Journal articles: 'Africa – Maps – History'

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Demhardt, Imre Josef. "MAPS IN HISTORY: Mental maps of East Africa." International Journal of Cartography 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2020.1818931.

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Frederiks, Martha. "Dispersion, Procreation and Mission: the Emergence of Protestantism in Early Modern West Africa." Exchange 51, no. 3 (November 28, 2022): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-bja10004.

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Abstract This article explores the emergence of Protestantism in West Africa in the 17th century, using both primary and secondary sources. Its central argument is that the history of Protestantism in early modern Africa has mainly been examined within the paradigm of mission history, thus reducing the history of Protestantism to a history of Protestant missionary endeavors. By intersecting three complementary windows, – a Roman Catholic window, a chartered company window and a Euro-African window –, the article traces the wider history of Protestantism in early modern West Africa. It maps the impact of Protestantism on Roman Catholics in West Africa, sketches the significance of Protestantism for certain Euro-Africans, and shows that through a combination of dispersion, procreation and mission Protestantism became a reality in West Africa as early as the 17th century.

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Massing, Andreas. "Valentim Fernandes' Five Maps and the Early History and Geography of São Tomé." History in Africa 36 (2009): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0013.

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Maps may be important historical documents, reflecting the situation of a given place at a given time, and comparing several maps from different periods of the same area can inform us of changes in social and human geography. For some distant parts of the world they may be the only sources for a past that provides us with few if any sources. Thus Valentim Fernandes' five maps of São Tomé are a unique source for the slow and gradual growth of the first settlements. The maps are complemented by Fernandes' 1506 description of the island.Valentim Fernandes, a German printer who worked in Lisbon from 1495 to 1513, compiled several works on Africa and published them in 1506. Apparently he sent a copy to his friend Conrad Peutinger in Augsburg, whose book collection came into possession of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, where they survive in the Codex Hispanicus 27 (now available online. The compilation contains several texts and a map collection with description of the Atlantic islands. While Fernandes' description of Africa, as the sole copy of Diogo Gomes' account, has received wide attention as an important source for early African history, the five maps of São Tomé inserted at various places in the Codex have hardly received any attention at all.

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Martin, Guy. "Dream of Unity: From the United States of Africa to the Federation of African States." African and Asian Studies 12, no. 3 (2013): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341261.

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Abstract The Pan-Africanists leaders’ dream of unity was deferred in favor of the gradualist/functionalist perspective embodied in a weak and loosely-structured Organization of African Unity (OAU) created on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). This article analyses the reasons for this failure, namely: the reluctance of newly-independent African leaders to abandon their newly-won sovereignty in favor of a broader political unity; suspicion on the part of many African leaders that Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana intended to become the super-president of a united Africa; and divide and rule strategies on the part of major Western powers (including the United States and France) meant to sabotage any attempt at African unity. The African Union which, on 26 May 2001, formally replaced the OAU, is also bound to fail because it is modeled on the European Union. The article then briefly surveys proposals for a re-configuration of the African states and a revision of the political map of Africa put forth by various authors, namely: Cheikh Anta Diop’s Federal African State; Marc-Louis Ropivia’s geopolitics of African regional integration; Makau wa Mutua’s and Arthur Gakwandi’s new political maps of Africa; Joseph Ki-Zerbo’s Federal African State; Daniel Osabu-Kle’s United States of Africa; Godfrey Mwakikagile’s African Federal Government; and Pelle Danabo’s pan-African Federal State. The article concludes with an overview of Mueni wa Muiu’s Fundi wa Afrika paradigm advocating the creation of a Federation of African States (FAS) based on five sub-regional states with a federal capital (Napata) and a rotating presidency, eventually leading to total political and economic integration.

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Al Hosani, Naeema. "Language Maps from Africa to Europe." Acta Neophilologica 55, no. 1-2 (December 14, 2022): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.55.1-2.133-158.

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Language maps, which reflect linguistic pluralism, multilingualism and the spread of languages across countries and empires were part of an evolving human history. Historically, language came under the impact of geography, political conflicts and colonization. Due to these factors, languages penetrate borders or ended up in isolation or even in extinction. In this context, the paper investigates selected language maps of many African, Asian, European and South American countries in order to underline the connections between language, politics, immigration, war and other related elements. The paper argues that current language maps in some geographical regions are similar to the political maps of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries because colonial languages continued to exist in these countries even after the departure of the colonizers. Further, the paper explores the spread of a variety of languages and their penetration in some countries, which constituted a great part of the European Union, in order to examine the impact of geo-politics on the changing status of language maps in Europe.

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Adelusi-Adeluyi, Ademide. "“Africa for the Africans?” – Mapmaking, Lagos, and the Colonial Archive." History in Africa 47 (April 15, 2020): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.9.

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AbstractIn early colonial Lagos, struggles over race, place and identity were played out over ownership of land, and ended with the displacement of sections of the indigenous population. “Africa for the Africans” combines texts and maps to narrate the history of 1860s Lagos. This article demonstrates how, with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), European colonial maps can be used to analyze the significance of changing urban spatial relationships in 1860s Lagos. Though much of this analysis employs GIS, it also leans heavily on other tools for making timelines, story maps and vector diagrams. This process of creating digital representations of the past also has pedagogical applications, as these methods can be extended to the classroom for undergraduates learning about African history.

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AJAYI, J. F. ADE. "RECENT TRENDS African History From Earliest Times to Independence. By PHILIP CURTIN, STEVEN FEIERMAN, LEONARD THOMPSON and JAN VANSINA. Second edition. London and New York: Longman Group, 1995. Pp. xvi + 546. £25 (ISBN 0-582-050707)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796216901.

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A revised version of this well-known university textbook provides an opportunity to review some of the tendencies in African historiography since the publication of the original version in 1978 which marked ‘the coming of age of African history’ after 25 years of research. This new version is intended to reflect ‘a new level of maturity’ in African historiography with the publication of all the 16 volumes of the Cambridge History of Africa and the Unesco General History of Africa, of which only a few had appeared by 1978. The text has been ‘reworked, updated and expanded’; the book has been redesigned and reset, and the maps have been redrawn and new ones added.

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Bassett, Thomas J., and Philip W. Porter. "‘From the Best Authorities’: The Mountains of Kong in the Cartography of West Africa." Journal of African History 32, no. 3 (November 1991): 367–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700031522.

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This study goes beyond the ‘first and last appearance’ approach of cartographic historians to examine the social contexts in which the Kong Mountains were first depicted in and then eliminated from nineteenth-century maps of Africa. This history shows that the conventional periodization of the history of cartography into ‘decorative’ and ‘scientific’ phases is greatly exaggerated. We trace the mountains' origins to the geographer James Rennell and show how their purported existence served to support his arguments on the course of the Niger River at the turn of the nineteenth century. The enduring depiction of the Kong Mountains throughout the century illustrates the authoritative power of maps. This authority is based on the public's belief that cartographers are guided by an ethic of accuracy and are applying scientific procedures in mapmaking. Despite doubts about the existence of this mountain chain, the ‘extraordinary authority’ of maps helped to perpetuate an erroneous spatial image of West Africa until Binger's famous expedition in the late 1880s. With the publication of his travels and maps, Binger became the new authority on West African geography. His work altered the subsequent cartography of the region and substantially contributed to French empire-building.

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Mijajlovic, Tatiana, Xi Xue, and Erin Walton. "A revised shock history for the youngest unbrecciated lunar basalt—Northwest Africa 032 and paired meteorites." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 55, no. 10 (September 21, 2020): 2267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.13569.

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MCKITTRICK, MEREDITH. "MAKING RAIN, MAKING MAPS: COMPETING GEOGRAPHIES OF WATER AND POWER IN SOUTHWESTERN AFRICA." Journal of African History 58, no. 2 (June 7, 2017): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000032.

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AbstractThis article explores the alchemy whereby ritual and political worlds invisible to Europeans were rendered visible on European maps. It begins with a puzzle: representations of southwestern Africa's rivers on those maps bear little resemblance to physical reality as the cartographers would have understood it. Using GIS technology to georeference a series of maps and highlight the placement of rivers on them illustrates the convergence of cartographers’ representations and regional political cosmologies linking power to control over water. Travelers’ accounts and colonial archives illuminate how knowledge was produced and why African ideas about geography were inadvertently embedded in those maps well into the twentieth century. This method opens a window into otherwise-obscured African intellectual history and demonstrates that even something as apparently and unambiguously ‘European’ as modern mapping was the result of on-the-ground negotiations well into the colonial period.

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Wright, Donald R. "“What Do You Mean There Were No Tribes in Africa?”: Thoughts on Boundaries—and Related Matters—in Precolonial Africa." History in Africa 26 (January 1999): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172148.

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I made a mistake teaching my course on precolonial African history this past fall. I vowed (to myself) to be absolutely honest. I decided to admit to students how little historians know for certain about much of Africa's early history. I focused on the evidence, emphasizing how little there is for determining what occurred several centuries ago—let alone 2000 years ago—in sub-Saharan Africa. I gave one lecture—downright sterling, I thought—in which, in the first part, I taught about “Bantu Expansion” as I had done in my first year on the job, way back in 1976. I had read Roland Oliver's 1966 article in the Journal of African History, which had made everything clear to me once upon a time.With that as a basis I laid out an entire scheme about how these humans, who spoke related languages, had populated nearly all of sub-equatorial Africa since the beginning of the modern era. I had maps on overhead projection (copies handed out) showing when the Bantu migrated where; I spoke of the evidence for it all, even reading from Ptolemy's Geography and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea; and recalled how clear it all was to myself and the students, who wrote down nearly every word and made notations on the maps.Then, in the second part of the lecture, I talked about how incorrect it all was (student pens here coming to rest)—how our reading of some of the linguistic evidence was faulty, how we read things into Ptolemy and the Periplus because they fit the scheme, and how subsequent archeological evidence has simply proved most of the neat scheme wrong. I concluded with an honest, if pessimistic, note that, because of the paucity of evidence, there simply is a lot about early African history that we will not be able to know.

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Carena, Sara, Hans-Peter Bunge, and Anke M. Friedrich. "Analysis of geological hiatus surfaces across Africa in the Cenozoic and implications for the timescales of convectively-maintained topography." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 12 (December 2019): 1333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0329.

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Geological maps are a powerful but underutilized tool for constraining geodynamic processes and models. Unraveling the Cenozoic elevation history of Africa and distinguishing between competing uplift and subsidence scenarios is of considerable interest to constrain the dynamic processes in the mantle beneath the continent. Here, we explore continental-scale geological maps, and map temporal and spatial patterns of geological contacts, assuming that interregional-scale unconformable contacts (hiatus surfaces) on geological maps yield proxy records of paleotopography and vertical motion. We found that significant differences in the spatial extents of interregional-scale hiatus surfaces exist across Africa at the timescale of geologic series. A significant expansion of total unconformable area at the base of the Miocene strongly suggests that the Oligocene was a period of uplift in most of Africa. In southern Africa there is a complete absence of marine sediments in both the Oligocene and Pleistocene. This pattern suggests that southernmost Africa reached a high elevation in the Oligocene, subsided in the Miocene–Pliocene, and has been high again since the latest Pliocene or Pleistocene. Our hiatus mapping results support a dynamic origin of Africa’s topography. In particular, they point to elevation changes at the timescale of geologic series (ten to a few tens of millions of years), which is considerably smaller than the mantle transit time. The timescale for elevation changes in Africa is, thus, comparable with the rapid spreading in the South Atlantic, which have been geodynamically linked to African elevation changes through pressure-driven upper mantle flow.

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Reid, Richard. "Images of an African Ruler: Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda, ca. 1857–1884." History in Africa 26 (January 1999): 269–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172144.

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There can be few areas of the world which have been more systematically misrepresented than Africa, especially that part of the continent south of the Sahara. For centuries, and certainly since the Midas-like Mansa Musa sat astride West Africa on the maps of fourteenth-century Spain, the weird and wonderful imagery of Africa has flooded Europe's vision of that continent. Much of this imagery has been generated by Europeans, and even where it has been generated by Africans themselves, the original meaning and intention is often difficult to discover. The imagery has, to the non-African world, become Africa; this is the case to the point where, at the end of the twentieth century, almost every adjective placed before the name “Africa” is loaded, has some ideological or political currency, and indeed has a history of its own.Most famously, perhaps, Africa was for a long time “dark”, and still that image periodically appears in assorted Western media, a comforting crutch to an audience which remains somewhat confused as to what to make of the continent. Africa is often supposed to have a “heart,” in a way that neither Europe nor North America does. This is perhaps related to the continent's geographical shape, for it is rather more self-contained than Europe, Asia, or the Americas. It is more likely, however, that an African “heart” is sought precisely because it cannot, using the clumsy surgical tools of Western culture, be found. In more recent times, Africa's “dark heart” has been replaced by its “troubled heart;” but the idea remains unchanged.

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Wenzel, Andrea, Justin Filiberto, Natasha Stephen, Susanne P. Schwenzer, and Samantha J. Hammond. "Constraints on the petrologic history of gabbroic shergottite Northwest Africa 6963 from pyroxene zoning profiles and electron backscattered diffraction." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 56, no. 9 (September 2021): 1744–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.13737.

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Nakashima, Daisuke, Keisuke Nagao, and Anthony J. Irving. "Noble gases in angrites Northwest Africa 1296, 2999/4931, 4590, and 4801: Evolution history inferred from noble gas signatures." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 53, no. 5 (January 18, 2018): 952–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.13039.

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Liao, Shiyong, Weibiao Hsu, Ying Wang, Ye Li, Chipui Tang, and Bao Mei. "In situ Pb‐Pb dating of silica‐rich Northwest Africa ( NWA ) 6594 basaltic eucrite and its constraint on thermal history of the Vestan crust." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 54, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 3064–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.13408.

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Hayashi, Hideyuki, Takashi Mikouchi, Nak Kyu Kim, Changkun Park, Yuji Sano, Atsushi Takenouchi, Akira Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Kagi, Martin Bizzarro, and Cryena Goodrich. "Unique igneous textures and shock metamorphism of the Northwest Africa 7203 angrite: Implications for crystallization processes and the evolutionary history of the angrite parent body." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 57, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.13776.

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Rasiah, Harun. "Another Cartography is Possible: Relocating the Middle East and North Africa." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 2 (December 2020): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2021.13.

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AbstractTeaching the history of the modern Middle East and North Africa at a small liberal arts university offered an opportunity to address student demands to “decolonize the curriculum.” As the survey course comes under increasing scrutiny, we asked where exactly is the Middle East located in our political imagination today? This essay focuses on the role of maps in rethinking geographic frameworks by using a seaborne perspective, that of the Mediterranean, Arabian and Red Seas (MARS) in contrast to the familiar Middle East and North Africa (MENA).

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Owono Amougou, Olivier Ulrich Igor, Théophile Ndougsa Mbarga, Arsène Meying, Jean Marcel Abate Essi, Jean Aimé Mono, Didier Pepogo Manvele, and Christian Gislain Leonel Ngah. "Interpretation of Aeromagnetic Data to Investigate Crustal Structures of the Contact Congo Craton - Pan-African Belt at the Eastern Cameroon." Earth Science Research 9, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v9n2p48.

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The collision between the Congo Craton and the Pan African fold belt of Central Africa had great impacts on the geological and tectonic points of view, notably the installation of several tectonic accidents such as faults, fractures, dikes, folds, domes. This aeromagnetic study is based on Paterson's aeromagnetic data interpretations through the use of multiple operators. These data were processed by Oasis Montaj software. The total magnetic intensity map reduced to the equator (RTE-TMI) shows important anomalies features the major important regional anomalies. Maps of the vertical gradient, analytical signal and tilt angle maps have meanwhile highlighted several short wavelength anomalies assimilated to folding, dykes, fractures or faults. The map of maxima upward to 2 km allowed to establish the structural map of the study area. It turns out that the different types of geological accidents follow ENE-WSW, ESE-WNW, NE-SW, NW-SE and even E-W and N-S directions. All these directions are very similar to the geological history of the area. Anything that seems to confirm that the study area was the scene of intense tectonic movements resulting from the collision between the Congo Craton and the Central Africa Fold Belt.

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Massing, Andreas. "Mapping the Malagueta Coast: a History of the Lower Guinea Coast, 1460–1510 through Portuguese Maps and Accounts." History in Africa 36 (2009): 331–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0010.

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The Malagueta Coast can serve as a classic example of a region which was integrated into the world economy as a result of world demand for its resources—spices and labor in the fifteenth/sixteenth centuries, and again in the nineteenth century palm oil, cocos fiber, and labor—and has sunk into oblivion once the demand ceased. It is similar with Liberia's rubber and iron ore industry of the twentieth century. I had wanted to write this paper, which reconstructs the discovery and commercial exploitation of the coast through a systematic analysis of published maps and reports, ever since I walked and paddled along this coast in 1968. Furthermore I intend to review the discovery of the coast in the perspective of overall Portuguese policy and politics (interior and foreign). Last, but not least, this is to help students of Liberian and West African history with a review of the early sources—among which maps are by far the most abundant.The Portuguese legacy to Africa is enshrined in coastal toponymy until today. Avelino Teixeira da Mota in his “Topónimos de origem portuguesa” focused on Portuguese names still surviving in the nineteenth century, but I will focus here on contemporary fifteenth- and sixteenth-century nomenclature and what it might reveal about the African discoveries. The Portuguese initially were attracted by gold at the Rio d'Ouro (later Spanish Sahara), then slaves, and eventually malagueta—a substitute for Indian pepper—commodities known on the Lisbon market and which served to name the coasts: malagueta, marfim, ouro, esclavos. Diogo Gomes was the first to actually see Malagueta on the Gambia in 1445, but the malagueta coast was not discovered until after Henry's the Navigator's death in 1460.

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Asubiaro, Toluwase Victor, and Oluwole Martins Badmus. "Collaboration clusters, interdisciplinarity, scope and subject classification of library and information science research from Africa: An analysis of Web of Science publications from 1996 to 2015." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 52, no. 4 (March 1, 2020): 1169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000620907958.

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This study investigated the trends in the scope and subject classifications of library and information science research from authors that are affiliated with institutions in Africa. Library and information science journal articles and conference proceedings from the 54 African countries that were published between 2006 and 2015 and indexed in the Web of Science were retrieved for the study. After the removal of non-relevant articles and articles that were not available online, the library and information science publications were classified based on subject and scope. Results from the analysis of author keywords, country of affiliation, subject and scope classification were also visualized in network maps and bar charts. Frequency analysis shows that though computer science had the most profound influence on Africa’s library and information science research, its influence came to prominence in 2004. Furthermore, North African countries exhibited features that are different from the rest of Africa; they contributed most on core computer classifications while other African countries focused more on the social science-related aspects of library and information science. Unlike other regions in Africa, the North African countries also formed a dense collaboration cluster with strong interests in subjects that are conceptual and global in scope. The collaboration clustering analysis revealed an influence of some colonial languages of as a basis for forging strong collaboration between African and non-African countries. On the other hand, African countries tend to collaborate more with countries in their regions. Lastly, human computer interaction and library and information science history subject classifications were almost nonexistent. It is recommended that further studies should investigate why certain subject classifications are not well represented.

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Larson, Lorne. "Conversations along the Mbwemkuru: Foreign Itinerants and Local Agents in German East Africa." Itinerario 46, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511532100036x.

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The underlying theme of this essay is how intelligence was gathered and expertise dispersed in an emerging colonial environment in Africa, and how that knowledge was captured, credited and distributed between local Africans and (largely) itinerant Europeans. It sets that discussion within a more recent debate on the mechanics of European exploration during the wider nineteenth century. The expanded population of Europeans (officials, merchants, missionaries) that arrived in the later part of that century to consolidate the colonial enterprise in German East Africa often moved with initial uncertainty through the landscape, triggering a demand for topographical knowledge to become commodified and commercialised, to become less dependent on the knowledge of individuals. This demand fuelled the production of an innovative series of standardised grid maps. At a time when slavery was still legal, when the local workforce was increasingly discussed in colonial circles in terms of unskilled plantation labour, our essay explores two case studies that demonstrate how certain African experts came to exert key technical and management influence within long-term scientific and commercial projects unfolding in the southeast corner of what is today Tanzania. The matter of water flows through this essay, and does so with deliberate intent.

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Macgregor, Duncan. "History of the development of Permian–Cretaceous rifts in East Africa: a series of interpreted maps through time." Petroleum Geoscience 24, no. 1 (November 9, 2017): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2016-155.

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Levick, B. M. "Roman History." Greece and Rome 60, no. 2 (September 16, 2013): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383513000156.

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Weighty tomes preponderate, but I put chronology before avoirdupois. First comes a stout Companion to the Punic Wars, edited by Dexter Hoyos. It is part of the book's comforts as a companion and one of its merits to treat not only what is named on the tin – five chapters for the first war, nine for the second, and three for the last half century of Carthage, with one chapter dealing directly with the siege of 148–146 – but other topics that are by no means peripheral. It is a bonus to have Nathan Rosenstein's revisionist views on ‘Italy: Economy and Demography after Hannibal's War’, or rather his demolition of long-held ones: positive arguments are briefly put. Whether Part V, ‘Conclusions’, lives up to its name is another matter: it consists of three papers on the aftermath, including ‘Carthage and Hannibal in Roman and Greek Memory’ (which I wish had been taken further). The editor's international team have satisfactorily marshalled the material in the main sections: ‘Roman Politics and Expansion’ between the first two wars is immediately followed by Hoyos’ own ‘Carthage in Africa and Spain’ during the same period; similarly, ‘Punic Politics, Economy, and Alliances, 218–201’ precedes ‘Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War’. Illustrations are not among the comforts of this volume: far from panoramas or even diagrams of famous battles, we have five plain maps.

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Haustein, Jörg. "Global Religious History as a Rhizome: Colonial Panics and Political Islam in German East Africa." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 33, no. 3-4 (September 23, 2021): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341520.

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Abstract A Global History of Religion aims to trace connections, controversies, and contingencies in the emergence of “religion” as a global category. Its main intention is to de-center European epistemologies of religion by drawing out a more intricate global and plural genealogy. This is a very complex endeavour, however, especially when one leaves the realm of academic debate and considers the quotidian understandings of “religion” emerging in colonial encounters. Here one is often confronted by vast entanglements of practices, perceptions and politics, which need a historical methodology that foregrounds the plurality, complexity and historicity of all religious epistemes. Drawing on Deleuze’ and Guattari’s philosophical figure of the rhizome, this article sketches such an approach in a conversation between theory and historiographical practice, as it maps out a particular episode in the construction of “political Islam” in German East Africa.

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Chimhundu, Herbert. "Early Missionaries and the Ethnolinguistic Factor During the ‘Invention of Tribalism’ in Zimbabwe." Journal of African History 33, no. 1 (March 1992): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700031868.

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There is evidence from across the disciplines that at least some of the contemporary regional names of African tribes, dialects and languages are fairly recent inventions in historical terms. This article offers some evidence from Zimbabwe to show that missionary linguistic politics were an important factor in this process. The South African linguist Clement Doke was brought in to resolve conflicts about the orthography of Shona. His Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects (1931) shows how the language politics of the Christian denominations, which were also the factions within the umbrella organization the Southern Rhodesia Missionary Conference, contributed quite significantly to the creation and promotion of Zezuru, Karanga and Manyika as the main groupings of dialects in the central area which Doke later accommodated in a unified orthography of a unified language that was given the name Shona. While vocabulary from Ndau was to be incorporated, words from the Korekore group in the north were to be discouraged, and Kalanga in the West was allowed to be subsumed under Ndebele.Writing about sixty years later, Ranger focusses more closely on the Manyika and takes his discussion to the 1940s, but he also mentions that the Rhodesian Front government of the 1960s and 1970s deliberately incited tribalism between the Shona and the Ndebele, while at the same time magnifying the differences between the regional divisions of the Shona, which were, in turn, played against one another as constituent clans. It would appear then that, for the indigenous Africans, the price of Christianity, Western education and a new perception of language unity was the creation of regional ethnic identities that were at least potentially antagonistic and open to political manipulation.Through many decades of rather unnecessary intellectual justification, and as a result of the collective colonial experience through the churches, the schools and the workplaces, these imposed identities, and the myths and sentiments that are associated with them, have become fixed in the collective mind of Africa, and the modern nation states of the continent now seem to be stuck with them. Missionaries played a very significant role in creating this scenario because they were mainly responsible for fixing the ethnolinguistic maps of the African colonies during the early phase of European occupation. To a significant degree, these maps have remained intact and have continued to influence African research scholarship.

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Van Bockhaven, Vicky. "Decolonising the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Belgium's Second Museum Age." Antiquity 93, no. 370 (July 8, 2019): 1082–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.83.

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In December 2018, the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) in Tervuren, Belgium, reopened its doors after a renovation project that started nearly 20 years ago. Founded by the infamous King Leopold II, the RMCA contains cultural and natural history collections from Belgium's former colonies of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi, as well as other parts of Africa and beyond. Today, a new ‘Welcome pavilion’ leads the visitor through a monumental subterranean corridor to the historic building's basement and to an introduction to the history of the collections. The exhibition halls on the ground level have been refurbished, including the old colonial maps painted on the walls, while in the Crocodile Room, the original display has been retained as a reminder of the museum's own history. The largest halls now present displays linked to the scientific disciplines and themes within the museum's research remit (Figure 1): ‘Rituals and Ceremonies’ (anthropology), ‘Languages and Music’ (linguistics and ethnomusicology), ‘Unrivalled art’, ‘Natural History’ (biology), ‘Natural resources’ (biology, geology) and ‘Colonial History and Independence’ (history, political science). Eye-catching developments include: a room featuring some of the statues of a racist style and subject matter, which were formerly exhibited throughout the museum, and are now collected together in a kind of ‘graveyard’ (although this symbolic rejection is not properly explained); a new Afropea room focusing on diaspora history; a section on ‘Propaganda and representation’ (Imagery), a Rumba studio and a Taxolab. In place of racist statues, and occupying a central position in the Rotunda, is a new sculpture by Aimé Mpane named ‘New breath, or burgeoning Congo’. The accompanying label states that this piece “provides a firm answer” to the remaining allegorical colonial sculptures in the Rotunda by “looking at a prosperous future”. Alas, this answer is not as clear as is claimed and its message may be lost on many visitors.

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Classen, Albrecht. "Michael A. Gomez, African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017, viii, 505 pp., 8 maps." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_270.

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To do justice to history in the global context would require to pursue global history, which is not just a chiasmic play on words. No major country, no people, no great civilization, and no significant culture has really existed in total isolation, with just a few exceptions. But most scholars are simply not able to cover everything, and it would <?page nr="271"?>be hubris even to aim for that goal. Traditionally, medievalists have mostly focused on western, central, southern, and somewhat also northern Europe, for instance, but then this comes to a limit very quickly since linguistic barriers and also difficulties gaining access to the relevant sources and archives make this all very difficult. Recent years have also seen efforts to open the perspective toward the Arabic, Indian, and Asian world, whereas the American cultures remain mostly ignored in the medieval context. The opposite side probably faces the same difficulties, since Chinese or Japanese medievalists have to cope with a very long and expansive history as well, or the Indian or Indonesian historians, for example, which leaves no room or time to explore the connections, if there have ever been any, to other cultures.

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Stan, Melania, and Paul Gîdei. "On The Species Of Brachinini (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Brachininae: Brachinini) In Romanian Museum Collections." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 57, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/travmu-2015-0003.

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Abstract The paper presents twelve Brachinini species from Romanian fauna. Brachinus nigricornis Gebler and B. brevicollis Motschulsky are firstly recorded in Romania. Distribution maps, based on the examined material, were made for each species. For seven Brachinus species, photos of the median lobe are given. Specimens preserved in the collections of “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History and Brukenthal National Museum were studied. Besides specimens collected from Romania, all the specimens/species which were sampled in other countries of Europe, Northern Africa and Indonesia (Java) are presented.

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Jueg, Uwe. "Alboglossiphonia afroalpina sp. nov. and Alboglossiphonia buniana sp. nov. – two new leech species from Africa and revision of the genus Alboglossiphonia Lukin, 1976 in Africa." Evolutionary Systematics 7, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.94507.

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Two new leech species from Africa are presented. The position of the eyes, the number of crop caeca and the gonopores separated by two annuli indicate that both belong to the genus Alboglossiphonia. Alboglossiphonia afroalpinasp. nov. differs from the other African species in its elongated body shape, the shape and size of the suckers and above all by the unique spotting on the dorsal side, which is not found in any other species of the genus. Alboglossiphonia afroalpinasp. nov. inhabits the alpine zones of the Mt. Kenya and Mt. Elgon massifs and represents the highest record of a leech in Africa to date, approx 4,500 m above sea level. Alboglossiphonia buniana sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus by its completely fused pairs of eyes, the shape and size of the cranial sucker and the head area and a jagged outer margin. The species is only known from Bunia in northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Eleven species of the genus Alboglossiphonia are known from Africa, belonging to different zoogeographical areas. Northwest Africa is home to Alboglossiphonia hyalina (O.F. Müller, 1774) and A. iberica Jueg, 2008 as Palaearctic species. Alboglossiphonia polypompholyx Oosthuizen, Hussein & El-Shimy, 1988, A. disuqi El-Shimy, 1990 and A. levis Gouda, 2010 are restricted to the lower reaches of the Nile in Egypt. Six species exist south of the Sahara: Alboglossiphonia namaquaensis (Augener, 1936), A. disjuncta (Moore, 1939), A. conjugata (Oosthuizen, 1978), A. macrorhyncha (Oosthuizen, 1978) as well as those described here, A. afroalpinasp. nov. and A. bunianasp. nov. The examination of the three syntypes of Alboglossiphonia namaquaensis (Augener, 1936) showed that this species is identical to A. cheili (Oosthuizen 1978) and that the latter must be used as a synonym in future. Historical evidence from the Central Africa Museum in Tervuren (Belgium) from the Sciacchitano Collection and the British Museum of Natural History was examined. The systematic position of Glossiphonia verrucata Sciacchitano, 1939 was also clarified. Almost all species were photographed for the first time, most of them including their holotype. Distribution maps are presented for all species. All African Alboglossiphonia species are compared in terms of their characteristics in tabular form.

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Maier, D. J. E. "Brandenburg in Africa - Brandenburg Sources for West African History 1680–1700. By Adam Jones. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985. (Studien zur Kulturkunde, 77.) Pp. xiv + 348 + maps, plates. DM 82." Journal of African History 28, no. 1 (March 1987): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029509.

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Pallaver, Karin. "The German Maps at the East Africana Collection, University Library of Dar Es Salaam." History in Africa 33 (2006): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2006.0019.

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The documents originated by the German colonial administration in German East Africa are located in two main archives: the Tanzania National Archives in Dar es Salaam, where they are identified under the name “German Records,” and the Bundesarchiv in Berlin, where they are collected under the classification R 1001. This note aims to provide some general information regarding a part of the German Records, referred to as “German Maps,” which is collected at the University Library of Dar es Salaam.The German Records are a part of the holdings of the Tanzania National Archives, which also include the records of the British administration and various documents of the post-independence period. The German Records are a very well-known source for the history of the German presence in East Africa and they can be divided in two main categories: the documents of the Central Administration, cataloged with the numbers G 1-G 65, and the Private Archives, with the classification G 66-G 86. These records are very well cataloged and easily accessible thanks to the work of archival reorganization done by Peter Geissler between 1967 and 1969. His work was published in 1973 in a two-volume guide with the title Das Deutsch-Ostafrika-Archiv: Inventar der Abteilung “German Records” in Nationalarchiv der vereinigten Republik Tansania, Dar es Salaam. This guide offers a very useful overview of the records of the German colonial administration and is available for consultation in the Reading Room of the Tanzania National Archives. Also available in the Reading Room is a manual catalog which, in some cases, could be helpful in finding some documents that, owing to print errors in the edited catalog, have become difficult to find.

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Beckingham, C. F. "The Development of Islam in West Africa. By Mervyn Hiskett. (Longman Studies in African History.) pp. xi, 353, maps, diagrams. London and New York, Longman, 1984." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 117, no. 1 (January 1985): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00155108.

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Hofmeester, Karin. "Todd Cleveland Stones of Contention. A History of Africa’s Diamonds. [Africa in World History.] Ohio University Press, Athens (OH) 2014. xii, 225 pp. Ill. Maps. $26.95." International Review of Social History 63, no. 1 (April 2018): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000123.

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Segalo, Puleng, Einat Manoff, and Michelle Fine. "Working With Embroideries and Counter-Maps: Engaging Memory and Imagination Within Decolonizing Frameworks." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 3, no. 1 (August 21, 2015): 342–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.145.

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As people around the world continue to have their voices, desires, and movements restricted, and their pasts and futures told on their behalf, we are interested in the critical project of decolonizing, which involves contesting dominant narratives and hegemonic representations. Ignacio Martín-Baró called these the “collective lies” told about people and politics. This essay reflects within and across two sites of injustice, located in Israel/Palestine and in South Africa, to excavate the circuits of structural violence, internalized colonization and possible reworking of those toward resistance that can be revealed within the stubborn particulars of place, history, and culture. The projects presented here are locally rooted, site-specific inquiries into contexts that bear the brunt of colonialism, dispossession, and occupation. Using visual research methodologies such as embroideries that produce counter-narratives and counter-maps that divulge the complexity of land-struggles, we search for fitting research practices that amplify unheard voices and excavate the social psychological soil that grows critical analysis and resistance. We discuss here the practices and dilemmas of doing decolonial research and highlight the need for research that excavates the specifics of a historical material context and produces evidence of previously silenced narratives.

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Hoekstra, P. H., J. J. Wieringa, P. J. M. Maas, and L. W. Chatrou. "Revision of the African species of Monanthotaxis (Annonaceae)." Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants 66, no. 2 (November 28, 2021): 107–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.66.02.01.

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This taxonomic revision of the continental African species of Monanthotaxis (Annonaceae) includes 79 species and one variety. Thirteen new species( M. aestuaria, M. bidaultii, M. confusa, M. glabra, M. hexamera, M. mcphersonii, M. quasilanceolata, M. sterilis, M. submontana, M. suffruticosa, M. ursus, M. vulcanica and M. wieringae) are described and 5 new combinations (M. biglandulosa, M. kenyensis, M. ochroleuca, M. pynaertii and M. seretii) aremade. Thegenus Monanthotaxis consists of lianas or lianescent shrubs. It occurs throughout forests in tropical Africa and the highest species diversity is found in the Western Central African rain forests. A key for flowering material is provided, just like a synoptic key including 45 characters. Topics included in the revision are the history of the taxonomy of Monanthotaxis, morphology, leafanatomy, floral biology, distribution and habitat, phylogeny and finally ethnobotany and phytochemistry. Each species is fully described including synonymy, notes on distribution, habitat &ecology, vernacular names, uses and a preliminary IUCN conservation status. Distribution maps are provided for all species, illustrations for 48 species and photographs of 22 species. An index of exsiccatae and an index of the scientific names are included at the end.

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Bolt, Jutta. "A. G.Hopkins, An economic history of West Africa (London: Routledge, 2020. Pp. v+399. 17 maps. 6 figs. ISBN 978036700243 Hbk. £120.00)." Economic History Review 74, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ehr.13098.

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Damis, John. "North Africa: Regional Tensions and Strategic Concerns, by Richard B. Parker. 194 pages, bibliography, annex, index, maps. Praeger Publishers, New York1984. $34.95." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 20, no. 1 (July 1986): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400059125.

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Brizuela-Garcia, Esperanza. "Robert O. Collins. Africa. A Short History. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005. 250 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $68.95 Cloth. $24.95 Paper." African Studies Review 50, no. 1 (April 2007): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2005.0095.

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Ochiai, Takehiko. "Matacong Island: A Short History of a Small Island on the West Coast of Africa." Hungarian Journal of African Studies / Afrika Tanulmányok 14, no. 6. (March 25, 2021): 8–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2020.14.6.1.

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This article aims to examine how Matacong Island, a small island just off the coast of the Republic of Guinea, West Africa, was claimed its possession by local chiefs, how it was leased to and was used by European and Sierra Leonean merchants, and how it was colonized by Britain and France in the 19th century. In 1825 the paramount chief of Moriah chiefdom agreed to lease the island to two Sierra Leonean merchants, and in 1826 it was ceded to Britain by a treaty with chiefs of the Sumbuyah and Moriah chiefdoms. Since the island was considered as a territory exempted from duty, British and Sierra Leonean merchants used it as an important trading station throughout the 19th century. Major exports of Matacong Island included palm kernels, palm oil, hides, ivory, pepper and groundnuts, originally brought by local traders from the neighboring rivers, and major imports were tobacco, beads, guns, gunpowder, rum, cotton manufactures, iron bars and hardware of various kinds. In 1853 alone, some 80 vessels, under British, American, and French flags, anchored at Matacong Island. By the convention of 1882, Britain recognized the island as belonging to France. Although the convention was never ratified, it was treated by both countries as accepted terms of agreement. The article considers various dynamics of usage, property, and territorial possession as relates to the island during the 19th century, and reveals how complex they were, widely making use of the documents of The Matacong Island (West Africa) Papers at the University of Birmingham Library in Britain. The collection purchased by the library in 1969 is composed of 265 historical documents relating to Matacong Island, such as letters, agreements, newspaper-cuttings, maps and water-color picture

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Austen, Ralph. "Imperial Reach Versus Institutional Grasp: Superstates of The West and Central African Sudan in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Early Modern History 13, no. 6 (2009): 509–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138537809x12575055608408.

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AbstractThe history of five states in the African West and Central Sudan—Songhay, Borno, Segu, Samory and the Sokoto Caliphate—is analyzed for a period from ca. 1500 to ca. 1900. Recent scholarship has stressed the non-territorial nature of these “states without maps”, an issue that needs to be dealt in a more nuanced manner, given the efforts by local regimes to control both multiple urban centers of commerce and rural zones of agricultural production as well as maintaining regular systems of taxation. None of these states used writing or salary payments to maintain an effective bureaucracy, basing their power instead upon various combinations of lineages with claims to ruling or aristocratic status, associations of young unmarried male initiates, segregated occupational groups (bards, smiths and fisher folk) and finally, slaves. Warfare was the main occupation of Sudanic empires but despite the introduction of firearms in the late 1500s, weapons and tactics did not undergo a “gunpowder revolution,” continuing instead to center around horses and armor. Sudanic rulers controlled access to these resources more easily than European monarchs and they also proved effective in the major goal of campaigns: not territorial competition with other states but rather raiding for slaves. Islam played an increasing role in general life and politics of Sudanic Africa (the most powerful of these empires, Sokoto, was a nineteenth-century jihadist state). However, the potential that such a scriptural faith offered for transforming administration, law and commercial life was not fully realized by the time the region came under European rule and thus moved from its early modern to modern history.

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Adelberger, Jörg. "Eduard Vogel and Eduard Robert Flegel: The Experiences of Two Nineteenth-Century German Explorers in Africa." History in Africa 27 (January 2000): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172104.

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The Muri Mountain range is located in the area formed by the boundaries between the federal states of Bauchi, Taraba, and Adamawa in Northern Nigeria. Various small, linguistically, and partly culturally distinct ethnic groups inhabit this mountain region. The Muri Mountains may be counted among those regions of Africa about which academic knowledge was rather scarce until recent times. Here I shall recount the experiences of two nineteenth-century German explorers of Africa, Eduard Vogel and Eduard Robert Flegel, who played an important part in the history of research on the Muri Mountains. Approaching the region from different directions, Vogel and Flegel were the first Europeans to gain detailed knowledge of vthe area and its inhabitants. The Muri Mountains, in themselves, were not a focus of attention for the two travelers, but just an incidental issue on which they touched during their voyages.Most European travelers of that time bypassed the Muri Mountains. This becomes obvious when looking at contemporary maps, on which one can hardly find any geographical information on the area between present-day Gombe and the river Benue until the 1870s (compare the two maps in Rohlfs 1872). Previously, in 1851 Heinrich Barth had arrived at Yola, coming via the Mandara Mountains. After a short stay, however, he had to return to Borno. In the itineraries he collected at Yola, the names of Tangale and Chongom are mentioned as stations on the way from Yola to Dukku (cf. Barth 1857, 2: 701, 708-09, 601-02).

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Barney, Timothy. "Colonial Vestiges on the Map: A Rhetorical History of Development Cartography at the United Nations during Post-War Decolonization." Journal for the History of Rhetoric 23, no. 2 (May 2020): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jhistrhetoric.23.2.0173.

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ABSTRACT In 1948, the United Nations set a resolution affirming the centrality of cartography to its plans for world development in its member nations. Following that resolution, the UN established a cartographic office, regular publications, and most importantly, a program of regional conferences that would begin in “Asia and the Far East” in 1955 and would start in Africa in 1963. This essay offers a rhetorical history of the UN’s early attempts to create technical assistance and exchange programs for mapping in the 1950s and 1960s. The argument is that UN development cartography articulated a tension between an idealistic, scientific internationalism with more national security concerns, amidst a backdrop of colonial histories and emerging superpower influence. Such influences speak to the ways decolonizing nations adopted the rhetorical forms, like maps, of the so-called developed nations, and faced the inequities and asymmetries of development discourse.

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Akurang-Parry, Kwabena O. "Transformations in the Feminization of Unfree Domestic Labor: A Study of Abaawa or Prepubescent Female Servitude in Modern Ghana." International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no. 1 (2010): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000104.

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AbstractThis article breaks new ground for the study of postslavery gender and social formations in modern Ghana and Africa as a whole: It examines the expansion of involuntary female domestic labor known as abaawa in what is today Ghana. The study traces the transformative institutional processes that shaped the exploitation of involuntary female labor in the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. Based on a variety of primary sources, including colonial, indigenous African newspapers, Christian missionary accounts, and oral history, the article maps out the paradoxical expansion of involuntary female labor during the age of abolition in the colonial period and the postslavery phase of social and gender formations in the era of the postcolonial state. The pivotal argument is that social and gender formations that emerged as a result of abolition, social change, and economic transformation benefited more males than females. As a result, males used innovative, empowering avenues of social mobility in both the colonial and postcolonial periods. For their part, disempowered females, especially those in backwater enclaves, were consigned to abaawa labor, which has ostensibly been projected as a benign, kinship-based, and apprenticeship-bound institution. In reality, contemporary abaawa has all the exploitative vagaries of slavery and debt-bondage of the pre/colonial epoch.

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Blair, Peter. "Hyper-compressions: The rise of flash fiction in “post-transitional” South Africa." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 55, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 38–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989418780932.

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This article begins with a survey of flash fiction in “post-transitional” South Africa, which it relates to the nation’s post-apartheid canon of short stories and short-short stories, to the international rise of flash fiction and “sudden fiction”, and to the historical particularities of South Africa’s “post-transition”. It then undertakes close readings of three flash fictions republished in the article, each less than 450 words: Tony Eprile’s “The Interpreter for the Tribunal” (2007), which evokes the psychological and ethical complexities, and long-term ramifications, of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; Michael Cawood Green’s “Music for a New Society” (2008), a carjacking story that invokes discourses about violent crime and the “‘new’ South Africa”; and Stacy Hardy’s “Kisula” (2015), which maps the psychogeography of cross-racial sex and transnational identity-formation in an evolving urban environment. The article argues that these exemplary flashes are “hyper-compressions”, in that they compress and develop complex themes with a long literary history and a wide contemporary currency. It therefore contends that flash fiction of South Africa’s post-transition should be recognized as having literary–historical significance, not just as an inherently metonymic form that reflects, and alludes to, a broader literary culture, but as a genre in its own right.

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Fage, J. D. "Revisions and Reverberations - History of West Africa, Volume 1 (third edition). Edited by J. F. A. Ajayi and Michael Crowder. London: Longman, 1985. Pp. x + 742; maps. £10.95 (paperback)." Journal of African History 28, no. 2 (July 1987): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029820.

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van der Heyden, Ulrich. "The Archives and Library of the Berlin Mission Society." History in Africa 23 (January 1996): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171952.

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This paper highlights a rich source of history of the cultures of foreign peoples hitherto referred to little by academics—the archive and library of the Berlin Mission Society, now the Berliner Missionswerk. It will discuss the immense opportunities that the library and the archives offer for academic research. It is not intended to be a history of the Berlin Mission Society or its institutions but will rather suggest initial points of interest for further investigation. I shall also refer to the present state of research in both history and anthropology of foreign peoples based on an assessment of the materials available in the mission societies in the former German Democratic Republic. This paper then is less a contribution to theoretical problems than an attempt to draw the attention of historians, anthropologists and others to the resources of the Berlin Mission Society.In the street called Georgenkirchstrasse, No. 70, in East Berlin, opposite the fairy tale Fountain of Friedrichshain and the famous park, is the Berlin Mission House, built in 1873—the location of the Berlin Mission Society, founded in 1824. Until 1991 the latter was called the Ecumenical Missionary Centre/Berlin Mission Society (Ökumenisch-Missionarisches Zentrum/Berliner Missionsgesellschaft).As one of the largest missionary societies, its missionaries have worked since the mid-nineteenth century in South Africa and later in China and East Africa. In the long history of the Berlin Mission many printed and unpublished texts, as well as drawings, maps, and photographs were collected. The archives retain 270 meters of file. There are also the records of other missions, as well as the largest specialist library for missions and ecumenical movements (50,000 volumes and scholarly papers) in the former GDR.

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Gänger, Stefanie. "World Trade in Medicinal Plants from Spanish America, 1717–1815." Medical History 59, no. 1 (December 11, 2014): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2014.70.

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AbstractThis article outlines the history of the commerce in medicinal plants and plant-based remedies from the Spanish American territories in the eighteenth century. It maps the routes used to transport the plants from Spanish America to Europe and, along the arteries of European commerce, colonialism and proselytism, into societies across the Americas, Asia and Africa. Inquiring into the causes of the global ‘spread’ of American remedies, it argues that medicinal plants like ipecacuanha, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, jalap root and cinchona moved with relative ease into Parisian medicine chests, Moroccan court pharmacies and Manila dispensaries alike, because of their ‘exotic’ charisma, the force of centuries-old medical habits, and the increasingly measurable effectiveness of many of these plants by the late eighteenth century. Ultimately and primarily, however, it was because the disease environments of these widely separated places, their medical systems and materia medica had long become entangled by the eighteenth century.

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Buckingham, Emily, Jake Curry, Charles Emogor, Louise Tomsett, and Natalie Cooper. "Using natural history collections to investigate changes in pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) geographic ranges through time." PeerJ 9 (February 11, 2021): e10843. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10843.

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Pangolins, often considered the world’s most trafficked wild mammals, have continued to experience rapid declines across Asia and Africa. All eight species are classed as either Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Alongside habitat loss, they are threatened mainly by poaching and/or legal hunting to meet the growing consumer demand for their meat and keratinous scales. Species threat assessments heavily rely on changes in species distributions which are usually expensive and difficult to monitor, especially for rare and cryptic species like pangolins. Furthermore, recent assessments of the threats to pangolins focus on characterising their trade using seizure data which provide limited insights into the true extent of global pangolin declines. As the consequences of habitat modifications and poaching/hunting on species continues to become apparent, it is crucial that we frequently update our understanding of how species distributions change through time to allow effective identification of geographic regions that are in need of urgent conservation actions. Here we show how georeferencing pangolin specimens from natural history collections can reveal how their distributions are changing over time, by comparing overlap between specimen localities and current area of habitat maps derived from IUCN range maps. We found significant correlations in percentage area overlap between species, continent, IUCN Red List status and collection year, but not ecology (terrestrial or arboreal/semi-arboreal). Human population density (widely considered to be an indication of trafficking pressure) and changes in primary forest cover, were weakly correlated with percentage overlap. Our results do not suggest a single mechanism for differences among historical distributions and present-day ranges, but rather show that multiple explanatory factors must be considered when researching pangolin population declines as variations among species influence range fluctuations. We also demonstrate how natural history collections can provide temporal information on distributions and discuss the limitations of collecting and using historical data.

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Glasgow, Kristen. "Edith Bruder. The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. xii + 283 pp. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $49.95. Cloth." African Studies Review 52, no. 3 (December 2009): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.0.0251.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Africa – Maps – History'

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