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Journal articles on the topic 'Affinity sensor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2023

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1

Qian, Xiang, Xiaowei Niu, and Karl L. Magleby. "Intra- and Intersubunit Cooperativity in Activation of BK Channels by Ca2+." Journal of General Physiology 128, no. 4 (2006): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200609486.

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The activation of BK channels by Ca2+ is highly cooperative, with small changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration having large effects on open probability (Po). Here we examine the mechanism of cooperative activation of BK channels by Ca2+. Each of the four subunits of BK channels has a large intracellular COOH terminus with two different high-affinity Ca2+ sensors: an RCK1 sensor (D362/D367) located on the RCK1 (regulator of conductance of K+) domain and a Ca-bowl sensor located on or after the RCK2 domain. To determine interactions among these Ca2+ sensors, we examine channels with eight different configurations of functional high-affinity Ca2+ sensors on the four subunits. We find that the RCK1 sensor and Ca bowl contribute about equally to Ca2+ activation of the channel when there is only one high-affinity Ca2+ sensor per subunit. We also find that an RCK1 sensor and a Ca bowl on the same subunit are much more effective in increasing Po than when they are on different subunits, indicating positive intrasubunit cooperativity. If it is assumed that BK channels have a gating ring similar to MthK channels with alternating RCK1 and RCK2 domains and that the Ca2+ sensors act at the flexible (rather than fixed) interfaces between RCK domains, then a comparison of the distribution of Ca2+ sensors with the observed responses suggest that the interface between RCK1 and RCK2 domains on the same subunit is flexible. On this basis, intrasubunit cooperativity arises because two high-affinity Ca2+ sensors acting across a flexible interface are more effective in opening the channel than when acting at separate interfaces. An allosteric model incorporating intrasubunit cooperativity nested within intersubunit cooperativity could approximate the Po vs. Ca2+ response for eight possible subunit configurations of the high-affinity Ca2+ sensors as well as for three additional configurations from a previous study.

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2

Tlili, Chaker, Sushmee Badhulika, Thien-Toan Tran, Ilkeun Lee, and Ashok Mulchandani. "Affinity chemiresistor sensor for sugars." Talanta 128 (October 2014): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.055.

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3

Glad, Cristina, Karin Sjödin, and Bo Mattiasson. "Streaming potential—a general affinity sensor." Biosensors 2, no. 2 (1986): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-928x(86)80012-8.

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4

Huang, Xian, Charles Leduc, Yann Ravussin, et al. "A differential dielectric affinity glucose sensor." Lab Chip 14, no. 2 (2014): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3lc51026c.

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5

Labouesse, Marie A., Reto B. Cola, and Tommaso Patriarchi. "GPCR-Based Dopamine Sensors—A Detailed Guide to Inform Sensor Choice for In Vivo Imaging." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (2020): 8048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218048.

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Understanding how dopamine (DA) encodes behavior depends on technologies that can reliably monitor DA release in freely-behaving animals. Recently, red and green genetically encoded sensors for DA (dLight, GRAB-DA) were developed and now provide the ability to track release dynamics at a subsecond resolution, with submicromolar affinity and high molecular specificity. Combined with rapid developments in in vivo imaging, these sensors have the potential to transform the field of DA sensing and DA-based drug discovery. When implementing these tools in the laboratory, it is important to consider there is not a ‘one-size-fits-all’ sensor. Sensor properties, most importantly their affinity and dynamic range, must be carefully chosen to match local DA levels. Molecular specificity, sensor kinetics, spectral properties, brightness, sensor scaffold and pharmacology can further influence sensor choice depending on the experimental question. In this review, we use DA as an example; we briefly summarize old and new techniques to monitor DA release, including DA biosensors. We then outline a map of DA heterogeneity across the brain and provide a guide for optimal sensor choice and implementation based on local DA levels and other experimental parameters. Altogether this review should act as a tool to guide DA sensor choice for end-users.

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Efremenko, Yulia, and Vladimir M. Mirsky. "Electrical Control of the Receptor Affinity." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10084.

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A concept of virtual sensor array based on an electrically controlled variation of affinity properties of the receptor layer was realized on the base of integrated electrochemical chemotransistor containing conducting polymer as the receptor layer. Electrical control of the redox-state of the polymer (polyaniline) was performed in a five-electrode configuration with four electrodes for conductivity measurements and Ag/AgCl reference electrode integrated on the same glass chip. An ionic liquid provided an electrical connection between the reference electrode and chemosensitive material. Conductivity measurements demonstrated potential controlled electrochemical conversions of the receptor material between different redox states. The binding of trimethylamine at three different potentials corresponding to these states was studied. The results demonstrated that both kinetic- and equilibrium-binding properties of the receptor are controlled by the electrical potential, thus providing a possibility to form a virtual sensor array using only a single sensing element. The concept was applied for monitoring fish headspace. Using three characteristics of the sensor response measured at three different redox states of the same sensor material, we obtained signals from a virtual sensor array consisting of nine chemosensitive elements. The sensor displays systematic changes of its nine signals during fish degradation. This approach can be applied also for the electrical control of the affinity of immunoglobulins. Development of new materials with electrically controlled affinity is in progress.

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7

Yin, Ruixue, Jizhong Xin, Dasheng Yang, et al. "High-Linearity Hydrogel-Based Capacitive Sensor Based on Con A–Sugar Affinity and Low-Melting-Point Metal." Polymers 14, no. 20 (2022): 4302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204302.

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Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) plays an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Affinity sensing based on the principle of reversible binding to glucose does not produce intermediates, and the specificity of concanavalin A (Con A) to glucose molecules helps to improve the anti-interference performance and long-term stability of CGM sensors. However, these affinity glucose sensors have some limitations in their linearity with a large detection range, and stable attachment of hydrogels to sensor electrodes is also challenging. In this study, a capacitive glucose sensor with high linearity and a wide detection range was proposed based on a glucose-responsive DexG–Con A hydrogel and a serpentine coplanar electrode made from a low-melting-point metal. The results show that within the glucose concentration range of 0–20 mM, the sensor can achieve high linearity (R2 = 0.94), with a sensitivity of 33.3 pF mM−1, and even with the larger glucose concentration range of 0–30 mM the sensor can achieve good linearity (R2 = 0.84). The sensor also shows resistance to disturbances of small molecules, good reversibility, and long-term stability. Due to its low cost, wide detection range, high linearity, good sensitivity, and biocompatibility, the sensor is expected to be used in the field of continuous monitoring of blood glucose.

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8

Ramanavicius, Simonas, Arunas Jagminas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060974.

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Recent challenges in biomedical diagnostics show that the development of rapid affinity sensors is very important issue. Therefore, in this review we are aiming to outline the most important directions of affinity sensors where polymer-based semiconducting materials are applied. Progress in formation and development of such materials is overviewed and discussed. Some applicability aspects of conducting polymers in the design of affinity sensors are presented. The main attention is focused on bioanalytical application of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ortho-phenylenediamine. In addition, some other polymers and inorganic materials that are suitable for molecular imprinting technology are also overviewed. Polymerization techniques, which are the most suitable for the development of composite structures suitable for affinity sensors are presented. Analytical signal transduction methods applied in affinity sensors based on polymer-based semiconducting materials are discussed. In this review the most attention is focused on the development and application of molecularly imprinted polymer-based structures, which can replace antibodies, receptors, and many others expensive affinity reagents. The applicability of electrochromic polymers in affinity sensor design is envisaged. Sufficient biocompatibility of some conducting polymers enables to apply them as “stealth coatings” in the future implantable affinity-sensors. Some new perspectives and trends in analytical application of polymer-based semiconducting materials are highlighted.

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9

Tuccitto, Nunzio, Luca Spitaleri, Giovanni Li Destri, Andrea Pappalardo, Antonino Gulino, and Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto. "Supramolecular Sensing of a Chemical Warfare Agents Simulant by Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles." Molecules 25, no. 23 (2020): 5731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235731.

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Real-time sensing of chemical warfare agents by optical sensors is today a crucial target to prevent terroristic attacks by chemical weapons. Here the synthesis, characterization and detection properties of a new sensor, based on covalently functionalized carbon nanoparticles, are reported. This nanosensor exploits noncovalent interactions, in particular hydrogen bonds, to detect DMMP, a simulant of nerve agents. The nanostructure of the sensor combined with the supramolecular sensing approach leads to high binding constant affinity, high selectivity and the possibility to reuse the sensor.

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10

Brown, Victoria, Jessica A. Sexton, and Mark Johnston. "A Glucose Sensor in Candida albicans." Eukaryotic Cell 5, no. 10 (2006): 1726–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00186-06.

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ABSTRACT The Hgt4 protein of Candida albicans (orf19.5962) is orthologous to the Snf3 and Rgt2 glucose sensors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that govern sugar acquisition by regulating the expression of genes encoding hexose transporters. We found that HGT4 is required for glucose induction of the expression of HGT12, HXT10, and HGT7, which encode apparent hexose transporters in C. albicans. An hgt4Δ mutant is defective for growth on fermentable sugars, which is consistent with the idea that Hgt4 is a sensor of glucose and similar sugars. Hgt4 appears to be sensitive to glucose levels similar to those in human serum (∼5 mM). HGT4 expression is repressed by high levels of glucose, which is consistent with the idea that it encodes a high-affinity sugar sensor. Glucose sensing through Hgt4 affects the yeast-to-hyphal morphological switch of C. albicans cells: hgt4Δ mutants are hypofilamented, and a constitutively signaling form of Hgt4 confers hyperfilamentation of cells. The hgt4Δ mutant is less virulent than wild-type cells in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. These results suggest that Hgt4 is a high-affinity glucose sensor that contributes to the virulence of C. albicans.

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11

Shahrezaei, Vahid, and Kerry R. Delaney. "Brevity of the Ca2+ Microdomain and Active Zone Geometry Prevent Ca2+-Sensor Saturation for Neurotransmitter Release." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 3 (2005): 1912–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00256.2005.

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The brief time course of the calcium (Ca2+) channel opening combined with the molecular-level colocalization of Ca2+ channels and synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals predict sub-millisecond calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) transients of ≥100 μM in the immediate vicinity of the vesicle. This [Ca2+] is much higher than some of the recent estimates for the equilibrium dissociation constant of the Ca2+ sensor(s) that control neurotransmitter release, suggesting release should be close to saturation, yet it is well known that release is highly sensitive to changes in Ca2+ influx. We show that due to the brevity of the Ca2+ influx the binding kinetics of the Ca2+ sensor rather than its equilibrium affinity determine receptor occupancy. For physiologically relevant Ca2+ currents and forward Ca2+ binding rates, the effective affinity of the Ca2+ sensor can be several-fold lower than the equilibrium affinity. Using simple models, we show redundant copies of the binding sites increase effective affinity of the Ca2+ sensor for release. Our results predict that different levels of expression of Ca2+ binding sites could account for apparent differences in Ca2+ sensor affinities between synapses. Using Monte Carlo simulations of Ca2+ dynamics with nanometer resolution, we demonstrate that these kinetic constraints combined with vesicles acting as diffusion barriers can prevent saturation of the Ca2+-sensor(s) for neurotransmitter release. We further show the random positioning of the Ca2+-sensor molecules around the vesicle can result in the emergence of two distinct populations of the vesicles with low and high release probability. These considerations allow experimental evidence for the Ca2+ channel-vesicle colocalization to be reconciled with a high equilibrium affinity for the Ca2+ sensor of the release machinery.

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12

Trull, Keelan J., Piper Miller, Kiet Tat, S. Ashley Varney, Jason M. Conley, and Mathew Tantama. "Detection of Osmotic Shock-Induced Extracellular Nucleotide Release with a Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensor of ADP and ATP." Sensors 19, no. 15 (2019): 3253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153253.

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Purinergic signals, such as extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), mediate intercellular communication and stress responses throughout mammalian tissues, but the dynamics of their release and clearance are still not well understood. Although physiochemical methods provide important insight into physiology, genetically encoded optical sensors have proven particularly powerful in the quantification of signaling in live specimens. Indeed, genetically encoded luminescent and fluorescent sensors provide new insights into ATP-mediated purinergic signaling. However, new tools to detect extracellular ADP are still required. To this end, in this study, we use protein engineering to generate a new genetically encoded sensor that employs a high-affinity bacterial ADP-binding protein and reports a change in occupancy with a change in the Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) between cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins. We characterize the sensor in both protein solution studies, as well as live-cell microscopy. This new sensor responds to nanomolar and micromolar concentrations of ADP and ATP in solution, respectively, and in principle it is the first fully-genetically encoded sensor with sufficiently high affinity for ADP to detect low levels of extracellular ADP. Furthermore, we demonstrate that tethering the sensor to the cell surface enables the detection of physiologically relevant nucleotide release induced by hypoosmotic shock as a model of tissue edema. Thus, we provide a new tool to study purinergic signaling that can be used across genetically tractable model systems.

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13

Schuderer, J., A. Akkoyun, A. Brandenburg, U. Bilitewski, and E. Wagner. "Development of a Multichannel Fluorescence Affinity Sensor System." Analytical Chemistry 72, no. 16 (2000): 3942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac000222f.

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14

Falter, J., R. Medina, and H. L. Schmidt. "Concepts of artifical affinity systems for sensor development." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 19, no. 1-3 (1994): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(93)01132-n.

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15

Xia, Haiyang, Song Zha, Jijun Huang, and Jibin Liu. "Radio environment map construction by adaptive ordinary Kriging algorithm based on affinity propagation clustering." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 5 (2020): 155014772092248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720922484.

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In the era of 5G mobile communication, radio environment maps are increasingly viewed as a powerful weapon for the optimization of spectrum resources, especially in the field of autonomous vehicles. However, due to the constraint of limited resources when it comes to sensor networks, it is crucial to select a suitable scale of sensor measurements for radio environment map construction. This article proposes an adaptive ordinary Kriging algorithm based on affinity propagation clustering as a novel spatial interpolation method for the construction of the radio environment map, which can provide precise awareness of signal strength at locations where no measurements are available. Initially, a semivariogram is obtained from all the sensor measurements. Then, in order to select the minimum scale of measurements and at the same time guarantee accuracy, the affinity propagation clustering is introduced in the selection of sensors. Moreover, the sensor estimation groups are created based on the clustering result, and estimation results are obtained by ordinary Kriging. In the end, the simulation of the proposed algorithm is analyzed through comparisons with three conventional algorithms: inverse distance weighting, nearest neighbor, and ordinary Kriging. As a result, the conclusion can be drawn that the proposed algorithm is superior to others in accuracy as well as in efficiency.

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16

Bradberry, Mazdak M., Huan Bao, Xiaochu Lou та Edwin R. Chapman. "Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate drives Ca2+-independent membrane penetration by the tandem C2 domain proteins synaptotagmin-1 and Doc2β". Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, № 28 (2019): 10942–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.007929.

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Exocytosis mediates the release of neurotransmitters and hormones from neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Tandem C2 domain proteins in the synaptotagmin (syt) and double C2 domain (Doc2) families regulate exocytotic membrane fusion via direct interactions with Ca2+ and phospholipid bilayers. Syt1 is a fast-acting, low-affinity Ca2+ sensor that penetrates membranes upon binding Ca2+ to trigger synchronous vesicle fusion. The closely related Doc2β is a slow-acting, high-affinity Ca2+ sensor that triggers spontaneous and asynchronous vesicle fusion, but whether it also penetrates membranes is unknown. Both syt1 and Doc2β bind the dynamically regulated plasma membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), but it is unclear whether PIP2 serves only as a membrane contact or enables specialized membrane-binding modes by these Ca2+ sensors. Furthermore, it has been shown that PIP2 uncaging can trigger rapid, syt1-dependent exocytosis in the absence of Ca2+ influx, suggesting that current models for the action of these Ca2+ sensors are incomplete. Here, using a series of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements, we show that Doc2β, like syt1, penetrates membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, we observed that PIP2 can drive membrane penetration by both syt1 and Doc2β in the absence of Ca2+, providing a plausible mechanism for Ca2+-independent, PIP2-dependent exocytosis. Quantitative measurements of penetration depth revealed that, in the presence of Ca2+, PIP2 drives Doc2β, but not syt1, substantially deeper into the membrane, defining a biophysical regulatory mechanism specific to this high-affinity Ca2+ sensor. Our results provide evidence of a novel role for PIP2 in regulating, and under some circumstances triggering, exocytosis.

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Tay, Li-Lin, Shawn Poirier, Ali Ghaemi, and John Hulse. "Inkjet-printed paper-based surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors for the detection of narcotics." MRS Advances 7, no. 9 (2022): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43580-022-00257-8.

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AbstractRecent advances in inkjet-printing of advanced materials have provided a versatile platform for the rapid development and prototyping of sensor devices. We have recently demonstrated inkjet-printed surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors on flexible substrates for the detection of variety of small molecules [Tay et al. in Front Chem 9:680556 (2021); Tay et al. in J Raman Spectrosc 52:563 (2020)]. These flexible SERS sensors have many advantages for performing point-of-sampling testing, among them liquid or aerosol filtration and swabbing capabilities. These simple sampling and separation features make these inkjet-printed paper-based sensors ideal for field applications. SERS detection of molecules with poor binding affinity towards the plasmonic surfaces of the sensors tends to be inefficient. A surface functionalization approach has been applied to SERS sensors to improve the molecule affinity and hence their detection sensitivity. In this paper, we investigate the optimization of SERS sensor fabrication to achieve optimal performance. Three performance criteria: diffuse reflectance, SERS background intensity from the as-printed blank sensors and SERS performance of sensors exposed to the benzenethiol reporter molecule, are characterized carefully to derive the optimal inkjet-printing conditions for producing the best performing SERS sensors. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of a simple potassium iodide functionalization scheme to improve the detection sensitivity for narcotics such as fentanyl by two orders of magnitude. Graphical abstract

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18

Yang, Wen, Jing Yu, Xiangtai Xi, et al. "Preparation of Graphene/ITO Nanorod Metamaterial/U-Bent-Annealing Fiber Sensor and DNA Biomolecule Detection." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (2019): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081154.

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In this paper, a graphene/ITO nanorod metamaterial/U-bent-annealing (Gr/ITO-NM/U-bent-A)-based U-bent optical fiber local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor is presented and demonstrated for DNA detection. The proposed sensor, compared with other conventional sensors, exhibits higher sensitivity, lower cost, as well as better biological affinity and oxidize resistance. Besides, it has a structure of an original Indium Tin Oxides (ITO) nanocolumn array coated with graphene, allowing the sensor to exert significant bulk plasmon resonance effect. Moreover, for its discontinuous structure, a larger specific surface area is created to accommodate more biomolecules, thus maximizing the biological properties. The fabricated sensors exhibit great performance (690.7 nm/RIU) in alcohol solution testing. Furthermore, it also exhibits an excellent linear response (R2 = 0.998) to the target DNA with respective concentrations from 0.1 to 100 nM suggesting the promising medical applications of such sensors.

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19

Thompson, Channing C., and Rebecca Y. Lai. "Threonine Phosphorylation of an Electrochemical Peptide-Based Sensor to Achieve Improved Uranyl Ion Binding Affinity." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (2022): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110961.

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We have successfully designed a uranyl ion (U(VI)-specific peptide and used it in the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor. The 12-amino acid peptide sequence, (n) DKDGDGYIpTAAE (c), originates from calmodulin, a Ca(II)-binding protein, and contains a phosphothreonine that enhances the sequence’s affinity for U(VI) over Ca(II). The sensing mechanism of this U(VI) sensor is similar to other electrochemical peptide-based sensors, which relies on the change in the flexibility of the peptide probe upon interacting with the target. The sensor was systematically characterized using alternating current voltammetry (ACV) and cyclic voltammetry. Its limit of detection was 50 nM, which is lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for uranium. The signal saturation time was ~40 min. In addition, it showed minimal cross-reactivity when tested against nine different metal ions, including Ca(II), Mg(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI). Its reusability and ability to function in diluted aquifer and drinking water samples were further confirmed and validated. The response of the sensor fabricated with the same peptide sequence but with a nonphosphorylated threonine was also analyzed, substantiating the positive effects of threonine phosphorylation on U(VI) binding. This study places emphasis on strategic utilization of non-standard amino acids in the design of metal ion-chelating peptides, which will further diversify the types of peptide recognition elements available for metal ion sensing applications.

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Hilton, John P., Thai Huu Nguyen, Renjun Pei, Milan Stojanovic, and Qiao Lin. "A microfluidic affinity sensor for the detection of cocaine." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 166, no. 2 (2011): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2009.12.006.

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Wannapob, Rodtichoti, Proespichaya Kanatharana, Warakorn Limbut, et al. "Affinity sensor using 3-aminophenylboronic acid for bacteria detection." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26, no. 2 (2010): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.005.

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22

Schlatter, D., R. Barner, Ch Fattinger, et al. "The difference interferometer: application as a direct affinity sensor." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 8, no. 2 (1993): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663(93)80059-x.

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23

Liebscher, Thilo, Franziska Glös, Andrea Böhme, et al. "Affinity Viscosimetry Sensor for Enzyme Free Detection of Glucose in a Micro-Bioreaction Chamber." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1135.

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With the growing demand of miniaturization of cell cultivation a new approach towards measuring and sensing bio-analytes needs to be made due to the problem of small volumes (less than 150μl) containing small amounts of analytes. Most of the available glucose sensors monitor the glucose concentration with the help of enzymes, which become very inaccurate in terms of long time measurement and uses (i.e. consumes) glucose during the measurement becoming not available anymore for the cells. Therefore, we focused on applying an enzyme-free glucose sensor based on a microelectromechanical system (MEMS).

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LIEBERZEIT, PETER A., ABDUL REHMAN, SADAF YAQUB, and FRANZ L. DICKERT. "NANOSTRUCTURED PARTICLES AND LAYERS FOR SENSING CONTAMINANTS IN AIR AND WATER." Nano 03, no. 04 (2008): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292008001015.

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Chemical sensor layers for environmental applications require optimal selectivity, sensitivity, and long term stability, which can be achieved in artificial matrices. For detecting thiols in air, reversible affinity interactions can be optimized by varying the stoichiometry of molybdenum disulphide nanoparticles to achieve sulphur deficiencies. Generating MoS1.9 increases the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor responses towards butane thiol by a factor of three. Artificial recognition sites are accessible by molecular imprinting: acrylate copolymers can be tuned in polarity to interact selectively with atrazine in water leading to detection limits below one ppb with QCM sensors. Finally, sensor arrays coated with six different molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) correctly reproduce the ethyl acetate concentration of a composter over a period of two weeks validated by GC-MS measurements.

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Chang, Albert, Hsin-Yi Li, I.-Nan Chang, and Yen-Ho Chu. "Affinity Ionic Liquids for Chemoselective Gas Sensing." Molecules 23, no. 9 (2018): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092380.

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Selective gas sensing is of great importance for applications in health, safety, military, industry and environment. Many man-made and naturally occurring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can harmfully affect human health or cause impairment to the environment. Gas analysis based on different principles has been developed to convert gaseous analytes into readable output signals. However, gas sensors such as metal-oxide semiconductors suffer from high operating temperatures that are impractical and therefore have limited its applications. The cost-effective quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) device represents an excellent platform if sensitive, selective and versatile sensing materials were available. Recent advances in affinity ionic liquids (AILs) have led them to incorporation with QCM to be highly sensitive for real-time detection of target gases at ambient temperature. The tailorable functional groups in AIL structures allow for chemoselective reaction with target analytes for single digit parts-per-billion detection on mass-sensitive QCM. This structural diversity makes AILs promising for the creation of a library of chemical sensor arrays that could be designed to efficiently detect gas mixtures simultaneously as a potential electronic in future. This review first provides brief introduction to some conventional gas sensing technologies and then delivers the latest results on our development of chemoselective AIL-on-QCM methods.

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Bian, Zhancun, Guiqian Fang, Ran Wang, Dongxue Zhan, Qingqiang Yao, and Zhongyu Wu. "A water-soluble boronic acid sensor for caffeic acid based on double sites recognition." RSC Advances 10, no. 47 (2020): 28148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00980f.

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Herein, the specific recognition of caffeic acid by the double sites boronic acid sensor 5c is reported. The synergistic effect of the two recognition sites greatly improves the binding affinity and selectivity of the sensor.

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Bajaj, Aabha, Jakob Trimpert, Ibrahim Abdulhalim, and Zeynep Altintas. "Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for SARS-CoV-2 Virus Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance." Chemosensors 10, no. 11 (2022): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10110459.

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COVID-19 caused by a SARS-CoV-2 infection was first reported from Wuhan, China, and later recognized as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO). Gold standard nucleic acid and molecular-based testing have largely satisfied the requirements of early diagnosis and management of this infectious disease; however, these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care (POC) applications. The COVID-19 pandemic of the 21st century has emphasized that medicine is in dire need of advanced, rapid, and cheap diagnostic tools. Herein, we report on molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP-NPs/nanoMIPs) as plastic antibodies for the specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 by employing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. High-affinity MIP-NPs directed against SARS-CoV-2 were manufactured using a solid-phase imprinting method. The MIP-NPs were then characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) prior to their incorporation into a label-free portable SPR device. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 was studied within a range of 104–106 PFU mL−1. The MIP-NPs demonstrated good binding affinity (KD = 0.12 pM) and selectivity toward SARS-CoV-2. The AFM, cyclic voltammetry, and square-wave voltammetry studies revealed the successful stepwise preparation of the sensor. A cross-reactivity test confirmed the specificity of the sensor. For the first time, this study demonstrates the potential of molecular imprinting technology in conjunction with miniaturized SPR devices for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 particles with high-affinity and specificity. Such sensors could help monitor and manage the risks related to virus contamination and infections also beyond the current pandemic.

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Chen, Ren-Shiang, Yanyan Geng, and Karl L. Magleby. "Mg2+ binding to open and closed states can activate BK channels provided that the voltage sensors are elevated." Journal of General Physiology 138, no. 6 (2011): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201110707.

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BK channels are activated by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ as well as by depolarization. Such activation is possible because each of the four subunits has two high-affinity Ca2+ sites, one low-affinity Mg2+ site, and a voltage sensor. This study further investigates the mechanism of Mg2+ activation by using single-channel recording to determine separately the action of Mg2+ on the open and closed states of the channel. To limit Mg2+ action to the Mg2+ sites, the two high-affinity Ca2+ sites are disabled by mutation. When the voltage is stepped from negative holding potentials to +100 mV, we find that 10 mM Mg2+ decreases the mean closed latency to the first channel opening 2.1-fold, decreases the mean closed interval duration 8.7-fold, increases mean burst duration 10.1-fold, increases the number of openings per burst 4.4-fold, and increases mean open interval duration 2.3-fold. Hence, Mg2+ can bind to closed BK channels, increasing their opening rates, and to open BK channels, decreasing their closing rates. To explore the relationship between Mg2+ action and voltage sensor activation, we record single-channel activity in macropatches containing hundreds of channels. Open probability (Po) is dramatically increased by 10 mM Mg2+ when voltage sensors are activated with either depolarization or the mutation R210C. The increased Po arises from large decreases in mean closed interval durations and moderate increases in mean open interval durations. In contrast, 10 mM Mg2+ has no detectable effects on Po or interval durations when voltage sensors are deactivated with very negative potentials or the mutation R167E. These observations are consistent with a model in which Mg2+ can bind to and alter the gating of both closed and open states to increase Po, provided that one or more voltage sensors are activated.

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Zaree, Pouya, Ilhan Tomris, Sander D. de Vos, et al. "Facile electrochemical affinity measurements of small and large molecules." RSC Advances 13, no. 14 (2023): 9756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra01029e.

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A novel miniaturized sensor for electrochemical detection that contains graphene- and gold nanoparticles was functionalized with proteins and used for determining their binding affinities for small molecules and proteins.

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Di Bartolo, Ary Lautaro, and Diego Masone. "Synaptotagmin-1 C2B domains cooperatively stabilize the fusion stalk via a master-servant mechanism." Chemical Science 13, no. 12 (2022): 3437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc06711g.

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31

Qin, Yanru, Jingfan Xie, Shuting Li, et al. "A boronate affinity MIP-based resonance light scattering sensor for sensitive detection of glycoproteins." Analytical Methods 10, no. 42 (2018): 5112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay01053f.

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Liu, Chin-Wei, Chi-Chang Lin, Li-Chia Chen, Shih-Kang Fan, and Hsien-Chang Chang. "AN AFFINITY SENSOR IMPROVED BY EWOD ACTUATOR-BASED MICROFLUIDIC CHIP." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 21, no. 06 (2009): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237209001659.

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We propose an improved immunoassay method with EWOD-based microfluidic biochip. Electro-wetting on dielectric (EWOD) is based on contact angle-changed phenomenon of droplet on the channel surface. The reactant-containing droplet can be moved from reservoir to a modified electrode area, which a stir function can be provided by controlling AC electro-osmosis flow (ACEOF). The immunochemistry reaction takes place on our modified area via electro-wetting actuation, and the signal from fluorescent or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to confirm the performance of designed element.

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Zhang, Ke, Guang Zhang, Xiuwu Yu, Shaohua Hu, and Moxiao Li. "Clustering the sensor networks based on energy-aware affinity propagation." Computer Networks 207 (April 2022): 108853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2022.108853.

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Schultz, Jerome S. "Thirty-Fifth Anniversary of the Optical Affinity Sensor for Glucose." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (2014): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296814552477.

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35

Minunni, Maria, Petr Skládal, and Marco Mascini. "A Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Biosensor as a Direct Affinity Sensor." Analytical Letters 27, no. 8 (1994): 1475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719408006383.

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Marvin, Jonathan S., Benjamin Scholl, Daniel E. Wilson, et al. "Stability, affinity, and chromatic variants of the glutamate sensor iGluSnFR." Nature Methods 15, no. 11 (2018): 936–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0171-3.

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Caldwell, Stuart T., Andrew G. Cairns, Marnie Olson, et al. "Synthesis of an azido-tagged low affinity ratiometric calcium sensor." Tetrahedron 71, no. 51 (2015): 9571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.052.

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Betty, C. A., R. Lal, D. K. Sharma, J. V. Yakhmi, and J. P. Mittal. "Macroporous silicon based capacitive affinity sensor—fabrication and electrochemical studies." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 97, no. 2-3 (2004): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2003.09.008.

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Xian Huang, Siqi Li, J. Schultz, Qian Wang, and Qiao Lin. "A Capacitive MEMS Viscometric Sensor for Affinity Detection of Glucose." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 18, no. 6 (2009): 1246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2009.2034869.

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Yan, Xinhao, Jin Ju Kim, Hye Sun Jeong, et al. "Low-Affinity Zinc Sensor Showing Fluorescence Responses with Minimal Artifacts." Inorganic Chemistry 56, no. 8 (2017): 4332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02786.

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Diem, Peter, Lucas Kalt, Ulrich Haueter, et al. "Clinical Performance of a Continuous Viscometric Affinity Sensor for Glucose." Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 6, no. 6 (2004): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2004.6.790.

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Beyer, U., D. Schäfer, A. Thomas, et al. "Recording of subcutaneous glucose dynamics by a viscometric affinity sensor." Diabetologia 44, no. 4 (2001): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051637.

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43

Lenain, Pieterjan, Sarah De Saeger, Bo Mattiasson, and Martin Hedström. "Affinity sensor based on immobilized molecular imprinted synthetic recognition elements." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 69 (July 2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.02.016.

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Chen, Shiyu, Xiuxiao Yuan, Wei Yuan, Jiqiang Niu, Feng Xu, and Yong Zhang. "Matching Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Images via an Affinity Tensor." Remote Sensing 10, no. 7 (2018): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10071104.

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Lin, Hai, Zhihong Chen, and June Li. "Affinity propagation-based interference-free clustering for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Communication Systems 33, no. 5 (2019): e4273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.4273.

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46

Akgönüllü, Semra, Seçkin Kılıç, Cem Esen, and Adil Denizli. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for Protein Detection." Polymers 15, no. 3 (2023): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030629.

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The accurate detection of biological substances such as proteins has always been a hot topic in scientific research. Biomimetic sensors seek to imitate sensitive and selective mechanisms of biological systems and integrate these traits into applicable sensing platforms. Molecular imprinting technology has been extensively practiced in many domains, where it can produce various molecular recognition materials with specific recognition capabilities. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), dubbed plastic antibodies, are artificial receptors with high-affinity binding sites for a particular molecule or compound. MIPs for protein recognition are expected to have high affinity via numerous interactions between polymer matrices and multiple functional groups of the target protein. This critical review briefly describes recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and application of MIP-based sensor platforms used to detect proteins.

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47

Yang, Shaoming, Chaopeng Bai, Yu Teng, et al. "Study of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide bi-analyte sensor with boronate affinity-based molecularly imprinted film." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 12 (2019): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2019-0134.

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A novel electrochemical horseradish peroxidase (HRP) sensor was developed based on boronate affinity-based electropolymerized polythionine (PTh) molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as specific recognition element for HRP on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified glassy carbon electrode, in which PTh acted as the electrochemical probe for the sensor. The sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry were exploited for the study of the properties of the MIP sensor. The MIP sensor exhibited excellent linear response over the range of 2.0 × 10−10 mg/mL ∼ 1.0 × 10−7 mg/mL for HRP. In addition, with MIP film as HRP immobilized matrices, the sensor for the detection of H2O2 was developed with the MIP sensor based on the reduction of H2O2 catalyzed by HRP in the presence of electron mediator PTh. The sensor showed linear relationships between the current response and H2O2 concentration from 6.0 × 10−7 to 2.0 × 10−5 mol/L. HRP and H2O2 bi-analyte sensor based on MIP film was successfully developed in this work. The developed method can also be applicable for enzyme and its enzymatic substrate bi-analyte sensor.

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48

Cohen-Armon, Malka. "Are Voltage Sensors Really Embedded in Muscarinic Receptors?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8 (2023): 7538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087538.

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Unexpectedly, the affinity of the seven-transmembrane muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for their agonists is modulated by membrane depolarization. Recent reports attribute this characteristic to an embedded charge movement in the muscarinic receptor, acting as a voltage sensor. However, this explanation is inconsistent with the results of experiments measuring acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors in brain synaptoneurosomes. According to these results, the gating of the voltage-dependent sodium channel (VDSC) acts as the voltage sensor, generating activation of Go-proteins in response to membrane depolarization, and this modulates the affinity of muscarinic receptors for their cholinergic agonists.

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49

Puiu, Mihaela, Lucian-Gabriel Zamfir, Valentin Buiculescu, Angela Baracu, Cristina Mitrea, and Camelia Bala. "Significance Testing and Multivariate Analysis of Datasets from Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors: Prediction and Assay Validation for Surface Binding of Large Analytes." Sensors 18, no. 10 (2018): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103541.

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In this study, we performed uni- and multivariate data analysis on the extended binding curves of several affinity pairs: immobilized acetylcholinesterase (AChE)/bioconjugates of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and immobilized anti-AFB1 monoclonal antibody/AFB1-protein carriers. The binding curves were recorded on three mass sensitive cells operating in batch configurations: one commercial surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor and two custom-made Love wave surface-acoustic wave (LW-SAW) sensors. We obtained 3D plots depicting the time-evolution of the sensor response as a function of analyte concentration using real-time SPR binding sensograms. These “calibration” surfaces exploited the transient periods of the extended kinetic curves, prior to equilibrium, creating a “fingerprint” for each analyte, in considerably shortened time frames compared to the conventional 2D calibration plots. The custom-made SAW sensors operating in different experimental conditions allowed the detection of AFB1-protein carrier in the nanomolar range. Subsequent statistical significance tests were performed on unpaired data sets to validate the custom-made LW-SAW sensors.

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Pesavento, Maria, Simone Marchetti, Letizia De Maria, Luigi Zeni, and Nunzio Cennamo. "Sensing by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer: Evaluation of the Binding Properties with Different Techniques." Sensors 19, no. 6 (2019): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061344.

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The possibility of investigating the binding properties of the same molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), most probably heterogeneous, at various concentration levels by different methods such as batch equilibration and sensing, is examined, considering two kinds of sensors, based respectively on electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) transduction. As a proof of principle, the considered MIP was obtained by non-covalent molecular imprinting of 2-furaldehyde (2-FAL). It has been found that different concentration ranges of 2-FAL in aqueous matrices can be measured by the two sensing methods. The SPR sensor responds in a concentration range from 1 × 10−4 M down to about 1 × 10−7 M, while the electrochemical sensor from about 5 × 10−6 M up to about 9 × 10−3 M. The binding isotherms have been fit to the Langmuir adsorption model, in order to evaluate the association constant. Three kinds of sites with different affinity for 2-FAL have been detected. The sites at low affinity are similar to the interaction sites of the corresponding NIP since they have a similar association constant. This is near to the affinity evaluated by batch equilibration too. The same association constant has been evaluated in the same concentration range. The sensing methods have been demonstrated to be very convenient for the characterization of the binding properties of MIP in comparison to the batch equilibration, in terms of reproducibility and low amount of material required for the investigation.

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