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Kuwonu, Franck. "Wanted: Affordable medicines for all." Africa Renewal 30, no. 3 (March 13, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/93d2f713-en.
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Bate, Roger, and Kimberly Hess. "Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria." Lancet Infectious Diseases 9, no. 7 (July 2009): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70158-6.
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Huz, V. S. "The study of the awareness and participation of pharmacists in the “Affordable Medicines” government program." Social Pharmacy in Health Care 9, no. 3 (November 17, 2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/sphhcj.23.296.
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Aim. To study the awareness of pharmacists and their participation in the implementation of the “Affordable Medicines” government program when dispensing medicines for the treatment of arterial hypertension (AH); to determine directions for optimization of pharmaceutical care for dispensing medicines using electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions) and improvement of training programs, thematic postgraduate cycles for pharmacists.
Materials and methods. The objects of analysis were 291 questionnaires on information support for pharmacists regarding dispensing of medicines for patients with AH during the implementation of the “Affordable Medicines” program. The questionnaires were filled out by pharmacists from 8 regions of Ukraine, they were studying at specialization courses, thematic postgraduate cycles in the period from December 2021 to December 2022. Such methods as questionnaires, Google-forms, generalization, content analysis were used.
Results. The analysis of the questionnaires showed that the largest percentage was pharmacists in the specialty “Organization and Management of Pharmacy”, who had more than 10 years of work experience. Among the surveyed pharmacists, 80 % work in pharmacies located in cities, which indicates an insufficient number of pharmacies and the implementation of the “Affordable Medicines” program in rural areas. According to the expert assessment, the following medicines are in the highest demand among hypertension patients using e-prescriptions: bisoprolol, enalapril, and clopidogrel, which are highly effective for the treatment of AH. It has been found that pharmacists consider it expedient to include new combined medicines and modern mono-preparations (perindopril, lisinopril, valsartan) in the Register; they are in demand among patients with AH at their own expense. It has been found that 96.3 % of pharmacists believe that it is necessary to receive more information support during the internship and thematic cycles on the pharmaceutical care for patients with AH according to evidence-based medicine, dispensing medicines according to e-prescriptions in the “Affordable Medicines” program in Ukraine.
Conclusions. The results of the expert assessment of pharmacists indicate that dispensing of medicines by e-prescriptions for patients with AH in the “Affordable Medicines” program has significantly improved the economic availability of medicines for outpatient treatment. It has been determined that it is advisable to expand this program with combined medicines and mono-preparations, which are in demand among patients at their own expense. The expediency of postgraduate educational programs has been substantiated, and methodical support has been prepared for thematic cycles, trainings on pharmaceutical care and e-prescriptions for AH.
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Pearce, Alison, Kees van Gool, Philip Haywood, and Marion Haas. "Delays in access to affordable medicines: putting policy into perspective." Australian Health Review 36, no. 4 (2012): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11110.
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Background. To save costs, the Australian Government recently deferred approval of seven new medicines recommended by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) for up to 7 months. Objectives. The aim of this research is to examine the timelines of PBAC applications following approval by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), allowing the recent Cabinet delays to be considered in the context of the overall medicines approval process. Methods. All new chemical entities and products for new indications approved in 2004 by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) were identified. Outcomes of PBAC meetings from 2004 to 2010 were then searched to identify if and when these products were reviewed by PBAC. Results. ADEC recommended 63 eligible products for registration in 2004. Of the 113 submissions made to PBAC for these products, 66 were successful. Only 43% of the products were submitted to PBAC within 2 years, with an average 17-month delay from TGA approval of a product to consideration by the PBAC. Conclusions. Cabinet decisions to defer listing of new medicines delays access to new treatments. This occurred in addition to other longer delays, earlier in the approval process for medicines, resulting in a significant impact on the overall timeliness of listing. What is known about the topic? There is evidence that the time from registration of new drugs on the TGA to their listing for subsidised availability is increasing. The government’s recent decision to delay the listing of seven new drugs for subsidisation raised concerns about the potential for additional delays to impact the accessibility of new, affordable medicines for patients. What does this paper add? This paper examines delays at various stages in the process of approval for pharmaceutical subsidies on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), putting the deferral of new medicine listings in the overall context of the approval process. It identifies the potential role of pharmaceutical companies and product sponsors in delaying access to new, affordable medicines early in the approval process. What are the implications for practitioners? Delays in the subsidisation of medicines, wherever they occur in the process, not only reduce patient access, but may also lead to pressure in other areas of the health care system to finance such medicines. This makes these results of particular interest to clinician managers, health care managers and policy makers.
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Tozan, Yesim, Albrecht Jahn, and Olaf Müller. "Evaluation of the Affordable Medicines Facility—malaria." Lancet 381, no. 9872 (March 2013): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60756-4.
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Ozawa, Sachiko, Raja Shankar, Christine Leopold, and Samuel Orubu. "Access to medicines through health systems in low- and middle-income countries." Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_3 (December 1, 2019): iii1—iii3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz119.
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Abstract Nearly 2 billion people globally have no access to essential medicines. This means essential medicines are unavailable, unaffordable, inaccessible, unacceptable or of low quality for more than a quarter of the population worldwide. This supplement demonstrates the implications of poor medicine access and highlights recent innovations to improve access to essential medicines by presenting new research findings from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These studies answer key questions such as: Can performance-based financing improve availability of essential medicines? How affordable are cardiovascular treatments for children? Which countries’ legal frameworks promote universal access to medicines? How appropriately are people using medicines? Do poor-quality medicines impact equity? Answers to these questions are important as essential medicines are vital to the Sustainable Development Goals and are central to the goal of achieving Universal Health Coverage. Access to affordable, quality-assured essential medicines is crucial to reducing the financial burden of care, preventing greater pain and suffering, shortening the duration of illness, and averting needless disabilities and deaths worldwide. This supplement was organized by the Medicines in Health Systems Thematic Working Group of Health Systems Global, a membership organization dedicated to promoting health systems research and knowledge translation. The five studies in the supplement further our understanding by showcasing recent successes and challenges of improving access to quality-assured medicines through health systems in LMICs.
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Khanal, Saval, Lennert Veerman, Margaret Ewen, Lisa Nissen, and Samantha Hollingworth. "Availability, Price, and Affordability of Essential Medicines to Manage Noncommunicable Diseases: A National Survey From Nepal." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801988757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019887572.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability, price, and affordability of essential noncommunicable disease (NCD) medicines in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Nepal in 2015 using World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology. We collected data on the availability and price of 60 essential NCD medicines from medicine distribution outlets in both the public and private health care sectors in 6 regions. Essential NCD medicines were more available in the private sector (78%) than the public sector (60%). Furosemide tablets were the cheapest (NPR 0.6/10 tablets) and streptokinase injections were the most expensive (NPR 2200/vial) drugs. There was no significant difference ( P > .05) in availability and affordability of essential NCD medicines across the 6 survey areas. Treating selected NCD conditions with medicines was generally affordable, with 1 month of treatment costing no more than a day’s wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker. The lower availability of NCD medicines in the public sector limits the effectiveness of the government’s policy of providing free health services at public facilities. Although NCD medicines were generally affordable, future health policy should aim to ensure improved equitable access to NCD medicines, particularly in public facilities.
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Zhu, Yulei, Ying Wang, Xiaoluan Sun, and Xin Li. "Availability, Price and Affordability of Anticancer Medicines: Evidence from Two Cross-Sectional Surveys in the Jiangsu Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193728.
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Objectives: With the increasing incidence of cancer, poor access to affordable anticancer medicines has been a serious public health problem in China. To help address this issue, we assessed the availability, price and affordability of pharmacotherapy for cancer in public hospitals in the Jiangsu Province, China. Methods: In 2012 and 2016, anticancer medicine availability and price information in the capital and five other cities was collected. A total of six cancer care hospitals, 26 tertiary general hospitals and 28 secondary general hospitals were sampled, using an adaptation of the World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. Data was collected for the anticancer medicines in stock at the time of the surveys. Prices were expressed as inflation-adjusted median unit prices (MUPs). Medicine was affordable if the overall cost of all the prescribed anticancer medicines was less than 20% of the household’s capacity to pay. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the significance of differences in availability from 2012 to 2016 and the Wilcoxon rank test to estimate the significance of differences in MUPs. Multivariate logistic regression was computed to measure predictors of affordability. Results: From 2012 to 2016 there was a significant decrease in the mean availability of originator brands (OBs) (from 7.79% to 5.71%, p = 0.012) and lowest-priced generics (LPGs) (36.29% to 32.67%, p = 0.009). The mean availability of anticancer medicines in secondary general hospitals was significantly lower than the cancer care, as well as in tertiary general hospitals. The MUPs of OBs (difference: −21.29%, p < 0.01) and their LPGs (−22.63%, p < 0.01) decreased significantly from 2012 to 2016. The OBs (16.67%) of all the anticancer medicines were found to be less affordable than LPGs (34.62% for urban residents and 30.77% for rural residents); their affordability varied among the different income regions. From 2012 to 2016, the proportion of LPGs with low availability and low affordability dropped from 30.77% to 19.23% in urban areas and 34.62% to 26.92% in rural areas, respectively. Generic substitution and medicine covered by basic medical insurance are factors facilitating affordability. Conclusion: There were concerning decreases in the availability of anticancer medicines in 2016 from already low availability in 2012. Anticancer medicines were more affordable for the patients in high-income regions than the patients in low-income regions. Governments should consider using their bargaining power to reduce procurement prices and abolish taxes on anticancer medicines. Policy should focus on the special health insurance plan for low-income patients with cancer. The goal of drug policy should ensure that first-line generic drugs are available for cancer patients and preferentially prescribed.
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Chen, Zhe, Siyu Li, Imti Choonara, Kun Zou, Linan Zeng, Liang Huang, Zhi-Jun Jia, et al. "Access to medicines for children in China." BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, no. 1 (December 2022): e001635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001635.
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Access to essential medicines for children is a big challenge, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. In China, the average availability of essential medicines for children is 1.6%–46.5%. The availability of generics was generally higher than original brands in public hospitals and the prices of generics were relatively lower and more reasonable (generics: availability, 27.3%–46.5%, prices, 0.52–4.28 times the international reference prices; original brands: 1.6%–33.0%, 2.59–11.38 times the international reference prices). In terms of affordability of medicines for children, generics were more affordable than original brands and tablets/capsules were more affordable than injections. Most commonly used anti-infective medicines (such as amoxicillin capsule, azithromycin tablet, cefuroxime tablet) and antipyretics (such as ibuprofen suspension) were relatively affordable. Six commonly used medicines in paediatrics, including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, beclomethasone, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cyclosporine were unaffordable. Since August 2011, China has successively issued several policies to ensure the accessibility of medicines for children, covering research and development, production, procurement and prices of medicines. The accessibility of medicines for children has been partially improved, but still needs continuous improvement.
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Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Bawa Singh, Sanjay Pattanshetty, and Srikanth Reddy. "Access to medicines through global health diplomacy." Health Promotion Perspectives 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2023.05.
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The World Health Organisation (WHO) emphasizes that equitable access to safe and affordable medicines is vital to attaining the highest possible standard of health by all. Ensuring equitable access to medicines (ATM) is also a key narrative of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as SDG 3.8 specifies "access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all" as a central component of universal health coverage (UHC). The SDG 3.b emphasizes the need to develop medicines to address persistent treatment gaps. However, around 2 billion people globally have no access to essential medicines, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries. The states’ recognition of health as a human right obligates them to ensure access to timely, acceptable, affordable health care. While ATM is inherent in minimizing the treatment gaps, global health diplomacy (GHD) contributes to addressing these gaps and fulfilling the state’s embracement of health as a human right.
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Wise, J. "Patent wars: affordable medicines versus intellectual property rights." BMJ 348, feb17 4 (February 17, 2014): g1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1533.
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Khan, Nazish. "‘Cutting-edge’ medicines vs. affordable quality health care?" British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2016): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2016.11.8.370.
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The Lancet. "Resistance to the Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria?" Lancet 373, no. 9673 (April 2009): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60798-4.
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Kamal-Yanni, Mohga. "Affordable medicines facility for malaria: reasonable or rash?" Lancet 375, no. 9709 (January 2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60048-7.
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Arrow, Kenneth J., Patricia M. Danzon, Hellen Gelband, Dean Jamison, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Anne Mills, Germano Mwabu, Claire Panosian, Richard Peto, and Nicholas J. White. "The Affordable Medicines Facility—malaria: killing it slowly." Lancet 380, no. 9857 (December 2012): 1889–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61843-1.
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Lalani, Mirza, Scott Kaba Matafwali, Aminata Dior Ndiaye, Jayne Webster, Sian E. Clarke, and Harparkash Kaur. "An absence of evidence breeds contempt: A qualitative study of health system stakeholder perceptions of the quality of medicines available in Senegal." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 7 (July 12, 2023): e0002004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002004.
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Poor-quality medicines pose a significant challenge for health systems in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs),with recent deaths in multiple countries following ingestion of substandard cough syrups emphasising the need for quality-assurance of medicines in our increasingly interconnected global markets. Research also suggests that the source (country of manufacture) and type of medicine (generic/brand) are perceived to be associated with medicine quality. This study explores perceptions of medicines quality among national stakeholders of a medicines quality assurance system (MQAS) in sub-Saharan Africa. Through semi-structured interviews (n = 29) with managers from organisations responsible for the MQAS, public-sector doctors and nurses, and regulated private-sector pharmacists in three urban centres in Senegal in 2013. A thematic approach to analysis was undertaken with themes organised under three main categories, the source of drugs, the type of medicine, and medicines storage. A key emerging theme was the perception of the inferior quality of generic medicines, especially those produced in Asia and Africa, as they were lower in cost and thus believed to be less effective in alleviating symptoms than their brand versions. Medicines in Senegal’s less regulated (informal) street markets were also thought to be of poor-quality as they were not subjected to national regulatory processes or stored appropriately, resulting in exposure to direct sunlight and high temperatures. In contrast, the interviewees expressed confidence in medicines quality within the regulated sectors (public and private retail pharmacies) attributed to stringent national medicines regulation, secure medicines supply chains and adequate technical capacity to survey and analyse for medicines quality. Also, the views expressed typically described a medicine’s quality in terms of its effectiveness in alleviating the symptoms of ill health (efficacy of a medicine).These perceptions may have implications for developing national medicines policy, the procurement and supply of affordable medicines and consumers’ decision-making when purchasing medicines. Indeed, a proclivity for supplying and purchasing more expensive brand medicines may act as a barrier to accessing essential medicines.
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Kucherenko, L. I., I. V. Nizhenkovska, N. V. Sholoiko, L. O. Hala, and N. O. Datsiuk. "External reference pricing for medicines in Ukraine: latest trends." Current issues in pharmacy and medicine: science and practice 16, no. 3 (November 3, 2023): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14739/2409-2932.2023.3.287758.
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Compared to the previous year, the share of healthcare expenditure in the state budget of Ukraine has decreased, which is associated with increased funding for the security and defense sector. In terms of gross domestic product, healthcare spending has reduced to 2.8 %, which corresponds to the figures for 2019. These circumstances indicate the importance of proper budget utilization, including effectively regulating medicine prices. One of the key elements of rational healthcare budget usage is the development and implementation of external reference pricing (ERP). A well-formulated and implemented ERP policy for pharmaceuticals contributes to improving patient access to essential medicines (EMs). The aim of this study is to analyze the current status of ERP implementation in Ukraine and provide recommendations for improving this policy. Materials and methods. During the research process, an analysis of the ERP’s current regulatory framework was conducted, and ERP implementation in Ukraine was assessed according to adherence to the 14 best practice principles of ERP proposed by Sullivan, Kanavos & Kalo in 2015. Results. In Ukraine, ERP has been introduced for medicines from the National Essential Medicine Lists (NEML) and the “Affordable Medicines” program. The Ministry of Health (MoH) of Ukraine has approved a Register of marginal wholesale prices for medicines purchased with state budget funds and subject to price regulation. Currently, the register includes 1239 medicinal products, of which 1233 are from NEML and 6 have undergone Health Technology Assessment (HTA). Approximately 58 % of medicines have a set price through ERP, 24 % are regulated by internal reference pricing (IRP), and nearly 18 % have declared prices. This indicates a lack of uniformity in approaches to price regulation for medicines and requires further improvements. According to the latest update of the Register of medicines for reimbursement under the state medical guarantees program, there are 486 medicines, including 72 insulins and 21 immunosuppressive medicines (184 medicines are provided with co-payment). Different approaches, including different reference countries and price calculation algorithms, are applied for the price regulation of medicines in NEML and the “Affordable Medicines” program. An assessment of the implementation of the ERP system in Ukraine based on the 14 best practice principles of ERP proposed by Sullivan, Kanavos & Kalo in 2015 showed that the current policy does not adhere to all principles. Conclusions. The analysis revealed different approaches to pricing for medicines NEML and the “Affordable Medicines” program, indicating the need for harmonizing pricing policies for different lists. The adoption of a unified positive list can contribute to improving pricing policies and efficient resource utilization. Collecting, disseminating, and exchanging data on drug prices is crucial to support transparency in pricing and its control. Regular monitoring of prices in the market will help ensure compliance with pricing policies and take appropriate measures in case of violations. The implementation of a unified pricing regulation policy for medicines in Ukraine is an important step towards European integration and compliance with international standards.
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Blavatska, O. B., O. M. Zaliska, Ya O. Hrynkiv, and H. O. Sosnovska. "Analysis of development dynamics of the program «Affordable medicines» in Ukraine and Lviv region." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.2.20.01.
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Ukraine has launched a government program «Affordable Medicines» for patients with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and bronchial asthma in 2017, which reimburses essential medicines for outpatients. Since April 2019, electronic prescriptions for the «Affordable Medicines» program have been introduced.
The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the development of a government drug reimbursement program, including the dynamics of the number of prescription and dispensed electronic prescriptions for medicinal products in the «Affordable Medicines» program in 2019, both in Ukraine and at the level of Lviv city and Lviv region.
For research and analysis, we have obtained statistics from the National Health Service of Ukraine (NHSU) on the number of e-prescriptions for medicines in the Affordable Medicines program and pharmacy facilities involved in the program over certain periods from April to December 2019 across Ukraine and at the level of Lviv city and Lviv region. We used informative, comparative research methods and a method of retrospective analysis of the dynamics of prescribed and dispensed e-prescriptions for medicines.
The results of the study showed that Lviv region is consistently among the leaders of e-dispensing medicines. E-prescriptions are most commonly prescribed for patients aged over 65 years old with cardiovascular disease. Differences in e-appointments of pharmacies by INN at the level of Lviv city and Lviv region are revealed in comparison with the average data of Ukraine. E-prescribing has been shown to increase access to medication for patients, as at the end of 2019 through the «Affordable Medicines» program, 1.77 million patients were enrolled and 10.86 million e-prescriptions were written out, of which 9.23 million (84.94%) were released from pharmacies. Lviv region has actively implemented e-prescriptions and according to the NHSU 43% of the pharmacies in the region are connected to this system and they issue e-prescriptions, that is higher than the average data in Ukraine of 35%. The positive dynamics of the growth of e-prescriptions written and released of essential drugs from 29% to 85% indicates the effective implementation of the e-prescription in Ukraine and confirms the effective implementation of the drug reimbursement program.
Considering the benefits of electronic prescriptions, reducing the number of errors, time, monitoring appointments, it is promising to expand the list of drugs, including. those that are purchased for budgetary or accounting purposes to optimize pharmaceutical assistance to the public.
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Гончар, А. О., Н. В. Шолойко, and О. О. Комаріда. "Reimbursement of combined antihypertensive medicenes in Ukraine: aspects of inclusion and external reference pricing." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.6.22.06.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in particular arterial hypertension (AH), are the main causes of morbidity and mortality, Ukraine is on the 1st place in Europe for mortality from these diseases. Modern clinical guidelines emphasize the use of combined antihypertensive drugs, and improving the accessibility of these medicines for Ukrainian patients with hypertension is relevant. In Ukraine, at the end of 2022, there were no combined antihypertensive drugs in the List of reimbursed drugs. Therefore, there is a need to develop scientific and practical approaches to improve the «Affordable Medicines» reimbursement program in accordance with modern trends in the treatment of hypertension.
The aim of the study is to formulate scientific and practical proposals for the inclusion of combined antihypertensive drugs in the state reimbursement program «Affordable Medicines» and to improve external reference pricing.
Оbjects of the study were Orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, national and international clinical guidelines, WHO ATC/DDD methodology guidelines. The study used content analysis, methods of comparative and logical analysis.
At the 1st stage of the study, it was found that the current legislation of Ukraine does not prohibit the inclusion of combined antihypertensive drugs in the National List of Essential Medicines, and it is not limited solely to WHO recommendations. In the second stage of the study, it is proposed to use the data of pharmacoepidemiological studies and data of studies of actual consumption of combinated antihypertensive drugs in Ukraine, for further state HTA assessment and inclusion in the National List of Essential Medicines and «Affordable Medicines» program. The third and fourth stages of the study showed that the mechanism of external reference pricing needs to be improved and an algorithm for conducting external reference pricing for combined antihypertensive drugs, consisting of five consecutive stages, was developed and proposed.
The current regulatory framework of Ukraine provides the possibility of including combined antihypertensive drugs in the state program «Affordable Medicines», and the initiation of the inclusion of medicines is within the competence of the Ministry of Health and the NHSU. A scientific and practical approach to the use of pharmaco-epidemiological research data to identify the most used doses of combined antihypertensive drugs as potential candidates for inclusion in the «Affordable Medicines» program is proposed. A scientific and practical algorithm for external reference pricing for combinated antihypertensive drugs was developed, considering current regulatory and methodological aspects.
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Dixit, Avika, Neeta Kumar, and Sanjiv Kumar. "Use of Generic Medicines." Journal of Health Management 20, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063417747747.
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The government is committed to make healthcare affordable as stated in the National Health Policy 2017. An estimated 94 million people in India are pushed into poverty due to expenditure on healthcare. About two thirds of the expenditure is incurred on medicines. Generic medicines are as effective as branded medicines. The initiative of the government and Medical Council of India by making it mandatory for doctors to write generic medicines has raised many concerns related to generic drugs availability and quality. Experience in the USA and Canada support the argument in favor of generic medicine. India is the main supplier of the generic medicines to the USA. There is a need to curtail inducement by pharmaceutical companies to promote their branded drugs as is being done in the USA. The government needs to make generic drugs easily available, strengthen quality control and educate doctors on benefits of using generic drugs.
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Shevchenko, M. V., T. P. Yurochko, and O. S. Skrypnikova. "Adoption of the governmental affordable medicines programme by ukrainians." Medicni perspektivi (Medical perspectives) 25, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2020.2.206350.
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Adeyi, Olusoji, and Rifat Atun. "Innovating for impact: The Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm)." Nature Medicine 15, no. 9 (September 2009): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0909-991b.
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Tougher, Sarah, Yazoume Ye, Catherine Goodman, Fred Arnold, and Kara Hanson. "Evaluation of the Affordable Medicines Facility—malaria – Authors' reply." Lancet 381, no. 9872 (March 2013): 1095–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60757-6.
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Saleh, Kamaruzaman, and Mohamed I. M. Ibrahim. "Are Essential Medicines in Malaysia Accessible, Affordable and Available?" Pharmacy World & Science 27, no. 6 (December 2005): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-005-1318-8.
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Searles, Andrew, Evan Doran, Thomas A. Faunce, and David Henry. "The affordability of prescription medicines in Australia: are copayments and safety net thresholds too high?" Australian Health Review 37, no. 1 (2013): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11153.
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Objective. To create and report survey-based indicators of the affordability of prescription medicines for patients in Australia. Method. A cross-sectional study of 1502 randomly selected participants in the Hunter Region of NSW, were interviewed by telephone. Main outcome measure. The self-reported financial burden of obtaining prescription medicines. Results. Data collection was completed with a response rate of 59.0%. Participants who had received and filled at least one prescription medicine in the previous 3 months, and eligible for analysis (n=952), were asked to self-report the level of financial burden from obtaining these medicines. Extreme and heavy financial burdens were reported by 2.1% and 6.8% of participants, respectively. A moderate level of burden was experienced by a further 19.5%. Low burden was recorded for participants who said that their prescription medicines presented either a slight burden (29.0%) or were no burden at all (42.6%). Conclusion. A substantial minority of participants who had obtained prescription medicines in the 3 months prior to survey experienced a level of financial burden from the cost of these medicines that was reported as being moderate to extreme. What is known about the topic? The Australian National Medicines Policy aims to, amongst other things, facilitate access to medicines at a cost that is affordable to individuals and the community. Copayments combined with the safety net and brand price premium are the main determinants of the amount that patients pay for PBS listed prescription medicines. Previous surveys have reported on selected aspects of medicine affordability in Australia and have shown some groups in the population experience difficulty with the cost of their medicines. What does this paper add? This paper develops and reports on a set of indicators that can be used to periodically measure the level of self-reported financial burden experienced by Australians when obtaining prescription medicines. The analysis assesses affordability issues for both general patients and patients who are able to access prescription medicines using a concession card. What are the implications? Our research suggests that, as they stand, the copayment and safety net thresholds are not protecting nearly one-third of Australian patients from financial burden. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation is required to ensure the copayment and safety net thresholds do not jeopardise the National Medicines Policy’s principle of equitable and affordable access to medicines.
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Muriu, Daniel Wanjau. "Third World Resistance to International Economic and Structural Constraints: Assessing the Utility of the Right to Health in the Context of the TRIPS Agreement." International Community Law Review 11, no. 4 (2009): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197409x12525781476169.
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AbstractThis article examines the relationship between WTO's TRIPS Agreement, patents and access to affordable medicines in Sub-Saharan Africa. The key role played by transnational corporations (TNCs) in ensuring that intellectual property rights were included in multilateral trade negotiations, and how this influence and power of TNCs has impacted on access to affordable medicine in the region is highlighted. The way in which social movements at both domestic and international levels have sought to use the right to health to resist the power of pharmaceutical TNCs bent on blocking the use by Third World countries of the exceptions or flexibilities in TRIPS, such as parallel importation of medicines and compulsory licensing is analysed. In this connection, the way in which the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC, a social movement in South Africa), used the right to health to oppose a suit filed in South Africa by pharmaceutical TNCs seeking to block legislation enacted for the purpose of enabling parallel importation of medicines, is shown. The article also explains how a network of international organisations and activists in collaboration with Third World countries pushed for the adoption of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health on the basis that access to affordable medicines is a critical element of the right to health. The article argues that the right to health has some limited potential of being used as a means of resistance against international economic forces inimical to the health of Third World peoples. To realise such potential however, one must go beyond using the right to health purely as a legal process or mechanism and instead harness the right as a tool to mobilize and exercise agency of Third World peoples in contesting the power of those forces.
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Carradinha, Hugo. "Tendering Short-Term Pricing Policies and the Impact on Patients, Governments and the Sustainability of the Generic Medicines Industry." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 6, no. 4 (August 2009): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jgm.2009.29.
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The provision of affordable, high-quality health care is a political priority in Europe, and expenditure on pharmaceutical products is an important component of total health-care costs. The search by governments and health insurers to reduce health-care budgets has shown the importance of generic medicines, which are acquiring greater relevance. Generic medicines signify clear long-term savings to national health-care budgets.1 In this context, generic medicines are an essential part of the equation to the sustainability of the EU health-care system. Although the short-term results and price-cutting policies are only recent additions to the retail pharmaceutical market, the latest evidence shows that tendering and similar procurement systems play a negative role in patient health-care quality, government budgets and generic medicines industry sustainability and the capacity to continue to supply affordable prices.
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Swain, Sujata, and Rajdeep Niyogi. "SmartMedicist: a context-aware system for recommending an alternative medicine." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 14, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpcc-d-18-00021.
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PurposeThis study aims to discuss a context-aware system, SmartMedicist, which can recommend an alternative medicine from a set of available medicines present at a patient’s home for an unavailable medicine. The system is applied to the chronic disease patients only. The system requires only a smartphone, and provides a reminder to the patient to take medicine at appropriate times and to procure medicines from drug store. The system discusses the output method for the physically challenged patient. Although there are existing systems that can remind a patient for taking medicines, the authors are not aware of any such system that has the capability to recommend an alternative medicine for the prescribed medicine.Design/methodology/approachThe study developed a pharmacology knowledge base that consists of a representation of a set of diseases, according to family, type and medicines, in a k-ary tree. An alternative medicine is recommended based on the set of available medicines and knowledge base.FindingsWe considered four diseases: Hypertension, Gastritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson; and performed several experiments for each disease for the different number of available medicines. The execution time to find an alternative medicine (if any) in each case is around four seconds.Originality/valueThe proposed system is cost effective and affordable for most families in India. Although the proposed system is not a substitute of a doctor, this system will enhance the safety golden period for a patient to consult a doctor in the emergency exhaustion of the prescribed medicines.
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Özler, Gökçen, and Oğuz Işik. "Prices, availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in Türkiye." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 29, no. 11 (November 30, 2023): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.23.117.
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Background: Fair access to essential medicines is a significant parameter in fulfilling the right to basic health. Aim: We investigated the availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines for chronic diseases in Ankara, Türkiye. Methods: We used the procedures outlined in the WHO and Health Action International guidelines for measuring prices, availability, affordability, and price components of medicines. The sample consisted of 334 (14%) of the 2354 pharmacies in Ankara, and 24 essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and palliative care, adopted from the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (2021). We collected the data in 2021 using a questionnaire administered through face-to-face survey and analysed the data using SPSS version 22. Results: The findings showed that 15 medicines (62.5% of the selected medicines) met the 80% availability target set by WHO, while 9 did not. The original medicines were more readily available than the generic ones. Among the original medicines, furosemide (10.11) and acetylsalicylic acid (9.26) had the highest median price ratios. The generic medicines seemed to be more affordable than original medicines. Glibenclamide, budesonide, gliclazide, and diazepam had low availability and were sold at higher prices than their international reference prices. Conclusion: This research highlights priority areas of action to improve access to affordable medicines for chronic diseases in Ankara, Türkiye.
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Bissell, Karen, Philippa Ellwood, Eamon Ellwood, Chen-Yuan Chiang, Guy Marks, Asma El Sony, Innes Asher, Nils Billo, and Christophe Perrin. "Essential Medicines at the National Level: The Global Asthma Network’s Essential Asthma Medicines Survey 2014." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040605.
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Patients with asthma need uninterrupted supplies of affordable, quality-assured essential medicines. However, access in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. The World Health Organization (WHO) Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Global Action Plan 2013–2020 sets an 80% target for essential NCD medicines’ availability. Poor access is partly due to medicines not being included on the national Essential Medicines Lists (EML) and/or National Reimbursement Lists (NRL) which guide the provision of free/subsidised medicines. We aimed to determine how many countries have essential asthma medicines on their EML and NRL, which essential asthma medicines, and whether surveys might monitor progress. A cross-sectional survey in 2013–2015 of Global Asthma Network principal investigators generated 111/120 (93%) responses—41 high-income countries and territories (HICs); 70 LMICs. Patients in HICs with NRL are best served (91% HICs included ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) and salbutamol). Patients in the 24 (34%) LMICs with no NRL and the 14 (30%) LMICs with an NRL, however no ICS are likely to have very poor access to affordable, quality-assured ICS. Many LMICs do not have essential asthma medicines on their EML or NRL. Technical guidance and advocacy for policy change is required. Improving access to these medicines will improve the health system’s capacity to address NCDs.
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Sri Ranganathan, Shalini, Thiyahiny Sunil Navaratinaraja, Ramasamy Balasubramaniam, and Hemantha Beneragama. "Price and affordability of key essential medicines for children in Sri Lanka, a lower-middle-income country: comparison of two national cross-sectional surveys done 8 years apart." BMJ Open 13, no. 2 (February 2023): e069733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069733.
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ObjectiveTo describe the price and affordability of key essential medicines for children in the private sector in Sri Lanka in 2017/2018, and compare the findings with 2009 data.DesignNational cross-sectional descriptive survey using the WHO/Health Action International medicine price methodology.Setting and participantsData were collected from a representative sample of 54 private sector pharmacies selected from all 9 provinces in Sri Lanka using a multistage clustered approach.Main outcomesMedian price ratio (MPR) and affordability of originator brand (OB) and lowest priced generics (LPG) of 25 key essential medicines for children.ResultsThe median MPR was 2.69 for OBs and 1.45 for LPGs compared with 3.7 and 1.35 in 2009. MPR of OB of all but one (chlorphenamine syrup) were higher than that of the LPG. MPR-OB>5 was observed for ceftriaxone injection, amoxicillin capsule, mebendazole chewable tablet and metronidazole tablet. This was documented in 2009 as well except for amoxicillin capsule. Prices of LPGs of seven medicines (amoxicillin capsule, amoxicillin suspension, clotrimazole cream, mebendazole chewable tablet, metronidazole tablet) were estimated as excessive (MPR ≥2.5) compared with chlorphenamine syrup, clotrimazole topical cream, ibuprofen syrup and paracetamol syrup in 2009. Compared with 2009, MPRs of OBs of 8 medicines and LPGs of 12 medicines were higher in 2017/2018. Compared with 2009, no change in affordability was noted except for asthma, which has been assessed as affordable in 2017/2018. Standard drug therapy for mild lower respiratory tract infections and acute gastroenteritis remained affordable, and treating epilepsy with carbamazepine syrup remained unaffordable.ConclusionEconomic access to key essential medicines for children has not improved in Sri Lanka in the 8 years’ time since the initial survey in 2009.
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Orubu, Ebiowei S. F., Faith O. Robert, Mercy Samuel, and Daniel Megbule. "Access to essential cardiovascular medicines for children: a pilot study of availability, price and affordability in Nigeria." Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_3 (December 1, 2019): iii20—iii26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz057.
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Abstract Policies to improve access to medicines for children in low- and middle-income countries, such as Nigeria, should consider the growing threat of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this pilot study was to scope availability, price and affordability of essential cardiovascular medicines for children in selected states in Nigeria. The study was a descriptive longitudinal survey conducted in three phases. Availability was determined as percentage of facilities having the medicine on the survey date. Medicines with good availability (>80%) were noted. Prices were cross-referenced against international Reference Prices and the Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme Prices. Affordability was calculated using the Least-Paid Government Worker method. For medicines compounded to improve availability, a model for calculating affordability was proposed. In Phase I, the availability of all 17 strengths of the cardiovascular medicines or diuretics listed in the Essential Medicines List for Children (2015) were surveyed in two conveniently selected states using the WHO/HAI questionnaire. Data were collected from 17 hospitals and pharmacies. Phases II and III focused on tablet formulations (enalapril, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone) in three purposively selected state capitals: Lagos, Abuja and Yenagoa. In Phase II, 11 private pharmacies were surveyed in December 2016: Phase III tracked price changes in Abuja and Yenagoa in August 2018. Only furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide tablets had good availability. Oral liquids were unavailable. Prices for four generic oral tablets were 2–16× higher than the International Reference Prices; prices for two of these did not change significantly over the study period. Affordable medicines were generic furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide tablet. Where a fee is charged, compounded medicines were also not affordable. While the small sample sizes limit generalization, this study provides indicative data suggesting that prices for cardiovascular medicines remain high and potentially unaffordable in the private sector in these selected states, and when compounded. Regular systematic access surveys are needed.
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Marchetti, Federico, and Antonio Addis. "La riforma europea della legislazione farmaceutica." Medico e Bambino Pagine elettroniche 26, no. 7 (September 30, 2023): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53126/mebxxvis113.
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Widayati, Aris, Damiana Sapta Candrasari, Lusia Jois Mariana, and Veronica Veronica. "PERCEPTIONS OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES FOR SELF-MEDICATION AMONG PEOPLE IN DIENG PLATEAU CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan 10, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jrk.v10i2.7692.
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Traditional medicines are commonly used in the community. One type of traditional medicines that is popular among people is "jamu". "Jamu" can be made from plants, animals, minerals, or a mixture of them that has been used for generations based on empiric experience. This study aimed to describe perceptions of the use of traditional medicines for self-medication among people in Dieng Plateau, Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java Province. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Respondents were adults more than 18 years old who had experience in using traditional medicines and were selected with non-random accidental sampling. Thirty-one (31) respondents signed informed consent. Data were collected using an interview guideline and analyzed using enumerative approach. Most of the respondents used traditional medicines for self-medication one to five times a month. They expressed that traditional medicine is like "Jamu", primarily liquid, with limited or no side effects. Traditional medicine was mostly obtained from local groceries at affordable prices. Most of the respondents have a positive attitude towards the use of traditional medicines. They have the willingness to use traditional medicines to deal with their symptoms or minor illnesses. Their satisfaction experience in using traditional medicine will motivate them to do so in the future. Based on the results, it can be said that traditional medicines have an important role in the health care system particularly for self-medication.
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Huz, V. S., and O. M. Zaliska. "Analysis of dynamics of the drug list in the аffordable medicines program for treatment of cardiovascular diseases." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.3.19.03.
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The implementation of the government program on reimbursement in Ukraine meets the requirements of WHO to ensure access to drugs, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
The list of TN drugs included in the «Affordable medicines» program increased by 22.6% in 2017–2018, and the proportion of compensated TNs has increased completely from 16.2% to 29.1%, that is, every third drug is released free of charge, which provides increased availability for patients with CVD.
The purpose of the study was to analyze and compare the list that are available in the State Register of Ukraine for the treatment of CVD, and the range of INNs under the trade name (TN) and producers, which are part of the government program «Affordablee medicines» in dynamics for 2017–2018 years.We conducted an expert evaluation of the demand for drugs and the prospects for expanding the list of drugs in the reimbursement program by questioning pharmacists working in pharmacies involved in a government project in the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions.
The objects of the study were the Orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the CMU Decisions, the Drug Registry for CVD, the cost for reimbursement in the program «Affordable Medicines». Questionnaires for assessing demand and prospects for expanding the list of reimbursement drugs were conducted. We used methods of comparative and content analysis, as well as logical and graphical analysis.
We identified the groups of drugs presented in the «Available drugs» program, mainly foreign suppliers, therefore, the introduction of generic preparations of carvedilol, losartan, simvastatin and spironolactone is promising for domestic production, in order to increase consumption and reduce reimbursement costs, which will ensure availability for consumers. It is advisable to include domestic preparations of isosorbide dinitrate, hydrochlorothiazide, enalapril and atenolol in a program that will expand the list of these drugs in the «Affordable medicines» program.
According to the expert opinion of pharmacists from Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions, it is expedient to include from the group of lisinopril in the list of available drugs such as Lisinopril-Teva and Enap, and from the combined preparations of Enap H, Vasar H and Co-Preneca, which are often prescribed by doctors and they are in demand by patients.
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Wonder, Michael, and Geoffrey Chin. "Delays in access to affordable medicines: putting policy into perspective." Australian Health Review 37, no. 4 (2013): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13037.
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Ghinea, Narcyz, and Wendy Lipworth. "Affordable access to innovative cancer medicines — don't forget the prices." Medical Journal of Australia 204, no. 6 (April 2016): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja15.01309.
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Martin, Jennifer H., Wayne Hall, Mary‐Ann Fitzcharles, Laura Borgelt, and Jose Crippa. "Ensuring access to safe, effective, and affordable cannabis‐based medicines." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 86, no. 4 (March 3, 2020): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14242.
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Zaliska, O., V. Huz, and N. Maksymovych. "PDG42 Reimbursement Program "Affordable Medicines” in Ukraine: Issues and Challenges." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.725.
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Wang, Haipeng, Qiang Sun, Agnes Vitry, and Tuan Anh Nguyen. "Availability, Price, and Affordability of Selected Essential Medicines for Chronic Diseases in 11 Countries of the Asia Pacific Region: A Secondary Analysis." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 4 (April 11, 2017): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517700472.
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Access to affordable essential medicines for noncommunicable, chronic diseases is critical in management of the diseases. This study aims to assess the availability, prices, and affordability of medicines for common chronic diseases in the Asia Pacific Region (APR). A secondary analysis of medicines price and availability data from the Health Action International’s (HAI) database was undertaken using the standardized WHO/HAI methodology. The median availability of any medicine in the public sector was 35.5% compared with 56.7% in the private sector. Countries paid 1.4 times the International Reference Price to procure lowest-priced generics (LPGs) and 9.1 times for innovator brands (IBs). Patients would have to spend 2.3 and 0.4 day’s wages to purchase one month’s treatment of a chronic disease for IBs and LPGs, respectively in the private sector. These findings highlight the need to increase availability, reduce prices, and improve affordability of the medicines.
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Ocheredko, O. M., and A. A. Rudenko. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of the gastroduodenitis prevention program in patients of retirement age with essential arterial hypertension who participated in the “Affordable Medicines” program according to the IECR." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 26, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2022-26(2)-19.
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Annotation. Initiated in 2017 by the Government of Ukraine, the “Affordable Medicines” program has undoubtedly become a significant support for the population of Ukraine, however, access to free treatment has often been the reason for taking too high doses of drugs, overdue drugs, etc. This fact was the impetus for us to conduct a study that would help solve the problems that arose during the implementation of the Government program “Affordable Medicines”. A combined (retrospective, prospective) study was conducted in which 150 patients of retirement age took part. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The case group included 100 patients with essential arterial hypertension and gastroduodenitis. The control group consisted of 50 patients with essential arterial hypertension without gastroduodenitis. During the work on the study, attention was focused on the peculiarities of gastroduodenitis in patients taking drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases using the program "Affordable Medicines". Information on the costs of treatment and prevention of essential arterial hypertension and gastroduodenitis is also collected. During the work, the following research methods were used: system approach and system analysis, statistical, epidemiological, sociological, method of statistical modeling according to MCMC algorithms, expert assessments, survival curves. As a result of the study, a gastroduodenitis prevention program was proposed for patients of retirement age with essential arterial hypertension who receive treatment under the Affordable Medicines program. A balance model for assessing the medical and economic efficiency of the proposed prevention program has been developed. The assessment of the medical and economic efficiency of the proposed prevention program according to the developed balance model of evaluation was carried out.
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Nistor, Adina-Loredana, Elizabeth Pisani, and Maarten Olivier Kok. "Why falsified medicines reach patients: an analysis of political and economic factors in Romania." BMJ Global Health 6, Suppl 3 (February 2023): e009918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009918.
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IntroductionTo protect patients against falsified medicines, countries around the world implement stringent regulations. Despite efforts to protect supply chains in the European Union (EU), authorities continue to find falsified medicine. We studied how in Romania, one of the poorest EU countries, political and economic factors influence the risk of patients being exposed to falsified medicines.MethodsFor this case study, we reviewed 131 documents and interviewed 22 purposively selected key informants.ResultsIn Romania, several politically and economically motivated policies have led to persistent medicine shortages. Following the 2007 accession to the EU, fierce competition led to a decline in domestic medicine production. Soon after, the government introduced a tax on reimbursed medicines to support the national health budget. Prior to the 2015 elections, medicine prices were abruptly lowered to provide voters with the cheapest medicine in Europe. The low prices incentivised traders to buy medicines in Romania and sell them elsewhere in the EU. The high taxes and low prices led manufacturers to withdraw medicines from the market and impose product quotas to limit parallel trading. The accumulated effect of these market responses translated into persistent shortages of essential medicine, which have pushed patients and health professionals to unregulated markets with a high risk of exposure to falsified medicine.ConclusionStrategies against falsified medicine with a narrow focus on safeguarding quality in the regulated supply are insufficient. To protect patients, governments must also ensure that patients have access to affordable medicines, as shortages provide an opportunity for those selling fake products.
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Kotwani, Anita. "Psychiatric medicines in India: why public healthcare facilities and a thriving generics industry cannot assure access and affordability." International Psychiatry 9, no. 2 (May 2012): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600003052.
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This commentary highlights the poor availability of essential psychiatric medicines at public sector facilities in India and illustrates why even a flourishing generics industry does not assure access to affordable psychiatric medicines for most Indian patients. The paper outlines the Indian government's pricing regulations and then enumerates recommendations for reform.
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Mustafa, Ayesha, and Anam Yasmeen. "ACCESS TO MEDICINE." International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (October 24, 2022): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56536/ijpihs.v3i2.34.
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Availability and access to the health care facility is a fundamental right of human, it is the timely used of services according to the needs. It is included in International treaties and is recognized by authorities and various Governments throughout the world. What does it means the access to medicine? According to WHO (World Health Organization) access to medicines is “having medicines continuously available and affordable at public or private health facilities or medicine outlets that are within one hour’s walk from the homes of the population”. The affordability and availability of medicines is directly related to the strength of health care system, but the high prices of the medicines, prevalence of Non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension) and increasing demand of patients are the major obstacles in this regard. According to Forbes “at least 2 billion people don’t have access to medicines and 1 billion people live in extreme poverty (less than $1.25 per day) and 2.2 billion live on less than $2 per day which is quite disturbing situation”. The World Health Organization (WHO) analyzed the global production of pharmaceutical products and it was concluded that 15% of the world’s population consumes over 90% of them. And by World Health Organization it is also estimated that one-third of the developing world population is unable to receive or purchase essential medicine on a regular basis, especially those which are on high demand. The situation is even worst in the under-privileged countries like Africa and Asia, where approximately 50% of the total population does not have sufficient medicines access and healthcare resources and the remaining 50% are using medication incorrectly. However about 10 million lives a year could be saved out of which 4 million in Africa and South-East Asia alone, if we improve the availability, balanced distribution and rational use of medicines. The overall situation of global access to essential medicines is still considered critical. In the privileged countries the budget for healthcare facilities corresponds to 24-66% of National health expenses, which indicates that there is need to monitor the availability and affordability of medicines in these countries. National policies, economical cost of medicine and strategies of procurement are required to ensure the availability of medicines cost-effectively. The people with low income and in-equal health can’t afford costly services of healthcare system. The policies for the improvement of infrastructure, financing of medical system and the rational use of medicines are formulated and followed on primarily basis. And Governments need reliable information in order to evaluate the impact of policy implementation. In addition to the cost and availability of medicines, it is mandatory to assess the quality of use and various aspects, such as rational medicine use, adherence of patients and appropriate prescription practices. Thus the access to healthcare system can be made effective, by the assessment of practices in facilities like record reviews and National expert reports. That’s why we are providing healthcare facilities to each person with the help of balanced geographical distribution. The 2016 Index showed that there is moderate progress by the pharmaceutical industries to improve medicines access. Besides these Pharmaceutical industries should play their role to perk up the medicines access. There is not any particular strategy that suits all systems, but all systems need to promote the provision of new medicinal products, by ensuring medical advancement, improving communication barriers and affordable treatment. And a Reliable Health and Supply system must provide all aspects of health system like procurement, supply and regulation of the medicines.
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Cortez, Rafael, Andre Medici, and Rucheta Singh. "Out-of-Pocket Spending and Financial Equity in the Access to Medicines in Latin America: Trends and Challenges: 2010-2020." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 51, S1 (2023): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2023.136.
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AbstractThere is evidence of persistent inequalities in household financial protection of health and drugs spending in Latin America. Despite the expansion of coverage, strong inequalities persist in access to health and family spending on drugs in the region. Out-of-pocket spending in medicines is regressive in greater need for affordable medicines.
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Sharma, Manish Kumar, and Rashmi Gupta. "Nanorobotics: The Future of Medicines." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i01.10.
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Nano-robots are the technology of creating machines or robots close to the microscopic scale to nanometer. Nano-robots is a truly multidisciplinary field which comprises of the simultaneous advantage of medicinal and robots knowledge disciplines will merge including robots, and mechanical, chemical and biomedical engineering, chemistry, biology, physical science and mathematics or arithmetic. Nano-robots medicine is therapeutically more effective, individualized, dose reduced and more affordable medicine. Nano-robots medicines are being developed to improve drug bioavailability. Target drug delivery is currently the most advanced application of Nano-robots in medicine. Nanotechnology is being used to produce new generations of biomaterial scaffolds that can encourage or support cell growth and differentiation into often complex tissue types. Nano-robots medicine include targeting semi-metallic or metallic nanoparticles, e.g. silica, iron or gold, to tumor sites and then activating them by external means, e.g. light, magnetic field, ultrasound, to produce heat or soft radiation locally that can destroy the cancer cells in situ gene therapy cell therapy. Nano medicines are better imaging-techniques and other diagnostic tools Nano-robots opens up new ways for vast and abundant research work in which many. Nanorobots have strong potential to revolutionize healthcare to treat disease in future.
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Mosihuzzaman, M., and M. Iqbal Choudhary. "Protocols on safety, efficacy, standardization, and documentation of herbal medicine (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 10 (January 1, 2008): 2195–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880102195.
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This Technical Report compiles and analyzes the current scientific knowledge on herbal medicine and highlights the practical ways for ensuring the safety of herbal preparations and evaluating their claimed efficacy. Emphasis has been given to the methods for standardization of herbal medicine and the ways and means for moving forward to achieve the difficult goal of preparing herbal medicines of consistent quality and effects. Pragmatic approaches have been recommended to overcome the difficulties in (i) protecting intellectual property rights (IPR); (ii) producing safe, potent, standardized, and affordable herbal medicine; and (iii) documenting the knowledge base on herbal medicine in an easily accessible format.
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Tadjimukhammadovna, Batirova Barchinoy. "AVAILABILITY AND COSTS OF MEDICINES FOR THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS." International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/volume04issue01-11.
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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of people each year. While progress has been made in combating the disease, one critical aspect that continues to impede effective TB treatment is the availability and costs of medicines. Ensuring access to affordable and high-quality drugs is essential for the success of tuberculosis control programs worldwide. In this article, we will explore the current landscape of TB medicines, the challenges faced in terms of availability, and the impact of costs on both patients and healthcare systems.
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Ніженковська, І. В., М. М. Бабенко, Л. О. Гала, Н. В. Шолойко, and Н. О. Дацюк. "Analysis of access to medicines for the population by the state budget in Ukraine." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 5 (October 27, 2023): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.5.23.01.
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The price of medicines is an important factor in ensuring accessibility for the population in the healthcare. Ukraine actively implements pricing policies in the healthcare in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendations aim to achieve two important objectives. First, they seek to ensure the availability of effective medicines for the population so that every patient has the opportunity to receive necessary treatment. Second, it is to create conditions for pharmaceutical companies to have incentives to continue their innovative activities in the field of medicine.
The purpose of the research is to analyze and evaluate pricing policies that ensure the accessibility of medicines for the Ukrainian population through state budget funding and their compliance with WHO recommendations.
It has been established that in Ukraine, there are several directions aimed at ensuring the population's accessibility to medicines through state budget funding: the purchase of medicines within the National Essential Medicine List, the «Affordable Medicines» program, centralized procurement of medicines and the purchase of innovative medicines through Managed Entry Agreements. Pricing for medicines under various programs is carried out using different approaches.
An analysis of the legislative environment regulating medicine pricing in Ukraine in accordance with WHO-recommended pricing policies has revealed that several pricing policies are functioning at a satisfactory level. These include external and internal reference pricing, mark-up regulation, cost-based pricing, as well as tax exemptions or reductions for medicines. However, there are policies that require further development and improvement. These include promoting price transparency, conducting tenders and negotiations, consolidating procurement, promoting the use of generics and biosimilars with guaranteed quality, as well as introducing cost-plus pricing to determine medicine prices.
Thus, standardization of the lists of medicines and pricing approaches is one of the most important tasks on the path to European integration. Monitoring market prices with control over their compliance is a necessary step to improve the population's access to effective medicines.
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Zabadi, Achmad Fairuz, and Septiana Kurniasari. "Pattern of Drug Use in Influenza Self-Medication Efforts in Communities in Bettet Village, Pamekasan Regency." Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science) 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v7i2.282.
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Influenza is the most common disease in humans. The average person gets influenza twice a year. To treat influenza, people usually take self-medicationby consuming medicines that are freely purchased at pharmacies or drug stores.This research aims to determine the pattern of drug use in an effort to self-medicate influenza in the community in Bettet Village, Pamekasan Regency. This research is descriptive, using questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents who meet the inclusion criteria. The results of this research were 69% of respondents used modern medicine, most of whom consumed MFB (42.03%), while 31% of the population used traditional medicine, of which 41.93% consumed chopped turmeric, ginger and lemongrass.The public believes that modern medicines circulating in Indonesia have guaranteed availability by the government, are safe, quality and useful and are available in sufficient and affordable quantities and types.