alzheimer’s and related dementias (ADRD) disproportionately affect the African American community. Brain donation, a crucial part of translational research, is less common among African American research participants compared to White research participants at Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers (ADRCs) across the US. Existing literature suggests three categories of contributory factors for African Americans: concerns and misconceptions about brain research and brain donation; religious beliefs; and the role of the family. Existing knowledge of community interventions is limited. We conducted seven focus groups, stratified by brain donation intent and cognitive status, to capture the perspectives of African American research participants. Qualitative content analysis reveal the following contributory themes: personal connection to memory loss or dementia; altruism; spirituality/religion; historical and current racism in health care and research; trauma and objectification; trust; representation; understanding the purpose and process of brain donation; and fluidity in decision-making. Future research will explore trauma-informed and culturally responsive interventions. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Interest Group.
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Harris, Paul W. "Racial Identity and the Civilizing Mission: Double-Consciousness at the 1895 Congress on Africa." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 18, no. 2 (2008): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2008.18.2.145.
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AbstractThe Congress on Africa was held in Atlanta, Georgia, in December 1895 as part of a campaign to promote African American involvement in Methodist missions to Africa. Held in conjunction with the same exposition where Booker T. Washington delivered his famous Atlanta Compromise address, the Congress in some ways shared his accommodationist approach to racial advancement. Yet the diverse and distinguished array of African American speakers at the Congress also developed a complex rationale for connecting the peoples of the African diaspora through missions. At the same time that they affirmed the need for “civilizing” influences as an indispensable element for racial progress, they also envisioned a reinvigorated racial identity and a shared racial destiny emerging through the interactions of black missionaries and Africans. In particular, the most thoughtful participants in the Congress anticipated the forging of a black civilization that combined the unique gifts of their race with the progressive dynamics of Christian culture. These ideas parallel and likely influenced W. E. B. Du Bois's concept of double-consciousness. At a time when the missionary movement provided the most important source of awareness about Africa among African Americans, it is possible to discern in the proceedings of the Congress on Africa the glimmerings of a new pan-African consciousness that was destined to have a profound effect on African American intellectual life in the twentieth century.
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Haro, Elizabet, Yu-Hsiu Hung, Hyun Seung Yoo, and Robin Littlejohn. "Implicit Biases in Blame Allocation of Accidents across Organizational Components (Worker, Supervisor and Organization)." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, no. 16 (October 2009): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905301613.
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The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between implicit biases and blame allocation of accidents across organizational components (workers, supervisors, and organization). The ‘European American-African American’ and created ‘Latino-African American’ Implicit Association Tests (IAT) were used to measure the participants' implicit biases. The Accident Blame Allocation instrument was used to measure the participants' blame allocations, which included accident scenarios with pictures of male and female faces of European Americans, African Americans and Latinos. A total of 102 students, aged from 18 to 23, participated in the study. Results of the two IATs showed that the participants did not have obvious preference tendencies toward any ethnicity, and the ‘European American-African American’ and ‘Latino-African American’ IATs have a positive correlation with score of 0.48 ( p < 0.0001). Results of this study showed that implicit bias did not significantly correlate with accident blame allocation but that the participants' attitudes toward different ethnic groups affected their accident blame allocation patterns.
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Mitchell, David, Marivic Lesho, and Abby Walker. "Folk Perception of African American English Regional Variation." Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, no. 1 (April 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.2.
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Contrary to previous “sociolinguistic folklore” that African American (Vernacular) English has a uniform structure across different parts of the US, recent studies have shown that it varies regionally, especially phonologically (Wolfram, 2007; Thomas & Wassink, 2010). However, there is little research on how Americans perceive AAE variation. Based on a map-labeling task, we investigate the folk perception of AAE variation by 55 participants, primarily African Americans in Columbus, Ohio. The analysis focuses on the dialect regions recognized by the participants, the linguistic features associated with different regions, and the attitudes associated with these beliefs. While the perceived regional boundaries mostly align with those identified by speakers in previous perceptual dialectology studies on American English, the participants consistently identified linguistic features that were specific to AAE. The participants recognized substantial phonological and lexical variation and identified “proper” dialects that do not necessarily sound “white”. This study demonstrates the value of considering African Americans’ perspectives in describing African American varieties of English.
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Ferguson, Christopher J., and Charles Negy. "The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity on Judgments of Culpability in a Domestic Violence Scenario." Violence and Victims 19, no. 2 (April 2004): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.2.203.64103.
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Using an experimental analog design, in this study we examined 503 European American, African American, and Latino undergraduate students’ responses to a domestic violence scenario in which the ethnicity and gender of the perpetrator were manipulated. Results indicated that participants perceived perpetration of domestic assault significantly more criminal when committed by a man than when committed by a woman. That finding was robust across European Americans, African Americans, and Latinos and was expressed by both genders. Also, European American participants expressed significantly more criticism toward African American perpetrators of assault than they did toward European American and Latino perpetrators of the exact offense, suggestive of racial bias consistent with stereotypes about African Americans being excessively aggressive. Finally, Latino participants expressed significantly more sympathy toward women who assault their husbands than toward assaulting husbands. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Paniagua, Freddy A., Michael O'Boyle, Victor L. Tan, and Angela S. Lew. "Self-Evaluation of Unintended Biases and Prejudices." Psychological Reports 87, no. 3 (December 2000): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3.823.
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A scale for measuring self-assessment of factors, which might lead to unintended biases and prejudices, was tested with 39 professionals working with adolescents on probation. The scale has 10 items (e.g., “Would feel comfortable providing clinical services to [e.g., African Americans].” Each item was rated on a 3-point scale so as summated scores increase across items the probability of unintended biases and prejudices against five culturally diverse groups (African American, American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, and White) would also increase. The coefficient alpha was .87. Participants' mean unintended bias and prejudices across items were always lower toward clients from their own racial or ethnic group. For example Hispanic and White participants tended to be more prompt to display these attitudes against African Americans, relative to African-American participants. White participants, however, reported lower scores leading to unintended biases in the case of White clients, relative to African-American and Hispanic participants. Overall, participants' mean unintended bias and prejudices against American Indian and Asian clients tended to be higher with these groups, relative to clients from the African-American, Hispanic, and White communities. Results are discussed in terms of further development of the scale in the design of cross-cultural training in various working environments with culturally diverse clients.
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Chikowore, Tinashe, Kenneth Ekoru, Marijana Vujkovi, Dipender Gill, Fraser Pirie, Elizabeth Young, Manjinder S. Sandhu, et al. "Polygenic Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes in Africa." Diabetes Care 45, no. 3 (January 11, 2022): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0365.
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OBJECTIVE Polygenic prediction of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in continental Africans is adversely affected by the limited number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T2D from Africa and the poor transferability of European-derived polygenic risk scores (PRSs) in diverse ethnicities. We set out to evaluate if African American, European, or multiethnic-derived PRSs would improve polygenic prediction in continental Africans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using the PRSice software, ethnic-specific PRSs were computed with weights from the T2D GWAS multiancestry meta-analysis of 228,499 case and 1,178,783 control subjects. The South African Zulu study (n = 1,602 case and 981 control subjects) was used as the target data set. Validation and assessment of the best predictive PRS association with age at diagnosis were conducted in the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) study (n = 2,148 case and 2,161 control subjects). RESULTS The discriminatory ability of the African American and multiethnic PRSs was similar. However, the African American–derived PRS was more transferable in all the countries represented in the AADM cohort and predictive of T2D in the country combined analysis compared with the European and multiethnic-derived scores. Notably, participants in the 10th decile of this PRS had a 3.63-fold greater risk (odds ratio 3.63; 95% CI 2.19–4.03; P = 2.79 × 10−17) per risk allele of developing diabetes and were diagnosed 2.6 years earlier than those in the first decile. CONCLUSIONS African American–derived PRS enhances polygenic prediction of T2D in continental Africans. Improved representation of non-European populations (including Africans) in GWAS promises to provide better tools for precision medicine interventions in T2D.
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Greene, Matthew, Chiquita Briley, Shakera Williams, Jamila Freightman, and Denise Holston. "African American Satisfaction With the SNAP-Ed Program: A Qualitative Exploration." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac065.020.
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Abstract Objectives Nutrition educators and public health professionals are increasingly focused on structural racism and its contribution to racial disparities in rates of food insecurity and obesity. In the context of these barriers to healthful eating affecting marginalized populations, nutrition education programs must be carefully evaluated to determine whether they meet the needs of those populations. This study aimed to assess African Americans perceptions of and satisfaction with the SNAP-Ed program in Louisiana. Methods Three trained African American facilitators conducted five focus group discussions (FGD) with 25 African American participants in SNAP-Ed. The discussion guide for FGD was based on issues identified by SNAP-Ed leadership in Louisiana and revised by African American implementers of SNAP-Ed. FGD were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded independently using inductive and in-vivo coding by two members of the research team using Dedoose software. Results Participants were generally satisfied with the program and thought information was important for African Americans in the context of medical issues faced by their community. However, participants viewed lessons as race neutral and thought they should include more information about African American history and culture. Participants also noted a lack of engagement with the African American stressed the need for African American staff to better engage with the African American community. Conclusions The SNAP-Ed program in Louisiana may need to be modified to specifically address African American food history and culture. The implementation of the program should be modified to include more African American SNAP-Ed staff and better engage with the African American community. Funding Sources SNAP-Ed.
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Kohli, Richie, Sonya Howk, and Melinda M. Davis. "Barriers and Facilitators of Dental Care in African-American Seniors: A Qualitative Study of Consumers’ Perspective." Journal of Advanced Oral Research 11, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2320206819893213.
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Objective: To identify African-American seniors’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to their dental care. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional qualitative study, we conducted in-depth interviews with 16 community-based, self-identified African-American seniors from March 2017 to August 2017 in Oregon. We coded data in ATLAS.ti and used thematic analysis to identify emergent themes within the social ecological framework and a cross-case comparative analysis to explore variation by participant characteristics. Results: Regardless of dental insurance status, cost and perceived urgency of treatment were the primary drivers of participant’s ability and interest in seeking dental care. Participants identified four solutions to improve oral health care in African-American seniors: affordable/free care and vouchers for dental work, better oral health education at a younger age, onsite community dental services, and navigators who can educate patients about insurance and dental providers who see low-income patients. Conclusions: Oral health decisions by African-American seniors were primarily driven by cost and perceived urgency irrespective of insurance coverage. Affordable dental care, early intervention, on-site services, and navigation may help to address key barriers and reduce oral health disparities faced by African-Americans.
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Jordan, Eleanor H., Cassandra P. Smisson, Kevin L. Burke, A. Barry Joyner, and Daniel R. Czech. "An Examination of Euro-American and African-American Differences in Social Physique Anxiety among College Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 1 (February 2005): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.1.96-98.
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Many studies have examined sex differences in social physique anxiety; however, few researchers have examined possible perceptual differences in such anxiety based on ethnicity. The present purpose was to examine social physique anxiety among college-age women of Euro-American and African-American descent. Participants ( N = 91) from physical activity classes at a university located in the southeastern United States completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. The participants were 67 Euro-Americans and 24 African Americans. An independent t test yielded a significant difference ( p = .01) between groups on Eklund's scale, which supports the hypothesis.
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Abbyad, Christine, and Trina Reed Robertson. "African American Women’s Preparation for Childbirth From the Perspective of African American Health-Care Providers." Journal of Perinatal Education 20, no. 1 (2011): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.20.1.45.
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Preparation for birthing has focused primarily on Caucasian women. No studies have explored African American women’s birth preparation. From the perceptions of 12 African American maternity health-care providers, this study elicited perceptions of the ways in which pregnant African American women prepare for childbirth. Focus group participants answered seven semistructured questions. Four themes emerged: connecting with nurturers, traversing an unresponsive system, the need to be strong, and childbirth classes not a priority. Recommendations for nurses and childbirth educators include: (a) self-awareness of attitudes toward African Americans, (b) empowering of clients for birthing, (c) recognition of the role that pregnant women’s mothers play, (d) tailoring of childbirth classes for African American women, and (e) research on how racism influences pregnant African American women’s preparation for birthing.
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Hong, Jaeyoung, Kathryn E. Hatchell, Jonathan P. Bradfield, Andrew Bjonnes, Alessandra Chesi, Chao-Qiang Lai, Carl D. Langefeld, et al. "Transethnic Evaluation Identifies Low-Frequency Loci Associated With 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103, no. 4 (January 9, 2018): 1380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01802.
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Abstract Context Vitamin D inadequacy is common in the adult population of the United States. Although the genetic determinants underlying vitamin D inadequacy have been studied in people of European ancestry, less is known about populations with Hispanic or African ancestry. Objective The Trans-Ethnic Evaluation of Vitamin D (TRANSCEN-D) genomewide association study (GWAS) consortium was assembled to replicate genetic associations with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations from the Study of Underlying Genetic Determinants of Vitamin D and Highly Related Traits (SUNLIGHT) meta-analyses of European ancestry and to identify genetic variants related to vitamin D concentrations in African and Hispanic ancestries. Design Ancestry-specific (Hispanic and African) and transethnic (Hispanic, African, and European) meta-analyses were performed with Meta-Analysis Helper software (METAL). Patients or Other Participants In total, 8541 African American and 3485 Hispanic American (from North America) participants from 12 cohorts and 16,124 European participants from SUNLIGHT were included in the study. Main Outcome Measures Blood concentrations of 25(OH)D were measured for all participants. Results Ancestry-specific analyses in African and Hispanic Americans replicated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GC (2 and 4 SNPs, respectively). An SNP (rs79666294) near the KIF4B gene was identified in the African American cohort. Transethnic evaluation replicated GC and DHCR7 region SNPs. Additionally, the transethnic analyses revealed SNPs rs719700 and rs1410656 near the ANO6/ARID2 and HTR2A genes, respectively. Conclusions Ancestry-specific and transethnic GWASs of 25(OH)D confirmed findings in GC and DHCR7 for African and Hispanic American samples and revealed findings near KIF4B, ANO6/ARID2, and HTR2A. The biological mechanisms that link these regions with 25(OH)D metabolism warrant further investigation.
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McCutcheon, Lynn, Mara S. Aruguete, William Jenkins, Nancy McCarley, and Ronald Yockey. "An investigation of demographic correlates of the Celebrity Attitude Scale." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 10, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v10i2.218.
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The Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) has been widely used in the last 15 years, but little is known about how ethnicity and socioeconomic status relate to scores on this scale. In the first of two studies, we showed that a sample of African-American college students had more favorable attitudes toward their favorite celebrities than a sample of White college students. However, there was no control for the possibility that the two samples were unequal with respect to socioeconomic status. The second study controlled for that possibility, and added samples of Hispanic and Asian college students. Results showed that African-American participants again had more favorable attitudes toward their favorite celebrities than Whites did, with Hispanic and Asian-American participants falling in between the two extremes. Socioeconomic status was unrelated to CAS scores. African-Americans tended to select African-American celebrities as their favorites, and Whites tended to choose Whites, with Hispanic and Asian-Americans showing no ethnic preferences. Strength of identification with one’s ethnic group was unrelated to ethnic concordance in choosing a favorite celebrity, but strength of identification with one’s ethnic group decreased as favorable attitudes toward one’s favorite celebrity increased. We discussed why African-American participants might report more attachment to their favorite celebrities than White participants.
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John, Samantha E., Sarah A. Evans, John Hanfelt, David W. Loring, and Felicia C. Goldstein. "Subjective Memory Complaints in White and African American Participants." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 33, no. 3 (August 13, 2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891988719868305.
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Objective: Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia but are understudied in African Americans (AAs). We compared SMC endorsement in white and AA participants and evaluated predictors of diagnostic progression. Methods: Initial visit variables, including SMC and memory performance, were compared within a cognitively normal race-matched sample of white and AA participants ( N total = 912; 456each race) to assess the presence and predictors of SMC, the predictors of future diagnostic progression, and the change in memory performance over time. Results: More white (32.9%) than AA (24.3%) participants reported SMC ( P < .01, ϕ = −.10). Subjective memory complaint was predicted by memory performance ( B = −0.03, standard error [SE] = 0.013, odds ratio [OR] = .968, P < .05) and race ( B = −0.99, SE = 0.080, OR = .373, P < .001). Subjective memory complaints and memory performance were associated with progression, χ2 (3, n = 912) = 102.37, P < .001. African American race (−2.05 ± 0.24 SE) and SMC (−0.45 ± 0.21 SE) were associated with worse memory performance at baseline and over time, χ 2(3) = 13.54, P < .01. Conclusions: In contrast to previous research, our study found that SMC is associated with diagnostic progression and objective memory declines in both white and AA participants.
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Wright, Kathy D., Carolyn H. Still, Lenette M. Jones, and Karen O. Moss. "Designing a Cocreated Intervention with African American Older Adults for Hypertension Self-Management." International Journal of Hypertension 2018 (June 3, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7591289.
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Hypertension is a lifelong disease that requires self-management. Additionally, there are disparities in hypertension self-management that disproportionately affect African Americans. Interventions designed in collaboration with older adults have the potential to improve hypertension self-management. The purpose of this design paper is to describe the process in which African American older adults and nurse researchers cocreated an intervention to address stress in the self-management of hypertension. A semistructured interview guide was used to elicit feedback on self-management behaviors to cocreate an intervention with the participants. Participants provided constant iterative feedback on the design used for the intervention. Participants prioritized the content and mode of delivery. African American older adults with hypertension (N=31; 87% women) participated in two focus group sessions. The primary stressors identified by the group that influenced their blood pressure self-management were as follows: (a) measuring blood pressure and using home blood pressure monitors; (b) difficulty communicating with family and friends; (c) sleep management and pain at night; and (d) healthy eating. Based on the participants’ feedback, we created four biweekly (2-hour) group sessions that incorporated their suggestions and addressed their concerns. Health care providers can use this technique to engage African American older adults in participant-centered hypertension self-management.
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Stinson, David W. "Negotiating Sociocultural Discourses: The Counter-Storytelling of Academically (and Mathematically) Successful African American Male Students." American Educational Research Journal 45, no. 4 (December 2008): 975–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831208319723.
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This study documents the counterstories of four academically (and mathematically) successful African American male students. Using participative inquiry, the participants were asked to read, reflect on, and respond to historical and current research literature regarding the schooling experiences of African American students. Their responses were analyzed using a somewhat eclectic theoretical framework that included poststructural theory, critical race theory, and critical theory. Collectively, the participants’ counterstories revealed that each had acquired a robust mathematics identity as a component of his overall efforts toward success. How the participants acquired such “uncharacteristic” mathematics identities was to be found in part in how they understood sociocultural discourses of U.S. society and how they negotiated the specific discourses that surround male African Americans. Present throughout the counterstories of each participant was a recognition of himself as a discursive formation who could negotiate sociocultural discourses as a means to subversively repeat his constituted “raced” self.
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Watkins, Timothy. "The Relationship between Reading Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension in a Direct Instruction Reading Program." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 12 (January 5, 2023): 517–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.912.13683.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship beween Hispanic, Caucasian, and Africa American students’ reading voacabulary achievement and reading comprehension achievement in a Direct Instruction reading program. The study consisted of students from a small, rural school district in southeast Arkansas. A total of 230 students participated in the study. Seventeen were Hispanic students, 33 were Caucasian students, and 180 were African American students. The study used an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) statistic to identify any potential differences in reading vocabulary and reading comprehension among the subgroups. The findings of this study suggest that statistically significant differences did exist between Hispanic, Caucasian, and African American students in reading vocabulary using a Direct Instruction reading program. The Hispanic participants had a higher mean achievement gain score in reading comprehension than either Caucasian or African American students. The Hispanic participants also had a higher mean achievement gain score in reading vocabulary achievement than the African American participants but a smaller mean achievement gain score than the Caucasian participants.
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Yeh, Vivian M., Erin M. Bergner, Marino A. Bruce, Sunil Kripalani, Victoria B. Mitrani, Titilola A. Ogunsola, Consuelo H. Wilkins, and Derek M. Griffith. "Can Precision Medicine Actually Help People Like Me? African American and Hispanic Perspectives on the Benefits and Barriers of Precision Medicine." Ethnicity & Disease 30, Suppl 1 (April 2, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.s1.149.
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Objective: To better understand African American and Hispanic perspectives on the potential benefits of precision medicine, along with the potential barriers that may prevent precision medicine from being equally beneficial to all. We also sought to identify if there were differences between African American and Hispanic perspectives.Design: Six semi-structured focus groups were conducted between May 2017 and February 2018 to identify benefits and barriers to precision medicine. Three groups occurred in Nashville, TN with African American participants and three groups occurred in Miami, FL with Hispanic participants.Setting: At community-based and university sites convenient to community partners and participants.Participants: A total of 55 individuals participated (27 in Nashville, 28 in Miami). The majority of participants were women (76.5%) and the mean age of participants was 56.2 years old.Results: Both African Americans and Hispanics believed precision medicine has the potential to improve medicine and health outcomes by individualizing care and decreasing medical uncertainty. However, both groups were concerned that inadequacies in health care institutions and socioeconomic barriers would prevent their communities from receiving the full benefits of precision medicine. African Americans were also concerned that the genetic and non-genetic personal information revealed through precision medicine would make African Americans further vulnerable to provider racism and discrimination in and outside of health care.Conclusions: While these groups believed precision medicine might yield benefits for health outcomes, they are also skeptical about whether African Americans and Hispanics would actually benefit from precision medicine given current structural limitations and disparities in health care access and quality. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(Suppl 1):149-158; doi:10.18865/ed.30.S1.149
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Shaz, Beth H., Derrick G. Demmons, Krista L. Hillyer, Robert E. Jones, and Christopher D. Hillyer. "Racial Differences in Motivators and Barriers to Blood Donation Among Blood Donors." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.9.1444.
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Abstract Context.—Nationally, African Americans are underrepresented in community blood donation programs. To increase blood donation by African Americans, differences between motivators and barriers to blood donation between races should be investigated. Objective.—To investigate motivators and barriers to blood donation in African American and white blood donors. Design.—An 18-item, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire regarding demographics and motivators and barriers to donation was completed by blood donors at a predominately African American and a predominately white fixed donation site. Results.—A total of 599 participants (20% African American, 75% white, and 5% other) completed the survey. The most commonly reported reasons to donate included: “because it is the right thing to do” (45% African Americans and 62% white) and “because I want to help save a life” (63% African Americans and 47% white). Unpleasant experiences did not differ as a barrier to continue donation between African Americans and whites. African Americans placed more importance on donating blood to someone with sickle cell disease, convenience of blood donation, treatment of donor center staff, and level of privacy during the screening process. Conclusions.—These data suggest that in a large metropolitan area, reasons for donation among African American and white donors differ. To retain and increase donation frequency of African American donors, these factors should be considered in creating an African American donor recruitment and retention program.
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Kitano, Margie K. "Gifted African American Women." Journal for the Education of the Gifted 21, no. 3 (April 1998): 254–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016235329802100302.
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This article describes factors affecting the life-span achievement of IS highly accomplished African American women from a national retrospective study of gifted women from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Participants were nominated as gifted by national professional organizations in their respective fields. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews of the women and telephone questionnaires administered to “parent” informants. Participants perceived that civil-rights and affirmative-action policies opened doors if they were already qualified. Interpreted within a cultural-ecological framework, findings suggested that cultural strengths plus their high ability enabled simultaneous acknowledgment of the effects of racism, sexism, and other hardships and application of positive coping strategies that are derived from these strengths.
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Gross, Tyra Toston, Marsha Davis, Alex K. Anderson, Jori Hall, and Karen Hilyard. "Long-Term Breastfeeding in African American Mothers." Journal of Human Lactation 33, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334416680180.
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Background: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 39.1% of African American infants are breastfed at 6 months. However, few studies have explored the breastfeeding experiences of African American women who successfully breastfeed to 6 months or longer durations. Research aim: The goal of this qualitative study was to explore the long-term breastfeeding experiences of low-income African American women using the positive deviance approach. Methods: African American women with breastfeeding experience were recruited through Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) breastfeeding peer counselors. Eligibility criteria included being age 18 or older, currently participating in WIC, and having breastfed one child for at least 6 months in the past 2 years. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 participants. Interviews were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. Transcripts were then analyzed for emerging themes using thematic analysis in NVivo software. Results: Participants had on average three children each, with an average length of breastfeeding of 10.5 months per child. Four main themes developed: (a) deciding to breastfeed, (b) initiating breastfeeding, (c) breastfeeding long-term, and (d) expanding breastfeeding support. Participants offered culturally tailored suggestions to improve breastfeeding support for other African American women: prenatal discussions of breastfeeding with health care providers, African American lactation support personnel and breastfeeding support groups, and African American breastfeeding promotion in print and digital media. Conclusion: Women who participated in this study breastfed for longer durations than the national average for African Americans. Findings can inform practice and research efforts to improve breastfeeding rates in this population using lessons learned from successful women.
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Brandon, L. Jerome, and Larry D. Proctor. "Do the Same Central Anthropometric Variables that Best Predict Blood Pressure in European Americans also Best Predict Blood Pressure in African Americans?" Ethnicity & Disease 30, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.2.349.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if central anthropometric variables that best estimate blood pressure risks in European Americans also best estimate blood pressure risks in African Americans.Design: The participants were 357 normotensive African and European American volunteers with a mean age of 32.6 ± 12.4 years. Participants were evaluated for central adiposity with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdomen and thigh skinfolds, waist and hip circumferences, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio, body mass index, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Descriptive statistics, partial correlations, ANOVA and stepwise regressions were used to analyze the data.Results: Central adiposity anthropometric indices made different contributions to blood pressure in African and European American men and women. When weight was held constant, waist circumference shared stronger partial relationships with blood pressure in African Americans (r = .30 to .47) than in European Americans (r = .11 to .32). Waist circumference in combination with other indices was a predictor of systolic and diastolic blood pressures in European American men (P<.05) but only a predictor for diastolic blood pressure in African American men and women (P<.01). Hip circumference was the only predictor for systolic blood pressure (P<.01) in African American men and women.Conclusions: Further research on the relative contributions of central anthropometric indices to blood pressure in African and European Americans is warranted. A better understanding of this relationship may help reduce hypertensive morbidity and mortality disparities between African and European Americans. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(2):349-356; doi:10.18865/ed.30.2.349
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Watts, Akiah. "Attitudinal Judgments of Dialect Traits and Colorism in African Americans." Lifespans and Styles 7, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v7i2.2021.6637.
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This study demonstrates how language and complexion influence professional and social perceptions of African Americans. This study contains an online verbal-guise survey where participants either saw a photo of a lighter skin-toned African-American male and female or an electronically darkened version. Audio was attached to each photo, which contains traits of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the case of the male and Standard American English for the female. The results suggest African-American females are more likely to experience colorism in professional traits while African-American males are more likely to experience colorism in social traits. Additionally, the respondent’s race influences perceptions of AAVE.
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Bazargan, Mohsen, James Smith, Masoud Movassaghi, David Martins, Hamed Yazdanshenas, Seyede Salehe Mortazavi, and Gail Orum. "Polypharmacy among Underserved Older African American Adults." Journal of Aging Research 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6026358.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine correlates of polypharmacy among underserved community-dwelling older African American adults. Methods. This study recruited 400 underserved older African Americans adults living in South Los Angeles. The structured face-to-face interviews collected data on participants’ characteristics and elicited data pertaining to the type, frequency, dosage, and indications of all medications used by participants. Results. Seventy-five and thirty percent of participants take at least five and ten medications per day, respectively. Thirty-eight percent of participants received prescription medications from at least three providers. Inappropriate drug use occurred among seventy percent of the participants. Multivariate analysis showed that number of providers was the strongest correlate of polypharmacy. Moreover, data show that gender, comorbidity, and potentially inappropriate medication use are other major correlates of polypharmacy. Conclusions. This study shows a high rate of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use among underserved older African American adults. We documented strong associations between polypharmacy and use of potentially inappropriate medications, comorbidities, and having multiple providers. Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications may be attributed to poor coordination and management of medications among providers and pharmacists. There is an urgent need to develop innovative and effective strategies to reduce inappropriate polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication in underserved elderly minority populations.
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LADITKA, SARAH B., JAMES N. LADITKA, RUI LIU, ANNA E. PRICE, DANIELA B. FRIEDMAN, BEI WU, LUCINDA L. BRYANT, SARA J. CORWIN, and SUSAN L. IVEY. "How do older people describe others with cognitive impairment? A multiethnic study in the United States." Ageing and Society 33, no. 3 (January 3, 2012): 369–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11001255.
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ABSTRACTWe studied how older people describe others with cognitive impairment. Forty-two focus groups represented African Americans, American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos, Vietnamese Americans, and Whites other than Latinos (Whites) (N = 396, ages 50+), in nine locations in the United States of America. Axial coding connected categories and identified themes. The constant comparison method compared themes across ethnic groups. African Americans, American Indians and Whites emphasised memory loss. African Americans, American Indians, Latinos and Whites stressed withdrawal, isolation and repetitive speech. African Americans, American Indians, Vietnamese Americans and Whites emphasised ‘slow thinking’. Only Whites described mood swings and personality changes. Many participants attributed dementia to stress. Terms describing others with dementia included ‘Alzheimer's’, ‘dementia’, ‘senile’ and ‘crazy’. Euphemisms were common (‘senior moment’, ‘old timer's disease’). Responses focused on memory, with limited mention of other cognitive functions. Differences among ethnic groups in descriptions of cognitive health and cognitive impairment underscore the need to tailor public health messages about cognitive health to ways that people construe its loss, and to their interest in maintaining it, so that messages and terms used are familiar, understandable and relevant to the groups for which they are designed. Health promotion efforts should develop ethnically sensitive ways to address the widely held misperception that even serious cognitive impairment is a normal characteristic of ageing and also to address stigma associated with cognitive impairment.
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Persaud, Amanda D., and Joel R. Sneed. "Study involvement and retention of African American research participants." American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 21, no. 3 (March 2013): S100—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.134.
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Siler, Shaunna, Kelly Arora, Katherine Doyon, and Stacy M. Fischer. "Spirituality and the Illness Experience: Perspectives of African American Older Adults." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 38, no. 6 (January 19, 2021): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909120988280.
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Background: Disparities in hospice and palliative care (PC) for African Americans have been linked to mistrust toward the healthcare system, racial inequalities, and cultural preferences. Spirituality has been identified as important to African Americans in general. Less is known about the influence of spirituality on African American illness experiences. Objective: The goal of this study was to understand older African Americans’ perspectives on how spirituality influences chronic illness experiences to inform the development of a culturally tailored PC intervention. Methods: In partnership with 5 churches in the Denver metropolitan area, we conducted focus groups with African American older adults (n = 50) with chronic health conditions and their family caregivers. Transcripts were analyzed using a deductive approach. The theoretical framework for this study draws on psychology of religion research. Results: Themes referenced participants’ spiritual orienting systems, spiritual coping strategies, and spiritual coping styles. Psycho-spiritual struggles, social struggles, and sources of social support were also identified. Findings suggest African Americans’ spirituality influences chronic illness experiences. Participants relied on their spirituality and church community to help them cope with illness. In addition, social struggles impacted the illness experience. Social struggles included mistrust toward the healthcare system and not being connected to adequate resources. Participants expressed a need to advocate for themselves and family members to receive better healthcare. Churches were referred to as a trusted space for health resources, as well as spiritual and social support.
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McCray, Nathan, Lance Thompson, Francesca Branch, Nicholas Porter, James Peterson, and Melissa J. Perry. "Talking About Public Health With African American Men: Perceptions of Environmental Health and Infertility." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 1 (January 2020): 155798832090137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320901375.
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While the past two decades have seen rapid advances in research demonstrating links between environmental health and reproductive capacity, African American men have largely been overlooked as study participants. To give voice to the perceptions of urban African American men, the present qualitative study conducted focus groups of men recruited from street- and internet-based advertisements in Washington, DC. Participants were asked for their perspectives on their environment, reproductive health and fertility, and factors that would influence their participation in public health research. Participants expressed concern about ubiquitous environmental exposures characteristic of their living environments, which they attributed in part to gentrification and urban development. Infertility was seen as a threat to masculinity and a taboo subject in the African American community and several participants shared personal stories describing a general code of silence about the subject. Each group offered multiple suggestions for recruiting African American men into research studies; facilitators for study participation included cultural relevance, incentives, transparent communication, internet- and community-based recruitment, and use of African Americans and/or recruiters of color as part of the research team. When asked whether participants would participate in a hypothetical study on fertility that involved providing a sperm sample, there was a mixed reaction, with some expressing concern about how such a sample would be used and others describing a few facilitators for participation in such a study. These are unique perspectives that are largely missing from current-day evidence on the inclusion of African American men in environmental health and reproductive health research.
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Towns, Juell, Patrice Fuller, Edline Francois, Raina L. Croff, and Jeffrey Kaye. "WALKING AND TALKING ABOUT WHAT USED TO BE: THE SHARP NEIGHBORHOOD WALKING PROGRAM FOR OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1907.
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Abstract The Sharing History through Active Reminiscence and Photo-Imagery (SHARP) study aims to preserve African American cognitive health through neighborhood walking and social engagement in a way that celebrates Black culture. For 6 months, African Americans aged 55+ (2016 n=19; 2017 n=21) grouped in triads walked 1-mile routes accessible via the SHARP application. Routes included historical image prompts about Portland, Oregon’s historically Black neighborhoods. Participant focus groups at months 1, 3, and 6 drove program development and refinements, and provided valuable insight into the program’s meaning for participants. Discussions were thematically coded. Emergent themes included “suggested improvements,” “technology,” “mental health impact,” “cultural incongruence,” and “cultural significance.” Participants suggested improvements to the application’s navigational aspects and expressed willingness to engage technology despite initial apprehension. The triadic structure and place-based memory prompts aided reminiscence, allowing participants to make meaningful links between their own life experiences and their walking partners’. Neighborhood walking brought to the surface participant concerns about a lack of understanding between African American generations, and between long-time residents and whiter, wealthier demographics moving in. Some participants found it emotionally taxing to walk in the now gentrified historically Black neighborhoods, but still saw the program overall as useful, interesting, and necessary--to their physical and cognitive health, to their mental health as they processed neighborhood changes and community loss, and as an important contribution to preserving community history. Addressing individual health alongside pressing issues affecting older African Americans’ sense of well-being and community may make cognitive health programs more meaningful and applicable.
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Lige, Quiera M., Bridgette J. Peteet, and Carrie M. Brown. "Racial Identity, Self-Esteem, and the Impostor Phenomenon Among African American College Students." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 4 (May 15, 2016): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416648787.
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The Impostor Phenomenon (IP) is marked by an individual’s persistent perception of incompetency despite contrary evidence. The presence of IP has been found to negatively affect many college students, but literature on IP among African American college students, specifically, is limited. Previous literature has emphasized a positive association between racial identity and self-esteem for African Americans, and an inverse association between self-esteem and IP among non-African American samples. However, few studies have examined these variables in African American undergraduate samples. Objectives: The current study examined the relationships between racial identity, self-esteem, and IP among African American undergraduate students. It was hypothesized that self-esteem would mediate the relationship between racial identity and IP. Method: The participants were 112 (74% female) self-identified African American undergraduate students who completed an online survey. Results: Mediation testing via bootstrapping revealed support for the hypothesis—self-esteem mediated the relationship between racial identity and IP. Conclusion: University initiatives should focus on creating inclusive environments that foster racial identity development and self-esteem for African Americans to reduce experiences of IP.
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Yoo, Hyesoo, Sangmi Kang, and Victor Fung. "Personality and world music preference of undergraduate non-music majors in South Korea and the United States." Psychology of Music 46, no. 5 (July 14, 2017): 611–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735617716757.
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We investigated contributors of undergraduate nonmusic majors’ preferences for world musics, specifically those from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Drawing upon the reciprocal feedback model as a theoretical framework, we determined the extent to which predictor variables (familiarity with the music, personality, and music absorption) were related to music preference. Participants were 401 undergraduate nonmusic majors from South Korea ( n = 208) and the USA ( n = 183). Participants took an online survey via Qualtrics that included demographic information, the World Musics Preference Rating Scale, the Big-Five Inventory, and the Absorption in Music Scale. Results indicated that, familiarity, followed by openness to experience, was the strongest predictor of participants’ preferences for world musics. For the U.S. participants, familiarity, followed by openness to experience, was the strongest predictor of participants’ preference for musics from each continent. By contrast, for the South Korean participants, although familiarity was also the strongest predictor for African, Latin American, and Asian musics, openness to experience was not consistently the second strongest contributor. For African music, openness to experience was ranked second; for Latin American and Asian music, agreeableness and music absorption were ranked second, respectively.
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Bazargan, Mohsen, Cheryl Wisseh, Edward Adinkrah, Hoorolnesa Ameli, Delia Santana, Sharon Cobb, and Shervin Assari. "Influenza Vaccination among Underserved African-American Older Adults." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2160894.
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Background. Racial disparities in influenza vaccination among underserved minority older adults are a public health problem. Understanding the factors that impact influenza vaccination behaviors among underserved older African-Americans could lead to more effective communication and delivery strategies. Aims. We aimed to investigate rate and factors associated with seasonal influenza vaccination among underserved African-American older adults. We were particularly interested in the roles of demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and continuity and patient satisfaction with medical care, as well as physical and mental health status. Methods. This community-based cross-sectional study recruited 620 African-American older adults residing in South Los Angeles, one of the most under-resources areas within Los Angeles County, with a population of over one million. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to document independent correlates of influenza vaccination. Results. One out of three underserved African-American older adults aged 65 years and older residing in South Los Angeles had never been vaccinated against the influenza. Only 49% of participants reported being vaccinated within the 12 months prior to the interview. One out of five participants admitted that their health care provider recommended influenza vaccination. However, only 45% followed their provider’s recommendations. Multivariate logistic regression shows that old-old (≥75 years), participants who lived alone, those with a lower level of continuity of care and satisfaction with the accessibility, availability, and quality of care, and participants with a higher number of depression symptoms were less likely to be vaccinated. As expected, participants who indicated that their physician had advised them to obtain a flu vaccination were more likely to be vaccinated. Our data shows that only gender was associated with self-report of being advised to have a flu shot. Discussion. One of the most striking aspects of this study is that no association between influenza vaccination and being diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other major chronic condition was detected. Our study confirmed that both continuity of care and satisfaction with access, availability, and quality of medical care are strongly associated with current influenza vaccinations. We documented that participants with a higher number of depression symptoms were less likely to be vaccinated. Conclusion. These findings highlight the role that culturally acceptable and accessible usual source of care van play as a gatekeeper to facilitate and implement flu vaccination among underserved minority older adults. Consistent disparities in influenza vaccine uptake among underserved African-American older adults, coupled with a disproportionate burden of chronic diseases, places them at high risk for undesired outcomes associated with influenza. As depression is more chronic/disabling and is less likely to be treated in African-Americans, there is a need to screen and treat depression as a strategy to enhance preventive care management such as vaccination of underserved African-American older adults. Quantification of associations between lower vaccine uptake and both depression symptoms as well as living alone should enable health professionals target underserved African-American older adults who are isolated and suffer from depression to reduce vaccine-related inequalities.
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Le, Daisy, Cheryl L. Holt, Darlene R. Saunders, Min Qi Wang, Annie Coriolan, Alma D. Savoy, Jimmie L. Slade, Bettye Muwwakkil, and Nancy L. Atkinson. "Feasibility and acceptability of SMS text messaging in a prostate cancer educational intervention for African American men." Health Informatics Journal 22, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 932–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458215598636.
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African Americans’ greater access to mobile phones makes short messaging service technology a promising complement to health promotion interventions. Short messaging service text messages were added to the Men’s Prostate Awareness Church Training project, a men’s health intervention for African American men. We report on the feasibility and acceptability of the use of short messaging service text messages in the intervention. Short messaging service text messages served as (1) workshop reminders; (2) post-workshop message reinforcement; (3) spiritual/motivational messages; and (4) participant retention. At workshop 4, over 65 percent of participants wished to continue receiving the messages. While there was an increase in recall over time, more than one-third of the participants did not recall receiving the 53 text messages. However, recall was considerably greater among men who attended the Men’s Prostate Awareness Church Training workshops. Overall, the inclusion of text messages in health promotion interventions targeting mature African American men was found to be feasible and acceptable.
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Alexandra Kredlow, M., Suzanne L. Pineles, Sabra S. Inslicht, Marie-France Marin, Mohammed R. Milad, Michael W. Otto, and Scott P. Orr. "Assessment of skin conductance in African American and Non-African American participants in studies of conditioned fear." Psychophysiology 54, no. 11 (July 4, 2017): 1741–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12909.
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Blackmon, Sha’Kema M., Laura D. Coyle, Sheron Davenport, Archandria C. Owens, and Christopher Sparrow. "Linking Racial-Ethnic Socialization to Culture and Race-Specific Coping Among African American College Students." Journal of Black Psychology 42, no. 6 (July 26, 2016): 549–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798415617865.
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In addition to the use of coping strategies generally shared by all Americans, research has shown that African Americans tend to make use of culture and race-specific coping styles that distinguish them from other racial/ethnic group populations. These coping styles are important for the negotiation of multiple types of stressors. Little has been written on the antecedents of culture and race-specific coping (i.e., Africultural coping and John Henryism). This exploratory online investigation sought to determine if childhood racial-ethnic socialization (i.e., a cultural practice and protective factor) experiences predicted present self-reported culture and race-specific coping among a group of African American college students ( N = 191). Results indicated that past racial socialization messages encouraging participants to engage in positive cross-racial interactions (i.e., cross-racial relationship messages) were positively predictive of spiritual-centered and collective coping. Racial socialization messages that prescribed how participants should cope with racism were negatively associated with prolonged, active high-effort coping (i.e., John Henryism). Ethnic socialization messages emphasizing participation in African American cultural activities (i.e., African American heritage messages) positively predicted spiritual-centered, collective, and ritual-centered coping. Finally, ethnic socialization messages encouraging participants to have respect for authority figures, retain close relationships with family members, and maintain a collectivistic orientation (i.e., African American cultural values messages) were negatively predictive of John Henryism. Taken together, childhood racial-ethnic socialization experiences are an important resource for coping during college.
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Davis, Jeremy, Summer Rolin, and Gabrielle Hromas. "A-12 Racial Differences in Performance Validity Test Failure Rates." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.13.
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Abstract Objective Embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) may show increased false positive rates in racially diverse examinees. This study examined false positive rates by race in an older adult sample. Method The project involved secondary analysis of a deidentified dataset (N = 22,688) from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC). Participants were included if their identified race was African American or white. Exclusion criteria included diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 5160) or dementia (n = 5550). The initial sample included 11,114 participants grouped as cognitively normal (89.9%) or impaired but not MCI of whom 16.4% identified as African American. Propensity score matching was conducted by diagnostic group to match African American and white participants on age, education, gender, and MMSE score. The final sample included 3024 and 482 participants in normal and impaired groups, respectively, with 50% of participants identifying as African American in each group. Failure rates on five embedded PVTs in the NACC cognitive test battery were examined by race and by diagnosis. Results Age, education, gender, and MMSE score were not significantly different by race in either diagnostic group. In the normal group, 4.7% of African American and 1.9% of white participants failed two or more PVTs (p < 0.001). In the impaired group, 9.5% of African American and 5.8% of white participants failed two or more PVTs (n.s.). Conclusions PVT failure rates were significantly higher among African American participants in the normal group but not in the impaired group. Failure rates remained below a common false positive threshold of 10%.
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Moskowitz, Gordon B., and Jeff Stone. "The Proactive Control of Stereotype Activation." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 220, no. 3 (January 2012): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000110.
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Stereotypes are typically conceived of as controlled through conscious willing. We propose that goals can lead to stereotype control even when the goals are not consciously noted. This is called proactive control since goal pursuit occurs not as a reaction to a stereotype having been activated and having exerted influence, but as an act of goal shielding that inhibits stereotypes instead of activating them. In two experiments proactive control over stereotypes toward African Americans was illustrated using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, participants with egalitarian goals showed slower responses to stereotypic words when following an African American male face (relative to following a White face). Experiment 2 illustrated African American faces facilitated responses to stimuli relevant to egalitarian goals; White faces did not. Together, these studies indicate that, without consciously trying, participants with egalitarian goals’ implicit reaction to African Americans included triggering fairness goals and inhibiting stereotypes.
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Spiropoulos, Georgia V., Patricia Van Voorhis, and Emily J. Salisbury. "Programmatic Moderators of CBT Correctional Treatment for Whites and African Americans." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 8 (September 7, 2017): 2236–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17721523.
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A recent experimental evaluation of a cognitive behavioral intervention ( Reasoning and Rehabilitation) reported significantly greater reductions in recidivism for White male parolees than African American male parolees. These results prompted the present examination of whether specific program conditions may have differentially impacted program outcomes (returns to prison) for White ( n = 141) and African American ( n = 318) participants. Study participants were tracked for up to 33 months on parole. Discrete-time event history analysis tested for race interactions with the following program attributes: facilitator gender, facilitator race, number of facilitators, class size, and the facilitators’ evaluations of parolee participation on measures pertaining to level of participation, enjoyment, understanding, atmosphere and use of skills in the program. The gender of the facilitator, the number of facilitators, and sizes of the classes differentially affected success rates for African Americans compared with Whites. African American participants achieved more favorable outcomes with female facilitators than male facilitators, and when class sizes and the number of facilitators conformed to program guidelines. No statistically significant interaction effects were found for race of the facilitator, or facilitator evaluations of parolee participation.
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Smith, Yolanda. "Effect Of Body-Worn Cameras On African-American Perceptions Of Police Performance And Fairness." Scholar Chatter 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47036/sc.2.1.44-56.2021.
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This research study examined the effect of body-worn cameras on African American perceptions of police performance and fairness to gain a well-rounded understanding of the public's perception of body-worn cameras. Prior research involving police body-worn cameras focused on police use of force and community perceptions. Limitations within previous research call for further investigation into African American perceptions of the police and consider the role body-worn cameras play in affecting that perception. Using procedural justice theory, I focused on body-worn cameras and their effect on African-American perceptions of police performance and fairness. Employing a quantitative, non-experimental research design and surveying 124 African-American adult participants 18 years and older, I found that African-Americans favor police officers who wear body-worn cameras. Future research suggests incorporating a greater sample size, thereby strengthening the validity and improving generalizability. Policy implications suggest that studying body-worn cameras may add additional research to the knowledge base and help law enforcement understand the relationship between police officers who wear body-worn cameras and African-Americans perceptions of police treatment when body-worn cameras are present. Keywords: African-American, body-worn cameras, police performance, fairness, procedural justice
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Kingsbury, John H., and Asha Hassan. "Community-Led Action to Reduce Menthol Cigarette Use in the African American Community." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 1_suppl (January 2020): 72S—81S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839919881143.
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Background. African Americans suffer a disproportionate burden of tobacco harm and researchers have posited that menthol cigarettes are a key contributor to this disparity. In 2015, a county health department and African American community-based organization (CBO) in Minnesota partnered to educate and engage the African American community on menthol and its role in tobacco-related health disparities. The following case study describes successes, challenges, and recommendations from this work. We focus on the role of a public health and community partnership in menthol policy adoption so others can more effectively implement a community-driven approach in their own communities. Methods. Interviews were conducted with local and state public health staff, leadership from the CBO, youth coordinators, and change agents—that is, leaders in the African American community recruited to educate and engage the community on menthol. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed in Atlas.ti using thematic analysis. Results. Participants identified several successes: (1) assessment data from community members helped inform policy decision making, (2) collaboration between local public health and CBO was powerful and a key to success, and (3) change agents were trusted communicators and effectively engaged and provided education to the community. Participants faced challenges related to stylistic and cultural differences in communication. Participants recommended engaging youth and incorporating cessation into the broader context of issues systemically affecting African American communities (e.g., economic inequity, police violence, incarceration). Implications. Menthol tobacco restrictions have the potential to reduce tobacco-related health inequities for African Americans. Findings highlight the role that public health and community partnerships can play in supporting this critical work to effect policy change.
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Hotchkins, Bryan K. "African American Males Navigate Racial Microaggressions." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, no. 6 (June 2016): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611800603.
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Background/Context High school educational environments find Black males experience systemic racial microaggressions in the form of discipline policies, academic tracking and hegemonic curriculum. Black males in high school are more likely than their White male peers to have high school truancies and be viewed as intentionally sinister. African American males are labeled by White teachers and administrators as deviant for issues like talking in class, dress code violations and being tardy. Deficit perceptions about African American students as held by White teachers and administrators serve as racial microaggressions within K–12 context. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Racial microaggressions based on prejudicial White beliefs of teachers impedes the learning process of participants. Racial microaggressive acts are problematic due to being a symptom of the overarching campus racial climate, which is often indicative of the negative historic treatment of Black males by Whites. The cumulative impact of racial microaggressions on Black males negatively impacts self-image, academic performance, and social navigation skills. Examining how Black males responded to racial microaggressions by White teachers and administrators at culturally diverse high school settings was the impetus for this study. Research Design To understand how African American male students responded to racial microaggressions qualitative research was used. Conducting a study that focuses on multiple individualistic lived experiences, I am mindful that “human actions cannot be understood unless the meaning that humans assign to them is understood.” This comparative case study allowed for narrative expression, which informed the experiential meanings participants assigned to enduring racial microaggressions by gathering in-depth information through multiple sources to understand participants’ real life meanings to situations. Conclusions/Recommendations Participants’ engaged in pro-active navigation strategies to minimize and counter racial microaggressions. Navigation strategies were influenced by in- and out-of-class interactions with White teachers and student peers. Analysis of the data gathered during interviews, focus groups, and observations confirmed the racial microaggressive lived experiences of participants. Three themes emerged: (1) monolithic targeting; (2) integrative fluidity; and (3) behavioral vacillation. Participants avoided monolithic targeted racial microaggression(s) by creating meaningful alliances within other racialized student populations by utilizing social and extracurricular relationships as protective barriers to lessen the adverse effects of racial microaggressive experiences.
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Vijayaraghavan, Maya, Pamela Olsen, John Weeks, Karma McKelvey, Claudia Ponath, and Margot Kushel. "Older African American Homeless-Experienced Smokers’ Attitudes Toward Tobacco Control Policies—Results from the HOPE HOME Study." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117729928.
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Purpose: To examine attitudes toward tobacco control policies among older African American homeless-experienced smokers. Approach: A qualitative study. Setting: Oakland, California. Participants: Twenty-two African American older homeless-experienced smokers who were part of a longitudinal study on health and health-related outcomes (Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age Study). Method: We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with each participant to explore beliefs and attitudes toward tobacco use and cessation, barriers to smoking cessation, and attitudes toward current tobacco control strategies including raising cigarette prices, smoke-free policies, and graphic warning labels. We used a grounded theory approach to analyze the transcripts. Results: Community social norms supportive of cigarette smoking and co-use of tobacco with other illicit substances were strong motivators of initiation and maintenance of tobacco use. Self-reported barriers to cessation included nicotine dependence, the experience of being homeless, fatalistic attitudes toward smoking cessation, substance use, and exposure to tobacco industry marketing. While participants were cognizant of current tobacco control policies and interventions for cessation, they felt that they were not specific enough for African Americans experiencing homelessness. Participants expressed strong support for strategies that de-normalized tobacco use and advertised the harmful effects of tobacco. Conclusion: Older African American homeless-experienced smokers face significant barriers to smoking cessation. Interventions that advertise the harmful effects of tobacco may be effective in stimulating smoking cessation among this population.
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Barrett, Nadine J., Kearston L. Ingraham, Tracey Vann Hawkins, and Patricia G. Moorman. "Engaging African Americans in Research: The Recruiter’s Perspective." Ethnicity & Disease 27, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.27.4.453.
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<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine barriers recruiters encounter when enrolling African American study participants, identify motivating factors to increase research participation, and provide recommendations to facilitate successful minority recruitment. </p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Recruiters are often the first point of contact between the research study and potential African American participants. While challenges in enrolling African Americans into clinical and epidemiologic research has been reported in numerous studies the non-physician recruiter’s role as a determinant of overall participation rates has received minimal attention. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted four 90-minute teleconference focus groups with 18 recruiters experienced in enrolling African Americans for clinical and epidemiologic studies at five academic/medical institutions. Participants represented diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds and were asked to reflect on barriers preventing African Americans from participating in research studies, factors that motivated participation, and recommendations to increase participation of African Americans in research. Multi-coder and thematic data analysis was implemented using the Braun and Clarke method. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prominent concerns in recruitment of African Americans in research include fear and mistrust and inflexible research protocols. The participants suggest that improved recruitment could be achieved through cross-cultural and skillset building training opportunities for recruiters, greater community engagement among researchers, and better engagement with clinic staff and research teams.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(4):453- 462; doi:10.18865/ed.27.4.453. </p>
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Garrin, Ashley R., and Sara B. Marcketti. "The Impact of Hair on African American Women’s Collective Identity Formation." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 36, no. 2 (December 5, 2017): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x17745656.
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The Black Pride and Power Movements of the 1960s and 1970s changed the aesthetic of the larger African American community, promoting self-affirmation and reclaiming African pride. As individuals engaged in the movement, they began to internalize new meanings and understandings of themselves, leading to self-transformation and collective identity that promoted the specific political ideology and agenda of the group. In this research, the lived experiences of African American women who were emerging adults (ages 18–25) during the Civil Rights Movement from 1960 to 1974 were examined, through in-depth interviews, to understand their experiences with wearing natural hairstyles during this time. Seven participants highlighted how wearing natural hair was used in the three dimensions of collective identity formation: boundaries, consciousness, and negotiation. Participants’ counterhegemonic use of appearance constructed, created, and negotiated a collective identity that was aligned with demonstration for racial equality of African Americans.
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LADITKA, JAMES N., SARAH B. LADITKA, RUI LIU, ANNA E. PRICE, BEI WU, DANIELA B. FRIEDMAN, SARA J. CORWIN, et al. "Older adults' concerns about cognitive health: commonalities and differences among six United States ethnic groups." Ageing and Society 31, no. 7 (January 20, 2011): 1202–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10001273.
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ABSTRACTWe studied concerns about cognitive health among ethnically diverse groups of older adults. The study was grounded in theories of health behaviour and the representation of health and illness. We conducted 42 focus groups (N=396, ages 50+) in four languages, with African Americans, American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos, Whites other than Latinos (hereafter, Whites) and Vietnamese Americans, in nine United States locations. Participants discussed concerns about keeping their memory or ability to think as they age. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. Constant comparison methods identified themes. In findings, all ethnic groups expressed concern and fear about memory loss, losing independence, and becoming ‘a burden’. Knowing someone with Alzheimer's disease increased concern. American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos and Vietnamese Americans expected memory loss. American Indians, Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans were concerned about stigma associated with Alzheimer's disease. Only African Americans, Chinese and Whites expressed concern about genetic risks. Only African Americans and Whites expressed concern about behaviour changes. Although we asked participants for their thoughts about their ability to think as they age, they focused almost exclusively on memory. This suggests that health education promoting cognitive health should focus on memory, but should also educate the public about the importance of maintaining all aspects of cognitive health.
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Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne, Dextiny McCain, Karon Phillips, and Keith Whitfield. "Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Health Status Among African Americans Living in Low-Income Housing." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1921.
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Abstract Research has shown the importance of social determinants of health in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in many health outcomes; however, less attention has been given to within-group differences in social determinants of health among low-income African American older adults. The Physical and Cognitive Health Pilot Study (n=50) was utilized to examine associations between level of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and self-reported health in African American older adults living in public housing in Durham, NC and Annapolis, MD. Results from ANOVA showed that Durham participants living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods had statistically significantly worse cardiovascular health, higher depression symptoms, worse sleep quality, and higher alcohol use (p=.05) than Annapolis participants living in a more resource-rich neighborhood. These findings suggest that among low-income African American elders, greater neighborhood/state socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with worse health status. Future research should consider neighborhood context as an essential variable when assessing health status among aging African Americans.
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O'Sullivan, Deirdre, and Stephen J. Notaro. "Racial Identity and Perceptions of People with Disabilities as Romantic Partners: A Pilot Study." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.40.4.27.
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This study explored the relationship between racial groups, racial identity, and attitudes toward dating a person with a physical disability. It was hypothesized that African Americans would have higher levels of racial identity than Caucasian Americans. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that because of shared minority group status, African Americans would have more positive attitudes than Caucasians toward dating someone described as having a physical disability. African American participants were found to have higher levels of racial identity than Caucasian participants, but had significantly more negative attitudes regarding dating a person with a physical disability than Caucasians. A discussion of racial identity, as well as implications for rehabilitation counselors, is included.
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Thames, April D., Charles H. Hinkin, Desiree A. Byrd, Robert M. Bilder, Kimberley J. Duff, Monica Rivera Mindt, Alyssa Arentoft, and Vanessa Streiff. "Effects of Stereotype Threat, Perceived Discrimination, and Examiner Race on Neuropsychological Performance: Simple as Black and White?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 5 (February 7, 2013): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713000076.
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AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to examine the predictive roles of stereotype threat and perceived discrimination and the mediating role of examiner-examinee racial discordance on neuropsychological performance in a non-clinical sample of African American and Caucasian individuals. Ninety-two African American (n = 45) and Caucasian (n = 47) adults were randomly assigned to either a stereotype threat or non-threat condition. Within each condition, participants were randomly assigned to either a same race or different race examiner. All participants underwent neuropsychological testing and completed a measure of perceived discrimination. African Americans in the stereotype threat condition performed significantly worse on global NP (Mz = −.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.07, −0.67] than African Americans in the non-threat condition (Mz = 0.09, CI [0.15, 0.33]. African Americans who reported high levels of perceived discrimination performed significantly worse on memory tests when tested by an examiner of a different race, Mz = −1.19, 95% CI [−1.78, −.54], than African Americans who were tested by an examiner of the same race, Mz = 0.24, 95% CI [−0.24, 0.72]. The current study underscores the importance of considering the role of contextual variables in neuropsychological performance, as these variables may obscure the validity of results among certain racial/ethnic groups. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
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Rottapel, Rebecca E., Linda B. Hudson, and Sara C. Folta. "Cardiovascular Health and African-American Women: A Qualitative Analysis." American Journal of Health Behavior 45, no. 4 (July 26, 2021): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.45.4.12.
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Objectives: There are disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) among African-American women and culturally adapted interventions are needed for this population. The purpose of this study was to conduct qualitative research to inform a cultural adaptation of the evidence-based Strong Women – Healthy Hearts intervention for midlife and older African-American women. Methods: Eligible participants were African-American women age ≥ 40 years, BMI ≥ 25, and sedentary. The study guide explored perceptions of heart disease and prevention using a novel construct, 'abundant life'. Twenty-two participants attended focus groups (N=5). A directed qualitative content analysis approach was used. Results: Participants described an abundant life as lack of stress, good health, and supportive relationships. Facilitators of abundant life and cardiovascular health often overlapped, including healthy diet, exercise, positive family and community ties, and spirituality. Key barriers included family caregiving burdens and the enduring legacy of racism which contributed to stress, environmental barriers to healthy eating and physical activity, and discriminatory experiences in the healthcare system. Conclusion: Participant responses were provided within the context of their personal values and social identities, providing insights that may support adaption of behavioral interventions for this high-need population.
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Brewer, LaPrincess C., Jissy Cyriac, Ashok Kumbamu, Lora E. Burke, Sarah Jenkins, Sharonne N. Hayes, Clarence Jones, Lisa A. Cooper, and Christi A. Patten. "Sign of the times: Community engagement to refine a cardiovascular mHealth intervention through a virtual focus group series during the COVID-19 Pandemic." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221110537.
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Background African-Americans are underrepresented in mobile health intervention research studies which can perpetuate health inequities and the digital divide. A community-based, user-centered approach to designing mobile health interventions may increase their sociocultural relevance and effectiveness, especially with increased smartphone use during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We aimed to refine an existing mobile health intervention via a virtual focus group series. Methods African-American community members (n = 15) from churches in Minneapolis-St. Paul and Rochester, Minnesota were enrolled in a virtual (via videoconferencing), three-session focus group series over five months to refine a cardiovascular health-focused mobile health application (FAITH! [Fostering African-American Improvement in Total Health!] App). Participants accessed the app via their smartphones and received a Fitbit synced to the app. Participants engaged with multimedia cardiovascular health-focused education modules, a sharing board for social networking, and diet/physical activity self-monitoring. Participant feedback on app features prompted iterative revisions to the FAITH! App. Primary outcomes were app usability (assessed via Health Information Technology Usability Evaluation Scale range: 0–5) and user satisfaction. Results Participants (mean age [SD]: 56.9 [12.3] years, 86.7% female) attended a mean 2.8 focus groups (80% attended all sessions). The revised FAITH! App exceeded the goal Health Information Technology Usability Evaluation Scale score threshold of ≥4 (mean: 4.39, range: 3.20–4.95). Participants positively rated updated app content, visual appeal, and use of social incentives to maintain engagement. Increasing user control and refinement of the moderated sharing board were identified as areas for future improvement. Conclusions Community-partnered, virtual focus groups can optimize usability and increase participant satisfaction of mobile health lifestyle interventions that aim to promote cardiovascular health in African-Americans.