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Journal articles on the topic 'AFM PROCESS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Walia, R. S., H. S. Shan, and P. Kumar. "Enhancing AFM process productivity through improved fixturing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 44, no. 7-8 (February 4, 2009): 700–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1893-7.

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2

Fite, Kelby, E. Thomas Smiley, John McIntyre, and Christina Wells. "Evaluation of a Soil Decompaction and Amendment Process for Urban Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.038.

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Researchers investigated the effects of a soil decompaction and amendment process (AFM) and its individual components (air tillage, fertilizer, and mulch) on soil properties at four urban sites: Anderson, South Carolina; Boston, Massachusetts; Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. At each site, 50 red maples (Acer rubrum) were growing on compacted and/or nutrient-poor soils whose pretreatment bulk densities ranged from 1.14 to 1.74 g/cm3. Treatments were applied in the autumn and winter of 2005–2006, and measurements were taken through the end of 2008. The AFM treatment significantly reduced soil strength relative to control at all sites in 2006. There were significant treatment × location interactions in all years, with higher bulk density sites (Anderson and Myrtle Beach) showing the greatest magnitude and duration of response. The AFM and mulch treatments generally increased soil organic matter content, while air tillage alone significantly lowered soil organic matter content in Pittsburgh. At most sites, the AFM treatment was more effective than surface fertilizer application at improving soil fertility. AFM and mulched plots had significantly higher soil water content than other plots during periods of summer drought. Overall, AFM was effective in improving soils beneath established trees, and mulching was the most beneficial of the individual treatments.

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3

Bao, Tim. "Traceable Dimension Metrology by AFM for Nanoscale Process Control." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.549.

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Your 32nm is different from my 32nm! The paradoxical statement reflects one of the most essential debates in the field of nanoscale dimension metrology for process control in the modern nanoelectronic manufacturing industry. This baffling debate is all about accuracy and traceability of dimension measurement systems used on production floors. As the circuit geometry and density continues to scale to the 45nm node and below, the metrology bias and uncertainty play a more significant role, and the characterization becomes more difficult. This article assesses the capability of atomic force microscope (AFM) as an accurate inline calibration metrology tool and the correlation of AFM measurement to NIST traceable standards. It introduces the methodology of adopting AFM as a traceable reference tool for CD SEM and optical scatterometry used in inline process control. The focus is on height, linewidth, and pitch calibrations due to their critical but challenging roles for process control in today’s nanoelectronic manufacturing. Care must be taken to minimize the impact from factors that affect the traceability and accuracy in the AFM system, including tip width calibration, tip wear, tip shape effect, contamination, and linewidth roughness.

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4

Mangesh, Gharat Saurabh, and Aviral Misra. "Finite element analysis of viscoelastic media used in abrasive flow machining process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012005.

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Abstract The surface roughness of a part is the most important parameter in view of tribological applications and it also affects the working life of the part during application. The abrasive flow machining (AFM) process is an advanced non-conventional finishing process, used to deburr, polish, and to remove the recast layer from the surface as well as at the edges of the components. In AFM viscoelastic media is used to finish the workpiece with close dimensional tolerance and precision. The viscoelastic media used in the AFM process is laden with abrasive particles. In the present work, a finite element analysis of viscoelastic abrasive media is performed considering the AFM process. A mixture of polyborosiloxane and silicon carbide is used as viscoelastic abrasive media and the AFM process is modeled using ANSYS Polyflow. In the analysis, the flow of viscoelastic abrasive media is assumed to follow the Maxwell model of viscoelastic fluid. The simulations were performed for varying the extrusion pressure for the finishing of an internal cylindrical surface. The results of the simulations were validated with the experimental observation and found in good agreement.

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5

Mekid, Samir. "In-Process Atomic-Force Microscopy (AFM) Based Inspection." Sensors 17, no. 6 (May 31, 2017): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17061194.

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6

Babicz, S., A. Zieliński, J. Smulko, and K. Darowicki. "Corrosion process monitoring by AFM higher harmonic imaging." Measurement Science and Technology 28, no. 11 (October 18, 2017): 114001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa844a.

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7

Cambel, V., J. Martaus, J. Šoltýs, R. Kúdela, and D. Gregušová. "AFM nanooxidation process – Technology perspective for mesoscopic structures." Surface Science 601, no. 13 (July 2007): 2717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2006.12.058.

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8

Hu, Xiaodong, and Xiaotang Hu. "Analysis of the process of anodization with AFM." Ultramicroscopy 105, no. 1-4 (November 2005): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.06.018.

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9

Sato, Takashi, Stephen Wan, and Yu Jing Ang. "Study of Process Characteristics of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM) for Ti-6Al-4V and Validation with Process Model." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.411.

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The aerospace components made of titanium alloy with internal passages have complex geometries and their surface smoothness play an important role on the improvement of fuel efficiency. Hence, a surface finishing method that can produce a conforming surface finish to all internal surface features is required. This paper studies the process characteristics of AFM for Ti-6Al-4V experimentally. In addition, validation of process model based on the tribological interaction between AFM media and Ti-6Al-4V with empirical data is carried out. The theoretical plots agreed well with experimental results on Ø20mmID cylinder although the theoretical plots show over prediction in some conditions.

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10

Gupta, Ravi, Rahul O. Vaishya, Dr R. S. Walia Dr. R.S Walia, and Dr P. K. Kalra Dr. P.K Kalra. "Experimental Study of Process Parameters On Material Removal Mechanism in Hybrid Abrasive Flow Machining Process (AFM)." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/june2013/75.

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11

Karelits, Matityahu, Emanuel Lozitsky, Avraham Chelly, Zeev Zalevsky, and Avi Karsenty. "Advanced Surface Probing Using a Dual-Mode NSOM–AFM Silicon-Based Photosensor." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121792.

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A feasibility analysis is performed for the development and integration of a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) tip–photodetector operating in the visible wavelength domain of an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever, involving simulation, processing, and measurement. The new tip–photodetector consists of a platinum–silicon truncated conical photodetector sharing a subwavelength aperture, and processing uses advanced nanotechnology tools on a commercial silicon cantilever. Such a combined device enables a dual-mode usage of both AFM and NSOM measurements when collecting the reflected light directly from the scanned surface, while having a more efficient light collection process. In addition to its quite simple fabrication process, it is demonstrated that the AFM tip on which the photodetector is processed remains operational (i.e., the AFM imaging capability is not altered by the process). The AFM–NSOM capability of the processed tip is presented, and preliminary results show that AFM capability is not significantly affected and there is an improvement in surface characterization in the scanning proof of concept.

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12

Mohammed, Yasir Hussein, Ammar Tahseen Zakar, and Thoalfiqar Ali Zaker. "Morphological Control in Gold Nanostructures Synthesis Process." International Journal of Nanoscience 20, no. 03 (April 29, 2021): 2150025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x21500253.

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Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have unique optical, electronic and catalytic properties. Dome-like gold (Au) NPs having a size as small as [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm and a high density of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] were prepared by very high frequency (VHF) hydrogen (H[Formula: see text] plasma-assisted radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) technique. The influence of RF power and sputtering time on the morphology and structure of islands-like Au nanostructures (NSs) were determined. Besides, optimum sputtering sample (OSS) was treated by VHF H2 plasma technique to fabricate dense Au NPs with great uniformity. Prepared samples were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). AFM images of the sputtering samples show a good density of islands-like Au NSs ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] with relatively homogeneous distribution. VHF H2 plasma treatment dependent alterations in the surface morphology of the OSS (shape, size, distribution, number density and average surface roughness) were clearly manifested in the AFM images. EDX spectra disclosed prominent Au peaks highly sensitive to the H2 plasma treatment. Our novel fabrication method may contribute to the development of Au NPs based nanodevices.

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13

Williams, R. E., and K. P. Rajurkar. "Stochastic Modeling and Analysis of Abrasive Flow Machining." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899761.

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Finishing operations in the metal working industry represent a critical and expensive phase of the overall production process. A new process called Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM) promises to provide the accuracy, efficiency, economy, and the possibility of effective automation needed by the manufacturing community. The AFM process is still in its infancy in many respects. The process mechanism, parametric relationships, surface integrity, process control issues have not been effectively addressed. This paper presents preliminary results of an investigation into some aspects of the AFM process performance, surface characterization, and process modeling. The effect of process input parameters (such as media viscosity, extrusion pressure, and number of cycles) on the process performance parameters (metal removal rate and surface finish) are discussed. A stochastic modeling and analysis technique called Data Dependent Systems (DDS) has been used to study AFM generated surface. The Green’s function of the AFM surface profile models provides a “characteristic shape” that is the superimposition of two exponentials. The analysis of autocovariance of the surface profile data also indicates the presence of two real roots. The pseudo-frequencies associated with these two real roots have been linked to the path of the abrasive grains and to the cutting edges of the grain. Furthermore, expressions have been proposed for estimating the abrasive grain wear and the number of grains actively involved in cutting with a view towards developing indicators of media batch life. A brief introduction to the AFM process and related research is also included in this paper.

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14

Ruff, Philip, Christian Dietz, Robert W. Stark, and Christian Hess. "Monitoring the Process of Nanocavity Formation on a Monomolecular Level." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 232, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2018): 1227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2017-1055.

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Abstract Controlling the synthesis of nanostructured surfaces is essential to tailor the properties of functional materials such as catalysts. We report on the synthesis of nanocavities of 1–2 nm dimension on planar Si-wafers by sacrificial nanotemplating and atomic layer deposition (ALD). It is shown that the process of nanocavity formation can be directly monitored on a monomolecular level through imaging with an atomic force microscope (AFM). In particular, by employing the AFM peak force tapping mode the simultaneous mapping of surface topography and tip-surface adhesion forces is accessible, which is useful for the assignment of topographical features and determining the orientation of the template molecules on the wafer surface. Detailed analysis based on the three-dimensional AFM topography allows for a quantification of the template and nanocavity surface coverage. The results are of importance for a detailed understanding of the processes underlying template-based nanocavity formation on oxide surfaces.

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15

Zhang, Guocheng, Hai Jiang, Na Fan, Longxiang Yang, Jian Guo, and Bei Peng. "Molecular dynamics simulation of cell membrane penetration by atomic force microscopy tip." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 18 (June 27, 2018): 1850198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918501981.

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In recent years, a delivery system based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been developed to transport nucleic acids, proteins and drugs to single adherent cell by controlling the indentation process. However, the transportation efficiency is limited by the low penetration rate of the common commercial AFM probe. The tip of commercial AFM probe is blunt and it is hard for blunt tip to insert into the soft cell membrane. In this study, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations were applied to investigate the penetration process of the AFM probe into the cell membrane subjected to different strain states. It was observed that the AFM tip moved down a shorter distance to penetrate the stretched lipid membrane compared with unstretched membrane. Moreover, the threshold value of penetrating force decreased as cell membrane extended. The short indentation time and small force can reduce the probability of cell membrane collapse, therefore it is easier for the AFM tip to penetrate the cell. We also performed the AFM indentation experiments via AFM to investigate the relationship between penetrating force and indentation speed. This work provides a potential way to improve the efficiency of cell transfection by using the AFM delivery system.

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16

Mohammadi, S. Zahra, Majid Moghadam, and Hossein Nejat Pishkenari. "Dynamical modeling of manipulation process in Trolling-Mode AFM." Ultramicroscopy 197 (February 2019): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.11.017.

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17

Fang, Te-Hua, and Win-Jin Chang. "Effects of AFM-based nanomachining process on aluminum surface." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 64, no. 6 (June 2003): 913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(02)00436-5.

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18

Brar, B. S., R. S. Walia, V. P. Singh, and M. Sharma. "A Robust Helical Abrasive Flow Machining (HLX-AFM) Process." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C 94, no. 1 (January 2013): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40032-012-0054-9.

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19

Sasa, S., T. Ikeda, C. Dohno, and M. Inoue. "InAs/AlGaSb nanoscale device fabrication using AFM oxidation process." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 2, no. 1-4 (July 1998): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-9477(98)00175-1.

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20

Jain, V. K., C. Ranganatha, and K. Muralidhar. "EVALUATION OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDIUM FOR AFM PROCESS." Machining Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2001): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mst-100107841.

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21

Miyakawa, Shuichi, Ryangsu Kim, Jun-ichi Shirakashi, Kenji Taniguchi, Kazuhiko Matsumoto, and Yoshinari Kamakura. "Single electron transistors fabricated with AFM ultrafine nanooxidation process." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 81, no. 10 (October 1998): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6432(199810)81:10<12::aid-ecjb2>3.0.co;2-0.

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22

Yamamoto, Tetsuya, Yoichi Kanda, and Ko Higashitani. "Initial growth process of polystyrene particle investigated by AFM." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 299, no. 1 (July 2006): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.01.051.

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23

Ruan, Li Ping, and Zhi Hua Xing. "Dynamic Self-Assembly Process of a Designed Peptide." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1630.

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In this paper, we reported the dynamic self-assembly process of an half-sequence ionic self-complementarity peptide CH3CO-Pro-Ser-Phe-Cys-Phe-Lys-Phe-Glu-Pro-NH2, which could self-assemble into stable nanofibers and formed hydrogel consisting of >99% water. The dynamic self-assembly process was detected by circular dichroism (CD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). CD spectrum revealed that the mainly contents of the peptide were regular β-sheet structure. The data indicated that though the secondary structure of the peptide formed immediately, the microstructure of the self-assembly process of the designed peptide formed slowly. AFM image illustrated that the self-assembly process was layer-by-layer assembly.

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24

Zhang, Ke Hua, Jin Fu Ding, and Yong Chao Xu. "Research on Process Parameters Influencing on Cutting Force in Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM)." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.390.

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In order to reduce the cost, improve the surface of workpiece machined by AFM and make out reasonable technological parameters of AFM, AFM theory model has been developed in the present work. The process parameters such as pressure, piston velocity, temperature and viscosity impacting on the workpiece surface quality have been researched. Firstly, the properties parameters of abrasive media such as viscous have been figured out with formulas based on the characters of abrasive media. And then the force between abrasive near to the workpiece surface and workpiece has been modeled with fluidics equations and dynamics equations. However, different parameter value leads to different force and different force has different surface quality (Ra) of workpiece. The calculation result is similar to the experiment result to some extent. Obviously, this model is helpful to establish the reasonable process parameters.

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25

Wu, Li Sheng, and Ji Yuan Zhang. "Study on Abrasive Flow Machining Pipe Inner Surface." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 2014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.2014.

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For it is difficult to machining inner surface of small diameter pipes, abrasive flow machine (AFM) had been tested to polish the inner surface. Pipe inner surface AFM experiment and AFM defects remove experiment were carried out on MB9211 AFM machine, and conclusions were obtained that AMF is a very effective process to polish pipe inner surface, roughness significantly reduce after processing and can remove certain surface defects.

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26

Chen, Dai Xie, Bo Hua Yin, Yu Ju, Yun Sheng Lin, Ming Zhang Chu, and Han Li. "AFM Fast Tip Approach Based on Fiber Optic Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.1008.

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As AFM tip approach speed is one of the key factors for AFM industrial on-line detection application, a sectional fast tip approach method composed of rough approach and mild approach processes is introduced here. In rough approach process, AFM tip can be approached by step motor to certain distance upon the sample surface with high speed, as a homemade dual-channel reflective intensity modulated fiber optic displacement sensor (DC-RIMFODS) can be integrated to AFM scan head easily to detect the stop position. While continued with mild approach process after rough approach, step motor can run slowly with a common PI feedback controller for Z scanner to make the tip get in touch with sample surface softly. Experimental results show that with the well-defined fiber optical sensor positioning accuracy and repeatability, the tip-sample distance can be limited in certain range after rough approach with 1mm/s high speed, and the whole AFM tip approach process can be finished in 20s by continuing with mild approach, while the initial tip-sample distance is about 10mm.

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27

Wu, Jie-Du, Yu Ding, Feng Zhu, Yu Gu, Wei-Wei Wang, Lan Sun, Bing-Wei Mao, and Jia-Wei Yan. "The Role of Water Content of Deep Eutectic Solvent Ethaline in the Anodic Process of Gold Electrode." Molecules 28, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052300.

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Traditional coupling of ligands for gold wet etching makes large-scale applications problematic. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of environment-friendly solvents, which could possibly overcome the shortcomings. In this work, the effect of water content on the Au anodic process in DES ethaline was investigated by combining linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Meanwhile, we employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image the evolution of the surface morphology of the Au electrode during its dissolution and passivation process. The obtained AFM data help to explain the observations about the effect of water content on the Au anodic process from the microscopic perspective. High water contents make the occurrence of anodic dissolution of gold at higher potential, but enhances the rate of the electron transfer and gold dissolution. AFM results reveal the occurrence of massive exfoliation, which confirms that the gold dissolution reaction is more violent in ethaline with higher water contents. In addition, AFM results illustrate that the passive film and its average roughness could be tailored by changing the water content of ethaline.

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28

Hu, Z. J., S. G. Zhang, Xiu Hua Zheng, Yong Da Yan, T. Sun, Qing Liang Zhao, and Shen Dong. "Three-Dimensional Micromachining Based on AFM." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.800.

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With the development of science and technology, Atomic Force Microscope is widely applied to the field of machining process in nanometer scale. Due to the limitation of the inventive purpose of AFM, only height mode and deflection mode can be applied in AFM-tip micromachining. It can’t control the machining depth during the micromachining process at present. In this paper, a new micromachining system is set up, which composed of a high precision three-dimensional stage, an AFM, a diamond probe and a special control device. By utilizing variation parameters PID algorithm and controlling the machining depth directly, the micromachining system can resolve the problem mentioned above.

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29

Williams, R. E. "Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Abrasive Flow Machining." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830123.

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Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM) is a nontraditional finishing process that deburrs and polishes by forcing an abrasive-laden viscoelastic polymer across the workpiece surface. Current applications include improvement in air and fluid flow for cylinder heads, intake manifold runners and injector nozzles. Present manufacturing methods include a series of flow test and AFM operations which require significant material handling and operator adjustment. An effective on-line monitoring and adaptive control system for AFM is needed. This paper reports on the development of an acoustic emission (AE) based monitoring strategy and the AE characteristics of abrasive flow machining. Initial results showed AE to be a viable sensing method for determining the performance characteristics of AFM for simple extrusion passage geometries in a selected part design. The root mean square (RMS) voltage of the AE signal was mainly determined by the metal removal and related AFM process parameters. Frequency decomposition of the AE signals revealed distinct frequency bands which have been related to the different material removal modes in AFM and to the workpiece material. Research was also performed on the application of AFM to finish orifices of varying sizes. Extremely high correlations were found between the AE signal and both the orifice diameter and the volumetric flow rate. Work is continuing with the equipment manufacturer and key industrial users to apply the monitoring strategy as part of a prototype Flow Control AFM.

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30

Mali, Harlal Singh, and Alakesh Manna. "Experimental Investigation during Finishing of Al/SiC-MMC's by Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM) Process." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1130.

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Al/SiCp-MMC’s find their use in engineering and structural components but their machining particularly finishing is a challenge for manufacturing engineers due to their heterogonous nature having abrasive particles randomly distributed and oriented in the matrix material. An abrasive flow machining (AFM) set up has been designed and fabricated with an indigenously developed alternative media to finish the internal cylindrical surfaces of Al/SiCp- MMC components. Work-pieces were prepared by lathe operations after stir casting Al/SiC-MMC, 25 mm diameter bar of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiC by weight. The influence of AFM process parameters e.g. abrasive mesh size, number of cycles, extrusion pressure, abrasive concentration and AFM media viscosity grade on average surface finish improvement, Ra and material removal, MR, mg have been analyzed. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study also reveals the improvement in surface finish of these MMC’s.

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31

Cherian, Jose, and Jeoju M. Issac. "Effect of Process Parameters on Wear Performance in Abrasive Flow Machining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.661.

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The wear performance of the mild steel under different Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM) conditions was studied. Wear properties of mild steel are considerably affected by the process parameters of AFM.The effect of extrusion pressure, abrasive concentration and abrasive size during AFM on wear performance were investigated using a reciprocating wear testing machine. Experiments were conducted according to 23 factorial design of experiments for this purpose. The contribution of the process parameters on wear resistance were obtained performing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The wear rate, specific wear coefficient (Ks), wear resistance, fatigue strength and surface hardness are also considerably affected by the process parameters abrasive concentration, extrusion pressure and abrasive size.

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32

Pan, C. T., T. L. Yang, C. H. Chao, Z. K. Wang, and P. R. Ni. "Study on Anti-Adhesion Layers Using AFM for Nanoimprint Process." Key Engineering Materials 661 (September 2015): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.661.128.

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This study investigates how to improve the anti-adhesion issues between Silicon mold and nanostructures of hard polydimethylsiloxane (H-PDMS). A Silicon mold with different depths and widths was made using a focused ion beam (FIB). During the soft-lithography molding process, anti-adhesion layers were needed between the Silicon mold and H-PDMS samples to prevent the de-molding failure caused by the adhesion issues between the interfaces. This study adopts three methods to deposit anti-adhesion layers, such as liquid immersion, vapor deposition, and fluorine-doped diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) film. Perfluorooctyl-trichlorosilane (PFOTCS) was used as a mold-releasing agent for the liquid immersion and vapor deposition methods. The contact angles between each film were measured to determine the effect of anti-adhesion on the molding process. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the adhesion force between the H-PDMS and anti-adhesion layers. The results show that the coatings of anti-adhesion layers are an effective approach to improve the formability of molding.

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33

Wang, Ming, Yan-Lian Yang, Ke Deng, and Chen Wang. "Uncoiling Process of Helical Molecular Fibrillar Structures Studied by AFM." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111, no. 17 (May 2007): 6194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp067692j.

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34

Yamamoto, Tetsuya, Yoichi Kanda, and Ko Higashitani. "Nucleation and Growth Process of Polystyrene Particle Investigated by AFM." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 39, no. 6 (2006): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.39.596.

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35

Banno, Tokishige, Minoru Tachiki, Hokuto Seo, Hitoshi Umezawa, and Hiroshi Kawarada. "Fabrication of diamond single-hole transistors using AFM anodization process." Diamond and Related Materials 11, no. 3-6 (March 2002): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(01)00655-0.

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36

Yan, Y. D., T. Sun, Y. C. Liang, and S. Dong. "Effects of scratching directions on AFM-based abrasive abrasion process." Tribology International 42, no. 1 (January 2009): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2008.05.011.

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37

Patra, Michael, and Per Linse. "Reorganization of Nanopatterned Polymer Brushes by the AFM Measurement Process." Macromolecules 39, no. 13 (June 2006): 4540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0606410.

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Zhu, Peng-zhe, Yuan-zhong Hu, Tian-bao Ma, and Hui Wang. "Study of AFM-based nanometric cutting process using molecular dynamics." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 23 (September 2010): 7160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.05.044.

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Chu, P. K., R. G. Brigham, and S. M. Baumann. "Atomic force microscopy (AFM) statistical process control for microelectronics applications." Materials Chemistry and Physics 41, no. 1 (June 1995): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0254-0584(95)01504-3.

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Prabhu, Sethuramalingam, and Babu Kuppusamy Vinayagam. "AFM investigation in grinding process with nanofluids using Taguchi analysis." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 60, no. 1-4 (September 2, 2011): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3599-5.

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F. Ibrahim, Abbas, Saad K.Shather, and Wissam K. Hamdan. "Modeling the Abrasive Flow Machining Process (AFM) On Aluminum Alloy." Engineering and Technology Journal 32, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.32.3a.6.

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Swoyer, Jennifer W., and Deborah S. Clements. "SINGLE ACCREDITATION…A MUCH LONGER PROCESS." Annals of Family Medicine 17, no. 4 (July 2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.2432.

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Christakis, D. A. "Continuity of Care: Process or Outcome?" Annals of Family Medicine 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.86.

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Li, Peng, Seon Hyeong Bae, Qing Yuan Zan, Nam Hoon Kim, and Joong Hee Lee. "One-Step Process for the Exfoliation and Surface Modification of Graphene by Electrochemical Method." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.743.

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SDBS modified graphene was prepared by electrochemical method using Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) as electrolyte and graphite rod as electrode. The anode graphite rod was corroded and deposited at the bottom of the electrolyte solution. The obtained graphene was characterized by Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR). AFM images indicated that most of the layers had the thickness of less than 2 nm, suggesting the fromation of single layer of graphene. The resulting graphene showed very good dispersion stability both in water and in organic solvents (ethanol, acetone).

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Severino, Andrea, Christopher L. Frewin, Ruggero Anzalone, Corrado Bongiorno, Patrick Fiorenza, Giuseppe D'Arrigo, Filippo Giannazzo, Gaetano Foti, Francesco La Via, and Stephen E. Saddow. "Growth of 3C-SiC on Si: Influence of Process Pressure." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.211.

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In this work a comparison between atmospheric pressure (AP) and low pressure (LP) carbonization as the first step in the growth process of 3C-SiC on Si substrates is presented. Three different Si substrate orientations have been studied and compared. Characterization analysis has been performed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). XRD and AFM analysis show a lower roughness and a better quality for LPCVD carbonized samples. Substrate orientation plays an important role both in the generation as well as in the effect of such defects in the subsequent growth process, leading to a rougher SiC surface for growth on (110) Si while micro-twin effects are limited for growth on (111) Si, resulting in an extremely flat film.

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Konada, Naresh Kumar, K. N. S. Suman, Roop Sandeep Bammidi, and B. B. Ashok Kumar. "Investigation on Mechanical, Thermal and Bonding Properties of MWCNTs Reinforced Aramid/Epoxy Composite." Nano Hybrids and Composites 30 (November 2020): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.30.27.

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The poor ability of bonding performance of aramid fiber with epoxy resin limits its usage for wide range of applications. In this research work, an attempt was made to improve the bonding performance of aramid fiber with polymer matrix by performing nitric acid treatment on fiber. The role of functionalized multi walled carbon nano tubes (F-MWCNTs) reinforced in the base polymer matrix is also studied. Six composite sheets (AF0, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, and AF5) with varying content of F-MWCNTs from (0.1wt% to 0.5wt %) are fabricated using hand layup method having dimensions of 25cm x 25 cm x 0.8 cm . AF0 composite sheet is free from presence of F-MWCNTs. The remaining ingredients [80% epoxy resin, 0.2 % rubber powder, 0.2% graphite powder, and 0.2% BaSO4, 0.2% Zirconium Silicate powder and 1.5 % fiber] are kept constant for achieving desirable properties of friction materials. After undergoing, curing process in atmosphere for 72 hrs, the specimens are cut according to ASTM standards to evaluate mechanical, thermal and bonding properties of the composites. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) are observed for the samples to observe the grain distribution present in the composite. It was observed from results that, AF4 (aramid fiber reinforced composite friction material with 0.4% F-MWCNTs inclusions ) along with remaining ingredients exhibited better mechanical ,thermal and bonding properties compared to remaining formulations of materials.

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Mohammed Yunus and Mohammad S. Alsoufi. "Genetic Based Experimental Investigation on Finishing Characteristics of AlSiCp-MMC by Abrasive Flow Machining." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 10, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2020.4951.

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Implementing non-conventional finishing methods in the aircraft industry by the abrasive flow machining (AFM) process depends on the production quality at optimal conditions. The optimal set of the process variables in metal-matrix-composite (MMC) for a varying reinforcement percentage removes the obstructions and errors in the AFM process. In order to achieve this objective, the resultant output functions of the overall process using every clustering level of variables in a model are configured by using genetic programming (GP). These functions forecast the data to vary the percent of silicon carbide particles (particles without experimentation obtaining the output functions for material removing rates and surface roughness changes of Al-MMCs machined with the AFM process by using GP. The obtained genetic optimal global models are simulated and, the results show a higher degree of accuracy up to 99.97% as compared to the other modeling techniques.

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Li, Yinli, Hao Liang, Huiling Zhao, Dong Chen, Bo Liu, Thomas Fuhs, and Mingdong Dong. "Characterization of Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions of Amyloid Fibrils by AFM-Based Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5463201.

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Amyloids are fibrous protein aggregates defined by shared specific structural features. Abnormal accumulation of amyloid in organs leads to amyloidosis, which results in various neurodegenerative diseases. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has proven to be an excellent tool investigating amyloids; it has been extensively utilized to characterize its morphology, assembly process, and mechanical properties. This review summarizes studies which applied AFM to detect the inter- and intramolecular interactions of amyloid fibrils and classified the influencing factors of amyloid’s nanomechanics in detail. The characteristics of amyloid fibrils driven by inter- and intramolecular interactions, including various morphologies of amyloid fibrils, self-assembly process, and the aggregating pathway, are described. Successful examples where AFM provided abundant information about inter- and intramolecular interactions of amyloid fibrils in different environments are presented. Direct force measurement of intra- or intermolecular interactions utilizing an AFM-based tool, single-molecular force spectroscopy (SMFS), is introduced. Some mechanical information such as elasticity, adhesiveness, and strength was obtained by stretching amyloid fibrils. This review helps researchers in understanding the mechanism of amyloidogenesis and exploring the properties of amyloid using AFM techniques.

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Amyot, Romain, and Holger Flechsig. "BioAFMviewer: An interactive interface for simulated AFM scanning of biomolecular structures and dynamics." PLOS Computational Biology 16, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): e1008444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008444.

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We provide a stand-alone software, the BioAFMviewer, which transforms biomolecular structures into the graphical representation corresponding to the outcome of atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments. The AFM graphics is obtained by performing simulated scanning over the molecular structure encoded in the corresponding PDB file. A versatile molecular viewer integrates the visualization of PDB structures and control over their orientation, while synchronized simulated scanning with variable spatial resolution and tip-shape geometry produces the corresponding AFM graphics. We demonstrate the applicability of the BioAFMviewer by comparing simulated AFM graphics to high-speed AFM observations of proteins. The software can furthermore process molecular movies of conformational motions, e.g. those obtained from servers which model functional transitions within a protein, and produce the corresponding simulated AFM movie. The BioAFMviewer software provides the platform to employ the plethora of structural and dynamical data of proteins in order to help in the interpretation of biomolecular AFM experiments.

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Obermair, Christian, Marina Kress, Andreas Wagner, and Thomas Schimmel. "Reversible mechano-electrochemical writing of metallic nanostructures with the tip of an atomic force microscope." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 3 (December 5, 2012): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.92.

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We recently introduced a method that allows the controlled deposition of nanoscale metallic patterns at defined locations using the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) as a “mechano-electrochemical pen”, locally activating a passivated substrate surface for site-selective electrochemical deposition. Here, we demonstrate the reversibility of this process and study the long-term stability of the resulting metallic structures. The remarkable stability for more than 1.5 years under ambient air without any observable changes can be attributed to self-passivation. After AFM-activated electrochemical deposition of copper nanostructures on a polycrystalline gold film and subsequent AFM imaging, the copper nanostructures could be dissolved by reversing the electrochemical potential. Subsequent AFM-tip-activated deposition of different copper nanostructures at the same location where the previous structures were deleted, shows that there is no observable memory effect, i.e., no effect of the previous writing process on the subsequent writing process. Thus, the four processes required for reversible information storage, “write”, “read”, “delete” and “re-write”, were successfully demonstrated on the nanometer scale.

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