Academic literature on the topic 'Africa – Economic conditions – Regional disparities'
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Journal articles on the topic "Africa – Economic conditions – Regional disparities"
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Emeka, Osuji. "Intra-African Trade, Macroeconomic Conditions and Competitiveness in Africa." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0014.
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AbstractMore than ever before, trade and regional integration have become two important arguments in the development equation of most modern states and, probably, explains the current rise in regional integration around the world. However, regional integration will not produce optimal benefits in the absence of favourable macroeconomic conditions and substantial internal trade among the integrating members. This paper employs descriptive statistics and econometric techniques to analyze the competitiveness of the continent by studying the impact of relevant intra-African trade indices on the competitiveness of Africa, based on a panel dataset spanning 2000 to 2016. The results show considerable variations in both inter- and intra-regional trade performance and competitiveness among African regional groupings and nations. Intra-African trade, especially in exports, over the study period, was consistently low. While the South Africa region had the highest intra-regional trade in imports, East Africa region had the highest level of inter-regional imports. West Africa, with Nigeria’s dominance, had the highest level of intra-regional exports, while South Africa had the highest inter-regional exports at country level. For the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), SADC reported the highest intra-African import trades, while SACU reported the highest inter-regional imports. SADC has the highest intra-African exports, while COMESA has the highest inter-regional exports. African Competitiveness Index (ACI) ranking puts the East Africa Region on top, and South Africa as the most competitive African economy. Using panel data covering 2012 to 2016 for 20 African economies, ACI was regressed on a 7-variable model, including intra-regional imports and exports, inflation rate, nominal exchange rate, gross capital formation, and the growth rate of GDP. The results were mixed but plausible. All the variables were correctly signed and significant in different regions, reflecting the huge structural and policy disparities among the regions. Continued transformation of African economies with emphasis on both physical and financial infrastructure, and human capital development will enhance intra-African trade and regional competitiveness.
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Agbodji, Akoété Ega, Yélé Maweki Batana, and Dénis Ouedraogo. "Gender inequality in multidimensional welfare deprivation in West Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 11 (November 2, 2015): 980–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2013-0270.
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Purpose – The importance of gender equality is reflected not only in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but also in the World Bank’s Gender Action Plan launched in 2007 as well as in other treaties and actions undertaken at regional and international levels. Unlike other gender poverty works, which are mostly based on monetary measurement, the purpose of this paper is to adopt a non-monetary approach. Design/methodology/approach – The present study makes use of a counting approach to examine gender issues in Burkina Faso and Togo using household surveys, namely Enquête Intégrale surles Conditions de Vie des Ménages (2009/2010) and Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (2011), respectively. It focusses on six dimensions (housing, basic utilities, assets, education, employment and access to credit) largely recognized as MDG targets. Findings – Main findings indicate that overall individuals are the most deprived in education in Burkina Faso, while the reverse situation is true in Togo. Gender inequality is observed in all dimensions since women always seem to be more deprived than men. The situation is also marked by regional disparities. Moreover, the assessment of dimensional contributions shows different patterns for each country. While employment proves to be the main contributor of gender inequality in Burkina Faso, three dimensions (assets, access to credit and employment) account together for most of the total contribution to gender inequality in Togo. Originality/value – The main contribution of the paper is to use a multidimensional method (counting approach) to assess gender deprivation, with countries comparison. It also proposes an interesting combination of the decomposition by dimension with the subgroup’s decomposition in order to determine the largest contributor to gender inequality.
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Rena, Ravinder. "Recent Trends in the World Economy: A Case Study of Africa." Journal of Global Economy 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i2.120.
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This article provides the recent economic growth performance of the world in general and African continent in particular. The paper further examines recent economic performance at the continental and sub-regional levels in Africa. It discusses disparities in growth performance and the factors behind the observed disparities across countries and sub-regions. The data has been analysed and presented with a conviction that it gives a better understanding to the researchers to make a further study in this area. It also provides some insights for the policy makers in Africa.Â
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Makhmudov, Sukhrob. "REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PANDEMIC." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 4, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2021-4-11.
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The article is devoted to the study of disparities in the state of socio-economic development in the regions of Uzbekistan in the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic.The research was carried out in 3 stages. The 1st stage includes a pre-pandemic period, the 2nd stage is devoted to the analysis of the impact of the pandemic on the increase in regional disparities, and at the 3rd stage, scenarios for reducing the existing disparities have been developed
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Nazir Sandilah, Muddasar, and Hafiz M. Yasin. "Economic Growth and Regional Convergence: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.333-353.
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The questions concerning the prevalence of poverty and the deepening gulf between rich and poor have always been the burning issues all over the world. These issues, irrespective of their causation factors, bear far reaching economic and political consequences. The federation of Pakistan displays complex regional diversities; the component units differ not only in linguistic, cultural, and social characteristics but also in the level of economic development. Although the constitution of Pakistan guaranties equitable shares for all provinces in national resources, the level of growth across regions has not been uniform. During the past half a century, investment in physical and social sectors concentrated in selected parts of the country, particularly in big cities. This practice has led to creation of economic disparities and a number of socio-political problems like terrorism, regional tensions, weakening of the federation and difficulty in arriving at consensus on issues of national interest. Growth theory provides a powerful analytical framework to analyse the issue of regional convergence. Given the assumption of perfect markets, the countries within a geographical region are supposed to converge overtime to a common steady state level of income, provided they are similar in other socio-economic conditions. Put differently, if countries differ significantly in these conditions, then each unit is likely to follow an independent growth path. This is also true for different regions within the same country/ political entity. The objective of this study is to investigate empirically if there is any evidence of convergence across different regions of Pakistan. The study utilises the conventional analytical tools and time series data over the period 1979-2005 for the four provinces, disaggregated into rural and urban sectors. As expected, no evidence of absolute convergence could be observed obviously due to presence of vast differences across the provinces in terms of the growth determinants. In contrast, the income disparities across the regions exhibited a widening tendency during the period under reference. However, the data did support conditional convergence, which implies that different regions followed independent growth paths. The findings further indicate that certain socio-economic conditions are crucial to explain the persistence of income disparities. The question as to why these conditions differ so widely across the different parts of Pakistan is often discussed at different economic and political forums. The study concludes with some policy recommendations that may improve the situation. JEL classification: 047, R11, O53, C33 Keywords: Economic Growth, Convergence, Regional Disparities, Human Capital
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Шевченко, Ольга. "ELABORATION OF A MECHANISM FOR REGULATING DISPARITIES OF REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY FUZZY LOGIC METHODS." Science and Innovation 17, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine17.01.018.
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Introduction. Regions of Ukraine are characterized by a considerable level of disparities in socio-economic development. Interpretation of disparities is important in order to develop the measures preventing their aggravation. Problem Statement. The indices of regional disparities are variable and heterogeneous, with different dynamics. Thus, it is difficult to estimate them with the help of conventional methods that do not allow application of intermediate indices. Purpose. To formulate a mechanism for regulating regional disparities necessary for further solution of management and prognostic tasks based on innovative approaches given environmental variability, rapid, and non-linear dynamics of disparities. Materials and Methods. For estimation and interpretation of indices for regional disparities, it is advisable to use methods of fuzzy logic theory. These methods apply to quantitative estimation of qualitative information (in the case when it is indefinite), modeling of increasingly complicated economic processes given a high reliability of calculations based on fuzzy logic models. Results. The mechanism for forecasting the dynamics of regional disparities by fuzzy logic methods has been presented as integration of interdependent factors ensuring development of the region under unstable conditions of external and internal environment. With the help of fuzzy logic methods, the membership function between the levels of disparities and the catalysts of disparities (retarders) has been built. The characteristics of regional disparity levels have been classified as permissible, regulated, and catastrophic. The study of dynamics of the disparity underlies elaborating public policy recommendations on the regulation of disparities. Conclusions. The characteristics of disparities for each region estimated on the basis of membership function pave the way for further forecasting the dynamics of disparities and developing a strategy for the regulation of disparities in each region.
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Kessides, Ioannis N. "Regionalising Infrastructure for Deepening Market Integration: The Case of East Africa." Journal of Infrastructure Development 4, no. 2 (December 2012): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974930612465224.
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The East African Community has long recognised that regional economic integration can yield significant welfare gains to its member states. To that end, the community has been making steady progress towards the removal of tariffs and quantitative restrictions to trade. Moreover, in recent years, there has been an increasing recognition that (a) even greater welfare gains could be realised through deeper forms of regional integration which entail harmonisation of legal, regulatory and institutional frameworks; and (b) reforms that reduce cross-border transaction costs and improve the performance of ‘backbone’ infrastructure services are arguably even more important for the creation of an open, unified regional economic space than trade policy reforms narrowly defined. Disparities of regulatory treatment across borders can introduce distortions that hinder both cross-border trade and the aggregate flows of investment on a regional basis. Regulatory harmonisation and infrastructure regionalisation could make a significant contribution to the region’s economic development by promoting a more efficient utilisation of its human and physical resources, enhancing connectivity, reducing the costs of trade and facilitating the integration of the continent with the global economy.
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Gryniv, Volodymyr. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 300, no. 6 Part 2 (December 2021): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-300-6/2-31.
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A feature that characterizes modern conditions of development is a clear diversification of economic potential of individual regions. Analysis of the level of economic development of the regions of Ukraine shows significant differences between them. Regional tensions, exacerbation of spatial problems, exacerbated by the instability of market transformations in various fields of activity, cause inconsistencies and differences in the scale and stages of transformation processes, significant regional differentiation of socio-economic development. The nature of economic development, which has a significant territorial differentiation, is reflected and causes social inequality, which is manifested in social relations to meet the living needs of people, creating normal living conditions. Of particular importance are the regional aspects of the strategy of socio-economic growth of the state. In this context, the issues of economic development of oblasts based on structural changes of sectoral, spatial and functional systems, restoration and strengthening of effective cooperation between oblasts, reduction of interregional disparities, rational use of economic potential of each region are especially relevant. For this reason, this study, based on theoretical considerations on the conditions of regional development, presents the results and conclusions of studies conducted among the regions of Ukraine, aimed at determining their economic potential and the causes of disparities in this area.
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Lancaster, Carol. "Policy Reform in Africa: How Effective?" Issue: A Journal of Opinion 16, no. 2 (1988): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700500699.
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The United Nations Special Session on the Critical Ecnomic Situation in Africa concluded in June 1986 with the Adoption of a Programme of Action which included an explicit recognition of African policy failures and the need for reform:The endogenous aggravating factors include deficiencies in institutional and physical infrastructures, economic strategies and policies that have fallen short, in some cases, of achieving their objectives, disparities in urban and rural development and income distribution, insufficient managerial/administrative capacities, inadequate human resource development and lack of financial resources...Urgent, far reaching and imaginative economic policies are required to avert further deterioration in the economic conditions in Africa...
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van Raalte, Alyson A., Sebastian Klüsener, Anna Oksuzyan, and Pavel Grigoriev. "Declining regional disparities in mortality in the context of persisting large inequalities in economic conditions: the case of Germany." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz265.
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Abstract Background Subnational regional mortality inequalities are large and appear to be mostly increasing within industrialized countries, although comparative studies across high-income countries are scarce. Germany is an important country to examine because it continues to experience considerable economic disparities between its federal states, in part resulting from its former division. Methods We analyse state-level mortality in Germany utilizing data from a newly constructed regional database based on the methodology of the Human Mortality Database. We compare time trends (1991–2015) in the German state-level standard deviation in life expectancy to that of other large, wealthy countries and examine the association between mortality and economic inequalities at the regional level. Finally, using contour-decomposition methods, we investigate the degree to which age patterns of mortality are converging across German federal states. Results Regional inequalities in life expectancy in Germany are comparatively low internationally, particularly among women, despite high state-level inequalities in economic conditions. These low regional mortality inequalities emerged 5–10 years after reunification. Mortality is converging over most ages between the longest- and shortest-living German state populations and across the former East–West political border, with the exception of an emerging East–West divergence in mortality among working-aged men. Conclusions The German example shows that large regional economic inequalities are not necessarily paralleled with large regional mortality disparities. Future research should investigate the factors that fostered the emergence of this unusual pattern in Germany.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Africa – Economic conditions – Regional disparities"
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Mandela, Babongile Thabile. "Regional hegemony as a tool for peace : an evaluation of South Africa’s role in regional development." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5403.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Southern Africa as a region requires a rallying point from where they can integrate and mobilize their resources in order to create a security community, which acts both as a deterrent to the outbreak of conflict and regional bloc to protect local industries from global forces. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) does not have the strong relationship which usually exists between states that share a common goal or interest. The study argues that the lack of leadership within the region accounts for the weak cooperative relationship that presently exists in Southern Africa. This study argues that regionalization does not come about unless the states in a particular region want it. It may come about through spontaneous or unintended convergence in terms of political regime, economic policy or security, but often one can identify a triggering political event which sets the process in motion. The study argues that the Development Corridors apparent in Southern Africa can act as the triggering event and have the promise to forge the most feasible cooperation amongst regional states. The phenomenon of Peace Parks rooted in the Spatial Development Initiatives, offer a unique type of regional integration embedded on traditional focal areas and Southern African Identity. This study intends to analyze the potential ability of regional hegemony to foster peace through development. The primary objective of this study consequently is to examine the role of regional hegemonies as tools for peace; using South Africa’s hegemony in Southern Africa as a case study. This study describes the importance of South Africa as a regional hegemon to lead the process of creating a peaceful co-existence in SADC. To achieve the research objectives the following questions have been formulated: What is South Africa’s role as a development partner in Southern Africa? The second research question asks how the political economy of regionalism is apparent in the Spatial Development Indicators (Development Corridors). Specifically what contribution could Spatial Development Initiatives make towards SADC’s regional integration objectives? The research questions provide an impression of major socio-political developments looming in the region and also seek to provide the required tools to analyze and understand what is going on in Southern Africa today.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suider-Afrikaanse streek het ’n definitiewe behoefte om ‘n sentrale punt te identifiseer waar beide integrasie kan plaasvind en hulpbronne gemobiliseer kan word om ’n veiligheids gemeenskap te skep. Dit kan as ’n definitiewe teenvoeter dien vir die onstaan van konflik en om plaaslike industrie te beskerm teen die soms negatiewe invloed van internasionale magte. Die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings Gemeenskap (SAOG) het huidiglik nie ’n sterk verhouding wat tussen state met gemeenskaplike doelwitte en belange heers nie. Die kern argument van hierdie studie is dat die tekort aan leierskap binne die streek een van die hoofoorsake is vir die algemene swak samewerking wat tans bestaan in Suider-Afrika. Die studie argumenteer dat sogenaamde streeks/regionale integrasie nie tot stand kan kom tensy die state in ’n spesifieke streek ’n definitiewe behoefte daartoe het nie. Dit kan wel onstaan deur middel van ’n spontane samevloei van politieke regimes, ekonomiese beleid en veiligheid. Daar is soms egter ’n spesifieke gebeurtenis wat die proses laat onstaan. Die studie argumenteer dat die sogenaamde Ontwikkelings Deurgange (‘Development Corridors’) wat tans in Suider-Afrika ontwikkel as ’n moontlike vertrekpunt gesien kan word wat die beste kans bied om samewerking tussen state te bevorder. Die onstaan van Vredes Parke (‘Peace Parks’) gevestig binne die Ontwikkelings Deurgange, bied ’n unieke vorm van regionale integrasie in Suider-Afrika. Hierdie studie het ten doel om die potensiële moontlikheid van regionale hegemonie om vrede te bewerkstellig deur middel van ontwikkeling te ontleed. Die hoof doelwit van hierdie studie is om die rol van regionale hegemonie as instrument van vrede te ontleed. Die studie sal spesifiek die gevallestudie van Suid-Afrika se regionale hegemonie in Suider-Afrika ondersoek. Hierdie studie beskryf die belangrikheid van Suid-Afrika as ’n streeks moondheid om die leiding te neem om vreedsame samewerking binne die SAOG te bewerkstellig. Die volgende belangrike vrae is in hierdie studie gestel: Wat is Suid-Afrika se rol as ’n ontwikkelings-vennoot in Suider-Afrika? Die tweede vraag probeer vasstel tot watter mate die politieke ekonomie van regionale samewerking tans bestaan in die Omgewings Ontwikkelings Indikatore (die sogenaamde ‘Development Corridors’). Watter spesifieke bydraes kan hierdie inisiatiewe lewer om die SAOG se regionale integrasie doelwitte te bereik? Die vrae probeer ’n geheel indruk skep hoe die Omgewings-Ontwikkelings Inisiatiewe (‘Spatial Development Initiatives’) tans bydra om ’n beter begrip te skep van huidige verwikkelinge in Suider-Afrika.
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Van, der Holst Marieke. "EPA negotiations between the EU and SADC/SACU grouping: partnership or asymmetry?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1931.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.Europe and Africa share a long history that is characterized both by oppression and development. The relationship between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries is a particularly important aspect of EU development cooperation policy. The developmental history between the EU and Africa started with the Yaoundé Conventions of 1963 and 1969, which were replaced by the Lomé Convention. Unfortunately, the favourable terms and preferential access for the ACP countries to Europe failed and the Lomé Convention was replaced by the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA) in 2000. As a result of a WTO-waiver, the discriminatory non-reciprocal trade preferences, which were previously enjoyed under the Lomé Convention, continued until December 2007. The Cotonou Agreement points out that these trade preferences will be replaced by joint WTOcompatible Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). During the EPA negotiations, the EU preferred to negotiate on a regional basis instead of negotiating with the ACP as a whole or with individual countries. Consequently, Sub-Saharan Africa formed two negotiation groups; the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) EPA group and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) EPA group, represented by the five Southern African Customs Union (SACU) countries, together with Mozambique and Angola. Although Southern Africa is the region that leads the continent; from an economic perspective, the Southern African states show considerable disparities. Due to the economic differences between South Africa and the BLNS countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland), the interests of the individual SACU countries are diverse and often contradictory, which resulted in complicated EPA negotiations. However, maintaining a favourable long-term trading relationship with the EU is of great importance to the economic and political well-being of the SADC, since the EU is the main trading partner of most African countries. By December 2007, an interim EPA (IEPA) was initialled by the BLNS countries as a result of the pressure to fall back to the unfavourable Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Due to the bilateral Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) that is in force between South Africa and the EU, South Africa was not negatively influenced by the expiry of the WTO-waiver. The EPA will have a negative impact on regional integration within SADC and will promote distinction within the regional economic communities. Duty free, quota free access was offered to the BLNS countries, but the EU did not extend this offer to South Africa because of the developmental status of the country and the pre-existing TDCA. Consequently, South Africa will be required to export at higher prices and will experience increased competition within the region. The downside of the removal of import tariffs for the BLNS countries is that government revenues will decrease, which might result in income losses and will accentuate poverty. The standstill-clause of the IEPA prevents the SACU countries from diversifying economically and from developing new industries. The Most- Favoured Nation clause primarily impacts negatively on South Africa, since it prevents South Africa from negotiating freely with other countries such as Brazil and China. Furthermore, the strict intellectual property rules of the IEPA undermine access to knowledge and hereby fail to support innovation. The content of a chapter on liberalization of services, that will be included in the full EPA, is still being negotiated. Liberalization of services might lead to more foreign investments in the BLNS countries, as a result of which the quality of services will increase, leading to better education, infrastructure and more job opportunities. However, foreign companies will gain power at the expense of African governments and companies. South Africa is the main supplier of services in the BLNS countries and will therefore be confronted with economic losses when the services sector is liberalized. From an economic nationalist perspective, the EU included numerous provisions in the IEPA that were not necessary for WTO compatibility. However, the EU is aware of the importance of trade agreements for the BLNS countries and found itself in the position to do so to fulfil its own interests. By making use of the expiry date of the WTO waiver; the IEPA was initialled by the BLNS countries within a relatively short period of time. South Africa, in its own national interests, opposed the provisions of the IEPA, which has led to the negotiations deadlock. Because of the economic power and negotiating tactics of the EU and the selfinterested attitude of South Africa in this respect, regional integration is undermined and the poorest countries are once again the worst off. Although Economic Partnership Agreements have to be established, the partnership-pillar is, in my opinion, hard to find.
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Guo, Huanguang. "Inequality and economic growth in China : an empirical analysis." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/607.
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Shi, Tuo. "Regional disparities, agglomeration economy and transport infrastructure : an empirical study for China from a new economic geography perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708417.
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Bradshaw, Michael Joseph. "East-West trade and the regional development of Siberia and the Soviet Far East." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26964.
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Studies of the role of East-West trade in Soviet economic development often assume that Siberia and the Far East play an important role in trading relations, but few studies have examined the extent of that role and the relationship between trade and economic development within the region. This study addresses two interrelated questions: firstly, what is the role of Siberia and the Far East in trade with the West, and secondly, what is the role of East-West trade in Siberian development.
Regional trade participation data are not available. The study therefore examines the composition of Soviet trade with the West and the industrial structure of the Siberian economy, in order to deduce the extent of regional participation in trade. Soviet exports to the West are dominated by natural resources, while imports from the West comprise machinery and equipment, manufactured goods and agricultural products. Analysis of the Siberian economy reveals a specialisation in the production and processing of natural resources. Estimates of export participation show that since the late 1970s the region has become the Soviet Union's most important source of foreign currency. Imports of Western technology are shown to play an important part in natural resource production and in the creation of Siberia's Territorial-Production Complexes. In many instances compensation agreements tie the use of imports to export production.
Overall the value of Siberian exports exceeds the cost of imports of Western technology, so that the region generates a sizeable foreign currency surplus. In conclusion, a simple model of the trade and development process is presented which relates the pattern of foreign trade participation to the process of regional development. The impact of Western imports is felt mainly in the European core region where they provide additional resources to feed the population and renovate the industrial base; the impact of exports to the West is felt mainly in Siberia and the Far East where they increase demands for natural resource production. Thus, East-West trade serves to perpetuate the existing core-periphery pattern of Soviet regional development.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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Crowder, Kay Baxter. "Crisis at the crossroads: the conjuncture of internal and external impediments to development in Sudan." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43395.
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The conventional theoretical and analytical debate surrounding
contemporary African underdevelopment attempts to
classify or label the impediments to development primarily
within an internal-external dichotomy_ This thesis questions
the internal-external approach in that it may limit the opportunity
to examine the situation more in terms of a single
process, blending the forces that hinder political and economic
growth. The case of the Sudan illustrates this
'holistic' concept in that certain fundamental constraints
wi thin the Sudan combined with specific external factors
place severe limitations on both the economic and political
development of the country. The tradi tional disunity and
absence of a legitimate political authority within the Sudan,
combined with the Sudan's inteqration into the world economic
system, has created a situation that is detrimental to development.
Rather than place the blame or responsibility for
underdevelopment on any particular set of forces, t have examined
how these forces have intertwined to create the present conditions in the Sudan, perhaps highlighting similar
situations throughout other Third World nations as well.Master of Arts
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Moodley, Pathmabathi. "The determinants of foreign direct investment to Africa : a regional perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50651.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: "Private intemational capital flows, particularly foreign direct investment, are vital complements to national and intemational development efforts. Foreign direct investment contributes toward financing sustained economic growth over the long term. It is especially important for its potential to transfer knowledge and technology, create jobs, boost overall productivity, enhance competitiveness and entrepreneurship, and ultimately eradicate poverty through economic growth and development (Nunnenkamp, 2002). As a result of these associated benefits, strategies for the attraction of FDI have become an increasingly important item on a country's economic agenda. However, prior to these strategies being developed and as a result of the concentration of high FDI flows to a limited number of countries, it is important to establish those salient factors that drive FDI flows. Africa has failed to hamess onto the FDI phenomenon and as a continent attracts very little FDI inflows. To date, only a limited number of empirical studies have been done on FDI flows to Africa. The objective of this study is to establish the macroeconomic and political factors that will stimulate and increase the flows of FDI to Africa. Pooled econometrical analysis, using the Random and Fixed Effects method is used in the empirical estimation. The findings differ according to the type of model used, however, the results in general, reveal that the level of industrialisation in a country, the state of its infrastructure, the country's economic growth rate and productivity levels are important determinants of the flows of FDI to Africa. The surprising result is that political stability and the level of openness in Africa are insignificant determinants of the flows of FDI to Africa. Very few studies take into account that Africa can be classified into various regional groupings viz; North, East, West, Central and Southem Africa, with previous studies focusing mainly on North Africa and Sub Saharan Africa. An additional objective of the study was to determine the regional specific determinants that drive FDI. The findings reveal that openness is important in North Africa and Central Africa whilst the level of industrialisation significant in a North African and West African context. The state of the infrastructure network is central to FDI flows in West and Central Africa whereas political stability is the key to promoting FDI flows to East Africa. A surprising finding is that none of the tested determinants were significant in a Southern African context. The above-mentioned findings demonstrate the need for further research in terms of the country specific determinants of FDI. This will serve to advise governments in the drafting of a country's national policy agenda and selection of FDI attraction strategy, so that the benefits thereof are maximised and costs thereto minimised.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: "Private internasionale kapitaalvloei, veral direkte belegging in die buiteland, is aanvullings wat van die allergrootste belang is vir nasionale en internasionale pogings wat met ontwikkeling verband hou. Buitelandse direkte belegging (BDB) dra by tot die finansiering van volgehoue ekonomiese groei op die lang termyn. Dit is veral belangrik vir die potensiaal daarvan om kennis en tegnologie oor te dra, werksgeleenthede te skep, algehele produktiwiteit te verstewig, mededingendheid en entrepreneurskap te verbeter, en om armoede uiteindelik deur ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling uit te skakel" (Nunnenkamp, 2002). In die lig van hierdie gepaardgaande voordele, het strategieë vir die aantrekking van BDB 'n toenemend belangrike item op 'n land se ekonomiese agenda geword. Voordat hierdie strategieë egter ontwikkel word, en as gevolg van die konsentrasie van hoë BDB-vloei na 'n beperkte aantal lande, is dit belangrik om daardie vernaamste faktore wat BDB-vloei aandryf, te vestig. Afrika het versuim om die BDB-verskynsel in te span, en as 'n vasteland lok dit baie min BDB-invloei. Tot op datum is slegs 'n beperkte aantal empiriese studies oor BDB-vloei na Afrika gedoen. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om die makroekonomiese en politiese faktore vas te stel wat die vloei van BDB na Afrika sal stimuleer en verhoog. 'n Poel van ekonometriese ontledings deur die metode van Stogastiese en Vaste Effekte word in die empiriese skattings gebruik. Die bevindings verskil volgens die tipe model wat gebruik word, maar die resultate oor die algemeen toon dat die vlak van industrialisasie in 'n land, die toestand van 'n land se infrastruktuur, die land se ekonomiese groeitempo en produktiwiteitsvlakke belangrike bepalers is van die vloei van BDB na Afrika. Die verbasende resultaat is dat politiese stabiliteit en die vlak van die oopheid van ekonomieë in Afrika onbelangrike bepalers van die vloei van BDB na Afrika is. 'n Geringe aantal studies neem in aanmerking dat Afrika in verskillende streeksgroeperings, nl Noord-, Oos-, Wes-, Midde-, en Suider-Afrika ingedeel kan word, met vorige studies wat hoofsaaklik op Noord-Afrika en sub-Sahara-Afrika fokus. 'n Bykomende doelwit van die studie was om die streek spesifieke bepalers wat BDB aandryf, vas te stel. Die bevindings dui daarop dat oopheid van ekonomieë in Noord-Afrika en Midde-Afrika belangrik is, terwyl die vlak van industrialisasie in die konteks van Noord-Afrika en Wes-Afrika betekenisvol is. Die toestand van die infrastruktuurnetwerk is sentraal tot BOB-vloei in Wes- en Midde-Afrika terwyl politiese slabiliteit die sleutel is tot die bevordering van BOB-vloei na Oos-Afrika. 'n Verbasende bevinding is dat geen van die getoetste bepalers in die konteks van Suider-Afrika betekenisvol was nie. Bogenoemde bevindings toon die behoefte aan verdere navorsing in terme van die spesifieke bepalers van BOB van 'n land. Dit sal dien om inligling te verstrek oor 'n land se nasionale beleidsagenda en 'n seleksie van strategie om BOB te lok, sodat die voordele gemaksimeer en die koste daarvan geminimiseer kan word.
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Mumba, Mabvuto. "Analysis of volatility spillover effects between the South African, regional and world equity markets." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002691.
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The current study examines the extent and magnitude by which global and regional shocks are transmitted to the volatility of returns in the stock markets of South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Botswana, Mauritius and Egypt. This is done so as to make inferences on the level of the domestic market‟s integration into the regional and world capital markets. By applying multivariate and univariate GARCH models, using weekly data from June 1995 to May 2010, the main empirical findings are threefold. Firstly, the volatility analytical framework finds statistically significant and time-varying volatility spillover effects from the regional and global markets to the South African market. Global shocks are generally stronger and account for up to 23.9 percent of the volatility of South Africa‟s equity market compared to weaker regional factors which account for less than 1 percent of domestic variance. Only in countries with strong bilateral trade and economic links with South Africa, such as Botswana and Namibia, is it found that regional factors are more dominant than global factors for domestic volatility. Compared to the other African markets, the joint influence of foreign shocks on domestic volatility is highest in South Africa and Egypt, two of Africa‟s largest and most developed markets. The results further demonstrate that for all the African markets the explanatory power of both regional and global factors for domestic volatility is not constant over time and tends to increase during turbulent market periods. Secondly, the analysis of the determinants of South frica‟s second moment linkages with the global market suggests that the volatility of the exchange rate plays a cardinal role in influencing the magnitude by which global shocks affect domestic volatility. The increased global integration in the second moments cannot be attributed to either increased trade integration, convergence in inflation rates or to convergence in interest rates between South Africa and the global markets. Lastly, tests were conducted to examine whether there have been contagion effects from the regional and global markets to South Africa from the 1997 Asian crisis and the 2007/8 global financial crisis. The results show no evidence of contagion during either the East Asian currency crisis or the recent global financial crisis to South Africa, while some African markets, such as Egypt, Mauritius and Botswana, exhibit contagion effects from either crisis. Overall, the empirical findings generally support the view that African markets are segmented both at the regional and global levels as domestic volatility is more influenced by local idiosyncratic shocks (the proportion not attributable to either global and regional factors). However, the volatility of South Africa, and to a lesser extent Egypt, remains relatively more open to global influence. This implies that the potential for gains from international portfolio diversification and the scope for success of policies aimed at the stabilisation of equity markets in these markets exist.
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Botha, Jacobus Lodewicus. "The New Partnership for Africa's Development : African economic growth and regional cooperation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53661.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ever since the 1960's independence move, the African continent has been faced with dire economic and social realities, which were compounded by weak political leadership and state institutions. Although various socio-economic development initiatives, such as the 1980 Lagos Plan of Action and the eventual signing of the Abuja Treaty in 1991 purposed to support Africa's integration into the global economy through export orientated production and regional economic integration, there still existed an incoherency in the strategic response from the continent's political leaders towards regional and continental economic development strategies. While the foundation for establishing an African Economic Community has been laid through the Abuja Treaty within the framework of the Organisation for African Unity, regional economic and trade integration have been fragmented, with many dual and overlapping membership of regional economic communities. Integration endeavours have also often been impeded by national and sub-regional armed conflicts, and thus did not result in the desired levels of economic growth and expected increases in trade. The exigency to address Africa's severe poverty and unemployment, while at the same time placing the continent on a path of sustainable economic growth and development, made it clear that Africa had to take ownership and responsibility for its own development, while at the same time facilitating the continent's integration into the global political, economic, trade, and financial systems. Since Africa lacks sufficient development resources, African leaders realised the importance for support from the international community through more effective debt relief strategies in facilitating targeted domestic resource mobilisation, increased levels of development aid and trade access to developed nations' markets. In 2001 Africa produced its own integrated development initiative that was embodied in the New Partnership for Africa's Development, also known as NEPAD, premised on African leadership, ownership and partnership. Through NEPAD African leaders express a commitment to accountable and transparent political, financial, fiscal and monetary management in the absence of national and regional conflict, while calling on the international community and African and international private sectors to partnership with African governments in their development endeavours. At the same time, NEPAD identified critical sectoral priorities as preconditions for development that would facilitate greater flows of foreign direct investments. As operational sphere, NEPAD relies on prominent regional economic communities to address Africa's economic disadvantages and market fragmentation through development of trade linkages, harmonisation of regulatory frameworks and further regional trade liberalisation. The emphasis is on fostering a favourable African investment environment since it is acknowledged by African leaders that a prosperous private sector and business community are to be the engines of economic growth and development. The success of NEPAD as the socio-economic development plan of the newly formed African Union relies on the strength of only three supportive pillars namely: the sustained political visionary commitment from Africa's leaders, greater investments to the continent and trade access for Africa's products, and active participation from representative sectors of the private sector. Since NEPAD is a highly ambitious initiative, it is imperative that sub-regional strategies take precedence in ensuring NEPAD's long-term success.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die onafhanklikheidsbeweging van die 1960's staar die Afrika-kontinent knellende ekonomiese en sosiale realiteite in die gesig. Realiteite wat deur swak politieke leierskap en staatsinstellings vererger is. Alhoewel verskeie sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkelingsinisiatiewe, soos die 1980 Lagos Plan van Aksie en die uiteindelike ondertekening van die Abuja-verdrag in 1991, beoog het om Afrika se integrasie in die wêreldekonomie te steun deur uitvoer-georiënteerde produksie en ekonomiese integrasie op streeksvlak, was die kontinent se politieke leiers se reaksie op regionale en kontinentale ekonomiese ontwikkelingstrategië inkoherent. Die fondasie vir die tot stand koming van 'n Afrika Ekonomiese Gemeenskap is deur die Abujaverdrag gelê binne die raamwerk van die Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid, maar op streeksvlak was ekonomiese en handelsintegrasie gefragmenteerd - met 'n hoë voorkoms van dubbele en oorvleuelende lidmaatskap by regionale ekonomiese gemeenskappe. Pogings tot integrasie is ook dikwels deur gewapende konflikte, nasionaal en subregionaal, belemmer. Voorts het die gewenste vlakke van ekonomiese groei en verwagte toename in handel nie gerealiseer nie. Die dringendheid om Afrika se uiterste armoede en werkloosheid aan te spreek, en terselfdertyd die kontinent op 'n pad van volhoubare ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling te plaas, het dit duidelik gemaak dat Afrika self verantwoordelikheid sal moet neem vir sy ontwikkeling, en daarteenoor die kontinent se integrasie in globale politieke, ekonomiese, handel-, en finansiële sisteme moet fasiliteer. Aangesien Afrika nie oor voldoende ontwikkelingsbronne beskik nie, het Afrika-leiers die belangrikheid besef van die internasionale gemeenskap se steun, d.m.v. meer effektiewe skuldlenigingstrategieë in die fasilitering van gefokuste plaaslike hulpbronmobilisasie, verhoogde vlakke van ontwikkelingshulp en handelstoegang tot markte van ontwikkelde nasies. In 2001 lewer Afrika sy eie geïntegreerde ontwikkelingsinisiatief wat vergestalt word in die Nuwe Vennootskap vir Afrika se Ontwikkeling (New Partnership for Africa's Development), ook bekend as Nepad, met Afrika-leierskap, -eienaarskap en -vennootskap as basis. Afrika-leiers betuig deur Nepad 'n verbintenis tot verantwoordbare en deursigtige politieke, finansiële, fiskale en monetêre bestuur in die afwesigheid van nasionale en streekskonflik, terwyl hulle die internasionale gemeenskap en internasionale en Afrika-privaatsektore nader vir vennootskap met Afrika-regerings in hulle ontwikkelingspogings. Nepad identifiseer terselfdertyd kritieke sektorale prioriteite as voorwaardes vir ontwikkeling, wat groter vloei van direkte buitelandse belegging sal vergemaklik. As operasionele sfeer, maak Nepad staat op prominente regionale ekonomiese gemeenskappe om Afrika se ekonomiese agterstande en markfragmentasie aan te spreek deur die uitbou van handelskakelings, harmonisering van regulatoriese raamwerke en verdere regionale handelsliberalisering. Die klem is daarop om 'n gunstige investeringsomgewing in Afrika te bevorder, aangesien Afrika-leiers erken dat 'n florerende privaatsektor en besigheidsgemeenskap die dryfkrag vir ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling is. Nepad se sukses as die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkelingsplan vir die nuut-gevormde Afrika-unie berus op die krag van slegs drie ondersteunende pilare, naamlik: die volgehoue politieke verbintenis tot die visie deur Afrika-leiers, groter beleggings in die kontinent en handelstoegang vir Afrika se produkte, en aktiewe deelname van verteenwoordigende sektore uit die privaatsektor. Met 'n hoogs ambisieuse inisiatief soos Nepad, is dit gebiedend noodsaaklik dat subregionale strategieë voorkeur geniet ten einde Nepad se langtermyn sukses te verseker.
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Chigombe, Courage. "New Economic Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and Africa's quest for regional economic integration: the case of Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2072.
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Despite according high priority to regional economic integration and being clustered by regional economic schemes, Africa’s regional economic integration record is not inspiring. With the transformation of the OAU to the African Union (AU), the New Partnership for Africa`s Development (NEPAD) was adopted as the development program of the continent to drive the impetus of economic integration through trade. At the time NEPAD was adopted, regional integration schemes in Africa were facing problems of low intra-regional trade levels despite trade being identified as the engine of activity and economic growth for regional economic integration. The study was centered on Southern Africa with precise attention on SADC. Even though trade is accepted as a vital engine of economic growth and development, this is not the case with SADC. The study was looking at the contribution of NEPAD in intra-regional trade in Africa with special focus on SADC. This was prompted by the fact that regional integration is business as usual within the sub region while problems that have been confronting regional schemes are continuing unabated after the adoption of NEPAD. The study used the historical approach because it provides the study with an advantage of accessing existing literature with regards to what is really stalling intra-regional trade in SADC. The study findings noted that NEPAD has not fully addressed the problems of intra-regional trade within SADC and the continent at large. The study lastly concludes by giving a way forward for NEPAD to respond to the specific needs of SADC for the promotion of intra-regional and equitable trade.
Books on the topic "Africa – Economic conditions – Regional disparities"
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Development Bank of Southern Africa. Development Information Business Unit. South Africa: Inter-provincial comparative report. Halfway House: DBSA, 2000.
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Flaherty, Diane. Regional inequality in South Africa: Issues, measurement and policy implications. Halfway House, South Africa: Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1995.
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Mehretu, Assefa. Regional disparity in sub-Saharan Africa: Structural readjustment of uneven development. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
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Bond, Patrick. South Africa and global apartheid: Continental and international policies and politics : address to the Nordiska Afrikainstitutet Nordic Africa Days, Uppsala, Sweden; 4 October 2003. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2004.
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Zubair, Iqbal, Khan Mohsin S, International Monetary Fund, and African Economic Research Consortium, eds. Trade reform and regional integration in Africa. Washington, D.C: IMF Institute, International Monetary Fund, 1998.
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World Bank. Poor places, thriving people: How the Middle East and North Africa can rise above spatial disparities. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2011.
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Mulaudzi, Christopher. The politics of regionalism in Southern Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: Institute for Global Dialogue, 2006.
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Reitzes, Maxine. Funding freedom?: Synthesis report on the impact of foreign political aid to civil society organisations in South Africa. Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies, 1999.
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V, Morris Libby, ed. The southern Black Belt: A national perspective. Lexington, KY: TVA Rural Studies, University of Kentucky, 1997.
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Nachimuthu, V. Regional economic disparities in India. New Delhi: New Century Publications, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Africa – Economic conditions – Regional disparities"
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Onitiri, H. M. A. "Changing Political and Economic Conditions for Regional Integration in SubSaharan Africa." In Regional Integration and Trade Liberalization in Subsaharan Africa, 398–427. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25636-5_10.
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Cnossen, Sijbren. "Economic Integration and Tax Coordination in Regional Economic Communities." In Modernizing VATs in Africa, 103–20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844075.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 reviews the various stages of economic integration that can be distinguished and discusses VAT (and excise tax) coordination in the presence and absence of border controls. All African countries belong to a regional economic community (REC), and often to more than one. The countries are closely monitoring the remarkable combination of free politics and free economics achieved by the common market (now the single market) of the member states of the EU. Free trade and free competition raise the standards of living in participating member countries. In this setting, tax coordination should ensure that equal conditions for competitors are not distorted by discriminatory tax systems—a criterion that is referred to as tax neutrality. At the same time, however, the participating countries should retain as much tax autonomy as possible in order to be able to pursue their own social and economic policy goals.
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Mafimisebi, Taiwo E. "Technology Adoption and Economic Development." In Regional Development, 58–73. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0882-5.ch104.
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Africa’s economic development will result from conscious efforts directed towards diversification and increased productivity in its low-performing agricultural sector. Technology development, transfer and uptake, which are low for now, are indispensible necessities in this respect. The purpose of this chapter is to review the characteristics, importance, constraints and technology adoption process of African agriculture to identify factors that enhance or hinder technology uptake. This is with a view to isolating lessons for developers or packagers of new agricultural or other technologies for Africa, especially nanotechnology and microelectronics which are evolving and transformational. The attributes of technologies that have made desired impact in African agriculture included cheapness, simplicity, observability, visibility of results, usefulness, compatibility with existing technologies and farm- or farmer-specific socio-economic or socio-cultural conditions. Case studies of the welfare-enhancing impacts of adopted agricultural technologies were examined under use of fertilizers, improved varieties and biotechnology. Useful lessons for development and transfer of nanotechnology and micro-electronics to Africa were highlighted.
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Massamba, Guy-Maurille. "E-Government in Public Administration in Africa." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 56–72. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6296-4.ch004.
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This chapter is motivated by the need to escape the illusory perception of an incongruous implementation of information and communication technology policies in public administration processes in Africa. The problem is brought to light through an analytical distinction between e-government and e-governance. The analysis deals primarily with the impact of the new techno-economic regime, fostered by the development of information and communication technologies, on business and administrative structures, and shows that the conditions of implementation have varied from one political and policy environment to another. An inquiry into African ICT policies reveals a problem translated into the scantiness of African public administration structures in incorporating the conditions of technological change. The approach to solving the problem derives from the underlying distinction between e-government and e-governance. It shows that the efforts that produced thriving outcomes have tended to instill principled behaviors and actions in the restructuring of public administration structures.
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Dabat, Marie-Hélène, Joël Blin, and Elodie Hanff. "Are Biofuels a Factor of Sustainable Development in a Food Insecurity Context in Africa?" In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 152–71. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1625-7.ch008.
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Bearing in mind the strong link between energy and development, and given the country’s heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels, this chapter discusses the opportunity for substituting fossil fuels with biofuels in a Sahelian country, Burkina Faso. Biofuel opportunities are discussed taking into account technical, agronomic, and land potentials in this country. Diversification of energy resources with biofuels would reduce the growth of fuel imports in the short term, improve overall public finances, provide a chance to develop agriculture, and provide benefits for the locals. However, if they are to generate sustainable socio-economic development, biofuel projects need to be mindful of food security and economic incentives, and should be part of national agricultural strategies. The chapter shows that a number of conditions must be met to ensure the advantages of biofuels outweigh the disadvantages: prioritising domestic use over exports; supporting the emergence of decentralised systems; localising dedicated crops in order to avoid competition with food crops; regulating the edible oil market; removing technical obstacles to production and processing; and prioritising projects implying family-farming rather than agri-business.
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Beatty, Kate, and Melissa White. "The Social Determinants of Health." In Appalachian Health, 67–87. University Press of Kentucky, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813155579.003.0004.
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Public health scholars have long known that social, economic and cultural factors shape health outcomes. The Appalachian region exemplifies this interaction in the observable correlation between its health disparities and measures of socioeconomic status, such as educational achievement and poverty. This chapter assesses the social determinants of health in Appalachia using county-level data from a variety of national sources. It further contextualizes these findings using case studies of grassroots efforts across the region to address the social determinants of health. The chapter’s most important lesson is that improving regional health outcomes in Appalachia is a difficult task because poor social conditions appear unevenly; challenges in Central Appalachia are not replicated in the North, for example, meaning that policy-makers must implement solutions at the county level instead of treating the region monolithically.
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Marshall, Julie, and Logan Thomas. "Appalachian Health." In Appalachian Health, 45–66. University Press of Kentucky, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813155579.003.0003.
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A healthy population is a critical component of a thriving community, yet in Appalachia, poor health statistics parallel poor economic conditions. This chapter updates previous work by the Appalachian Regional Commission on disparities in mortality and morbidity across the region, exploring both classes of indicators from 1989-1995 and from 2008-2014. It focuses on 10 mortality measures (heart disease, cancer, COPD, injury, poisoning, stroke, diabetes, suicide, infant mortality, and years of potential life lost) and five morbidity indicators (physically unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days, HIV prevalence, diabetes prevalence, and obesity prevalence) to illuminate health-outcome gaps separating Appalachian communities from peer counties. In many cases, trends in mortality and morbidity are improving across the region. However, as these data show, progress in Appalachia still lags behind that made in the rest of the country, providing a compelling argument for targeted attention and intervention.
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Chirisa, Innocent, Liaison Mukarwi, and Abraham Rajab Matamanda. "Social Costs and Benefits of the Transformation of the Traditional Families in an African Urban Society." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 179–97. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2659-9.ch009.
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This chapter analysed the social costs and benefits of changing lifestyles and livelihoods adopted by the families in Africa to fit in the obtaining urban environments. The transformation is in a way to minimise the cost and maximise the benefits of urbanism. The net overall effect of the transformation has been increasing household poverty signified by poor incomes, family instability, increased nucleation of families and disbanding of family rural ties for the city. In most cases, this means increased vulnerability and insecurity of the traditional family. How then do the urbanised traditional families cope with city pressures? The study draws cases from South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Egypt these being countries where urbanisation levels are in critical variation due to varying circumstances including the removal of apartheid restrictions, armed conflict, economic instability, population explosion, existence of pristine conditions, possibility of overurbanisation and proclivity to maintaining tradition, respectively.
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Abubakar, Ismaila Rimi, and Umar Lawal Dano. "Socioeconomic Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Nigeria." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 219–40. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2659-9.ch011.
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Nigeria, with a population of about 186 million people (48% living in urban areas) in 2016, is the most populous country in Africa and eighth in the world, and by 2050 it is projected to become the third largest country in the world. This chapter highlights major challenges of rapid urbanization in Nigeria, caused mainly by in-migration of rural dwellers in search of better living conditions and employment opportunities. They include unemployment and urban poverty, social exclusion and crimes, poor housing and slum, inadequate provision of public services and proliferation of the informal sector. Notwithstanding, Nigeria can exploit these urbanization challenges and turn them into opportunities for socioeconomic development. As such, some key opportunities for sustainable urbanization in Nigeria has been discussed: (a) local economic development; (b) promoting urban sustainability; and (c) smart and knowledge city initiative. The chapter concludes with some future research directions.
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Hongoh, Joseph. "Interventions and the Limits of the Responsibility to Protect: Regional Organisations and the Global South." In Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention in the 21st Century, 192–215. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423816.003.0009.
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In Chapter Eight, Sovereignty versus Responsibility to Protect, Joseph Hongoh argues that the struggle in navigating the tension surrounding sovereignty as responsibility to protect actually obscures rather than enables productive engagements with the concept and practice of intervention. Referring to case studies from Africa, Hongoh suggests that integrating regional organizations (ROs) within the international-regional-national axes of R2P potentially restricts the broader conception of intervention. In undertaking this examination, he begins by providing an alternative reading of sovereignty as a responsibility. In this regard, he demonstrates how regional organizations in Africa have perennially engaged with the questions of sovereignty, responsibility, protection and human solidarity within the broader frames of political and economic empowerment and emancipation. In the last two sections of his chapter, Hongo shows how the broader conception of intervention has the potential effect of producing transnational sovereignty, and in ways that are not imagined within R2P. The result, he suggests, may lead to implementation of R2P within the conditions of sovereignty that are determined by ROs.
Conference papers on the topic "Africa – Economic conditions – Regional disparities"
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Algarhy, Ahmed, and Ahmed Farid Ibrahim. "Application of Machine Learning to Predict the Organic Shale Sweet-Spot Quality Index." In SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211889-ms.
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Abstract Shale plays -- that have challenging characteristics, such as deep formation or a shortage of freshwater needed for hydraulic fracturing -- present a special challenge for determining the feasibility of economic development. A new graphic technique has been developed to visualize and evaluate shale sweet-pots, taking into consideration their characteristic properties and showing them using only a single index: the "Sweet-spot Quality Index" (SSQI). This index reflects the grade and scale of the sweet-spot. SSQI is a function of the rock quality, the hydrocarbon in place, completion, and operation quality. Data sets were collected from different shale basins including well logging and operation conditions. Well logging data provide a considerable amount of information and data for unconventional reservoirs related to a formation's inplace and geomechanical properties. Moreover, the field operations cost and availability of material and equipment, hydrocarbon prices, and HSE issues are important to define the operation quality. Machine learning (ML) techniques are used to calculate the SSQI for different shale basins in the USA and Africa. Results showed the capabilities of the ML models to SSQI from input data. The models were used to conduct a sensitivity analysis to rank the effect of different input parameters on the SSQI. The SSQI enables the comparison of sweet-spots and is calculated from four indices: The Reservoir Quality Index (RQI), the Completion Quality Index (CQI), the Conventional Behavior Index (CBI), and the Operation Index (OI). Calculating the SSQI using different machine learning techniques provides an improved approach to visualization, evaluation, comparison, and recommendations. It lends itself to becoming a standard evaluation technique for both E&P and service companies.
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Umarov, Khodjamahmad. "National Interests and Eurasian Economic Integration." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01167.
Full textAbstract:
Integration processes, both on global and on regional levels faced serious barriers. Research of these barriers shows that they are connected with irreversible nature of integration processes. The last 30 years behind some exceptions these processions consisted an essence of economic globalization and regionalization trends. Economic integration was focused on realization of small group of oligarchs and the state bureaucrats’ interests. Such orientation with inevitability brought into an impasse which can be explained as the serious crisis phenomenon. In the report the assessment of influence of interests on economic integration is given. Only national interests can appear as influential socio-economic factor of integration processes development. The fullest implementation of national interests directs integration processes on the way of creation of necessary vital conditions for the vast majority of the population. It is, especially, important for the Euroasian space where labor segments of the population occupy the main part of the population and where inertia of the Soviet system is still felt in the economy sphere. Very important is the question of conceptual bases of the Euroasian economic integration. Latter is based on ideology of neoliberal economic school. Development of integration processes in line with a certain neoliberal theory can lead to structural degradation of economy, to transformation of economy of the countries of EuroSEC in mineral and raw appendage of the developed countries. The same situation possible to see in other economic unions of Asia, Africa and Latin America countries.
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Doitchinova, Julia. "AGRICULTURE IN RURAL AREAS - CHANGES, IMPACTS AND DEVELOPMENT." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.12.
Full textAbstract:
For two programming periods, Bulgarian agriculture has been developing in the conditions of our common and national agricultural policies. Adaptation processes have led to significant economic, social and environmental changes in farms and rural areas. The aim of the article is to assess the changes in the agricultural sector and their impacts on rural development. The analysis of changes in production and organizational structures and the impacts of rural development are assessed on the basis of statistical information and expert assessment of 163 specialists from regional directorates of Agriculture, municipal services and regional services of the National Agricultural Advisory System. The conclusions confirmed the upward development of Bulgarian agriculture, but with significant structural disparities and different in direction and strength impacts by regions of the country.
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Ekinci, Emine Demet, Tuba Şahinoğlu, Mine Gerni, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "The Relations between Competition and Cluster in the Theoretical Perspective: The Effects on Regional Development." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01031.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, it is the main target of all countries to generate information and make a technological product by commercializing the information. However, the countries are limited to developed countries. They can invest more in R&D and transmit new technologies created by their strong economic structure and sufficient human capital, to production process. Conversely, other countries can achieve their technological development as adaptation of imported technology to local conditions. Moreover, regional development has gained a new meaning to obtain regional competitiveness; no longer has regional development referred more than a plane being only an implementation of central policies aimed to reduce disparities among regions. As a result of all changes, firms have tried to integrate with the world as well as build their presence in the regional basis. However, the firms don’t have any qualification and resources to follow technological innovation continuously in the increasing global competition. For this reason, it is to emerge a requirement to build a partnership among the firms sharing same geographical space and industry. In this regard, by creating clusters at both national and regional level, policymakers aim to make their firms more competitive in the global race. In this study, it is discussed competitive, its effects on regional policy, and cluster policy as a regional policy tool. The main purpose of the study is to determine the effects of cluster in the context of competition and to provide a preliminary study on what might be done for successful policy application.
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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.
Full textAbstract:
English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.
Reports on the topic "Africa – Economic conditions – Regional disparities"
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Diop, Ahmed. Country Diagnostic Study – Senegal. Islamic Development Bank Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/rp21003.
Full textAbstract:
The Country Diagnostic Study (CDS) for Senegal uses the Hausmann-Rodrik-Velasco growth diagnostics model to identify the binding constraints being faced in its quest for higher and more sustained economic growth and make recommendations to relax these constraints. Hence, the findings of the CDS can help the Islamic Development Bank in identifying areas where it can have a greater impact and provide an evidence-basis to support the development of the Member Country Partnership Strategy. After decades of subdued and highly volatile economic growth due to heavy dependence on primary commodities and low productivity, Senegal experienced an unprecedented growth acceleration from 2014 to 2019. However, there appeared to be a weak correlation between economic growth and jobs creation. In addition, about 90 percent of non-agricultural employment is estimated to be informal. The national poverty rate decreased by 5 percentage points between 2011 and 2018. Nonetheless, the absolute number of poor people has increased. Furthermore, regional disparities are persistent. Despite the country’s solid performance in the field of governance, further simplification and transparency of business procedures and regulations will be critical in addressing the challenge of informality. Efforts to address informality in the economy should also target the issue of access to finance through the design of financing mechanisms based on specific needs assessment and risk management tools. Senegal will also need to create the conditions for higher competitiveness and follow upgrading trajectories in global and regional value chains. In this respect, both physical and digital connectivity will be essential.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Hungary. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrhu.2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
In Hungary, NEET Youth are faced with many problems: social exclusion; lack of opportunities (e.g., education, health, infrastructure, public transport, labour market conditions); low so-cio-economic status; and, a lack of relationships outside the enclosed settlements. In Hungary, the most frequent risk factors are: a socio-economically disadvantageous envi-ronment; low levels of education and schooling problems; lack of proper housing; financial problems; learning difficulties; dissatisfaction with the school; socio-emotional disorders; delinquency; health problems; homelessness; and, drug or alcohol abuse. NEET Youth are fa-cing with this multi-dimensional difficulties, regional disparities and a lack of proper services.The general employment statistics have been improving in Hungary since 2010. The emplo-yment rate of the 15-39-year-old population has increased from 53.0% to 62.5% between 2009 - 2019. The employment rate improved in every type of settlement/area. The improve-ment can be attributed to the community work in the marginalised regions micro-regions and settlements. The NEET rate shows a considerable improvement of nearly 40% between 2009 and 2019 in the urban environment for all age groups. A slight improvement can be detected in the towns and urban environment, which amounts to 25% for all age groups between 2009 and 2019. However special services and targeted programmes are required to make a diffe-rence for NEET Youth.