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Cooper, Katherine. "AFM and C-AFM Studies of GaN Films." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1246.
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This thesis uses the techniques of atomic force microscope (AFM) and conductive AFM (C-AFM) to study the conduction properties of n-type GaN films. A total of 16 samples were examined and grouped according to their surface morphologies and conduction behaviors. The most common type of surface morpliology was that of Ga-rich samples having undulating "hillocks" with interspersed holes. Although most of the samples had this common morphology, their local conduction behaviors were not all similar. Local I-V spectra of the tip-sample Schottky contact could be grouped according to three major types: low leakage, high leakage, and "p-type". The highest quality samples with low leakage were usually grown at moderate temperatures (~650°C). For such samples, localized leakage only occurred at screw dislocations located at small pits terminating surface hillocks. I-V spectra taken on and off such hillocks were fit in forward bias to determine whether field emission or Frenkel-Poole conduction were dominant. Although field emission is a good fit compared to Frenkel-Poole, yielding reasonable values for the barrier height, the results are not yet conclusive without variable temperature studies.
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Christoffersen and Henrik. "Mikrostrukturen i valset kobber." Thesis, Risoe National Laboratory, 1997. http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/AFM/kobber.htm.
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Candido, Renato. "Combinação afim de algoritmos adaptativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3142/tde-29062009-113546/.
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A combinação de algoritmos tem despertado interesse para melhorar o desempenho de filtros adaptativos. Esse método consiste em combinar linearmente as saídas de dois filtros operando em paralelo com passos de adaptação diferentes para se obter um filtro com conver- gência rápida e um erro quadrático médio em excesso (EMSE - excess mean squared error) reduzido. Nesse contexto, foi proposta a combinação afim de dois algoritmos LMS (least-mean square), cujo parâmetro de mistura não fica restrito ao intervalo [0, 1] e por isso é considerada como uma generalização da combinação convexa. Neste trabalho, a combinação afim de dois algoritmos LMS é estendida para os algoritmos supervisionados NLMS (normalized LMS) e RLS (recursive least squares) e também para equalização autodidata, usando o CMA (constant modulus algorithm). Foi feita uma análise em regime da combinação afim desses algoritmos de forma unificada, considerando entrada branca ou colorida e ambientes estacionários ou não- estacionários. Através dessa análise, verificou-se que a combinação afim de dois algoritmos da mesma família pode apresentar uma redução de EMSE de até 3 dB em relação ao EMSE de seus filtros componentes e conseqüentemente ao EMSE da combinação convexa. Para garantir que a estimativa combinada seja pelo menos tão boa quanto a do melhor filtro componente, foram propostos e analisados três novos algoritmos para adaptação do parâmetro de mistura. Utilizando resultados da análise desses algoritmos em conjunto com os resultados da análise de transitório de filtros adaptativos, analisou-se o comportamento transitório da combinação afim. Através de simulações, observou-se uma boa concordância entre os resultados analíticos e os de simulação. No caso de equalização autodidata, também foi proposta uma combinação de dois equalizadores CMA com inicializações diferentes. Verificou-se através de simulações que em alguns casos a combinação afim é capaz de evitar a convergência para mínimos locais da função custo do módulo constante.In order to improve the performance of adaptive filters, the combination of algorithms is receiving much attention in the literature. This method combines linearly the outputs of two filters operating in parallel with different step-sizes to obtain an adaptive filter with fast convergence and reduced excess mean squared error (EMSE). In this context, it was proposed an affine combination of two least-mean square (LMS) filters, whose mixing parameter is not restricted to the interval [0, 1]. Hence, the affine combination is a generalization of the convex combination. In this work, the affine combination of two LMS algorithms is extended to the supervised algorithms NLMS (normalized LMS) and RLS (recursive least squares), and also to blind equalization, using the constant modulus algorithm (CMA). A steady-state analysis of the affine combination of the considered algorithms is presented in a unified manner, assuming white or colored inputs, and stationary or nonstationary environments. Through the analysis, it was observed that the affine combination of two algorithms of the same family can provide a 3 dB EMSE gain in relation to its best component filter and consequently in relation to the convex combination. To ensure that the combined estimate is at least as good as the best of the component filters, three new algorithms to adapt the mixing parameter were proposed and analyzed. Using the analysis results of these algorithms in conjunction with the results of the transient analysis of adaptive filters, the transient behavior of the affine combination was analyzed. Through simulations, a good agreement between analytical and experimental results was always observed. In the blind equalization case, a combination of two CMA equalizers with different initializations was also proposed. The simulation results suggest that the affine combination can avoid local minima of the constant modulus cost function.
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Sanchez, Luis Florial Espinoza. "Singularidades de curvas na geometria afim." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55135/tde-07102010-145223/.
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Neste trabalho estudamos a geometria da evoluta afim e da curva normal afim associada à uma curva plana sem inflexões a partir do tipo de singularidade das funções suporte afim. O principal resultado estabelece que se \'\\gamma\' é uma curva plana sem inflexões, satisfazendo certas condições genéricas então dois casos podem ocorrer: 1. se p é um ponto da evoluta afim de \'\\gamma\' em \'s IND. 0\' então temos dois casos: se \'\\gamma\' (\'s IND. 0\') é um ponto sextático então, localmente em p, a evoluta afim é difeomorfa a uma cúspide em \'R POT. 2\' ; se não, localmente em p, a evoluta afim é difeomorfa à uma reta em \'R POT. 2\' , 2. se p = \'\\gamma\' (\'s IND. 0\') é um ponto da normal afim de \'\\gamma\' então temos dois casos: se \'\\gamma\'(\'s IND. 0\') é um ponto parabólico de \'\\gamma\' então, localmente em p, a curva normal afim é difeomorfa a uma cúspide em \'R POT. 2\' ; em outro caso, localmente em p, a curva normal afim é difeomorfa à uma reta em \'R POT. 2\'In this work we study the geometry of the affine evolute and the affine normal curve associated with a plane curve without inflections from the type of singularity of affine support functions. The main result is setting if \'\\gamma\' is a flat curve without inflections, satisfying certain conditions generic then, if p is a point of the affine evolute of \'\\gamma\' at \'s IND. 0\' then two cases: if \'\\gamma\' (\'s IND. 0\') is a sextactic point then locally in p the affine evolute is diffeomorphic to a cusp at \'R POT. 2\', otherwise locally in p the affine evolute is diffeomorphic to a straight in \'R POT. 2\', and second if p = \'\\gamma\' (\'s IND. 0\') is a point of the affine normal curve then two cases: if \'\\gamma\'(\'s IND. 0\') is a parabolic point of \'\\gamma\' then locally in p the affine normal curve is diffeomorphic to a cusp at \'R POT. 2\' , in otherwise locally in p the affine normal curve is diffeomorphic to a line in \'R POT. 2\'
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Rossell, Jacqueline. "Protein immobilisation for AFM." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404144.
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Dario, Alan de Genaro. "Processos de Cox com intensidade difusiva afim." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45133/tde-01052013-111713/.
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Esta Tese explora o Processo de Cox quando sua intensidade pertence a uma família de difusões afim. A forma da funçâo densidade de Probabilidade do Processo de Cox é obtida quando a intensidade é descrita por uma difusão fim d-dimensional arbitrária. Analisa-se também o acoplamento e convergência para o Processo de Cox com intensidade afim. Para ilustrar assume-se que a intensidade do Processo é governada por uma difusão de Feller e resultados mais detalhados são obtidos. Adicionalmente, os parâmetros da intensidade do Processo são estimados por meio do Filtro de Kalman conjugado com o estimador de Quase-Máxima Verossimilhança.This Thesis deals with the Cox Process when its intensity belongs to a family of affine diffusions. The form of the probability density function of the Cox process is obtained when the density is described by an arbitrary d-dimensional affine diffusion. Coupling and convergence results are also addressed for a general Cox process with affine intensity. We adopted the Feller diffusion for driving the underlying intensity of the Cox Process to illustrate our results. Additionally the parameters of the underlying intensity processes are estimated by means of the Kalman Filter in conjunction with Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimation.
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Souza, Walfredo Jose de. "Fun??o afim: teoria e aplica??es." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18664.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-02In this work we present a proposal to contribute to the teaching and learning of affine function in the first year of high school having as prerequisite mathematical knowledge of basic education. The proposal focuses on some properties, special cases and applications of affine functions in order to show the importance of the demonstrations while awaken student interest by showing how this function is important to solve everyday problems
Neste trabalho desenvolvemos uma proposta para contribuir com o ensino e aprendizagem das Fun??es Afins no primeiro ano do Ensino M?dio tendo como pr?-requisito o conhecimento matem?tico da educa??o b?sica. A proposta concentra-se em algumas propriedades, casos particulares e aplica??es das Fun??es Afins com o objetivo de mostrar a import?ncia das demonstra??es e ao mesmo tempo despertar o interesse do aluno mostrando como esta fun??o ? importante para solucionar problemas do cotidiano
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JUNIOR, AFFONSO DE CUSATIS. "RAYCASTING INTERVALAR DE SUPERFÍCIES IMPLÍCITAS COM ARITMÉTICA AFIM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1999. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=2766@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREste trabalho investiga a técnica mais natural para a visualização de superfícies implícitas, o raycasting, sob um tratamento intervalar. São implementados algoritmos robustos para o raycasting de superfícies genéricas, utilizando métodos intervalares e métodos numéricos convencionais no cálculo das interseções, e é testada a utilização de aritmética afim (AA), um modelo numérico para o cálculo com intervalos proposto como alternativa à aritmética intervalar tradicional (IA). Projetada para evitar o problema de explosão de erro em longas seqüências de cálculos intervalares, AA leva em consideração as correlações entre os termos de uma expressão e define operações mais caras que IA, mas fornece resultados mais precisos, o que pode acelerar alguns algoritmos intervalares.
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Sargeant, Anliy Natsuyo Nashimoto. "Módulos tipo Verma sobre álgebra TKK afim estendida." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45131/tde-21072007-114130/.
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As álgebras TKK afins estendidas pertencem à classe de álgebras de Lie chamada álgebras de Lie afins estendidas do tipo $A_1$. Elas são obtidas a partir de um semi-reticulado do $\\mathbbR^n$. Estudamos a estrutura dos módulos tipo Verma sobre a álgebra TKK afim estendida para um semi-reticulado (não-reticulado) do $\\mathbbR^2$. Quando fixamos um conjunto positivo de raízes isotrópicas chamado standard encontramos quatro órbitas da subálgebra de Borel que dão origem a distintos módulos tipo Verma sobre a álgebra TKK afim estendida. Estudamos as estruturas de seus submódulos e encontramos critérios de irredutibilidade para os módulos de Verma clássico e imaginário.The extended affine TKK Lie algebras belong to a class of Lie algebras called extended affine Lie algebras of type $A_1$. They are obtained from a semilattice on $\\mathbbR^n$. We studied the structure of the Verma type modules for the extended affine TKK algebra obtained from a semi-lattice (non-lattice) on $\\mathbbR^2$. Fixing a set of positive isotropic roots called standard we found four orbits of the Borel subalgebra each of which give distinct Verma modules for the extended affine TKK algebra. We studied the structures of their submodules and found a criteria for irreducibility for the classic and imaginary Verma modules.
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Lima, Rivaneide Antonia de 1977, Tânia 1953 Baier, and Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e. Matemática. "Dificuldades dos alunos no estudo da função afim /." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2015. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2015/360434_1_1.pdf.
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Orientador: Tânia Baier.Com.: Produto educacional: Caderno para o professor: atividades contextualizadas para o estudo da função afim.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Matemática) - Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e Matemática, Blumenau,
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Lee, Sunyoung S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Chemical functionalization of AFM cantilevers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34205.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-52).
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been a powerful instrument that provides nanoscale imaging of surface features, mainly of rigid metal or ceramic surfaces that can be insulators as well as conductors. Since it has been demonstrated that AFM could be used in aqueous environment such as in water or various buffers from which physiological condition can be maintained, the scope of the application of this imaging technique has been expanded to soft biological materials. In addition, the main usage of AFM has been to image the material and provide the shape of surface, which has also been diversified to molecular-recognition imaging - functional force imaging through force spectroscopy and modification of AFM cantilevers. By immobilizing of certain molecules at the end of AFM cantilever, specific molecules or functionalities can be detected by the combination of intrinsic feature of AFM and chemical modification technique of AFM cantilever. The surface molecule that is complementary to the molecule at the end of AFM probe can be investigated via specificity of molecule-molecule interaction.
(cont.) Thus, this AFM cantilever chemistry, or chemical functionalization of AFM cantilever for the purpose of chemomechanical surface characterization, can be considered as an infinite source of applications important to understanding biological materials and material interactions. This thesis is mainly focused on three parts: (1) AFM cantilever chemistry that introduces specific protocols in details such as adsorption method, gold chemistry, and silicon nitride cantilever modification; (2) validation of cantilever chemistry such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), AFM blocking experiment, and fluorescence microscopy, through which various AFM cantilever chemistry is verified; and (3) application of cantilever chemistry, especially toward the potential of force spectroscopy and the imaging of biological material surfaces.
by Sunyoung Lee.
S.M.
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Subedi, Laxmi P. "AFM Tip-Graphene-Surface Interactions." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1291144388.
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Hegrová, Veronika. "Aplikace korelativní AFM/SEM mikroskopie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402580.
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This thesis is dealing with application of Correlative Probe and Electron Microscopy. All measurements were carried out by atomic force microscope LiteScope which is designed especially to be combined with electron microscopes. Advantages of Correlative AFM/SEM Microscopy are demonstrated on selected samples from field of nanotechnology and material science. Application of the correlative imaging was proposed and then realized particularly in case of low-dimensional structures and thin films. Further, this thesis deals with the possibility of combining Correlative AFM/SEM Microscopy with other integrated techniques of an electron microscope such as Focused Ion Beam and Energy Dispersive X-rays Spectroscopy.
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Andersen, Christopher. "The construction of carbon nanotube AFM probes for high resolution AFM of novel biological systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421480.
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Tozo, Fábio Luiz Dias. "Tarefas exploratórias-investigativas para a aprendizagem de função afim." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7800.
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The objective of this work was to verify the difficulties of treatments and conversions (natural language, algebraic expressions, tables and graphical form) function of teaching-learning in order to students of the first high school grade of a private school in the city Sorocaba - SP. The study was conducted by means of tasks implemented in three stages; a group of twenty-six students, divided into thirteen doubles. Therefore, we took care to put to task steps, different forms of representation. The theoretical framework was marked in the study of semiotic representation registers, developed by Raymond Duval, and exploratory and investigative tasks, which served also based on the proposal to diversify the methodological procedures used in the teaching function in order. The written production analysis of research subjects sought answer how students of the first high school series have mobilized and coordinated semiotic representation registers in solving exploratory-investigative tasks involving the concept of affine function? The articulation of exploratory-investigative tasks, with the mobilization and coordination of semiotic representation registers, instigated the students to the process of generalization of the concept and characterization of affine function through the use of natural language record in the form of justification. The objective of this work was to verify the difficulties of treatments and conversions (natural language, algebraic expressions, tables and graphical form) function of teaching-learning in order to students of the first high school grade of a private school in the city Sorocaba - SP. The study was conducted by means of tasks implemented in three stages; a group of twenty-six students, divided into thirteen doubles. Therefore, we took care to put to task steps, different forms of representation. The theoretical framework was marked in the study of semiotic representation registers, developed by Raymond Duval, and exploratory and investigative tasks, which served also based on the proposal to diversify the methodological procedures used in the teaching function in order. The written production analysis of research subjects sought answer how students of the first high school series have mobilized and coordinated semiotic representation registers in solving exploratory-investigative tasks involving the concept of affine function? The articulation of exploratory-investigative tasks, with the mobilization and coordination of semiotic representation registers, instigated the students to the process of generalization of the concept and characterization of affine function through the use of natural language record in the form of justification.
O objetivo desta dissertação foi verificar as dificuldades de tratamentos e conversões (língua natural, expressões algébricas, tabelas e forma gráfica) de ensino-aprendizagem da função afim aos alunos da primeira série do Ensino Médio de uma escola particular na cidade Sorocaba - SP. O trabalho foi desenvolvido, por meio de tarefas aplicadas em três etapas; junto a uma turma com vinte e seis alunos, divididos em treze duplas. Para tanto, tomou-se o cuidado de se colocar nas etapas das tarefas, diferentes formas de representação. O referencial teórico foi pautado no estudo dos registros de representação semiótica, desenvolvido por Raymond Duval, e das tarefas exploratório-investigativas, as quais serviram também de base na proposta de se diversificar os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados no ensino de função afim. A análise da produção escrita dos sujeitos da pesquisa buscou responder; Como alunos da primeira série do Ensino Médio mobilizaram e coordenaram registros de representação semiótica na solução de tarefas exploratórias-investigativas envolvendo o conceito de função afim? A articulação das tarefas exploratórias-investigativas com a mobilização e coordenação dos registros de representação semiótica instigaram os alunos ao processo de generalização do conceito e caracterização da função afim, por meio do uso do registro da língua natural na forma de justificativas.
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Araújo, Wellington Alves de. "O GeoGebra : uma experimentação na abordagem da função afim." Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5081.
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This research aims to describe investigate possibilities of learning situations in mathematics concepts related to polynomial functions of the 1st degree ( In order Function ) with students from 1st grade of Technical Education Middle Level Integrated IFS - Campus São Cristóvão making use of a teaching sequence mediated by the use of a dynamic geometry software, Geogebra. To this purpose, a study, based on the ideas of Machado (2008 ), Pais (2011 ) and Oliveira (2013 ), based on the Engineering Curriculum discussed by Artigue (1996 ) with two classes from 1st Series Technical Course Intermediate Level Integrated was conducted Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Sergipe - Campus São Cristóvão / SE, which formed study groups that we call group with the experiment and group without the experiment. At the end of the experiment it was found that the group with the experiment had better results than the group without the experiment. The data indicated that using a dynamic geometry software in a dynamic geometry environment provides a great interaction between the participants constituting a positive factor to learning, since they facilitate the construction of new concepts, provide a comparison between different forms of representation of a function, thereby enabling conditions for the participant to recognize the graphical representation of an polynomial function of the first degree as a straight, expressing the relation between the coefficients of the straight equation with its graphical and algebraic representations.A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar possibilidades de situações de aprendizado da Matemática de conceitos relativos às funções polinomiais do 1º grau (Função Afim) com alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Técnico de Nível Médio Integrado do IFS Campus São Cristóvão fazendo uso de uma Sequência Didática mediada pelo uso de um software de geometria dinâmica, o GeoGebra. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo, pautado nas ideias de Machado (2008), Pais (2011) e Oliveira (2013), embasados na Engenharia Didática discutida por Artigue (1996) com duas turmas da 1ª Série do curso Técnico de Nível Médio Integrado do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Sergipe Campus São Cristóvão/SE, que formaram os grupos de estudo que denominamos de Grupo com o experimento (GCE) e Grupo sem o experimento (GSE). Ao término da experiência ficou constatado que o GCE apresentou melhores resultados do que o GSE. Os dados indicaram que utilizar um software de geometria dinâmica em um ambiente de geometria dinâmica proporciona uma grande interação entre os participantes constituindo um fator positivo ao aprendizado, uma vez que facilitam a construção de novos conceitos, proporcionam a comparação entre as diferentes formas de representação de uma função, possibilitando, assim, condições para o participante de reconhecer a representação gráfica de uma função polinomial do primeiro grau como uma reta, expressar a relação entre os coeficientes da equação da reta com sua representação gráfica e algébrica.
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Constantinidis, Clisthenis Ponce [UNESP]. "Simetrias e sólitons do modelo de toda conforme afim." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132773.
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000854581.pdf: 1722821 bytes, checksum: 634c4d842a20bdf5cb22b7439d6d7b3d (MD5)Nesta tese fazemos um estudo das teorias de campo de Toda clássicas em duas dimensões. Primeiramente é mostrado que uma classe destas teorias, mais especificamente, os modelos de Toda Afim (AT) constituem uma versão dos modelos de Toda Conforme Afim (CAT) num determinado gaugeda simetria conforme. Este resultado permite con- struir, para cada solução dos modelos AT, um número infinito de soluções do modelo CAT correspondente. Soluções do tipo sóliton são construídas para os modelos AT a partir do método de Hirota, formulado de maneira recursiva, e uma nova classe delas é obtida graças a dois tipos de degenerescências que aparecem nesta abordagem perturbativa. Conhecidas as soluções e a relação entre as teorias AT e CAT é possível encontrar uma fórmula univer- sal para as massas dos sólitons do modelo AT associados a todas as álgebras de Lie simples. Suas cargas topológicas também são determinadas. Simetrias não lineares, associadas às álgebras W, dos modelos CAT também são estu- dadas, sendo proposta uma maneira de se construir uma torre infinita de geradores dessas simetrias a partir de campos de spins 1 e 2. Finalmente é estabelecida uma relação da álgebra de tais geradores com a álgebra 'ômega IND. 'infinito' dos difeomorfismos que preservam a área
In this Thesis we study the Classical Toda Field Theories in t.vvo dimeiisions. It is first shown that a class of these theories, more specificall}', the Affine Toda Models (AT) constitute a gauge fixed version (of the conformai symmetry) of the Conformai Affine Toda Models (CAT) and this result permits one to obtain from each solution of the AT model, an infinite number of Solutions of the corresponding CAT model. Solutions of soliton type for the AT models are built using Hirota's method formula.ted in a recursive way. and a new class of them are obtained thanks to new kinds of degeneracies which appear in this perturbative approach. Once the Solutions and the relationship between the AT and CAT models are known, it is possible to íind a universal formula for the soliton masses of the AT models, associated to all simple Lie algebras. Their topological charges are determined too. Non linear symmetries, associated to W algebras, for the CAT models are studied.A construction of an infinite tower of generators of such symmetries from spin 1 and spin 2 fields is proposed. It is finally established an algebraic relation of such generators with the 'ômega IND. 'infinito' area preserving diffeomorfism algebra
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Constantinidis, Clisthenis Ponce. "Simetrias e sólitons do modelo de toda conforme afim /." São Paulo, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132773.
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Orientador: Luiz Agostinho FerreiraBanca: Hugo Horácio Torriani
Banca: Walter Felipe Wreszinski
Banca Francisco Castilho Alcarás
Banca: José Geraldo Pereira
Resumo: Nesta tese fazemos um estudo das teorias de campo de Toda clássicas em duas dimensões. Primeiramente é mostrado que uma classe destas teorias, mais especificamente, os modelos de Toda Afim (AT) constituem uma versão dos modelos de Toda Conforme Afim (CAT) num determinado "gauge"da simetria conforme. Este resultado permite con- struir, para cada solução dos modelos AT, um número infinito de soluções do modelo CAT correspondente. Soluções do tipo sóliton são construídas para os modelos AT a partir do método de Hirota, formulado de maneira recursiva, e uma nova classe delas é obtida graças a dois tipos de degenerescências que aparecem nesta abordagem perturbativa. Conhecidas as soluções e a relação entre as teorias AT e CAT é possível encontrar uma fórmula univer- sal para as massas dos sólitons do modelo AT associados a todas as álgebras de Lie simples. Suas cargas topológicas também são determinadas. Simetrias não lineares, associadas às álgebras W, dos modelos CAT também são estu- dadas, sendo proposta uma maneira de se construir uma torre infinita de geradores dessas simetrias a partir de campos de spins 1 e 2. Finalmente é estabelecida uma relação da álgebra de tais geradores com a álgebra 'ômega IND. 'infinito' dos difeomorfismos que preservam a área
Abstract: In this Thesis we study the Classical Toda Field Theories in t.vvo dimeiisions. It is first shown that a class of these theories, more specificall}', the Affine Toda Models (AT) constitute a "gauge" fixed version (of the conformai symmetry) of the Conformai Affine Toda Models (CAT) and this result permits one to obtain from each solution of the AT model, an infinite number of Solutions of the corresponding CAT model. Solutions of soliton type for the AT models are built using Hirota's method formula.ted in a recursive way. and a new class of them are obtained thanks to new kinds of degeneracies which appear in this perturbative approach. Once the Solutions and the relationship between the AT and CAT models are known, it is possible to íind a universal formula for the soliton masses of the AT models, associated to all simple Lie algebras. Their topological charges are determined too. Non linear symmetries, associated to W algebras, for the CAT models are studied.A construction of an infinite tower of generators of such symmetries from spin 1 and spin 2 fields is proposed. It is finally established an algebraic relation of such generators with the 'ômega IND. 'infinito' area preserving diffeomorfism algebra
Doutor
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von, Flach Rodrigo Aguiar. "Variedade com Conexão Afim e Estruturas Geométricas Não-Assiciativas." Instituto de Matemática, 2012. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/19495.
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Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar a teoria alg ebrica n~aoassociativa que pode ser dada as variedades dotadas de uma conex~ao a m. Nesta teoria, denominada Geometria N~ao-associativa, podemos destacar os nomes de Lev V. Sabinin, e Alexander I. Nesterov. Apresentaremos este estudo tanto no caso suave quanto discreto realizando pequenas altera c~oes com o objetivo de simpli car a compreens~ao e a intui c~ao geom etrica do objeto em quest~ao.
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Sonnenberg, Lars. "AFM-basierte Desorption einzelner oberflächenadsorbierter Polyelektrolyte." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-76109.
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Filip-Boar, Diana. "AFM-CSLM microrheology of aggregated emulsions." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2006. http://doc.utwente.nl/56171.
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Gröger, Roland. "Nanokontaktdrucken mit AFM-gesteuert phasenseparierten Blockcopolymerschichten." Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 2006. http://d-nb.info/986521612/34.
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FILHO, HENRIQUE DUARTE DA FONSECA. "METALLIC NANOSTRUCTURE FABRICATION BY AFM LITHOGRAPHY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6061@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORNesta dissertação de mestrado, nós desenvolvemos um processo de litografia baseado na técnica de microscopia de força atômica. O estudo do processo de litografia aqui utilizado inicia-se com a deposição e caracterização de filmes finos de sulfeto de arsênio amorfo (a-As2S3) em substratos de silício e a deposição de uma camada metálica de alumínio, utilizada como máscara, sobre a superfície do a-As2S3. O microscópio de força atômica é utilizado para escrever os padrões de forma controlada na camada metálica, e para tal, a influencia dos parâmetros de controle do microscópio na realização da litografia foi analisada. Para a transferência do padrão litografado realiza-se um posterior processo de fotossensibilização e dissolução química do a-As2S3 com uma solução de K2CO3. Após a dissolução, uma camada de ouro foi depositada por erosão catódica DC, seguido de uma nova dissolução, desta vez com NaOH resultando na transferência de nanoestruturas de Au para o substrato de silício.
In this dissertation, we have developed a lithography process based on the atomic force microscopy of technique. The study of the lithography process starts with the deposition and characterization of amorphous arsenic sulfide thin films (a-As2S3) in silicon substrates and the deposition of a metallic aluminum layer, used as mask, on the surface of the a-As2S3. An atomic force microscope was used to write patterns in a controlled way on the metallic layer. Therefore, the influence of microscope feedback system on the accomplishment of the lithography was analyzed. In order to transfer the lithographed pattern to a silicon substrate, the a- As2S3 was exposed to a UV light source and was dissolved with a K2CO3 solution. Then, a thin gold layer was deposited by sputtering DC, and a new dissolution, now with NaOH was performed, leading to the deposition of Au nanostructures onto the silicon substrate.
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Podgaynyy, Nikolay [Verfasser]. "AFM-Untersuchungen auf Elektrodenoberflächen / Nikolay Podgaynyy." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044971282/34.
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Rudnicki, Kamil. "MOSFET transistor fabrication on AFM tip." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5398/.
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The project is concerned with the development of methods for the fabrication of magnetic sensor devices on Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) probes and their characterization. The devices use the principle of the Hall effect (based on the Lorentz force) to sense the magnetic properties of a magnetized specimen. In the past Hall bar sensors have been fabricated using semimetals such as Bismuth, or using 2-d electron gas material based on heterojunctions in III-V material. The former probes are limited by low sensitivity. The latter are limited by the difficulty encountered when trying to integrate the device with a force-sensing cantilever. The highest spatial resolution reported for a Hall bar operating at room temperature is 50 nm. Due to quantum effects (long mean free path), scaling down devices based on high mobility material results in a drop in sensitivity. For magnetic material studies of current interest higher resolutions are required. To achieve this goal in a material system which is compatible with micromachining the proposed approach utilises silicon as the sensing material. Silicon Hall bars have already been reported to work for large scale devices. This thesis presents the development of p-type enhancement mode MOSFET transistor fabrication process on a tip of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probe. The active device fabrication process was developed in order to allow fabrication of a magnetic sensor for Scanning Hall Probe Microscope (SHPM). The Hall bar was constructed on the apex of the AFM tip of attractive mode probes. The fabrication is performed in batches by using common semiconductor techniques leading to micromachining of the Si substrate, formation of the active device and cantilever release step. The transistor characteristics are presented, compared with expected performance of the modelled device and the reasons for differences are discussed. In this work, a method for application of spin-on-dopant on highly topographic structures is developed. Other encountered process incompatibilities are dealt with to finally present a full process for p-type enhancement mode MOSFET transistor on AFM tip fabrication.
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Alves, Marcela Guerrini. "Realização de campos livres de álgebras de Kac-Moody afim." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45131/tde-29092017-114301/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar módulos irredutíveis sobre as álgebras de Kac-Moody afim, conforme [7]. Em particular, a técnica de localização foi aplicada aos módulos de Verma imaginários sobre a álgebra de Lie afim A(1)1, com o objetivo de obter novos módulos irredutíveis sobre essa álgebra. Conforme [8] e [6], é o mesmo que aplicar a técnica de localização à primeira realização de campos livres de A(1)1 .Para cumprir o objetivo, introduzimos as álgebras de Kac-Moody, tendo como foco principal as álgebras de Kac-Moody do tipo afim, conforme [14]. Em seguida, definimos os módulos de Verma,destacando os módulos de Verma imaginários sobre a álgebra de Lie afim A(1)1, conforme [8].The main purpose of this work is to study the irreducible modules of affine Kac-Moody algebras,according to [7].In particular, the localization technique was applied to the imaginary Verma modules of affine Lie algebra A(1)1, with the purpose to obtain new irreducible modules of this algebra. According to[8] and [6], it is the same as to apply the localization technique to the first realization of free fields of A(1)1.To achieve the purpose, we introduced the Kac-Moody algebras, having the main focus the af-fine Kac-Moody algebras, according to [14]. Following, we defined the Verma modules, highlighting imaginary Verma modules of affine Lie algebra A(1)1, according to [8].
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Scano, Fabio Correa. "Função afim: uma sequência didática envolvendo atividades com o geogebra." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11403.
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In the preliminary studies held, mainly, in the bibliographic review, it was observed that many essays show learning difficulties that students from different levels of education have regarding the study of the affine function. Wanting to broaden the studies held before to this respect and aware that the theme still needs research, it was considered by hypothesis for this study that a teaching sequence conceived to the light of the Theory of Didactic Situations and to the Theory of Semiotics Representation Registers, mediated by the use of a software of dynamic geometry, the Geogebra, it might contribute for an indication to the study of the affine function. The purpose of this research was to develop a teaching sequence to start the study with 9th graders that contributed to the development of the capability of expressing algebraically and graphically the dependence of the two variants from an affine function and acknowledge that its graphical representation is a straight line, relating the coefficients from the straight line equation with the graphic. After the elaboration, the a priori analysis of the sequence and the application in the 9th grade of a private school from the Great São Paulo, the a posteriori analysis showed that our hypothesis was confirmed, this means, that a sequence developed and applied based on the Theory of Didactic Situations and on the register change of the representation leads 9th graders to acknowledge that the graphic of an affine function is a straight line and the majority to express algebraically and graphically the relation between the two variants of an affine function, besides relating the straight line equation coefficients to the graphical representation of the affine function
Nos estudos preliminares realizados, sobretudo, na revisão bibliográfica, observou-se que muitos trabalhos constatam dificuldades de aprendizagem que alunos de diferentes níveis de escolaridade apresentam em relação ao estudo da função afim. Com intuito de ampliar os estudos já realizados a esse respeito e conscientes de que o tema ainda carece de pesquisas, considerou-se por hipótese deste estudo que uma sequência de ensino concebida à luz da Teoria das Situações Didáticas e da Teoria dos Registros de Representações Semióticas, mediada pelo uso de um software de geometria dinâmica, o Geogebra, poderá contribuir para uma iniciação ao estudo da função afim. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver uma sequência de ensino para iniciar o estudo com alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental que contribuísse para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de expressar algébrica e graficamente a dependência de duas variáveis de uma função afim e reconhecer que seu gráfico é uma reta, relacionando os coeficientes da equação da reta com o gráfico. Após a elaboração, a análise a priori da sequência e a aplicação na turma de 9º ano do E.F. de uma escola particular da Grande São Paulo, a análise a posteriori mostrou que nossa hipótese foi confirmada, isto é, que uma sequência desenvolvida e aplicada com base na Teoria das Situações Didáticas e na mudança de registros de representação conduz alunos do 9º ano a reconhecer que o gráfico de uma função afim é uma reta e a maioria a expressar algébrica e graficamente a relação entre duas variáveis de uma função afim, além de relacionar os coeficientes da equação da reta com a representação gráfica da função afim
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Boschetto, Viviane Cristina [UNESP]. "Função afim e suas propriedades através da resolução de problemas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138524.
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000864091.pdf: 2433200 bytes, checksum: 3b12b989003f92e9ff359e3d820f9962 (MD5)As dificuldades de aprendizagem com relação à matemática tem sido crescente nas salas de aula. Isso tem motivado a busca de metodologias de ensino para motivar os alunos e garantir a aprendizagem. Neste trabalho foi proposta uma sequência didática para ensinar os conceitos relacionados à função afim com uso da metodologia de resolução de problemas e do programa computacional Geogebra. Essa sequência foi desenvolvida com os alunos da primeira série do ensino médio e os resultados apresentados. Trabalhar esses conceitos através da resolução de problemas tornou o aluno mais autônomo na formação do seu conhecimento e a aprendizagem foi verificada através de diferentes resoluções dos problemas e uma participação ativa dos mesmos em sala de aula. A experimentação com o uso das tecnologias fez com que os alunos gerassem conjecturas e verificassem os resultados obtidos
Learning difficulties with respect to mathematics has been growing in classrooms. This has motivated the search for teaching methods to motivate students and make the learning. In this paper we propose a didactic sequence to teach concepts related to function in order to use the problem-solving methodology and Geogebra computer program. This sequence was developed with students of the first grade of secondary school and the results presented. These concepts work by solving problems become the most autonomous student in training their knowledge and learning was verified by various resolutions of problems and active participation of them in the classroom. Experimentation with the use of technologies has made students generate conjectures and checked the results
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Boschetto, Viviane Cristina. "Função afim e suas propriedades através da resolução de problemas /." São José do Rio Preto, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138524.
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Orientador: Rita de Cassia Pavani LamasBanca: Flavia Sueli Fabiani Marcatto
Banca: Tatiana Miguel Rodrigues
Resumo: As dificuldades de aprendizagem com relação à matemática tem sido crescente nas salas de aula. Isso tem motivado a busca de metodologias de ensino para motivar os alunos e garantir a aprendizagem. Neste trabalho foi proposta uma sequência didática para ensinar os conceitos relacionados à função afim com uso da metodologia de resolução de problemas e do programa computacional Geogebra. Essa sequência foi desenvolvida com os alunos da primeira série do ensino médio e os resultados apresentados. Trabalhar esses conceitos através da resolução de problemas tornou o aluno mais autônomo na formação do seu conhecimento e a aprendizagem foi verificada através de diferentes resoluções dos problemas e uma participação ativa dos mesmos em sala de aula. A experimentação com o uso das tecnologias fez com que os alunos gerassem conjecturas e verificassem os resultados obtidos
Abstract: Learning difficulties with respect to mathematics has been growing in classrooms. This has motivated the search for teaching methods to motivate students and make the learning. In this paper we propose a didactic sequence to teach concepts related to function in order to use the problem-solving methodology and Geogebra computer program. This sequence was developed with students of the first grade of secondary school and the results presented. These concepts work by solving problems become the most autonomous student in training their knowledge and learning was verified by various resolutions of problems and active participation of them in the classroom. Experimentation with the use of technologies has made students generate conjectures and checked the results
Mestre
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Schonardie, Belissa. "Modelagem Matemática e introdução da função afim no ensino fundamental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32422.
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O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar uma proposta para o ensino de função afim, desenvolvendo-se todas as atividades em turmas de primeiro ano do terceiro ciclo, o equivalente ao sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental, a partir do emprego da Modelagem Matemática inserida em um cenário para investigação e compreendida como ambiente de aprendizagem. Pretende, também, verificar a pertinência de trabalhar tal conteúdo matemático com alunos dessa faixa etária. A turma investigada frequentava, na ocasião em que a proposta foi realizada, uma Escola de Ensino Fundamental da rede Municipal de Porto Alegre. Como referencial teórico, os estudos foram fundamentados, principalmente, nos conceitos de Modelagem Matemática, apresentados por Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) e Skovsmose (2000). Para a investigação, a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso. O tema da Modelagem Matemática teve como base uma investigação acerca dos planos de telefonia celular oferecidos pelas companhias existentes no Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de descobrir qual delas apresenta a proposta mais vantajosa, dependendo da necessidade do cliente. Durante os encontros, houve transição entre os diferentes ambientes de aprendizagem de Skovsmose (2000), bem como entre os diferentes casos propostos por Barbosa (2001). O desempenho dos alunos durante as aulas e os resultados por eles apresentados no final da sequência de atividades mostrou que a proposta desenvolvida é válida e adequada para a faixa etária em questão, bem como que, através da Modelagem Matemática, ocorre uma melhor compreensão da Matemática envolvida no trabalho. Como produto final, há ainda o material elaborado durante a realização do trabalho, o qual pode ser utilizado futuramente por professores que busquem valer-se de atividades semelhantes em suas aulas.The main goal of this dissertation is to describe a proposal for teaching affine functions to first year classes of the third education cycle (equivalent to seventh grade of elementary school), through the application of Mathematical Modeling inserted on a research scenario and understood as a learning environment. It also aims to determine the pertinence of working the referred subject with students from the involved age group. The class under analysis was, during the time of the proposal deployment, part of the Elementary City School, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Concerning the theoretical framework, the study was primarily substantiated on the concepts of Mathematical Modeling, as defined by Barbosa (2001), Biembengut (2000) and Skovsmose (2000). The methodology chosen for the research process was the case study. For the model development, the work with the students was based on a research about cell phone plans offered by mobile operators from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the goal of finding out which one of them offers the most advantageous proposal, according to the customer’s needs. During the meetings, transitions among learning environments as defined by Skovsmose (2000), as well as among different cases as proposed by Barbosa (2001) took place. The students’ performance during classes and their results obtained at the end of the sequence of activities demonstrated that the implemented proposal is valid and proper for the age group under analysis, and that through Mathematical Modeling there is a better comprehension of the Mathematic subjects involved in the work. As a final product, there is still the material developed during the course of work, which can be used in the future for teachers who desire to make use of similar activities in their classes.
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Turner, Ian James. "AFM investigations of critical interactions in the Bacillus primosome and Cryogenic AFM : a new tool for structural biology." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10188/.
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In this thesis for the first AFM has been employed for the high resolution imaging of a protein assembly. The DnaB-DnaG Helicase-Primase interaction in Bacillus is the key reaction that causes the switch from primase mode to polymerisation mode. This assembly was imaged using the AFM to a sub-molecular resolution revealing structural detail of the interaction. It is shown that the binding of the primase causes the structure of the helicase to switch from a hexamer to a trimer of dimers with one primase molecule bound to each dimer; also the existance of sub-populations with one and two primases bound suggests a sequential mode of binding. Recently crystallography data has been published that confirms the structural observations generated by AFM here. This is the first time that AFM and crystallography data have been used concurrently to solve the molecular structure of a protein assembly and it shows the potential application of AFM for sub-molecular resolution imaging of other protein assemblies. The role of DnaD in the Bacillus primosome is well established, however, its exact function was unknown. In this thesis AFM was applied to help solve this biomolecular problem, it revealed that DnaD has a pivotal role in early primosome assembly, opening up the DNA allowing other components of the cascade to bind. DnaD was shown to cause supercoiled DNA to adopt an open circular formation; this reaction was shown to be both reversible and universally applicable to all sequences of DNA. Comparisons are made between the role of DnaD and the roles of the histone-like proteins H-NS and HU. These experiments show that AFM can be applied to the imaging of proteins and their interactions with DNA and used to solve biomolecular problems that other techniques cannot solve. The design and implementation of a novel cryogenic AFM system for the imaging of biomolecules at subzero temperatures was executed. Preliminary results show that such a system has the potential to reduce the two main intrinsic effects limiting current AFM imaging; sample softness and thermal motion. The application of AFM in this thesis shows its strength as a tool in molecular biology not only for the high resolution imaging of proteins and protein assemblies but also as a technique that can be uniquely applied to solve biomolecular problems. This thesis also shows for the first time that AFM can be applied to generate sub-molecular resolution of protein assemblies. The strength of the AFM data when combined with crystallography data shows that AFM is a very powerful tool for the imaging of protein assemblies; it could even become the technique of choice
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Mege, Fabrice. "AFM à contact résonant : développement et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00618676.
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Avec l'intégration de circuits intégrés de plus en plus denses, le besoin d'outils de caractérisation adaptés à ces échelles se fait ressentir. Identifier et analyser les problèmes de fiabilité survenant dans ces structures à des dimensions inférieures à 100 nm demande la mise au point d'instruments innovants. Ce travail de thèse a consisté dans un premier temps à développer un appareil à champs proches sensible aux propriétés mécaniques de surface, et dans un second temps à analyser les résultats expérimentaux en s'appuyant sur des approches analytiques et/ou numériques. Désigné sous le nom de microscope à force atomique à résonance de contact (CR-AFM), cet appareil est sensible à la rigidité effective de films minces sur substrat, ce qui lui permet de cartographier la rigidité mécanique de films minces. Nous avons mené un important travail de développement instrumental afin d'obtenir des résultats expérimentaux répétables et fiables, condition indispensable à une analyse quantitative. Puis nous avons utilisé le CR-AFM sur divers échantillons : empilements modèles (films de silice sur silicium, avec épaisseurs variables de silice), films de silice avec porosité variable, structures damascènes d'interconnexion cuivre,... Des images traduisant les variations d'élasticité de surface ont ainsi pu être construites. Pour quantifier ces variations, nous avons analysé nos résultats à l'aide de différents modèles (approches analytiques et numériques). Des simulations par éléments finis ont été réalisées pour étayer ces résultats.
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Hugel, Thorsten. "Towards Synthetic Molecular Motors Interfaced by AFM." Diss., lmu, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-8157.
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Kufer, Stefan. "AFM-basierte Assemblierung biomolekularer Bausteine auf Festkörperoberflächen." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-96805.
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Rivera, Ahlin Alexander. "Noise squeezing and parametricamplication in dynamic AFM." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225974.
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Rieger, Johannes. "AFM manipulation of damping in nanomechanical resonators." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-159621.
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Ein bedeutender Teilbereich der Nanomechanik beschäftigt sich mit der Erforschung kleiner, schwingender Systeme, welche aufgrund ihrer geringen Massen auf minimale Umgebungseinflüsse reagieren.
Dies macht derartige nanoskalige Resonatoren zu äußerst empfindlichen Sensoren.
Die fortschreitende Miniaturisierung nanomechanischer Systeme erfordert nun einerseits die Weiterentwicklung von Antriebs- und Detektionsmechanismen, andererseits spielt die Verbesserung der mechanischen Güte eine zentrale Rolle für die Erhöhung der Empfindlichkeit möglicher sensorischer Anwendungen.
Hierfür ist die Untersuchung der Mechanismen, welche die mechanische Dämpfung der Resonatoren verursachen, erforderlich.
Um das Dämpfungsverhalten eines beidseitig eingespannten nanomechanischen Siliziumnitridresonators zu untersuchen und zu kontrollieren wird in dieser Arbeit ein Rasterkraftmikroskop (AFM) eingesetzt.
Dessen Spitze wird mit dem Resonator in Kontakt gebracht und beeinflusst als lokale Störung kontrolliert das nanomechanische System.
Das AFM bildet hierbei einen mechanischen Punktkontakt mit der Aufhängung des Resonators aus, wodurch Schwingungsenergie vom Resonator in die AFM-Spitze abgeleitet wird.
Aufgrund der hervorragenden räumlichen Auflösung des Rasterkraftmikroskops ist es somit möglich den ortsaufgelösten Energiefluss zwischen den beiden Systemen zu untersuchen.
Hierfür wird die mechanische Resonanz der Siliziumnitridsaite im Radiofrequenzbereich mittels eines heterodynen Überlagerungsverfahrens elektrisch ausgelesen.
Die Bewegung des zwischen zwei Goldelektroden platzierten Resonators ruft eine Kapazitätsänderung des durch die Elektroden gebildeten Kondensators hervor.
Durch Kopplung an einen Mikrowellenschwingkreis kann diese Kapazitätsänderung ausgelesen werden.
Zudem können Gleich- und Wechselspannungen an die Elektroden angelegt werden, wodurch einerseits die Resonanzfrequenz des Resonators verstimmt und andererseits die mechanische Bewegung angetrieben werden kann.
Das derart angetriebene nanomechanische System kann nun unter Einfluss der lokalen Störung durch das AFM in positions- und kraftabhängigen Messungen untersucht werden.
Es zeigt sich, dass der Energietransfer durch den mechanischen Punktkontakt einen äußerst starken Einfluss auf die mechanische Güte des Siliziumnitridbalkens hat, seine Resonanzfrequenz jedoch nur geringfügig beeinflusst wird.
Dies kann durch eine Änderung der mechanischen Impedanzanpassung des Resonators an seine Umgebung erklärt werden.
Die Impedanzänderung durch den mechanischen Punktkontakt ermöglicht den Übergang eines stark fehlangepassten nanomechanischen Systems hoher Güte zu einem angepassten System niedriger Güte auf einem einzigen Resonator.
Hierbei bleibt die intrinsische Dämpfung des Resonators unverändert und die zusätzlich induzierte Dämpfung kann der Abstrahlung von Vibrationsenergie in die Umgebung zugeschrieben werden.
Resonatoren hoher Güte ergeben sich somit als Systeme mit möglichst großer Fehlanpassung der mechanischen Impedanz.
Desweiteren kann mit dieser Methode das in den Aufhängepunkt des Resonators hineinreichende Verzerrungsfeld abgebildet werden.
Dies ermöglicht die Untersuchung gekoppelter Moden des Resonators sowie deren Modenform.
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Samsuri, Fahmi B. "Single Cell analysis using AtomicForce Microscopy (AFM)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5516.
Full textAbstract:
Replication of biological cells for the purpose of imaging and analysis under
electron and scanning probe microscopy has facilitated the opportunity to
study and examine some molecular processes and structures of living cells in
a manner that were not possible before. The difficulties faced in direct
cellular analysis when using and operating Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
in situ for morphological studies of biological cells have led to the
development of a novel method for biological cell studies based on
nanoimprint lithography. The realization of the full potential of high
resolution AFM imaging has revealed some very important biological events
such as exocytosis and endocytosis. In this work, a soft lithography
Bioimprint replication technique, which involved simple fabrication steps,
was used to form a hard replica of the cell employing a newly developed
biocompatible polymer that has fast curing time at room temperature
essential for this process. The structure and topography of the rat muscle cell
and the endometrial (Ishikawa) cancer cell were investigated in this study.
Cells were cultured and incubated in accordance with standard biological
culturing procedures and protocols approved by the Human Ethics
Committee, University of Otago. An impression of the cell profile was
created by applying a layer of the polymer onto the cells attached to a
substrate and rapidly cured under UV-light. Fast UV radiation helps to lock
cellular processes within seconds after exposure and replicas of the cancer
cells exhibit ultra-cellular structures and features down to nanometer scale.
Elimination of the AFM tip damping effects due to probing of the soft
biological tissue allows imaging with unprecedented resolution. Highxx
resolution AFM imagery provides the opportunity to examine the structure
and topography of the cells closely so that any abnormalities can be
identified. Craters that resemble granules and features down to 100 nm were
observed. These represent steps on a transitional series of sequential
structures that indicate either an endocytotic or exocytotic processes, which
were evident on the replicas. These events, together with exocytosis, play a
very significant part in the tumorigenesis of these cancer cells. By forming
cell replica impressions, not only have they the potential to understand
biological cell conditions, but may also benefit in synthesizing three
dimensional (3-D) scaffolds for natural growth of biological cells and
providing an improvement over standard cell growth conditions. Further
examinations by observing the characteristic behaviour of the plasma
membrane when the cells were induced by certain compound such as cobalt
chloride (CoCl2) under control and stimulated conditions have brought in the
opportunity to examine the effect of this stimulant in inducing apoptosis in
many different kinds of cells. Numbers of pores formed on the cells
membrane were found to increase significantly after the cells where induced
with CoCl2 that correlated well with the level of vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF) receptors expression, which contributed to tumour growth.
This indicates CoCl2 has exaggerated the expression of the VEGF growth
factor. Investigations were also done to the cells using functionalized nanoparticles
as bio-markers to establish the connection between exocytosis with
nanopores found on the membrane surfaces of the cells. These microbeads
were found attached to sites surrounding the nucleus of the cell and higher
numbers of visible beads would confirm that there was an up-regulation of
the VEGF expression in cells induced by CoCl2. All these can contribute to
expanding the knowledge about exocytosis and fundamental physiology of
cells, and also assist in understanding diseases especially cancer.
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Pearson, Anita P. "AFM investigation of single molecule force measurements." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441016.
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Elkaseh, Akram Abdulsalam. "Fabrication of Josephson junctions using AFM nanolithography." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5421.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering at the University of Stellenbosch
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Planar weak link structures, such as micro-bridges, variable thickness bridges and nanobridges, have always attracted a lot of attention. Their potential to behave as real Josephson elements make them useful devices, with numerous applications. Powerful techniques, such as focused ion-beam and electron-beam lithography, were successfully used and are well understood in planar weak link structure fabrication. In this dissertation the results of an experimental study on planar weak link structures are presented. For the first time these structures have been successfully fabricated using AFM nanolithography on hard high-temperature superconducting YBCO tracks, where diamond coated silicon tips were used as a ploughing tool. Superconducting YBCO thin films were deposited on different substrates, using inverted cylindrical magnetron sputtering. The films were used to fabricate micro-bridges, variable thickness bridges and nano-bridges, by using conventional photolithography, argon ion-beam milling and AFM nanolithography. The measured I-V characteristics of the fabricated micro-bridges (width down to 1.9 µm), variable thickness bridges (thickness down to 15 nm) and nano-bridge (width down to 490 nm) showed well defined DC and AC Josephson effect characteristics. For better understanding of the behaviour of these types of weak links, critical current versus temperature measurements, and magnetic field modulation of the critical current measurements, were also performed, with the results and discussions given inside the chapters. The major challenges that were experienced in the laboratory during the fabrication processes and the operation of the fabricated devices are also discussed, with the solutions given where appropriate.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Swak-skakel vlakstrukture, soos mikrobr.ue, br.ue met veranderlike dikte en nanobr.ue, het nog altyd baie aandag getrek. Hul het die potensiaal om soos werklike Josephson-elemente te kan funksioneer en is, as gevolg hiervan, nuttige toestelle met veelvuldige toepassings. Kragtige tegnieke, soos gefokuste ioonstraal- en elektronstraal litografie, is suksesvol gebruik en word goed verstaan in die vervaardiging van swak-skakel vlakstrukture. In hierdie proefskrif word die resultate van ¡¦n eksperimentele studie van swak-skakel vlakstrukture voorgel.e. Vir die eerste keer is hierdie strukture suksesvol vervaardig, deur gebruik te maak AFMnanolitografie op harde, ho¡Le-temperatuur supergeleier YBCO (Yttrium Barium Koperoksied) spore, waar diamantbedekte silikonpunte gebruik is as ploeginstrument. ¡¦n Dun lagie van supergeleidende YBCO is op verskillende substrate gedeponeer, deur gebruik te maak van omgekeerde silindriese magnetron verstuiwing. Die dun lagies is gebruik in die vervaardiging van mikrobr.ue, br.ue met veranderlike dikte en nanobr.ue, deur die gebruik van gewone fotolitografie, argon-ioonstraal frees en AFM nanolitografie. Die gemete I-V eienskappe van die vervaardigde mikrobr.ue (met breedte so laag as 1.9 µm), veranderlike-dikte br.ue (dikte tot 15 nm) en nanobr.ue (breedte so min as 490 nm) toon goed gedefinieerde GS en WS eienskappe van die Josephson-effek. Ten einde die gedrag van hierdie tipes swak-skakels beter te kan verstaan, is metings gedoen van kritieke stroom teenoor temperatuur, asook magnetiese veld modulasie van die kritieke stroom. Hierdie resultate en besprekings daarvan word binne die toepaslike hoofstukke aangebied. Die grootste uitdagings wat in die laboratorium, sowel as met die toetsing van die vervaardigde toestelle ondervind is, word ook bespreek. Waar moontlik, word toepaslike oplossings voorgestel.
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Pavelec, Jiří. "Vývoj lineárního posuvu pro UHV STM/AFM." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229812.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this diploma thesis is to develop a linear positioning stage for Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) environment. Simple prototypes of the linear positioning stage were designed and incorporated as part of a multiaxis sample manipulator for a UHV Scanning Tunneling Microscopy / Atomic Force Microscopy (STM/AFM). Different types of position encoders and linear guideways are discussed. Implementation of the homodyne interferometer as an optimization tool for a slip-stick based linear stage is described. Scalar diffraction theory is used to model the diffraction grating optical position encoder behavior.
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Jang, Chang-Hyun. "AFM-Assisted Nanofabrication using Self-Assembled Monolayers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11103.
Full textAbstract:
This study describes the covalent and the electrostatic attachment of molecules, nano-particles, and proteins to patterned self-assembled monolayers. A scanning probe nanografting technique was employed to produce patterns of various sizes, down to 10 nm. Thus, we are able to demonstrate a degree of surface patterning which is an order of magnitude smaller than that used in the semiconductor industry.
One efficient strategy for creating chemically specific nanostructures is to use the extraordinary catalytic properties of enzymes. However, as the dimension of a catalyst patch is reduced down to nanometer scale, it is difficult to detect the very low concentration of product. This study resolves the problem by developing a new strategy: the surface trapping of a product generated by a nanometer-scale patch of surface-bound enzyme.
An array of proteins finds use when the array contains a number of different proteins. Toward this end, a new and convenient method for immobilizing enzymes is developed, which will allow the preparation of thin films containing several different catalytically-active enzymes on the nanoscale.
The disadvantage of scanning probe nanografting technique is that the AFM tip loses resolution through wear during the patterning procedure. This study examines the possibility of developing a new AFM lithographic method to avoid wear: the use of enzymes covalently attached to a tip as a site-specific catalyst.Ph. D.
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Neugirg, Benedikt R., Sean R. Koebley, Hannes C. Schniepp, and Andreas Fery. "AFM-based mechanical characterization of single nanofibres." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36361.
Full textAbstract:
Nanofibres are found in a broad variety of hierarchical biological systems as fundamental structural units, and nanofibrillar components are playing an increasing role in the development of advanced functional materials. Accurate determination of the mechanical properties of single nanofibres is thus of great interest, yet measurement of these properties is challenging due to the intricate specimen handling and the exceptional force and deformation resolution that is required. The atomic force microscope (AFM) has emerged as an effective, reliable tool in the investigation of nanofibrillar mechanics, with the three most popular approaches—AFM-based tensile testing, three-point deformation testing, and nanoindentation—proving preferable to conventional tensile testing in many (but not all) cases. Here, we review the capabilities and limitations of each of these methods and give a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in this field.
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Swinford, Richard William. "An AFM-SIMS Nano Tomography Acquisition System." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3485.
Full textAbstract:
An instrument, adding the capability to measure 3D volumetric chemical composition, has been constructed by me as a member of the Sánchez Nano Laboratory. The laboratory's in situ atomic force microscope (AFM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry systems (SIMS) are functional and integrated as one instrument. The SIMS utilizes a Ga focused ion beam (FIB) combined with a quadrupole mass analyzer. The AFM is comprised of a 6-axis stage, three coarse axes and three fine. The coarse stage is used for placing the AFM tip anywhere inside a (13x13x5 mm3) (xyz) volume. Thus the tip can be moved in and out of the FIB processing region with ease. The planned range for the Z-axis piezo was 60 µm, but was reduced after it was damaged from arc events. The repaired Z-axis piezo is now operated at a smaller nominal range of 18 µm (16.7 µm after pre-loading), still quite respectable for an AFM. The noise floor of the AFM is approximately 0.4 nm Rq. The voxel size for the combined instrument is targeted at 50 nm or larger. Thus 0.4 nm of xyz uncertainty is acceptable. The instrument has been used for analyzing samples using FIB beam currents of 250 pA and 5.75 nA. Coarse tip approaches can take a long time so an abbreviated technique is employed. Because of the relatively long thro of the Z piezo, the tip can be disengaged by deactivating the servo PID. Once disengaged, it can be moved laterally out of the way of the FIB-SIMS using the coarse stage. This instrument has been used to acquire volumetric data on AlTiC using AFM tip diameters of 18.9 nm and 30.6 nm. Acquisition times are very long, requiring multiple days to acquire a 50-image stack. New features to be added include auto stigmation, auto beam shift, more software automation, etc. Longer term upgrades to include a new lower voltage Z-piezo with strain-gauge feedback and a new design to extend the life for the coarse XY nano-positioners. This AFM-SIMS instrument, as constructed, has proven to be a great proof of concept vehicle. In the future it will be used to analyze micro fossils and it will also be used as a part of an intensive teaching curriculum.
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Clausen, Bjoern, and risoe@risoe dk. "Characterisation of polycrystal deformation by numerical modelling and." Thesis, Risoe National Laboratory, 1999. http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/AFM/ris-r-985.htm.
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Anjos, DamiÃo Moreira dos. "AplicaÃÃes das funÃÃes afim e quadrÃtica na educaÃÃo para o trÃnsito." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16786.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEste trabalho de conclusÃo de curso (TCC), visa propor uma alternativa de ensino na Ãrea de matemÃtica atravÃs de aplicaÃÃes das funÃÃes afins e quadrÃticas na educaÃÃo para o trÃnsito, ao mesmo tempo em que se adequa ao Projeto de Reforma do Ensino MÃdio, estabelecido pela Lei no 9394/96. Trabalhando com disciplinas tradicionalmente pertencentes aos saberes escolares para os jovens advindos do Ensino Fundamental e contemplando tema transversal proveniente dos ParÃmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs), o referido trabalho visa contribuir com a melhoria da qualidade de ensino na referida disciplina atravÃs da contextualizaÃÃo e preparar o aluno para o Exame Nacional do Ensino MÃdio (ENEM), transformando o mesmo como parte do processo de construÃÃo do conhecimento, colocando a realidade e o cotidiano do aluno como elementos fundamentais, trazendo esse processo como elemento chave para o estudo da disciplina e do tema transversal envolvido nessa Ãrea.
This course conclusion work aims to propose an educational alternative in the field of mathematics through applications of quadratic functions and order in traffic education at the same time that suits the High School Reform Project by Law No. 9394/96. Working with traditionally belonging to the school knowledge disciplines for young people arising from the elementary school and contemplating cross-cutting issue from the National Curriculum Parameters, said work aims to contribute to improving the quality of education in that discipline through contextualization and prepare the student the National High School Exam, turning it as part of the knowledge construction process by putting reality and the daily life of the student as fundamental elements, bringing this process as a key element for the study of discipline and cross-cutting theme involved in this area.
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Silva, João Paulo Arruda da. "Funções afim e quadrática com auxílio do multiplano e blocos cúbicos." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7532.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This paper presents a new way of discussing concepts involving function, a ne function and quadratic function. Through simple activities with the use of blocks of cubes, and the multiplane software such as GeoGebra, students will move from a passive position, as simple listener, the active member of the teaching-learning process, enabling them to acquire a broader notion the concept of function and apply it later in solving problems in school and in their daily lives. Besides these diversi ed activities, topics that are usually not given prominence in most books of high school such that the analysis of the canonical form of the quadratic function and the theorem of characterization of a ne function will play an important role in developing what is expected of students about this important area of mathematics. All activities were conducted with 1st grade students of high school Natalicia Maria Figueiroa da Silva, located in the city of Surubim, in the state of Pernambuco.
Este trabalho apresenta uma nova maneira de se discutir conceitos envolvendo função, função a m e função quadrática. Através de atividades simples com uso dos blocos de cubos, do multiplano e de softwares como o Geogebra, o aluno passará de uma posição passiva, como simples ouvinte, a integrante ativo do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, possibilitando ao mesmo adquirir uma noção mais ampla do conceito de função e aplicá- lo posteriormente na resolução de problemas na escola e em sua vida cotidiana. Além dessas atividades diversi cadas, tópicos que geralmente não são colocados em destaque na maioria dos livros de ensino médio tais quais a análise da forma canônica da função quadrática e o Teorema de caracterização da função a m terão um importante papel no desenvolvimento que se espera dos estudantes a respeito dessa importante área da Matemática. Todas as atividades foram desenvolvidas com alunos da 1a série do ensino médio da Escola Estadual Natalícia Maria Figueiroa da Silva, localizada na cidade de Surubim no Estado de Pernambuco.
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Pauletti, Miguel Sebastian. "Parametric AFEM for geometric evolution equations and coupled fluid-membrane interaction." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8603.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Mathematics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Inforzato, Adriana de Campos. "Aproximação de conexão afim para constantes elásticas de cristais líquidos nemáticos." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Exatas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 2007. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000125774.
Full textAbstract:
Neste trabalho, generalizamos a aproximação de conexão afim de Hess passando a definila em termos de uma transformação local. Deste modo, a anisotropia macroscópica do meio nemático será concebida como resultado de uma transformação local, onde em cada ponto da amostra, as moléculas esféricas de um líquido isotrópico hipotético são transformadas para moléculas elipsoidais de um cristal líquido nemático. Quando tal característica local é imposta para a transformação, a configuração determinada pelas texturas do meio nemático adquire uma curvatura intrínseca, cujo tratamento requer a substituição das técnicas e métodos do cálculo usual por aquelas usadas na geometria de superfícies não planas. Tais aproximações serão usadas para o cálculo das constantes elásticas nemáticas de "bulk". Como resultado, determinaremos relações para as constantes elásticas que dependem do parâmetro de ordem escalar, da excentricidade das moléculas nemáticas e da interação entre elas e, finalmente, proceder-se-á a uma comparação dos resultados obtidos com dados experimentais.In this paper, the a.ne connection approach will be defined in terms of a local transformation. Accordingly, the macroscopic anisotropy of the nematic medium will be conceived as resulting from a local transformation where, at each point of the sample, the spherical molecules of an idealized hypothetic isotropic liquid have their shape changed to the ellipsoidal form of the nematic liquid crystals molecules. When such a local character is imposed to this transformation, the patterns determined by the director configuration of the nematic medium acquire an intrinsic curvature whose correct treatment requires the replacement of the techniques and methods of the usual calculus by those of the di.erential geometry of non-flat surfaces. Such approach will be used in the calculus of the nematic elastic constants. As a result, the dependence of the elastic constants on the scalar order parameter, on the eccentricity of the nematic molecules and on the interaction between them will be determined and compared with the experimental data.
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Anjos, Damião Moreira dos. "Aplicações das funções afim e quadrática na educação para o trânsito." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/16332.
Full textAbstract:
ANJOS, Damião Moreira dos. Aplicações das funções afim e quadrática na educação para o trânsito . 2015. 53 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Matemática em Rede Nacional) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Juazeiro do Norte, 2015.Submitted by Erivan Almeida (eneiro@bol.com.br) on 2016-04-20T12:29:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dis_2015_dmanjos.pdf: 660950 bytes, checksum: 5430eee85476511f851d723390834062 (MD5)
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This course conclusion work aims to propose an educational alternative in the field of mathematics through applications of quadratic functions and order in traffic education at the same time that suits the High School Reform Project by Law No. 9394/96. Working with traditionally belonging to the school knowledge disciplines for young people arising from the elementary school and contemplating cross-cutting issue from the National Curriculum Parameters, said work aims to contribute to improving the quality of education in that discipline through contextualization and prepare the student the National High School Exam, turning it as part of the knowledge construction process by putting reality and the daily life of the student as fundamental elements, bringing this process as a key element for the study of discipline and cross-cutting theme involvedin this area.
Este trabalho de conclusão de curso (TCC), visa propor uma alternativa de ensino na área de matemática através de aplicações das funções afins e quadráticas na educação para o trânsito, ao mesmo tempo em que se adequa ao Projeto de Reforma do Ensino Médio, estabelecido pela Lei no 9394/96. Trabalhando com disciplinas tradicionalmente pertencentes aos saberes escolares para os jovens advindos do Ensino Fundamental e contemplando tema transversal proveniente dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs), o referido trabalho visa contribuir com a melhoria da qualidade de ensino na referida disciplina através da contextualização e preparar o aluno para o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), transformando o mesmo como parte do processo de construção do conhecimento, colocando a realidade e o cotidiano do aluno como elementos fundamentais, trazendo esse processo como elemento chave para o estudo da disciplina e do tema transversal envolvido nessa área.
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Gamsjaeger, Roland. "AFM and SPR on biological systems applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to biologically important systems." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/988909820/04.
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