Journal articles on the topic 'African American leadership – History – 20th century'
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Núñez Valdés, Juan, Fernando de Pablos Pons, and Antonio Ramos Carrillo. "Pioneering Black African American Women Chemists and Pharmacists." Foundations 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2030043.
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Chireau, Yvonne. "Looking for Black Religions in 20th Century Comics, 1931–1993." Religions 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10060400.
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Relationships between religion and comics are generally unexplored in the academic literature. This article provides a brief history of Black religions in comic books, cartoons, animation, and newspaper strips, looking at African American Christianity, Islam, Africana (African diaspora) religions, and folk traditions such as Hoodoo and Conjure in the 20th century. Even though the treatment of Black religions in the comics was informed by stereotypical depictions of race and religion in United States (US) popular culture, African American comics creators contested these by offering alternatives in their treatment of Black religion themes.
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Holloway, Karla F. C. "Cultural Narratives Passed On: African American Mourning Stories." College English 59, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ce19973608.
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Rehearses some 20th-century narratives as they have appeared in United States history and as they have been represented in African-American literature. Suggests that some of these narratives are insufficiently critical in their construction of stereotypes or in their over-romanticized notions of racial memory, which mask the complications of color and racial identity in the United States.
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Newman, Richard. "Early Black Thought Leaders and the Reframing of American Intellectual History." Journal of the Early Republic 43, no. 4 (December 2023): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915166.
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Abstract: This essay examines the broad impact of African American thought leadership on early American intellectual history. Though marginalized in many mainstream histories of American intellectual life–which often focus on the emergence of Black philosophers and Black professional historians later in the 19th century -- early national Black thinkers helped shape public understanding of critical ideas in American society and politics, including the meaning of citizenship and civil rights, emancipation and equality, and racial justice. African Americans also influenced public discourses on other key topics in American intellectual life, including the nature of human dignity and spiritual redemption in the Second Great Awakening, the meaning of Romanticism and Transcendentalism in American reform culture, and the authority of science and technology in antebellum society. Using the concept of thought leadership as a framing device to understand the power and impact of early Black ideas, I follow recent trends in the field of African American intellectual history that focus on that way that African American men and women became public authorities on key ideas and issues in American culture between the American Revolution and Civil War. Though they did not often occupy positions of educational, institutional, or legal power (the main provinces of intellectual leadership), Black thought leaders had a significant impact on early American intellectual history.
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Frazier, Denise. "The Nickel: A History of African-Descended People in Houston’s Fifth Ward." Genealogy 4, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4010033.
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This paper will chronicle the unique stories that have come to exemplify the larger experience of Fifth Ward as a historically African American district in a rapidly changing city, Houston. Fifth Ward is a district submerged in the Southern memory of a sprawling port city. Its 19th century inception comprised of residents from Eastern Europe, Russia, and other religious groups who were fleeing persecution. Another way to describe Fifth Ward is much closer to the Fifth Ward that I knew as a child—an African American Fifth Ward and, more personally, my grandparents’ neighborhood. The growing prosperity of an early 20th century oil-booming Houston had soon turned the neighborhood into an economic haven, attracting African Americans from rural Louisiana and east Texas. Within the past two decades, Latino communities have populated the area, transforming the previously majority African American ward. Through a qualitative familial research review of historic documents, this paper contains a cultural and economic analysis that will illustrate the unique legacies and challenges of its past and present residents. I will center my personal genealogical roots to connect with larger patterns of change over time for African Americans in this distinct cultural ward.
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Elfman, Lois. "Discussing crucial race issues by examining beauty pageants." Enrollment Management Report 27, no. 12 (February 20, 2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emt.31204.
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Earlier this year, Brittany Lee Lewis, an adjunct professor at George Washington University in D.C. and Wilmington University in Delaware, appeared on the A&E docuseries “Secrets of Miss America,” discussing issues that African American women have faced in the beauty pageant world. While Lewis teaches courses about African American, urban and U.S. 20th‐century history, there's another reason the TV show sought her expertise. Nine years ago, Lewis was crowned Miss Delaware 2014 and she competed in the Miss America contest.
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Popova, Kseniya. "Trends in European Historiography of African History in the Second Half of the 20th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020927-8.
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The article is devoted to the main trends in Western historiography of Africa in the second half of the XX century. The author examines how approaches and ideas in the study of African history by European and American scientists were changing during the formation of African studies as a separate science. There is a change in the perception of Africa by Western scientists from the “unhistorical” object of the world history to the region with its own unique history. The article highlights the influence of historical processes on changes of the views and approaches of Africanists. The author has come to the conclusion that Western historiography during the reviewed period has significantly expanded its theoretical and methodological base and it has made significant progress in the study of African history.
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Elfman, Lois. "Discussing crucial race issues by examining beauty pageants." Successful Registrar 24, no. 1 (February 18, 2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tsr.31261.
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Earlier this year, Brittany Lee Lewis, an adjunct professor at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and Wilmington University in Wilmington, Delaware, appeared on the A&E docuseries Secrets of Miss America discussing issues that African American women have faced in the beauty pageant world. While Lewis teaches courses about African American, urban, and 20th‐century U.S. history, there's another reason the TV show sought her expertise. Nine years ago, Lewis was crowned Miss Delaware 2014, and she competed in the Miss America contest.
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Butchart, Ronald. "Gaines, Uplifting The Race - Black Leadership, Politicism And Culture In The Twentieth Century." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 22, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.22.2.111-112.
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Intellectual history, by its nature, tends to be filled with paradox. When intellectual history attempts to untangle ideology, paradox becomes layered with irony. When the ideology arises from the dilemma of race in American culture, particularly as expressed by those struggling against racial oppression, paradox and irony are confounded by conundrums. Nowhere is that more true than in the ideology of "uplift" as articulated by middle-class African American intellectuals from the late nineteenth-century into the 1950s.
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Gregory, Marshall. "The Many-Headed Hydra of Theory vs. the Unifying Mission of Teaching." College English 59, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ce19973609.
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Rehearses some 20th-century narratives as they have appeared in United States history and as they have been represented in African-American literature. Suggests that some of these narratives are insufficiently critical in their construction of stereotypes or in their over-romanticized notions of racial memory, which mask the complications of color and racial identity in the United States.
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Cohen, Joshua. "Stages in Transition." Journal of Black Studies 43, no. 1 (November 7, 2011): 11–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934711426628.
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Les Ballets Africains, the first globally touring African performance company, debuted in the United States as a private Paris-based troupe in 1959 and toured again in 1960 as National Ballet of the newly independent Republic of Guinea. Although rarely considered in scholarship, Les Ballets Africains’ history during these years—encompassing the company’s first U.S. appearances and reflecting the influence of its founder, Fodéba Keita—are significant in relation to 20th-century trajectories of staged African dance, convergences between African and American performing arts practices and liberation struggles, and cultural transformations in Guinea under president Sékou Touré.
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Pasquier, Michael. "Savage, Your Spirits Walk Beside Us - The Politics Of Black Religion." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.34.1.50-51.
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Today it is common to hear people speak of the "African American community" and the "Black Church" as if they were cohesive, clearly-defined institutions. Barbara Dianne Savage, professor of history at the University of Pennsylvania, looks at the complex history of such terms in her book Your Spirits Walk Beside Us: The Politics of Black Religion, effectively chronicling the debates of African Americans over the role of religion in political activism and social reform in twentieth-century America. Specifically, Savage identifies three "paradoxes" present at "the nexus between black religion and black politics," namely, the rich diversity and idiosyncratic manifestations of religion among individual African Americans that elude clear demarcation, the largely localized and decentralized organization of predominantly African American churches that confound any notion of an all-inclusive Black Church, and the tendency within African American churches toward male leadership and female dominance.
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Maranto, Robert, and Jonathan Wai. "Why Intelligence Is Missing from American Education Policy and Practice, and What Can Be Done About It." Journal of Intelligence 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence8010002.
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To understand why education as a field has not incorporated intelligence, we must consider the field’s history and culture. Accordingly, in this cross-disciplinary collaboration between a political scientist who studies institutions and a psychologist who studies intelligence, we outline how the roots of contemporary American Educational Leadership as a field determine its contemporary avoidance of the concept of intelligence. Rooted in early 20th century progressivism and scientific management, Educational Leadership theory envisions professionally run schools as “Taylorist” factories with teaching and leadership largely standardized, prioritizing compliance over cognitive ability among educators. Further, the roots of modern education theory do not see the intelligence of students as largely malleable. Hence, prioritizing intelligence is viewed as elitist. For more than a century, these assumptions have impacted recruitment into education as a profession. We conclude with ideas about how to bring intelligence into mainstream schooling, within the existing K-12 education institutional context. We believe that better integration of intelligence and broader individual differences research in education policy and practice would lead to more rapid advances to finding evidence based solutions to help children.
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Todorinova, Lily. "Race and the Yale Report of 1828." History of Education Quarterly 64, no. 1 (January 26, 2024): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2023.51.
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AbstractThis essay recontextualizes the Yale Report of 1828, arguing that the report’s advocacy for classical liberal education should be understood alongside the racial concerns of its authors, some of whom were well-known colonizationists who viewed African American education as a threat to New Haven’s social and economic stability. The Yale Report’s vision for leadership and economic success not only excluded African Americans by default, but created a lasting binary that defined Black educational opportunities in the nineteenth century and beyond. The essay considers the near overlap between the writing of the Yale Report and the failed proposal to establish an African American men’s college in New Haven in 1831, placing the document within a key period in the history of American higher education in which education became highly commodified and racialized. Building upon scholarship on the Yale Report that has already considered its neorepublican aims, this essay opens the possibility of viewing the document beyond its immediate concerns with curricular reform and contemplating the elusive connections between American higher education, race, and power.
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Perry, Robert L., and Melvin T. Peters. "The African-American Intellectual of the 1920s: Some Sociological Implications of the Harlem Renaissance." Ethnic Studies Review 19, no. 2-3 (June 1, 1996): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1996.19.2-3.155.
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This paper deals with some of the sociological implications of a major cultural high-water point in the African American experience, the New Negro/Harlem Renaissance. The paper concentrates on the cultural transformations brought about through the intellectual activity of political activists, a multi-genre group of artists, cultural brokers, and businesspersons. The driving-wheel thrust of this era was the reclamation and the invigoration of the traditions of the culture with an emphasis on both the, African and the American aspects, which significantly impacted American and international culture then and throughout the 20th century. This study examines the pre-1920s background, the forms of Black activism during the Renaissance, the modern content of the writers' work, and the enthusiasm of whites for the African American art forms of the era. This essay utilizes research from a multi-disciplinary body of sources, which includes sociology, cultural history, creative literature and literary criticism, autobiography, biography, and journalism.
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Khrenov, Nikolai A. "Civilizations in competition for leadership in history: America as a type of civilization in the 20th century (a cultural aspect)." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 25 (2021): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-187-199.
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The article is a fragment of a bigger work on the relationships of three civilizations – America, China and Russia – at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, based on the principle of the «Other». It focuses on the formation of America as aspecial type of civilization in the pace of the past century. It is recorded that in the twentieth century America ceased to be a mere part of the Old World and became an independent type of civilization, and, beginning with Hiroshima, claimed the status of a civilization-leader in geopolitics. The aim of this article is to give an answer to the cultural and philosophical question of where America stands during the early decades of the 20th century from a civilizational perspective. The author proposes a new methodological and conceptual way of reflection connected with shifting from the ideas of O. Spengler, who did not include America in the list of independent civilizations, and extrapolating E. Gibbon's conclusion with regard to the Roman civilization (which America is often compared with) that its fall began at the peak of its development. On the basis of representative empirical material of American cinema (F. F. Coppola's Apocalypse Now, A. Penn's Little Big Man) the author identifies and analyzes the intentions of American culture, showing its transition to the next stage of its history with such signs as the dramatic ideological confrontation between the images of the «empire of trust» and the «empire of evil», the degradation of personality and society affected by the imperial complex, the awareness of the apocalyptic genocide of the ancient Indian civilization. The study provides convincing evidence that contemporary American cinema is becoming a powerful means of both diagnosing the situation of America as it is today and de-mythologizing American «heroic» history. Thus, cinema brings Americans back from their own virtual history-simulacrum to reality, opening up the possibility of a deeper understanding of America both as a civilization type and as a specific collective identity of Americans. Understanding no longer from the point of view of its ruling elite, but simply of a human being. This fact gives hope for establishing deeper human relationships between America and other civilizations which it views as the «Others».
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Davis, Danné E. "Their American Dream." Genealogy 4, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4020045.
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Centuries before W.E.B. DuBois named the colorline—i.e., racism—as the problem of the 20th century, skin color stratification was a persistent phenomenon. In 1983 Black feminist, scholar, and Pulitzer Prize winning author Alice Walker termed “colorism” as “prejudicial or preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on their [skin] color”. Using the tools of genealogy, I conducted a critical family history of my parents, Lem and Mae’s, pursuit of their American Dream. Such exploration digs deep to decipher the nexuses of a family’s evolution. Dr. Maya Angelou routinely shared stories about her past to impart the importance of embracing one’s history. For my parents, the American Dream meant opportunity, which included home ownership. Their American Dream began as African Americans in the United States’ Jim Crow south. Lem was a light-skinned man; Mae a dark-complexion woman. They met, married, and bought a small home in segregated Columbia, South Carolina. Bearing the cloak of oppression, my parents joined millions of southern Blacks in the Great Migration relocating to northern cities—my parents landed in Boston, Massachusetts. Throughout their journey, Lem and Mae reached back to their ancestors, and drew from within themselves to improve their circumstances.
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Gyul, Elmira, and Tereza Hejzlarová. "Amulet as Jewel, Jewel as Amulet Uzbek, Tajik, and Karakalpak Amulet Cases Using the Example of Museum Collections." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 43, no. 1 (2022): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/anpm.2022.003.
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The study presents amulet cases of the Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Karakalpaks from the late 19th century until the early 20th century taking example from the collections of the State Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan, Samarkand State Museum-Reserve, State Museum of Applied Art and History of Crafting of the Republic of Uzbekistan and National Museum – Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures, Czech Republic. In particular, the types and forms of amulet cases, material, processing technique, ornament, and the resulting ethnic and local specifics are analysed. The study aims to differentiate the characteristic features of this prominent group of Central Asian jewellery and thus contribute to the correct identification thereof in connection with professional museum work.
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BONDARENKO, D. M., and N. E. KHOKHOLKOVA. "Metamorphoses of the African American Identity in Post-segregation Era and the Theory of Afrocentrism." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-2-30-45.
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The article deals with the issue of African American identity in the post-segregation period (after 1968). The problem of African Americans’ “double consciousness”, marked for the first time yet in the late 19th – early 20th century, still remains relevant. It is that descendants of slaves, who over the centuries have been relegated to the periphery of the American society, have been experiencing and in part are experiencing an internal conflict, caused by the presence of both American and African components in their identities. The authors focus on Afrocentrism (Afrocentricity) – a socio-cultural theory, proposed by Molefi Kete Asante in 1980 as a strategy to overcome this conflict and to construct a particular form of “African” collective identity of African Americans. This theory, based on the idea of Africa and all people of African descent’s centrality in world history and culture, was urged to completely decolonize and transform African Americans’ consciousness. The Afrocentrists proposed African Americans to re- Africanize their self-consciousness, turn to African cultural roots in order to get rid of a heritable inferiority complex formed by slavery and segregation. This article presents a brief outline of the history of Afrocentrism, its intellectual sources and essential structural elements, particularly Africology. The authors analyze the concepts of racial identity, “black consciousness” and “black unity” in the contexts of the Afrocentric theory and current social realities of the African American community. Special attention is paid to the methodology and practice of Afrocentric education. In Conclusion, the authors evaluate the role and prospects of Afrocentrism among African Americans in the context of general trends of their identities transformations.
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Prieto, Leon C., Simone Trixie Allison Phipps, and Babita Mathur-Helm. "From slaves to servant leaders: remembering the contributions of John Merrick and Alonzo Herndon." Society and Business Review 13, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-11-2017-0104.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to knowledge in the field of business by recognizing two historic entrepreneurs who played an important role in the African-American community, and by viewing their contributions through the lens of servant leadership. Design/methodology/approach The study is conducted by reviewing and synthesizing a number of writings from sources, such as history journals, newspapers and other resources. Findings The main finding is that two former slaves (Merrick and Herndon) practiced servant leadership in the early twentieth century as a way to create jobs and transform communities. Originality/value The contributions made by African-Americans have not been adequately covered in the literature. This paper begins to fill a noticeable void by highlighting the contributions of two former slaves who managed to become successful servant leaders within their communities.
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Kallenberg, Vera. "Die Pionierinnen der Pionierin. Zu Gerda Lerners »The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina. Pioneers for Women’s Rights and Abolition« (1967/2004)." Aschkenas 33, no. 2 (November 28, 2023): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2023-2016.
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Abstract This article traces the history of the double biography »The Grimké Sisters« (1967/2004) by Gerda Lerner, an American Jewish historian who, as a Viennese Jew, escaped Nazi Europe for the United States in 1939. Focusing on the history of the making of »The Grimké Sisters«, the essay analyzes Lerner’s book as ›life writing‹. It demonstrates Gerda Lerner‘s (1920–2013) becoming scholarly persona in the context of her self-interpretation of the Grimké Sisters as her own figures of identification and role model. By showing the nexus of African Americans’ rights and women’s rights in the Grimké sisters’ engagement, Gerda Lerner processed the own in the foreign. In doing so, Lerner’s interest in white abolitionism and the women’s rights movement in the 19th century U.S. echoes her multiple outsider and persecution experiences as a Jewish emigrant, left-wing feminist, and pioneer in Women’s history in the 20th century.
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Dickerson, Dennis C. "African American Religious Intellectuals and the Theological Foundations of the Civil Rights Movement, 1930–55." Church History 74, no. 2 (June 2005): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700110212.
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Among the innumerable warriors against legalized racial segregation and discrimination in American society, the iconic Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as a principal spokesman and symbol of the black freedom struggle. The many marches that he led and the crucial acts of civil disobedience that he spurred during the 1950s and 1960s established him and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference as rallying points for civil rights activities in several areas in the American South. King's charisma among African Americans drew from his sermonic rhetoric and its resonance with black audiences. Brad R. Braxton, a scholar of homiletics, observed that King as a black preacher “made the kinds of interpretive moves that historically have been associated with African American Christianity and preaching.” Braxton adds that “for King Scripture was a storybook whose value resided not so much in the historical reconstruction or accuracy of the story in the text, but rather in the evocative images, in the persuasive, encouraging anecdotes of the audacious overcoming of opposition, and in its principles about the sacredness of the human person.” Hence, King's use of this hermeneutical technique with scriptural texts validated him as a spokesman for African Americans. On a spectrum stretching from unlettered slave exhorters in the nineteenth century to sophisticated pulpiteers in the twentieth century, King stood as a quintessential black preacher, prophet, and jeremiad “speaking truth to power” and bringing deliverance to the disinherited.
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Hackett, David G. "The Prince Hall Masons and the African American Church: The Labors of Grand Master and Bishop James Walker Hood, 1831–1918." Church History 69, no. 4 (December 2000): 770–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169331.
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During the late nineteenth century, James Walker Hood was bishop of the North Carolina Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and grand master of the North Carolina Grand Lodge of Prince Hall Masons. In his forty-four years as bishop, half of that time as senior bishop of the denomination, Reverend Hood was instrumental in planting and nurturing his denomination's churches throughout the Carolinas and Virginia. Founder of North Carolina's denominational newspaper and college, author of five books including two histories of the AMEZ Church, appointed assistant superintendent of public instruction and magistrate in his adopted state, Hood's career represented the broad mainstream of black denominational leaders who came to the South from the North during and after the Civil War. Concurrently, Grand Master Hood superintended the southern jurisdiction of the Prince Hall Masonic Grand Lodge of New York and acted as a moving force behind the creation of the region's black Masonic lodges—often founding these secret male societies in the same places as his fledgling churches. At his death in 1918, the Masonic Quarterly Review hailed Hood as “one of the strong pillars of our foundation.” If Bishop Hood's life was indeed, according to his recent biographer, “a prism through which to understand black denominational leadership in the South during the period 1860–1920,” then what does his leadership of both the Prince Hall Lodge and the AMEZ Church tell us about the nexus of fraternal lodges and African American Christianity at the turn of the twentieth century?
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Cadinot, Dominique. "Becoming Part of Mainstream America or Asserting a New Muslim-Americanness: How American Muslims Negotiate their Identity in a post 9/11 Environment." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5695.
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In 2005, historian David R. Roediger published the now-classic Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White in which he recounts how immigrant minorities in the early 20th century secured their place in the “white race” in order to qualify as fully American and be treated with fairness and respect. Muslim immigrants from the Middle-East were no exception to the process described. However, becoming white was a particularly long and arduous journey which eventually led to the 1978 Office of Management Budget directive officially categorizing Middle-Eastern immigrants as white. But the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 sparked new alliances between the various ethnic groups that make up the US Muslim community: Arabs, African-Americans or South-East Asians from all walks of life have joined forces in resisting discrimination and bigotry. Thus, the question arises whether common cultural heritage or faith should be the main force shaping a new collective and visible identity. Also, such process entails a questioning of hierarchies based on socioeconomic status; compared to their African-American coreligionists, American citizens of Arab descent fare much better in terms of education and wealth. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of 9/11 on the way Arab-American Muslims and their community leaders re-define the boundaries of their collective identity and how they forge bonds of solidarity with indigenous Muslims. It seeks to address two related questions: How do Arab-American Muslims relate to the black-white dualist model or racial binary? What role does class identification play in structuring social relations between Arab and African-American Muslims? While I do not negate the fact that in the US race continues to play a fundamental role in structuring social relations, I argue that it is important to pay close attention to how socioeconomic status may condition the formulation of a group identity.
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Raley, J. Michael, and Lauren R. Rippy. ""We Have a Right to Live in This Country": Reverend Moses Broyles and the Struggle for Social Justice and Racial Equality in Nineteenth-Century Indiana." Indiana Magazine of History 120, no. 1 (March 2024): 32–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/imh.00002.
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ABSTRACT: Rev. Moses Broyles (1826–1882) ranks as a leading figure in Indiana's African American religious, political, racial, educational, and legal history. Born a slave in Maryland, he was sold as a child to John Broyles of Paducah, Kentucky, from whom he purchased his freedom in 1854. Thence he moved to Lancaster, Indiana, where he enrolled at the Eleutherian Institute. In 1857, he relocated to Indianapolis and joined the Second Baptist Church. Recognizing his oratorical skills and spiritual leadership, its members soon called Broyles as their pastor. As a bi-vocational minister, Rev. Broyles also taught at a private school for African American children and helped integrate Indianapolis High School. He was a fierce opponent of slavery who demanded equal rights and privileges for African Americans as U.S. citizens. Later, he served as a statewide leader in the Republican Party of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant even as he challenged Indiana's anti-Black laws.
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Heroldová, Helena. "Tibetan Objects in the Náprstek Museum." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 39, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anpm-2018-0013.
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Abstract The Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures acquired two hundred items from Tibet in the 1950s: bronze sculptures, paintings and ritual implements. These items came from private collections confiscated after the Second War World according to the presidential decrees dealing with the post-war state reconstruction. Although the administration of the confiscated properties was meticulous, the transfer of items to the Náprstek Museum interrupted the history of ownership and meant the loss of the historical knowledge of its origin. As the result, the Tibet collection in the Náprstek Museum reveals more about the political and social history of post-war Czechoslovakia than about the perception of Tibetan culture in Czechoslovakia during the first half of the 20th century.
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Crawford, Neta. "A Discussion of Robert Vitalis's White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (December 2016): 1123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716003091.
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In White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations, Robert Vitalis presents a critical disciplinary history of the field of international relations, and the discipline of political science more broadly. Vitalis argues that the interconnections between imperialism and racism were “constitutive” of international relations scholarship in the U.S. since the turn of the 20th century, and that the perspectives of a generation of African-American scholars that included W. E. B. Dubois, Alain Locke, and Ralph Bunche were equally constitutive of this scholarship—by virtue of the way the emerging discipline sought to marginalize these scholars. In developing this argument, Vitalis raises questions about the construction of knowledge and the racial foundations of American political development. These issues lie at the heart of U.S. political science, and so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment on the book and its implications for our discipline.
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Ling, L. H. M. "A Discussion of Robert Vitalis’s White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (December 2016): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716003108.
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In White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations, Robert Vitalis presents a critical disciplinary history of the field of international relations, and the discipline of political science more broadly. Vitalis argues that the interconnections between imperialism and racism were “constitutive” of international relations scholarship in the U.S. since the turn of the 20th century, and that the perspectives of a generation of African-American scholars that included W. E. B. Dubois, Alain Locke, and Ralph Bunche were equally constitutive of this scholarship—by virtue of the way the emerging discipline sought to marginalize these scholars. In developing this argument, Vitalis raises questions about the construction of knowledge and the racial foundations of American political development. These issues lie at the heart of U.S. political science, and so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment on the book and its implications for our discipline.
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Sabaratnam, Meera. "A Discussion of Robert Vitalis’s White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (December 2016): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716003121.
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In White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations, Robert Vitalis presents a critical disciplinary history of the field of international relations, and the discipline of political science more broadly. Vitalis argues that the interconnections between imperialism and racism were “constitutive” of international relations scholarship in the U.S. since the turn of the 20th century, and that the perspectives of a generation of African-American scholars that included W. E. B. Dubois, Alain Locke, and Ralph Bunche were equally constitutive of this scholarship—by virtue of the way the emerging discipline sought to marginalize these scholars. In developing this argument, Vitalis raises questions about the construction of knowledge and the racial foundations of American political development. These issues lie at the heart of U.S. political science, and so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment on the book and its implications for our discipline.
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Prieto, Leon C., and Simone T. A. Phipps. "Re-discovering Charles Clinton Spaulding’s “The Administration of Big Business”." Journal of Management History 22, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-01-2015-0004.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal the contributions made by Charles Clinton Spaulding, a prominent black business leader in the USA in the early 1900s. This paper highlights the management philosophies and practical work of Spaulding, an individual who considerably influenced African-American management thought and practice, and played an important role in Corporate America from the turn of the twentieth century onward. Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted by reviewing and synthesizing a number of writings including published works by Spaulding himself, as well as articles about Spaulding from sources such as history journals, newspapers and other resources. Findings – Spaulding’s contributions were significant, from his insight regarding the fundamental necessities for the effective management of a business, to his management style and implementation of practices which reflected his recognition of the importance of transformational leadership, employee development, diversity, corporate social responsibility and a strong positive culture for the successful management of an enterprise. Thus, this paper concludes that the title of “Father of African-American Management” is a fitting tribute to this business pioneer who overcame the odds to become the most successful black business executive in the early twentieth century. Originality/value – The contributions made by minorities, including African-Americans, to management thought and practice have not been adequately covered in the literature. This paper begins to fill a noticeable void by drawing from infrequently acquired sources such as Spaulding’s article “The Administration of Big Business” and highlighting his contributions to the African-American community and the business community at large.
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Cassano, Graham, and Terressa A. Benz. "Introduction: Flint and the Racialized Geography of Indifference." Critical Sociology 45, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920517753697.
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In this introduction to the Critical Sociology symposium, “The Flint Water Crisis and the Failure of Neoliberal Governance,” the authors outline the social and cultural conditions for the racialized underdevelopment of Flint and Detroit in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. We begin with an examination of the racially coded rhetoric of Oakland County manager, L. Brooks Patterson, and the manner in which those racial codes reveal the deep roots of white suburban anxiety and racism in the history of economic and spatial apartheid in Michigan. Turning to Flint itself, we draw upon Andrew Highsmith’s recent history of the city, Demolition Means Progress (2015), and examine 20th century red-lining, school segregation, and neoliberal policy decisions as they interacted, effectively rendering Flint’s African American population invisible and, finally, through emergency management, nearly powerless. We close with a survey of the articles within the symposium. Each contribution to the symposium finds that even within the structural and political limitations imposed by neoliberalism, residents and activists continue to find productive spaces for resistance.
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Goldsby, Jacqueline. "“Something is Said in the Silences”: Gwendolyn Brooks’s Years at Harper’s." American Literary History 33, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 244–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajab007.
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Abstract This essay draws upon Gwendolyn Brooks’ 49-year correspondence (1944–93) with her editor Elizabeth Lawrence to trace the “publishing knowledges” that Brooks gleaned during her mid-20th-century career with the US firm Harpers & Brothers. First and foremost, their correspondence richly details Brooks’s growth as an experimental poet with a mainstream commercial firm. The aesthetic sociality of their editorial debates fostered also allowed them to explore personal and political intimacies; in this dimension, their correspondence (both the letters’ contents and epistolary form) sheds light on how Brooks and Lawrence navigated the shoals of race, gender, and liberalism in the notoriously patriarchal corporate culture of mid-20th-century US publishing. Finally, the arc of Brooks’s relationship with Lawrence at Harper’s charts is how US publishing transformed from its corporate to conglomerated forms. Taken together, these epistolary threads not only weave African American poetry into the literary history of an era-defining institutional realignment but also they demonstrate how Brooks’ and Lawrence’s cross-racial solidarity and commitment to an anti-corporate poetics comprise a continuum between Brooks’s career in mainstream US publishing and her later years in the Black independent press in the late 1960s. [P]ublishing at Harper’s was a shrewd, tactical choice [that] . . serve[d] Brooks’s evolving ideologies about art and politics.
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Al-Douri, Hamdi Hameed, and Saba Ali Khalaf. "THE WOMANLY VOICE OF RACISM AS REPRESENTED IN GWENDOLYN BROOKS'S IN THE MECCA." Al-Adab Journal 3, no. 141 (June 15, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v3i141.3716.
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Gwendolyn Brooks has found herself in a double bind, first because of her "race or ethnicity" as an African American, and at that time because of her femininity. Brooks's writing demonstrates this twofold strain. Brooks is proud of her ethnicity and culture, and she also promotes and celebrates femininity. This study aims to examine the subject of racism in Black American poetry using descriptive techniques by examining certain works by Gwendolyn Brooks. So, Brooks attempts to portray the social injustice and oppression of women of her community that occurred in the 1960s of the 20th century. However, Brooks's modern poetry became an attempt to persuade black people to be heavily associated with their history in order to achieve their essential responsibilities in the community. Furthermore, Brooks emphasizes the need for humanistic respect and love as among the most important prerequisites for a happy life.
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Jucan, Marius. "“The Tenth Talented” v. “The Hundredth Talented”: W. E .B. Du Bois’s Two Versions on the Leadership of the African American Community in the 20th Century." American, British and Canadian Studies Journal 19, no. - (December 1, 2012): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2013-0002.
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Abstract Comparing two essays written by Du Bois at a great interval of time, “The Tenth Talented” (1903) and “The Hundredth Talented” or the “Guiding Hundredth” (1948), the author of this article intends to deal with Du Bois’s endeavor to cohere culturally and politically an answerable and duty-bound black leadership, and to acknowledge the different accents laid by the author of The Souls of Black Folk on culture and on politics. An accomplished essayist and journalist, a foremost militant for the cause of black emancipation, Du Bois strove to persuade both white and the black audience about the role of high culture, an idea which perfectly matched the towering ideals of Victorian culture, but ran counter to the rapid urbanization of America, and later on, to the times of the Great Depression. The utopian solving chosen by Du Bois in “The Hundredth Talented” mirrors the conflict between the political convictions of a great mind and American reality, as well as the winding course of intellectual ideas which brought black emancipation into life, only in the midst of the last century.
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Junker, Clara. "Race to the Pole: Matthew Henson, Arctic Explorer." American Studies in Scandinavia 54, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v54i2.6740.
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In his memoir, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole (1912), Matthew Henson describes the toll of his and Peary’s race to the Pole. This record of the 1908-09 Arctic expedition complicates established understandings of the “Dash to the Pole” and his own role as Peary’s assistant. Donald B. Macmillan declared in How Peary Reached the Pole: The Personal Story of His Assistant (2008) that Peary could not have done it without Henson (275), whose text uncovers an accomplished writer and explorer at work. The complicated character of Robert E. Peary figures prominently in his pages, though in a less independent version than in other accounts. Henson details the highly skilled labor he performs in the Arctic, and his own personality and perceptions. He shares, to a degree, the value systems of his Commander and the white members of the expedition, including the emphasis on heroic masculinity. But he also inscribes his racial heritage into his memoir, and his close, if complex, relation to the Inughuit. The result of intricate balancing acts, Henson’s silences echo in his text, revealing what could not be articulated by an African American member of Peary’s legendary expeditions. Henson’s contemporaries paid little attention to his accomplishments, since white American and European explorers dominated the field of Arctic travel, but his contribution received more attention as the 20th Century progressed. His experience suggests the costs and the crises—personal, national, and international—of a contested icescape increasingly visible and accessible in the 21st Century.
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Collins, Donald E., and Leroy Davis. "A Clashing of the Soul: John Hope and the Dilemma of African American Leadership and Black Higher Education in the Early Twentieth Century." History of Education Quarterly 39, no. 1 (1999): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/369342.
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Fairclough, Adam, and Leroy Davis. "A Clashing of the Soul: John Hope and the Dilemma of African American Leadership and Black Higher Education in the Early Twentieth Century." Journal of American History 86, no. 4 (March 2000): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567686.
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Adamik, Verena. "Making worlds from literature: W.E.B. Du Bois’s The Quest of the Silver Fleece and Dark Princess." Thesis Eleven 162, no. 1 (February 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513621993308.
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While W.E.B. Du Bois’s first novel, The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911), is set squarely in the USA, his second work of fiction, Dark Princess: A Romance (1928), abandons this national framework, depicting the treatment of African Americans in the USA as embedded into an international system of economic exploitation based on racial categories. Ultimately, the political visions offered in the novels differ starkly, but both employ a Western literary canon – so-called ‘classics’ from Greek, German, English, French, and US American literature. With this, Du Bois attempts to create a new space for African Americans in the world (literature) of the 20th century. Weary of the traditions of this ‘world literature’, the novels complicate and begin to decenter the canon that they draw on. This reading traces what I interpret as subtle signs of frustration over the limits set by the literature that underlies Dark Princess, while its predecessor had been more optimistic in its appropriation of Eurocentric fiction for its propagandist aims.
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Gerschultz, Jessica. "Mutable Form and Materiality: Toward a Critical History of New Tapestry Networks." ARTMargins 5, no. 1 (February 2016): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00130.
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This article raises two concerns underpinning the need for a critical history of fiber art in the 20th century. The first is a critique of aesthetic formalism predominant in the Lausanne Biennale during the 1960s and 70s, which overlooks artistic, ideological, and political milieus that drew together textile artists from localities formerly treated as peripheral in art history. The second holds to account Euro-American institutions and related historiographies for their curatorial exclusion of Arab and African fiber artists. Such inclusion, I argue, would have conjured tapestry's deeper incongruities, which emanated from unresolved questions at the core of modernism: the assigning and appropriating of artistic identities, the evaded issue of state patronage, and the persistent ideological and aesthetic problem of craft and its framing within economies. By comparing three artists: Magdalena Abakanowicz, Jagoda Buic, and Safia Farhat, I reassess New Tapestry networks, myths, and systems of state and institutional support. The circulation of Abakanowicz, Buic, and Farhat around a conflux of dimensions signals a new pathway for recovering and writing a history of fiber art, and perhaps a reflection on modernism at large.
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Wolters, Raymond, and Leroy Davis. "A Clashing of the Soul: John Hope and the Dilemma of African American Leadership and Black Higher Education in the Early Twentieth Century." American Historical Review 104, no. 5 (December 1999): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649426.
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Fonju, Dr Njuafac Kenedy. "Pre-Colonial and Colonial British Equation of Exploration, Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) Through Monarchical Hierarchical Orders of Diplomatic Agents in the Gold Coast (Ghana) of West Africa 1621-1957." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2021.v09i09.004.
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The present paper brings 111 British pre-colonial and colonial diplomatic agents who moderated the activities of Exploration, Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) in the Gold Coast (GC) located in the Rich Zone of African Gulf of Guinea (RZAGG) in the West African Region between 1621 and 1957 when GC gained independence as Ghana been the first Black African Country under the President ship of an African legend Pan-Africanist known as Kwame Nkrumah. The history of Ghana is very important in views of its previous Ghana Empire and Kingship system which European imperialist and colonisers destroyed with over ambitions of 3Es in the Centuries that followed culminated with slavery and slave trade dealings of human beings shipped as lodge of woods across the Atlantic Ocean to American plantations. The teaching of African History in the 21st Century entails us to know those agents and goes deep into their archives to search and evaluate their Machiavelli did in the specific countries during their tenure in office. This is because they laid the groundwork and foundation of Western European imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism which later cropped up during the second decade of the 20th Century at independence. Our intension is not to bring out all what they did but rather, the identification of principal actors of the period which can be beneficial to the young generation of historians to open up new research avenues by going deeper to illustrate the activities carried out by each of those foreign diplomatic agents in their 3Es instructions and executions. The scrutiny of specialized and secondary sources facilitated us to use a historical analytical approach with visible statistical tables illustrating each of those monarchical actors of Kings and Queens and agents appointed to fulfil their foreign gains from natural and human resources of GC later Ghana at independence.
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Hemalatha, G., M. Divya Sri, I. Shruthi Antonia, M. Narmatha, and E. Arun Kumar. "The Voice of Africans’ Journey of Culture and their Historical Evidence through Literature." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 04, no. 01 (2023): 1610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2023.4145.
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Women authors from Africa have been and continue to be able to assert themselves as writers on a national and international scale. African-American women's voices are among the most potent literary voices of the latter half of the 20th century. However, regarding the literary tradition, particularly in the middle of the 19th century, there has always been a connection between white supremacy and male superiority throughout the history of the United States. The masculinization of the literary field at the time meant that the male perspective, whether black or white, seemed to speak for both genders and yet could not fully manifest female oppression in a patriarchal society. Women were not only racial outcasts; they were also oppressed due to their gender. Even though race issues have always played a significant role in everyday life, there has always been a divide between white people and black people; However, within this last group was a smaller group of women who had been subjected to not only racial prejudice but also sexist customs, slavery, and other forms of marginalization, including within their own culture.
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Yakovenko, Iryna. "Women’s voices of protest: Sonia Sanchez and Nikki Giovanni’s poetry." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-130-139.
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The paper explores contemporary African American women’s protest poetry in the light of the liberation movements of the mid-20th century – Black Power, Black Arts Movement, Second Wave Feminism. The research focuses on political, social, cultural and aesthetic aspects of the Black women’s resistance poetry, its spirited dialogue with the feminist struggle, and undertakes its critical interpretation using the methodological tools of Cultural Studies. The poetics and style of protest poetry by Sonia Sanchez and Nikki Giovanni, whose literary works have received little scholarly attention literary studies in Ukraine, are analyzed. Protest poetry is defined as politically and socially engaged verse which is oppositional, contestatory and resistant in its subject matter, as well as in the form of (re)presentation. Focusing on political and societal issues, such as slavery, racism, segregation, gender inequality, African American protest poetry is characterized by discourse of resistance and confrontation, disruption of standard English grammar, as well as conventional spelling and syntax. It is argued that militant poems of Sonia Sanchez are marked by the imitations of black speech rhythms and musical patterns of jazz and blues. Similarly, Nikki Giovanni relies on the oral tradition of African American people while creating poetry which was oriented towards performance. The linguistic content of Sanchez and Giovanni’s verses is lowercase lettering for notions associated with “white america”, obscenities targeted at societal racist practices, and erratic capitalization, nonstandard spacing, onomatopoeic syllables, use of vernacular as markers of Black culture. The works of African American women writers, which are under analysis in the essay, constitute creative poetic responses to traumatic history of African American people. Protest poetry of Sonia Sanchez and Nikki Giovanni explicitly express the rhetoric of Black nationalism and comply with the aesthetic principles of the Black Arts movement. They are perceived as consciousness-raising texts by their creators and the audiences they are addressed to. It is argued that although protest and resistance poetry is time- and context-bound, it can transcend the boundaries of historical contexts and act as timeless texts.
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Chinweizu. "432 Centuries of Recorded Science and Technology in Black Africa." African and Asian Studies 20, no. 1-2 (April 27, 2021): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341482.
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Abstract During the 1970s and 1980s, American and European investigators discovered evidence of such African scientific achievements as the following: (1) the domestication of assorted plants in The Egyptian Nile Valley ca. 18000 BP; and domesticated cattle in the Kenyan Highlands, ca, 15000 BP. These were achieved thousands of years before plant and animal domestication in South west Asia, the hitherto presumed place where domestication first occurred; and (2) the making of Carbon steel in Tanzania, in the 1st c. BC, using techniques the discoverers called “semi-conductor technology – the growing of crystals”. These and other records of advanced scientific achievements, and at such dates, should prompt a profound revision of our understanding of the scientific knowledge developed by pre-20th century Africans before Europeans conquered and colonized and shattered African societies. They should also prompt a revision of the history of science in the world. In this article I shall present 13 exhibits drawing from the history of spectacular African achievements in science and technology. They range in time from ca. 43200 BC to 1952 AD. And they cover, geographically, Lesotho in Southern Africa; to Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania in East Africa; to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa; to Egypt in North Africa; and to Liberia and Nigeria in West Africa.
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Latypova, Nataliya. "Discussion on the Causes of the American Civil War (1861–1865): Periodization of Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2022): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.1.
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Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the “inevitable conflict”, their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to summarize the main trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War in the United States, mainly in foreign historiography. Methods of research and materials. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods. The historical-legal, comparative method, as well as sociological, concrete-historical and systemic methods are used. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of mainly foreign historians, lawyers, political scientists and state historians. Analysis. Without denying the centrality of slavery among the causes of the Civil War, researchers identify religious, economic, political and social factors as the key determinants of the separatist movement in the South. A special place in American studies is occupied by the consideration of the role of African Americans in inciting conflict, the personality factor of A. Lincoln, as well as the influence of the abolitionist movement and journalists on the growing confrontation between the North and the South. At the same time, all directions, one way or another, boil down to the fact that it was slavery that was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. The peculiarities of the formation of each of the scientific directions were determined by the socio-economic and political conditions that took place in a particular historical period. Results. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the “confrontational” (second half of the 19th century); the “socio-economic” (beginning – middle of the 20th century); the “industrial” (middle of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century). In the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, there is an obvious consensus on the central role of slavery among the determinants of war, but approaches to this problem in recent years have been characterized by interdisciplinarity, complexity, taking into account completely different sides of the conflict. Each of these areas has contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the causes of the Civil War, allowing us to realize the complex, multifaceted nature of the causes of the conflict and to reject two-dimensional approaches to their understanding. Key words: American Civil War, causes of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise, abolitionists, history of the USA.
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McCray, Kenja. ""Talk Doesn't Cook the Soup"." Murmurations: Emergence, Equity and Education 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31946/meee.v1i1.28.
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The creator, Kenja McCray, is an Associate Professor of History at Atlanta Metropolitan State College (AMSC), where she teaches United States and African American history. AMSC is an institution within the University System of Georgia offering an affordable liberal arts education and committed to serving a diverse, urban student population. McCray has a B.A. from Spelman College, an M.A. from Clark Atlanta University, and a Ph.D. from Georgia State University. Her areas of interest are the 19th and 20th century U. S., African Americans, Africa and the diaspora, transnational histories, women, class and social history.
The creator of this essay believes education should be a life-altering process, not only in the intellectual or the economic sense, but also cognitively uplifting. She experienced personal change in college through interacting with professors. She strives to give students a similarly inspirational experience. The encounter should be empowering and should change the way they see themselves and their relationships to the world. The intent of this creative piece is to share the creator’s contemplations on a rites of passage program in which she participated during her college years. She asserts that, given current cultural trends signaling a renewed interest in African-centered ideals and black pride, many aspects of the program could interest current students looking for safe spaces in increasingly intolerant times. This essay will interest researchers, student leaders, student activities advisors, and other administrators seeking to create and develop inclusive campus programs.
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Wills, Jeanie, and Krystl Raven. "The founding five: transformational leadership in the New York League of Advertising Women’s club, 1912–1926." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 12, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-04-2019-0015.
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Purpose This paper uses archival documents to begin to recover a history of women’s leadership in the advertising industry. In particular, this paper aims to identify the leadership styles of the first five presidents of the New York League of Advertising Women’s (NYLAW) club. Their leadership from 1912 to 1926 set the course for and influenced the culture of the New York League. These five women laid the foundations of a social club that would also contribute to the professionalization of women in advertising, building industry networks for women, forging leadership and mentorship links among women, providing advertising education exclusively for women and, finally, bolstering women’s status in all avenues of advertising. The first five presidents were, of course, different characters, but each exhibited the traits associated with “transformational leaders,” leaders who prepare the “demos” for their own leadership roles. The women’s styles converged with their situational context to give birth to a women’s advertising club that, like most clubs, did charity work and hosted social events, but which was developed by the first five presidents to give women the same kinds of professional opportunities as the advertising men’s clubs provided their membership. The first five presidents of the Advertising League had strong prior professional credibility because of the careers they had constructed for themselves among the men who dominated the advertising field in the first decade of the 20th century. As presidents of the NYLAW, they advocated for better jobs, equal rights at work and better pay for women working in the advertising industry. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on women’s advertising archival material from the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe and Wisconsin Historical Society to argue that the five founding mothers of the NYLAW provided what can best be described as transformational feminist leadership, which resulted in building an effective club for their members and setting it on a trajectory of advocacy and education that would benefit women in the advertising industry for the next several decades. These women did not refer to themselves as “leaders,” they probably would not have considered their work in organizing the New York club an exercise in leadership, nor might they have called themselves feminists or seen their club as a haven for feminist work. However, by using modern leadership theories, the study can gain insight into how these women instantiated feminist ideals through a transformational leadership paradigm. Thus, the historical documents provide insight into the leadership roles and styles of some of the first women working in American advertising in the early parts of the 20th century. Findings Archival documents from the women’s advertising clubs can help us to understand women’s leadership practices and to reconstruct a history of women’s leadership in the advertising industry. Eight years before women in America could vote, the first five presidents shared with the club their wealth of collective experience – over two decades worth – as advertising managers, copywriters and space buyers. The first league presidents oversaw the growth of an organization would benefit both women and the advertising industry when they proclaimed that the women’s clubs would “improve the level of taste, ethics and knowledge throughout the communications industry by example, education and dissemination of information” (Dignam, 1952, p. 9). In addition, the club structure gave ad-women a collective voice which emerged through its members’ participation in building the club and through the rallying efforts of transformational leaders. Social implications Historically, the advertising industry in the USA has been “pioneered” by male industry leaders such as Claude Hopkins, Albert Lasker and David Ogilvy. However, when the authors look to archival documents, it was found that women have played leadership roles in the industry too. Drawing on historical methodology, this study reconstructs a history of women’s leadership in the advertising and marketing industries. Originality/value This paper helps to understand how women participated in leadership roles in the advertising industry, which, in turn, enabled other women to build careers in the industry.
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Sun, Yizhi. "Humanity Doesn’t Need a Cold War [Rev. on: Shen Zhihua. Economic Vortex: The Beginning of the Cold War Reinterpreted. Hongkong, 2022. 423 p.]." Modern History of Russia 14, no. 1 (2024): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2024.114.
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This review focuses on the book by leading Chinese historian Shen Zhihua, Economic Vortex: The Beginning of the Cold War Reinterpreted (Hongkong, 2022). The central question that Shen wants to answer in his work is “Could the Cold War have been avoided?” The professor examines this question through a “new angle” — the economic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Professor Shen concluded that the Cold War was an “accidental product” that could have been avoided. Further political and economic cooperation between U. S. and Soviet Union after World War II was in fact possible. The coexistence of two different ideologies and systems was also possible. The monograph consists of seven chapters. Shen analyzes in detail how the U. S. and the USSR gradually fell into an “economic vortex”, severing all economic relations between them. History — lessons for the future. The current situation in the world, the conflict between the two superpowers, China and U. S., has made the issue of the Cold War particularly relevant. Professor Shen believes that the outbreak of the Cold War in the middle of the last century is a “historical nuisance” for all mankind and contradicted the main course of the history of all mankind — the peaceful way of development. The PRC and the U. S. must not repeat the mistakes made by the American and Soviet leadership in the 20th century, which ended up dragging the entire world into a long and senseless conflict.
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Tarik Shakir, Mutaz. "Gender and Racial inequality in James Baldwin’ Go Tell It on the Mountain and Claude McKay's, Home to Harlem comparative study." Journal of Education College Wasit University 3, no. 46 (February 28, 2022): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol3.iss46.2829.
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Abstract
In both Southern African literature and African American literature, racism is a big problem. The two are different, though, because the former were more resolute and brave in their fight against racism, which was covered by the "apartheid" law. While the latter were more passive and suffered from an identity crisis due to the overwhelming presence of whites, the former were due to many years of oppression, torture, and subjugation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the gender and racial inequality in the literature of the African-American writers James Baldwin and compare the novels "Go Tell It on the Mountain" with Claude McKay's "Home to Harlem" with similar themes. In their novels, the two novelists are endowed with a great insight with which they write of difficulties that all humans encounter through a perceptive view of the stubborn, heart-breaking dilemmas that plague individuals of all races. Baldwin was considered a traitor to the black race for failing to face racism, and Richard Wright referred to him as a "fag." The writer Baldwin did not stick to the skin colour of his friends to look for a tangent between their lives and the history of racism in the United States. McKay was deeply interested about the culture of the black diaspora as a result of his strong dedication to black consciousness. McKay explores Harlem's wonder, excitement, and boundaries by recognising other places where the black community thrived in 1920s black America when he depicts black life and community concepts. Gender and Racial inequality are definitely our primary concerns. Both novels considers as a literary depiction of the reality of an expansive African diaspora in the early 20th century.
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Fonju, Njuafac Kenedy. "The Identification of 134 Typologies of the French and 18 British Exploitative- Looting Pre-Colonial and Colonial Hegemonic Diplomatic Agents (ITFBELPCHDA within 334 Years in Senegal - Goree Island - Cutting Across the Gambian Sphere of Influences 1626-1960." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 10, no. 04 (June 8, 2024): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2024.v10i04.002.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper is very important in the history of Senegal and African history in general due to several pre-colonial and colonial challenges which the Senegalese went through spanning from 1626 to 1960 at independence from the French colonial hegemony. It identified some 134 French diplomatic agents within 334 years and 18 British agents from 1758 to 1817 due to the profitable slavery and slave trade booming markets cutting across the Atlantic to the New World including other important centre of commercial activities during the period of their exploration, expropriation and exploitation (3Es) ambitions. The areas of the Goree became important transit spots of bundling Africans in the name of slaves with some dumped in the Atlantic Ocean and those survived straight into the American plantains zones under the ownership of the Western European powers with actors coming especially France, Britain, Spain, Portugal, Italy among others. The scrutiny of both specialized sources, documentary and websites sources enable us to use a historical approach thereby bringing out clearly those major European actors who manifested their pre-colonial and colonial ambitions in the name of the countries whose interests overshadowed African development perspectives in spite of several resistance movement organized in search of total liberation in favour of self-determination which was only granted during the second half of the 20th Century. This paper can enable the young generation of Africans to go more deeper into researching what each of the identified Western agents appointed to resident in Senegal did while in office and could facilitate the continuous request for the reparation of pre-colonial and colonial atrocities including looting of African natural resources of that country for their metropolitan development for more than three centuries in the unbearable history of mankind. However, the post-independence challenges of the country owed its seeds from the French presence ..