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Journal articles on the topic 'AFM'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 November 2024

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1

Nuryana, Christiana Tri, Tiara Puspita Agustin, Sofia Mubarika Haryana, Yohanes Widodo Wirohadidjojo, and Nur Arfian. "Achatina fulica Mucus Ameliorates UVB-induced Human Dermal Fibroblast Photoaging via the TGF-β/Smad Pathway." Indonesian Biomedical Journal 15, no. 6 (December 11, 2023): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v15i6.2580.

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BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) induces skin photoaging by reducing collagen deposition via impairment of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Achatina fulica mucus (AFM) is a native medicine acting as vehicle of anti-aging ingredients. The present investigation examined the effect of AFM on UVB-induced fibroblast photoaging by assessing TGF-β, Smad3, and Smad7 mRNA expressions.METHODS: AFM was extracted from A. fulica using electrical shock and freeze-dried into a powder. Normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cultures were irradiated with/without 100 mJ/cm2 UVB and treated with/without 10% platelet-rich plasma or different concentrations of AFM: 3.9 μg/mL in AF3 group; 15.625 μg/mL in AF15 group, and 62.5 μg/mL in AF62 group. The mRNA expressions of TGF-β, Smad3, and Smad7 in NHDF were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: TGF-β mRNA expressions in the AF3 (0.85±0.01), AF15 (0.94±0.02) and AF62 (1.64±0.03) groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that in the UVB group (0.55±0.04). Moreover, Smad3 expressions in the AF3 (1.42±0.25), AF15 (1.89±0.13), and AF62 (2.50±0.31) groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that in the UVB group (0.57±0.08). Furthermore, Smad7 expressions in the AF3 (1.57±0.18), AF15 (0.87±0.03), and AF62 (0.25±0.09) groups were significantly lower (p<0.05) than that in the UVB group (2.57±0.06).CONCLUSION: AFM ameliorates UVB-induced fibroblast photoaging by upregulating the TGF-β/Smad3 expressions and downregulating Smad7 expression.KEYWORDS: Achatina fulica, TGF-β, Smad, collagen, UVB, fibroblast, photoaging

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2

Peña, Brisa, Mostafa Adbel-Hafiz, Maria Cavasin, Luisa Mestroni, and Orfeo Sbaizero. "Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Applications in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073700.

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Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited heart muscle disorder characterized by progressive replacement of cardiomyocytes by fibrofatty tissue, ventricular dilatation, cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Interest in molecular biomechanics for these disorders is constantly growing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-established technic to study the mechanobiology of biological samples under physiological and pathological conditions at the cellular scale. However, a review which described all the different data that can be obtained using the AFM (cell elasticity, adhesion behavior, viscoelasticity, beating force, and frequency) is still missing. In this review, we will discuss several techniques that highlight the potential of AFM to be used as a tool for assessing the biomechanics involved in ACM. Indeed, analysis of genetically mutated cells with AFM reveal abnormalities of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane structures, and defects of contractility. The higher the Young’s modulus, the stiffer the cell, and it is well known that abnormal tissue stiffness is symptomatic of a range of diseases. The cell beating force and frequency provide information during the depolarization and repolarization phases, complementary to cell electrophysiology (calcium imaging, MEA, patch clamp). In addition, original data is also presented to emphasize the unique potential of AFM as a tool to assess fibrosis in cardiac tissue.

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Madeira, Mariana De Resende, Maximiliano De Souza Martins, Gustavo Pereira Martins, and Fernando Flecha Alkmim. "Caracterização faciológica e evolução sedimentar da Formação Moeda (Supergrupo Minas) na porção noroeste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais." Geologia USP. Série Científica 19, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v19-148467.

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A Formação Moeda, ao longo da região noroeste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, registra os primeiros estágios da Bacia Minas, desenvolvida no limite Neoarqueano/Paleoproterozoico no sul do Cráton do São Francisco (CSF). Este trabalho analisa essa unidade a partir de seis perfis estratigráficos de detalhe nos quais foram identificadas nove fácies sedimentares: quatro conglomeráticas (Gms, Gm, Gt e Gp), três essencialmente areníticas (St, Sp e Sh) e duas predominantemente pelíticas (Fl e Fsc). As seções estratigráficas foram correlacionadas, possibilitando o agrupamento das fácies em cinco associações geneticamente relacionadas. As associações de fácies AF1 e AF2 representam sistemas de leques aluviais que evoluíram para planícies fluviais entrelaçadas. AF3 está relacionada a um sistema lacustre associado a marinho raso nas porções distais. Por fim, as associações de fácies AF4 e AF5 representam planícies fluviais entrelaçadas encerradas por uma transgressão marinha no estágio final de evolução da bacia. Com o auxílio do mapeamento geológico-estrutural de detalhe dessas associações e da confecção de uma seção restaurada foi possível interpretar que as AF1, AF2, AF3 e a porção basal da AF4 foram depositadas durante os estágios iniciais do rifteamento continental, e as demais associações materializam a transição rifte-margem passiva.

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4

Koklu, Mehti. "Performance Assessment of Fluidic Oscillators Tested on the NASA Hump Model." Fluids 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020074.

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Flow separation control over a wall-mounted hump model was studied experimentally to assess the performance of fluidic oscillators (sweeping jet actuators). An array of fluidic oscillators was used to control flow separation. The results showed that the fluidic oscillators were able to achieve substantial control over the separated flow by increasing the upstream suction pressure and downstream pressure recovery. Using the data available in the literature, the performance of the fluidic oscillators was compared to other active flow control (AFC) methods such as steady blowing, steady suction, and zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) actuators. Several integral parameters, such as the inviscid flow comparison coefficient, pressure drag coefficient, and modified normal force coefficient, were used as quality metrics in the performance comparison of the AFC methods. These quality metrics indicated the superiority of the steady suction method, especially at lower excitation amplitudes that is followed by the fluidic oscillators, steady blowing, and the ZNMF actuators, respectively. An aerodynamic figure of merit (AFM) was also constructed using the integral parameters and AFC power usage. The AFM results revealed that, for this study, steady suction was the most efficient AFC method at lower excitation amplitudes. The steady suction loses its efficiency as the excitation amplitude increases, and the fluidic oscillators become the most efficient AFC method. Both the steady suction and the fluidic oscillators have an AFM > 1 for the range tested in this study, indicating that they provide a net benefit when the AFC power consumption is also considered. On the other hand, both the steady blowing and ZNMF actuators were found to be inefficient AFC methods (AFM < 1) for the current configuration. Although they improved the flow field by controlling flow separation, the power requirement was more than their benefit.

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5

KAWAI, Akira, and Daisuke INOUE. "EffectofThermalStressonPeelPropertyofLineResistPatternAnalyzedbyAtomicForceMicroscope(AFM." Journal of The Adhesion Society of Japan 39, no. 3 (2003): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11618/adhesion.39.107.

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6

Bowman, Dick. "AFM/PC." ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 22, no. 4 (June 1992): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/140660.140679.

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7

Vinson, V. "AFM Uncompromised." Science 344, no. 6182 (April 24, 2014): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.344.6182.341-c.

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8

Barrier, Gaëlle, and Edwige Biard. "AFM-Téléthon." médecine/sciences 31 (November 2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/201531s315.

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9

Burnham, Nancy A., and Uwe Hartmann. "Misinterpreting AFM." Science News 142, no. 14 (October 3, 1992): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4017921.

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10

Higgins, Michael, Gordon G. Wallace, Amy Gelmi, and Scott T. McGovern. "Electrochemical AFM." Imaging & Microscopy 11, no. 2 (May 2009): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imic.200990038.

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11

Konada, Naresh Kumar, K. N. S. Suman, Roop Sandeep Bammidi, and B. B. Ashok Kumar. "Investigation on Mechanical, Thermal and Bonding Properties of MWCNTs Reinforced Aramid/Epoxy Composite." Nano Hybrids and Composites 30 (November 2020): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.30.27.

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The poor ability of bonding performance of aramid fiber with epoxy resin limits its usage for wide range of applications. In this research work, an attempt was made to improve the bonding performance of aramid fiber with polymer matrix by performing nitric acid treatment on fiber. The role of functionalized multi walled carbon nano tubes (F-MWCNTs) reinforced in the base polymer matrix is also studied. Six composite sheets (AF0, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, and AF5) with varying content of F-MWCNTs from (0.1wt% to 0.5wt %) are fabricated using hand layup method having dimensions of 25cm x 25 cm x 0.8 cm . AF0 composite sheet is free from presence of F-MWCNTs. The remaining ingredients [80% epoxy resin, 0.2 % rubber powder, 0.2% graphite powder, and 0.2% BaSO4, 0.2% Zirconium Silicate powder and 1.5 % fiber] are kept constant for achieving desirable properties of friction materials. After undergoing, curing process in atmosphere for 72 hrs, the specimens are cut according to ASTM standards to evaluate mechanical, thermal and bonding properties of the composites. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) are observed for the samples to observe the grain distribution present in the composite. It was observed from results that, AF4 (aramid fiber reinforced composite friction material with 0.4% F-MWCNTs inclusions ) along with remaining ingredients exhibited better mechanical ,thermal and bonding properties compared to remaining formulations of materials.

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12

Amiewalan, F. O., and F. O. Balogun. "New Oligocene to Early Miocene Palynomorph Zonation of GZ-1 Well, Onshore Western Niger Delta, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 4 (October 8, 2021): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i4.4.

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Palynological studies was carried out on GZ-1 well from the onshore western Niger Delta in order to recognized a new detected developments in the varieties of key pollen and spore taxa that have shorter and more distinguished interval zones to advance stratigraphical delineation. Palynological analysis was carried out using the conventional maceration technique for recovering acid insoluble organic-walled microfossils from sediments. The result yielded rich and diversified palynomorphs. The main assemblage were dominated by angiosperm pollen grain (dominant global flora from Late Cretaceous onwards) followed by pteridophytes/bryophyte spore. Dinoflagellate cysts, on the contrast, were less diverse while the Gymnosperm pollen were scarce. The identified palynomorph were used to establish seven main zones - AF1 Psilatricolporites crassus zone, AF2 Verrucatosporites usmensis zone, AF3 Triplochiton scleroxylon zone, AF4 Crassoretitriletes vanraadshooveni zone, AF5 Acrostichum aureum zone, AF6 Gemmatriporites ogwashiensis zone and AF7 Retitricolporites irregularis zone in this study. Established on quantitative events, the zones were also divided into seven subzones with some having finer subdivisions into (a) and (b) ranging in age from Early Oligocene to Early Miocene. Previous unfiled event trends of important indicator taxa of spores and pollen accredited to Pelliceria, Caesalapinoideae, Stenochlaena palustris, Polypodiaceae, Lygodium microphyllum, Polypodiaceae, Adiantaceae and Amanoa (Euphorbiaceae) have assisted improvement of formerly used palynological zonation schemes in the Niger Delta. It is anticipated that this quantitative zonation scheme erected, will help with imminent palynostratigraphical studies in the onshore Niger delta area.

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13

Lacerda, D. L. P., F. Ptak, and R. Prioli. "Nanomechanical characterization of porous materials by atomic force microscopy." MRS Advances 3, no. 44 (2018): 2719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.475.

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AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation were used to characterize poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films with a wide distribution of pores. Pores with diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to few micrometers were measured by AFM and cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) mapping of the elastic modulus were correlated with the samples topography and pore distribution. The elastic moduli of the samples were additionally measured by nanoindentation.

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14

FELLOWES, R. A., A. G. MAULE, N. J. MARKS, T. G. GEARY, D. P. THOMPSON, and D. W. HALTON. "Nematode neuropeptide modulation of the vagina vera of Ascaris suum: in vitro effects of PF1, PF2, PF4, AF3 and AF4." Parasitology 120, no. 1 (January 2000): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005260.

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Ascaris suum possesses a large number of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) of which KNEFIRFamide (AF1), KHEYLRFamide (AF2) and KSAYMRFamide (AF8/PF3) have been shown to modulate the intrinsic, rhythmic activity of the vagina vera of A. suum in vitro. In the present study, the effects of the nematode FaRPs, SDPNFLRFamide (PF1), SADPNFLREamide (PF2) and KPNFIRFamide (PF4) (from Panagrellus redivivus) and AVPGVLRFamide (AF3) and GDVPGVLRFamide (AF4) (from A. suum) on the in vitro activity of the vagina vera were examined. The effects of each of the peptides were qualitatively and quantitatively distinct. All 3 FaRPs from P. redivivus were inhibitory, causing a cessation of contractions. PF2 was 3 times more potent than PF1, with a threshold of 1 nM. Although PF4 was the least potent (threshold, 10 nM), its effects at [ges ]10 nM were quantitatively the greatest. Both AF3 and AF4 (1 μM) induced complex, multiphasic responses consisting of an initial contraction and spastic paralysis followed by a return of contractile activity of increased amplitude. AF3 was 3 times more potent than AF4. The effects of these peptides had some similarities to those observed on A. suum somatic body wall muscle in vitro, with PF1, PF2 and PF4 being inhibitory and AF3 and AF4 being excitatory.

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15

Cruz Valeriano, Edgar, José Juan Gervacio Arciniega, Christian Iván Enriquez Flores, Susana Meraz Dávila, Joel Moreno Palmerin, Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde, Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy, Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta, Rafael Ramírez Bon, and José Martín Yañez Limón. "Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (May 4, 2020): 703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.58.

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In this work, a high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging technique is developed in order to obtain the local indentation modulus at the nanoscale level. The technique uses a model that gives a qualitative relationship between a set of contact resonance frequencies and the indentation modulus. It is based on white-noise excitation of the tip–sample interaction and uses system theory for the extraction of the resonance modes. During conventional scanning, for each pixel, the tip–sample interaction is excited with a white-noise signal. Then, a fast Fourier transform is applied to the deflection signal that comes from the photodiodes of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) equipment. This approach allows for the measurement of several vibrational modes in a single step with high frequency resolution, with less computational cost and at a faster speed than other similar techniques. This technique is referred to as stochastic atomic force acoustic microscopy (S-AFAM), and the frequency shifts of the free resonance frequencies of an AFM cantilever are used to determine the mechanical properties of a material. S-AFAM is implemented and compared with a conventional technique (resonance tracking-atomic force acoustic microscopy, RT-AFAM). A sample of a graphite film on a glass substrate is analyzed. S-AFAM can be implemented in any AFM system due to its reduced instrumentation requirements compared to conventional techniques.

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Ramchandran, Ramya, Swetha Ramesh, Anviksha A, RamLal Thakur, Arunaloke Chakrabarti, and Utpal Roy. "Improved Production of Two Anti-Candida Lipopeptide Homologues Co- Produced by the Wild-Type Bacillus subtilis RLID 12.1 under Optimized Conditions." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666191205115008.

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Background:: Antifungal cyclic lipopeptides, bioactive metabolites produced by many species of the genus Bacillus, are promising alternatives to synthetic fungicides and antibiotics for the biocontrol of human pathogenic fungi. In a previous study, the co- production of five antifungal lipopeptides homologues (designated as AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4 and AF5) by the producer strain Bacillus subtilis RLID 12.1 using unoptimized medium was reported; though the two homologues AF3 and AF5 differed by 14 Da and in fatty acid chain length were found effective in antifungal action, the production/ yield rate of these two lipopeptides determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was less in the unoptimized media. Methods:: In this study, the production/yield enhancement of the two compounds AF3 and AF5 was specifically targeted. Following the statistical optimization (Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs) of media formulation, temperature and growth conditions, the production of AF3 and AF5 was improved by about 25.8- and 7.4-folds, respectively under static conditions. Results:: To boost the production of these two homologous lipopeptides in the optimized media, heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells were used as a supplement resulting in 34- and 14-fold increase of AF3 and AF5, respectively. Four clinical Candida auris isolates had AF3 and AF5 MICs (100 % inhibition) ranging between 4 and 16 μg/ml indicating the lipopeptide’s clinical potential. To determine the in vitro pharmacodynamic potential of AF3 and AF5, time-kill assays were conducted which showed that AF3 (at 4X and 8X concentrations) at 48h exhibited mean log reductions of 2.31 and 3.14 CFU/ml of C. albicans SC 5314, respectively whereas AF5 at 8X concentration showed a mean log reduction of 2.14 CFU/ml. Conclusion:: With the increasing threat of multidrug-resistant yeasts and fungi, these antifungal lipopeptides produced by optimized method promise to aid in the development of novel antifungal that targets disease-causing fungi with improved efficacy.

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17

Mansfield, Peter, and Richard Bowtell. "NMR marries AFM." Physics World 7, no. 9 (September 1994): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/7/9/25.

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18

Aigner, Thomas, Nicole Schmitz, and Jochen Haag. "AFM tackles osteoarthritis." Nature Nanotechnology 4, no. 3 (March 2009): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.29.

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19

KAWAI, Akira. "AnalysisofInteractionForcebetweenMaterialSurfacesbyUsingAtomicForceMicroscope(AFM>." Journal of The Adhesion Society of Japan 36, no. 2 (2000): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11618/adhesion.36.77.

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20

Wanjari, Suhasini, Abhijit Wanjarri, N. B. Singh, and W. B. Gurnule. "Preface: AFM-2020." Materials Today: Proceedings 29 (2020): 965–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.159.

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21

Gołek, F., P. Mazur, Z. Ryszka, and S. Zuber. "AFM image artifacts." Applied Surface Science 304 (June 2014): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.149.

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OHNISHI, Hiroshi. "NC-AFM 2000." Hyomen Kagaku 22, no. 3 (2001): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.22.210.

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23

Giessibl, Franz J., and Seizo Morita. "Non-contact AFM." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 24, no. 8 (February 7, 2012): 080301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/24/8/080301.

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24

Higgins, Michael J., Takeshi Fukuma, and Suzanne P. Jarvis. "AFM in Liquid." Imaging & Microscopy 8, no. 3 (September 2006): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imic.200790097.

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Chacko, Jenu V., Francesca C. Zanacchi, Benjamin Harke, Luca Lanzano, Claudio Canale, and Alberto Diaspro. "Insight into Hybrid Nanoscopy Techniques: STED AFM & STORM AFM." Biophysical Journal 106, no. 2 (January 2014): 396a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.2238.

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Perkins, Thomas T. "Ultrastable AFM: Improved Stability, Precision, and Bandwidth for Bio-AFM." Biophysical Journal 108, no. 2 (January 2015): 6a—7a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.058.

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Honkanen, Mari, Minnamari Vippola, and Toivo Lepistö. "Low temperature oxidation of copper alloys—AEM and AFM characterization." Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 12 (January 31, 2007): 4684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0351-x.

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28

Chen, Zhe, Jiawei Luo, Ivo Doudevski, Sema Erten, and Seong H. Kim. "Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis of an Object Larger and Sharper than the AFM Tip." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 05 (July 16, 2019): 1106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619014697.

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AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) is typically used for analysis of relatively flat surfaces with topographic features smaller than the height of the AFM tip. On flat surfaces, it is relatively easy to find the object of interest and deconvolute imaging artifacts resulting from the finite size of the AFM tip. In contrast, AFM imaging of three-dimensional objects much larger than the AFM tip height is rarely attempted although it could provide topographic information that is not readily available from two-dimensional imaging, such as scanning electron microscopy. In this paper, we report AFM measurements of a vertically-mounted razor blade, which is taller and sharper than the AFM tip. In this case, the AFM height data, except for the data collected around the cutting edge of the blade, reflect the shape of the AFM tip. The height data around the apex area are effectively the convolution of the AFM tip and the blade cutting edge. Based on computer simulations mimicking an AFM tip scanning across a round sample, a simple algorithm is proposed to deconvolute the AFM height data of an object taller and sharper than the AFM tip and estimate its effective curvature.

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Kaysheva, A. L., Yu D. Ivanov, V. G. Zgoda, P. A. Frantsuzov, T. O. Pleshakova, N. V. Krohin, V. S. Ziborov, and A. I. Archakov. "Visualization and identification of hepatitis c viral particles by atomic force microscopy combined with ms/ms analysis." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 56, no. 1 (January 2010): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20105601026.

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Possibility of detection and identification of hepatitis C viral particles with mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with atomic force microscopy (AFM) had been investigated. AFM/MS approach is based on two technologies: 1. AFM-biospecific fishing that allows to detect, concentrate from solution and to count protein complexes on a surface of AFM-nanochip; 2. mass spectrometric identification of these complexes. AFM-biospecific fishing of HCVcoreAg from solution was carried onto surface of AFM-nanochips with immobilized anti-HCVcoreAg. It was shown that HCVcoreAg/anti-HCVcoreim complexes were formed onto AFM-nanochips in quantity sufficient for mass spectrometric identification. Thus, AFM/MS approach allows to identify fragments of hepatitis C virus fished onto a surface of AFM-nanochip from serum.

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Zhang, Kai, Yang Bai, and Zhimin Zhang. "Compensation Method for Correcting the Topography Convolution of the 3D AFM Profile Image of a Diffraction Grating." Machines 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2024): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines12020126.

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Any 3D AFM image is a convolution of the geometry of the AFM tip and the profile of the scanned sample, especially when the dimensions of the scanned sample are comparable to those of the AFM tip shape. The precise profile of the scanned sample can be extracted from the 3D AFM image if the geometry of the AFM tip is known. Therefore, in order to separate the geometry of the AFM probe tip from the 3D AFM image of a diffraction grating with a rectangular profile and to correct for the topographic convolutions induced by the AFM probe tip, a method is used to quantitatively evaluate the geometry of the AFM probe tip, including the tip radius and the included angle. A model for reconstructing the measured AFM image is proposed to correct topography convolutions caused by the AFM tip shape when scanning a diffraction grating with rectangular profiles. A series of experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed AFM tip geometry evaluation method, and comparison experiments were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the proposed reconstruction model.

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NAKAJIMA, Hideo, Akinori KOGURE, and Shiho MORIGUCHI. "Evaluation of Solid-Liquid Interfaces by Frequency Modulation AFM (FM-AFM)." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.72.150.

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32

Ortiz-Velázquez, Rogelio Iván, José Guilherme Mendes Pereira Caldas, Patrícia Hatsue Suegama, Marina Magnani, Jorge Arturo Santos-Franco, Rodrigo Mercado-Pimentel, Leonardo Yuji Tanaka, and Maria Cecília Salvadori. "Microscopia de força atômica no estudo da superfície endotelial de bifurcações arteriais cerebrais humanas." Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery 28, no. 01 (March 2009): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625547.

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Resumo Objetivo: Apresentar o estudo morfológico do endotélio vascular de artérias cerebrais humanas e discutir aplicações e limitações da microscopia de força atômica (AFM) no estudo da patologia vascular. Material e métodos: Foram utilizadas amostras do segmento M1 e da bifurcação da artéria cerebral média, com e sem doença aterosclerótica. Imagens topográficas, obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), das amostras fixadas quimicamente e desidratadas mediante ponto crítico foram confrontadas com imagens de amostras não fixadas, obtidas por AFM. Resultados: As células endoteliais nos segmentos retos de M1 e da bifurcação da ACM, sem doença aterosclerótica, são alongadas e alinhadas com o eixo axial do vaso, porém poligonais e sem orientação preferencial na bifurcação aterosclerótica. A bifurcação com aterosclerose apresenta uma monocamada endotelial altamente irregular e corrugada que invagina na luz do vaso e mostra características heterogêneas na superfície da membrana. A resolução das imagens de MEV foi superior àquela obtida nas imagens de AFM a baixa magnificação. Nas imagens de AFM, a parte lateral e as uniões celulares são pouco definidas e a varredura em altas magnificações diminui a resolução. Contudo, é possível determinar a topografia tridimensional da superfície celular, podendo-se, ao mesmo tempo, realizar estudos funcionais. Conclusão: Apesar da combinação única de alta resolução de imagem e operação sob condições próximas às fisiológicas, a AFM em amostras flexíveis apresenta resolução que depende do tipo de cantilever e do grau de hidratação da amostra. Por isso, em amostras vasculares as condições fisiológicas terão de ser estritamente reproduzidas.

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LAVETSKI, M., V. TSVIATKOU, A. BORISKEVICH, V. LAPITSKAYA, and S. CHIZHIK. "WEIGHTED SUMMATION OF AFM IMAGES USING LOCAL CORRELATION METRIC." HERALD OF POLOTSK STATE UNIVERSITY. Series С FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1624-2023-41-2-18-28.

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The problem of weighted summation of component images of the surface of a material formed in two synchronous channels of an atomic force microscope (AFM) is considered. A computationally simple quality metric for combining component AFM images based on local correlation coefficients is proposed, which takes into account the contribution of each of the component AFM images to the resulting combined AFM image and the correlation between component AFM images. It is shown that local correlation provides a higher accuracy of AFM images combination quality estimation in comparison with global correlation. The dependences of the local correlation metric on the size of the correlation analysis window and the contribution of component AFM images to the resulting combined AFM images are obtained. A scheme for adaptive weighted summation of component AFM images is proposed.

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Maran, Bruna, Wendel Paulo Silvestre, and Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti. "Preliminary Study on the Effect of Artificial Lighting on the Production of Basil, Mustard, and Red Cabbage Seedlings." AgriEngineering 6, no. 2 (April 16, 2024): 1043–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020060.

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The use of artificial lighting in a total or supplementary way is a current trend, with growing interest due to the increase in the global population and climate change, which require high-yield, quality, and fast-growing crops with less water and a smaller carbon footprint. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting on the production of basil, mustard, and red cabbage seedlings under controlled artificial conditions and in a greenhouse as a supplementary lighting regime. Under controlled conditions, the experiment was conducted with basil seedlings, comparing LED light with two wavelengths (purple and white light). In a greenhouse, mustard and red cabbage seedlings were evaluated under natural light (regular photoperiod) and with supplementary purple lighting of 3 h added to the photoperiod. The variables assessed were aerial fresh mass (AFM), aerial dry mass (ADM), root dry mass (RDM), plant length (PL), and leaf area (LA). Basil seedlings grown under purple light showed greater length and AFM than those grown under white light, with no effect on the production of secondary metabolites. In the greenhouse experiment, red cabbage seedlings showed an increase in AFM, ADM, and DRM with light supplementation, with no effect on LA. AFM showed no statistical difference in mustard seedlings, but the productive parameters LA, ADM, and DRM were higher with supplementation. None of the evaluated treatments influenced the production of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the three species evaluated. Light supplementation affected red cabbage and mustard seedlings differently, promoting better development in some production parameters without affecting the production of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in either plant. Thus, light supplementation or artificial lighting can be considered a tool to enhance and accelerate the growth of seedlings, increasing productivity and maintaining the quality of the secondary metabolites evaluated. Thus, this technology can reduce operational costs, enable cultivation in periods of low natural light and photoperiod, and cultivate tropical species in temperate environments in completely artificial (indoor) conditions.

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Liu, Zeng Lei, Nian Dong Jiao, Zhi Dong Wang, Zai Li Dong, and Lian Qing Liu. "Atomic Force Microscope Deposition Assisted by Electric Field." Advanced Materials Research 677 (March 2013): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.677.69.

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This paper introduces atomic force microscope (AFM) deposition method to fabricate nanostructures and nanodevices. Field emission theory is introduced in this paper, which provides theoretical explanation for AFM deposition. Dot matrixes are fabricated by AFM deposition on three different substrates, Si, Au and GaAs. Differences of deposition on the three substrates are discussed. AFM deposition has many practical applications. For example, AFM deposition can be used to solder nano components together to improve electrical properties of nanodevices. Besides nanosoldering, AFM deposition can also be used in fabrication of nanodevices. Thus AFM deposition is a valuable research field for future massive applications of nanodevices.

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Lu, Nianhang, Shasha Xiao, Rui Zhang, Jirui Liu, Long Ma, and Sen Wu. "Thin head atomic force microscope for integration with optical microscope." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 083702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093080.

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We present a novel thin head atomic force microscope (AFM) that can be easily integrated with an upright optical microscope (OM). The optical beam detection unit in the AFM used an obliquely incident laser beam onto the cantilever, reducing the AFM head’s effective thickness to 7.3 mm. That allows an open space above the cantilever probe to accommodate the objective lens up to 0.6 numerical aperture (N.A.) without obstruction. A multi-function digital controller was developed to control the AFM and reserved interfaces to communicate with the OM. To assess the performance of the developed AFM, we first measured the noise level and bandwidths of the AFM system. Then, the imaging quality of the AFM was evaluated by both calibration grids and two-dimensional materials. Finally, the thin head AFM was integrated into a homemade white light interferometer as a demonstration of combined use with an advanced optical system. The experimental results demonstrated that our developed AFM is suitable for integration under upright OM and brings AFM high-resolution advantages to the existing OM system.

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Amyot, Romain, Arin Marchesi, Clemens M. Franz, Ignacio Casuso, and Holger Flechsig. "Simulation atomic force microscopy for atomic reconstruction of biomolecular structures from resolution-limited experimental images." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): e1009970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009970.

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can visualize the dynamics of single biomolecules under near-physiological conditions. However, the scanning tip probes only the molecular surface with limited resolution, missing details required to fully deduce functional mechanisms from imaging alone. To overcome such drawbacks, we developed a computational framework to reconstruct 3D atomistic structures from AFM surface scans, employing simulation AFM and automatized fitting to experimental images. We provide applications to AFM images ranging from single molecular machines, protein filaments, to large-scale assemblies of 2D protein lattices, and demonstrate how the obtained full atomistic information advances the molecular understanding beyond the original topographic AFM image. We show that simulation AFM further allows for quantitative molecular feature assignment within measured AFM topographies. Implementation of the developed methods into the versatile interactive interface of the BioAFMviewer software, freely available at www.bioafmviewer.com, presents the opportunity for the broad Bio-AFM community to employ the enormous amount of existing structural and modeling data to facilitate the interpretation of resolution-limited AFM images.

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Howland, R. S., D. F. Oot, R. Nowroozi-Esfahani, G. J. Maclay, and P. J. Hesketh. "Non-contact atomic-force microscopy for soft surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100148411.

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The atomic force microscope (AFM) was invented in the mid-1980s, in response to strong interest in the high resolution, real-space surface imaging capabilities of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The AFM provides one real benefit that the STM cannot: it is able to image insulating surfaces. As a result, the AFM can operate on a wider variety of samples; it also can image samples in air, where many conductors oxidize rapidly, and in solution. Essentially no surface preparation is necessary. Historically, however, even the AFM has had limitations. Until recently, the contact forces exerted by the AFM tip on the sample surface meant that AFM was limited to surfaces of substantial rigidity. Noncontact AFM removes that barrier, opening up the possibility of AFM imaging of very soft surfaces, or of surfaces that cannot be contaminated by contact with the tip.An AFM uses a piezoelectric transducer to scan the sample beneath a sharp probe.

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Thalij, K. M., M. M. Ahmed, and K. M. Al Wezy. "The Correlation between Concentration of Atlatoxins andOchratoxin A and Tumor Patienl·s Cases in Nineveh province." Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 18, 2023): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjphs.2010.6.2.2.94.101.

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This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between occurrence of Aflatoxins Bl (AFBI), M1 (AEM), Aflatoxicol, and Ochratoxin A (OA), and tumor patients in Nineveh province. Blood, urine and tissues samples were taken from 33 tumor patients at liver and kidney organs, and 18 samples from healthy volunteer's peoples to estimated the presence and concentration of AFB1, AFM, Aflatoxicol, and OA contents. It had been found that the AFB1, AFM], and OA at a high percentage in blood samples from patients group at 42.4, 45.5, and 42.4 % respectively and high range concentrations 4.5 to 13.1, 94 to 31.6, and 1.02 to B.6 ng/100 ml of blood respactively, comparcd with the above mycotoxins presence in same samples from healthy group. On the other hand there was & highly percentage for ocourrcnce and concentrations of AFBI, AFM], aflatoxicol, and OA in urine samples from patients group (54.5, 66.7, 60.6 and 42.4 % respectively and the concentrations at 5.2 to 25.1, 10.7 to 36.8, 7.2 to 20.3 and 9.2 to 33.7 ng/100 ml of urine respectively when compared with the same samples from healthy group. Furthermore, found that a high concentration of AFB1. AFM], and OA in the liver and kidney samples that taken from tumor patients group. The results was corfirm the strongly correlation between level vccurrence and concentration of myctoxins type and the tumor cases in contributors peoples.

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Lee, Hak Joo, Ki Ho Cho, Jae Hyun Kim, Seung Woo Han, Byung Ik Choi, Chang Wook Baek, Jong Man Kim, and Sung Hoon Choa. "Force-Calibrated AFM for Mechanical Test of Freestanding Thin Films." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.275.

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Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful tool for exploring a nano-scale world. It can measure a nano-scale surface topography with very high resolution and detect a very small force. In this paper, we propose a novel AFM cantilever and its calibration scheme to utilize AFM as a mechanical testing machine. We call this AFM with a new cantilever as a force-calibrated AFM. The feasibility of the AFM cantilever is validated through measurement of mechanical properties of freestanding Au thin films.

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Lavetski, M. Yu, V. Yu Tsviatkou, A. A. Boriskevich, V. A. Lapitskaya, and S. A. Chizhik. "Local Correlation Metric for Assessing the Quality of Combined AFM Images." Doklady BGUIR 21, no. 3 (June 22, 2023): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2023-21-3-78-86.

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The problem of assessing the quality of combining component images formed in two synchronous channels of an atomic force microscope (AFM images), is considered. A computationally simple quality metric for combining component AFM images, based on local correlation coefficients is proposed, taking into account the contribution of each of the component AFM images to the resulting combined AFM image and the correlation between component AFM images. It is shown that local correlation provides a higher accuracy of AFM images combination quality estimation in comparison to the global correlation.

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Patel, Anisha N., and Christine Kranz. "(Multi)functional Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125716.

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Incorporating functionality to atomic force microscopy (AFM) to obtain physical and chemical information has always been a strong focus in AFM research. Modifying AFM probes with specific molecules permits accessibility of chemical information via specific reactions and interactions. Fundamental understanding of molecular processes at the solid/liquid interface with high spatial resolution is essential to many emerging research areas. Nanoscale electrochemical imaging has emerged as a complementary technique to advanced AFM techniques, providing information on electrochemical interfacial processes. While this review presents a brief introduction to advanced AFM imaging modes, such as multiparametric AFM and topography recognition imaging, the main focus herein is on electrochemical imaging via hybrid AFM-scanning electrochemical microscopy. Recent applications and the challenges associated with such nanoelectrochemical imaging strategies are presented.

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Marcuello, Carlos. "Current and future perspectives of atomic force microscopy to elicit the intrinsic properties of soft matter at the single molecule level." AIMS Bioengineering 9, no. 3 (2022): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2022020.

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<abstract> <p>Soft matter encompasses multitude of systems like biomolecules, living cells, polymers, composites or blends. The increasing interest to better understand their physico-chemical properties has significantly favored the development of new techniques with unprecedented resolution. In this framework, atomic force microscopy (AFM) can act as one main actor to address multitude of intrinsic sample characteristics at the nanoscale level. AFM presents many advantages in comparison to other bulk techniques as the assessment of individual entities discharging thus, ensemble averaging phenomena. Moreover, AFM enables the visualization of singular events that eventually can provide response of some open questions that still remain unclear. The present manuscript aims to make the reader aware of the potential applications in the employment of this tool by providing recent examples of scientific studies where AFM has been employed with success. Several operational modes like AFM imaging, AFM based force spectroscopy (AFM-FS), nanoindentation, AFM-nanoscale infrared spectroscopy (AFM-nanoIR) or magnetic force microscopy (MFM) will be fully explained to detail the type of information that AFM is capable to gather. Finally, future prospects will be delivered to discern the following steps to be conducted in this field.</p> </abstract>

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Gibson, Christopher T. "The Attachment of Carbon Nanotubes to Atomic Force Microscopy Tips Using the Pick-Up Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 5575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165575.

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In the last 30 years research has shown that the resolution and reproducibility of data acquired using the atomic force microscope (AFM) can be improved through the development of new imaging modes or by modifying the AFM tip. One method that has been explored since the 1990s is to attach carbon nanotubes (CNT) to AFM tips. CNTs possess a small diameter, high aspect ratio, high strength and demonstrate a high degree of wear resistance. While early indications suggested the widespread use of these types of probes would be routine this has not been the case. A number of methods for CNT attachment have been proposed and explored including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), dielectrophoresis and manual attachment inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). One of the earliest techniques developed is known as the pick-up method and involves adhering CNTs to AFM tips by simply scanning the AFM tip, in tapping mode, across a CNT-covered surface until a CNT attaches to the AFM tip. In this work we will further investigate how, for example, high force tapping mode imaging can improve the stability and success rate of the pick-up method. We will also discuss methods to determine CNT attachment to AFM probes including changes in AFM image resolution, amplitude versus distance curves and SEM imaging. We demonstrate that the pick-up method can be applied to a range of AFM probes, including contact mode probes with relatively soft spring constants (0.28 N/m). Finally, we demonstrate that the pick-up method can be used to attach CNTs to two AFM tips simultaneously. This is significant as it demonstrates the techniques potential for attaching CNTs to multiple AFM tips which could have applications in AFM-based data storage, devices such as the Snomipede, or making CNT-AFM tips more commercially viable.

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Yasue, T., and T. Andou. "physical mapping by AFM." Seibutsu Butsuri 40, supplement (2000): S184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.40.s184_3.

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Dannberg, Oliver, and Thomas Fröhlich. "Steifigkeitsmessungen von AFM-Cantilevern." tm - Technisches Messen 88, s1 (August 24, 2021): s3—s7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0046.

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Zusammenfassung Zur rückführbaren Kraftmessung mit AFM-Cantilevern ist aufgrund von Fertigungstoleranzen eine individuelle Kalibrierung jedes einzelnen Cantilevers notwendig. An der TU-Ilmenau wurde ein Prüfstand entwickelt, welcher die Steifigkeit nach einem statisch experimentellen Verfahren bestimmt. Dabei wird der Cantilever um einen definierten Weg ausgelenkt und die dazu notwendige Kraft gemessen. Die Wegmessung erfolgt durch ein kommerzielles Differenzinterferometer und die Kraftmessung mithilfe einer neu entwickelten Wägezelle. In diesem Artikel wird die Funktion des Prüfstandes am Beispiel einer Kalibrierung beschrieben und ein Messunsicherheitsbudget aufgestellt. Die relative Messunsicherheit beträgt ca. 1,5% bei einer maximalen Kalibrierkraft von <100 nN. Eine anschließende Untersuchung des Cantilevers ergab keine nachweisbaren Schäden an dessen Spitze.

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Grévin, B., M. Fakir, J. Hayton, M. Brun, R. Demadrille, and J. Faure-Vincent. "Qplus AFM driven nanostencil." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 6 (June 2011): 063706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3600898.

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Ruediger, Andreas, and Federico Rosei. "AFM extends its reach." Nature Nanotechnology 5, no. 6 (June 2010): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.112.

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Evanko, Daniel. "Upgrades for the AFM." Nature Methods 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2012): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2117.

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Morita, Seizo, Hirofumi Yamada, and Toshio Ando. "Japan AFM roadmap 2006." Nanotechnology 18, no. 8 (January 18, 2007): 084001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/8/084001.

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