Journal articles: 'Affect (Psychology) – Testing'

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Hoekstra, Hans A., and Bert A. M. Stoop. "Feeling rules: Testing a model of appraisal—affect relations." European Journal of Personality 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410030402.

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The aim of this study was to test a model specifying the relations between appraisals and affects. A theory of the appraisal—affect relation is proposed in terms of general feeling rules differentiating between affects. A taxonomy of ten appraisals is presented, each defined by a specific profile of scores on four appraisal variables: desirability, controllability, responsibility, and the kind of value being at stake in an event. The appraisals are related to nine affect dimensions, resulting from earlier taxonomic research on the structure of affect (Hoekstra, 1986). All predictions following from the theory were tested in two independent samples by structural analysis. The model showed a good fit in both data sets.

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Hazlett, Chad J., and Adam J. Berinsky. "Stress-testing the affect misattribution procedure: Heterogeneous control of affect misattribution procedure effects under incentives." British Journal of Social Psychology 57, no. 1 (September 16, 2017): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12217.

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Pickett, Justin T., Justin Nix, and Sean Patrick Roche. "Testing a Social Schematic Model of Police Procedural Justice." Social Psychology Quarterly 81, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272518765134.

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Procedural justice theory increasingly guides policing reforms in the United States and abroad. Yet the primary sources of perceived police procedural justice are still unclear. Building on social schema research, we posit civilians’ perceptions of police procedural justice only partly reflect their personal and vicarious experiences with officers. We theorize perceptions of the police are anchored in a broader “relational justice schema,” composed of views about how respectful, fair, and unbiased most people are in their dealings with others. Individuals’ experiences with certain nonlegal actors and neighborhood environments should directly affect their relational justice schema and indirectly affect their evaluation of police. Nevertheless, experiences with police, especially mistreatment by officers, should also affect perceived police procedural justice and may moderate the effects of relational justice schema endorsement. We test our hypotheses in two studies with national samples. The findings strongly support a social schematic model of perceived police procedural justice.

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Neely, Darlene L., Frederick J. Springston, and Stewart J. H. McCann. "Does Item Order Affect Performance on Multiple-Choice Exams?" Teaching of Psychology 21, no. 1 (February 1994): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2101_10.

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Balch (1989) reported that students scored higher on multiple-choice exams when item order was sequenced (S) than when it was random (R). To provide cross-validation and to determine whether test anxiety interacts with order formats, three experiments were conducted with a total of 253 introductory psychology students. In two experiments, students were randomly assigned S-or R-format tests. A third experiment used a within-subjects design and a two-part testing procedure with counterbalanced S and R formats. A significant Anxiety × Item Order interaction was detected in one experiment, but no evidence was found for superior performance on S-format tests in any of the three experiments. Concern with practical ramifications of Balch's findings may be unwarranted.

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Brandt, Mark J., Jia He, and Michael Bender. "Registered Report: Testing Ideological Asymmetries in Measurement Invariance." Assessment 28, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 687–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191120983891.

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People with different ideological identities differ in their values, personality, affect, and psychological motivations. These differences are observed on measures of practical and clinical importance and these differences are the central node tying together theories about the psychology of political ideology; however, they rest on a critical untested assumption: The measures are invariant across ideological groups. Here, we test this assumption across 28 constructs in data from the United States and the Netherlands. Measures are not invariant across ideological divisions. At the same time, estimates of ideological similarities and differences are largely similar before and after correcting for measurement noninvariance. This may give us increased confidence in the results from this research area, while simultaneously highlighting that some instance of noninvariance did change conclusions and that individual items are not always comparable across political groups.

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Chen, Sylvia Xiaohua, Verónica Benet-Martínez, and Jacky C. K. Ng. "Does Language Affect Personality Perception? A Functional Approach to Testing the Whorfian Hypothesis." Journal of Personality 82, no. 2 (June 24, 2013): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12040.

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Menec, Verena H., and Raymond P. Perry. "Reactions to Stigmas Among Canadian Students: Testing an Attribution-Affect-Help Judgment Model." Journal of Social Psychology 138, no. 4 (August 1998): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224549809600399.

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Schaffer, S. G., A. Wisniewski, M. Dahdah, and K. B. Froming. "The Comprehensive Affect Testing System-Abbreviated: Effects of Age on Performance." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp012.

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Kelly, Allison C., David C. Zuroff, Michelle J. Leybman, and Paul Gilbert. "Social Safeness, Received Social Support, and Maladjustment: Testing a Tripartite Model of Affect Regulation." Cognitive Therapy and Research 36, no. 6 (January 5, 2012): 815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9432-5.

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Andersson, Gerhard. "The Role of Meta-Analysis in the Significance Test Controversy." European Psychologist 4, no. 2 (June 1999): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.4.2.75.

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The critique against significance testing has been increasingly acknowledged in recent years. This paper focuses on the relation between meta-analysis and this controversy. A contradiction in the literature can be seen in that significance testing has been blamed for the poor accumulation of knowledge in psychology, while at the same time meta-analytic reviews have claimed the opposite. Although a majority of meta-analytic experts argue against significance testing, this critique cannot account for the success of meta-analysis. Rather, it may be that meta-analysis has facilitated the recognition of the significance test critique. Taking the significance testing critique seriously has important implications for meta-analysis in that its research base (e. g., studies) is viewed as unreliable. Although the significance test controversy may lead to further fragmentation of psychology, it is not clear that this will negatively affect the practice of meta-analysis.

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Wilson, Brent M., and John T. Wixted. "The Prior Odds of Testing a True Effect in Cognitive and Social Psychology." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245918767122.

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Efforts to increase replication rates in psychology generally consist of recommended improvements to methodology, such as increasing sample sizes to increase power or using a lower alpha level. However, little attention has been paid to how the prior odds ( R) that a tested effect is true can affect the probability that a significant result will be replicable. The lower R is, the less likely a published result will be replicable even if power is high. It follows that if R is lower in one set of studies than in another, then all else being equal, published results will be less replicable in the set with lower R. We illustrate this point by presenting an analysis of data from the social-psychology and cognitive-psychology studies that were included in the Open Science Collaboration’s (2015) replication project. We found that R was lower for the social-psychology studies than for the cognitive-psychology studies, which might explain why the rate of successful replications differed between these two sets of studies. This difference in replication rates may reflect the degree to which scientists in the two fields value risky but potentially groundbreaking (i.e., low- R) research. Critically, high- R research is not inherently better or worse than low- R research for advancing knowledge. However, if they wish to achieve replication rates comparable to those of high- R fields (a judgment call), researchers in low- R fields would need to use an especially low alpha level, conduct experiments that have especially high power, or both.

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Beach, Steven R. H., Jack K. Martin, Terry C. Blum, and Paul M. Roman. "Effects of marital and co-worker relationships on negative affect: Testing the central role of marriage." American Journal of Family Therapy 21, no. 4 (December 1993): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189308251002.

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Roesch, Scott C., Arianna A. Aldridge, Ross R. Vickers, and Linda K. Helvig. "Testing personality-coping diatheses for negative and positive affect: a longitudinal evaluation." Anxiety, Stress & Coping 22, no. 3 (May 2009): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800802158419.

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Costantini, Giulio, and Marco Perugini. "A Framework for Testing Causality in Personality Research." European Journal of Personality 32, no. 3 (May 2018): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2150.

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Causal explanations in personality require conceptual clarity about alternative causal conditions that could, even in principle, affect personality. These causal conditions crucially depend on the theoretical model of personality, each model constraining the possibility of planning and performing causal research in different ways. We discuss how some prominent models of personality allow for specific types of causal research and impede others. We then discuss causality from a network perspective, which sees personality as a phenomenon that emerges from a network of behaviours and environments over time. From a methodological perspective, we propose a three–step strategy to investigate causality: (1) identify a candidate target for manipulation (e.g. using network analysis), (2) identify and test a manipulation (e.g. using laboratory research), and (3) deliver the manipulation repeatedly for a congruous amount of time (e.g. using ecological momentary interventions) and evaluate its ability to generate trait change. We discuss how a part of these steps was implemented for trait conscientiousness and present a detailed plan for implementing the remaining steps. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

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BADAHDAH, ABDALLAH M. "ATTRIBUTION AND HELPING BEHAVIOR- TESTING THE ATTRIBUTION-AFFECT-HELP JUDGMENT MODEL IN A SAUDI SAMPLE." Psychological Reports 97, no. 6 (2005): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.6.538-544.

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Badahdah, Abdallah M. "Attribution and Helping Behavior: Testing the Attribution-Affect-Help Judgment Model in a Saudi Sample." Psychological Reports 97, no. 2 (October 2005): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.2.538-544.

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A review of the literature on Weiner's attributional theory indicates that the theory has not been tested in Arabic cultures. The present study examined the reactions of Saudi men toward a friend with AIDS, using Weiner's attributional theory of social motivation. A sample of 298 Saudi men read two different vignettes about a friend with AIDS, in which the cause of AIDS was manipulated. Then the assignment of responsibility, reactions of anger and pity, and participants' willingness to provide help were measured.

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Pushkar, D., J. Chaikelson, M. Conway, J. Etezadi, C. Giannopoulus, K. Li, and C. Wrosch. "Testing Continuity and Activity Variables as Predictors of Positive and Negative Affect in Retirement." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 65B, no. 1 (October 29, 2009): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp079.

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Edwards, Scott A., K. Chris Rachal, and David N. Dixon. "Counseling Psychology and Welfare Reform." Counseling Psychologist 27, no. 2 (March 1999): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000099272006.

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The passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRA) of 1996 marked the beginning of reforms in the welfare system that promise to affect more than 20 million people in the next 5 years. Although many agree that reform was needed, efforts may be based on misconceptions about welfare recipients. The transition from welfare to work may be problematic for many, as they face individual factors (e.g., psychological disorders) and contextual variables (e.g., lack of well-paying jobs). Counseling psychology traditionally has rested on the foundations of the vocational guidance, psychological testing, psychotherapy, and mental hygiene movements. The context of welfare reform offers unique opportunities and obvious responsibilities for the profession. This article discusses the philosophies and values of counseling psychology in the context of realities and misconceptions of the past welfare system and implications of the PRA. Recommendations for points of entry for counseling psychologists are made.

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Liu, Sisi, and Ming Peng. "Does Scope of Attention Affect Creativity? Testing the Attentional Priming Hypothesis." Journal of Creative Behavior 54, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jocb.378.

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Coenen, Anna, Azzurra Ruggeri, Neil R. Bramley, and Todd M. Gureckis. "Testing one or multiple: How beliefs about sparsity affect causal experimentation." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 45, no. 11 (November 2019): 1923–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000680.

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Putnam, Adam L., and Henry L. Roediger. "Does response mode affect amount recalled or the magnitude of the testing effect?" Memory & Cognition 41, no. 1 (August 17, 2012): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0245-x.

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Joshanloo, Mohsen, and Ali Bakhshi. "The Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of Positive and Negative Affect." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 32, no. 4 (October 2016): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000252.

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Abstract. This study investigated the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Mroczek and Kolarz’s scales of positive and negative affect in Iran (N = 2,391) and the USA (N = 2,154), and across gender groups. The two-factor model of affect was supported across the groups. The results of measurement invariance testing confirmed full metric and partial scalar invariance of the scales across cultural groups, and full metric and full scalar invariance across gender groups. The results of latent mean analysis revealed that Iranians scored lower on positive affect and higher on negative affect than Americans. The analyses also showed that American men scored significantly lower than American women on negative affect. The significance and implications of the results are discussed.

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West, Keon. "Testing Hypersensitive Responses: Ethnic Minorities Are Not More Sensitive to Microaggressions, They Just Experience Them More Frequently." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 11 (March 26, 2019): 1619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219838790.

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Racial microaggressions have attracted significant empirical attention and have been associated with profound negative effects. However, some argue against the importance of microaggressions arguing that (some) responses to microaggressions merely reflect “hypersensitivity” to trivial events among certain ethnic minority individuals. Three studies tested this hypersensitivity hypothesis. In two cross-sectional studies with dissimilar samples ( N1 = 130, N2 = 264), ethnic minorities reported experiencing more microaggressions than ethnic majorities did, and microaggressions predicted less life satisfaction. However, contrary to the hypersensitivity hypothesis, minority identity did not moderate this relationship. In a randomized, controlled experiment ( N3 = 114), White and ethnic minority participants reported their positive and negative affect before and after recalling either a microaggression or a control event. Recalling microaggressions reduced positive affect and increased negative affect, but this was also not moderated by minority identity. Implications for the hypersensitivity hypothesis, and microaggressions research, are discussed.

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Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Thomas Joiner. "Positive Emotions Trigger Upward Spirals Toward Emotional Well-Being." Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (March 2002): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431.

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The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions predicts that positive emotions broaden the scopes of attention and cognition, and, by consequence, initiate upward spirals toward increasing emotional well-being. The present study assessed this prediction by testing whether positive affect and broad-minded coping reciprocally and prospectively predict one another. One hundred thirty-eight college students completed self-report measures of affect and coping at two assessment periods 5 weeks apart. As hypothesized, regression analyses showed that initial positive affect, but not negative affect, predicted improved broad-minded coping, and initial broad-minded coping predicted increased positive affect, but not reductions in negative affect. Further mediational analyses showed that positive affect and broad-minded coping serially enhanced one another. These findings provide prospective evidence to support the prediction that positive emotions initiate upward spirals toward enhanced emotional well-being. Implications for clinical practice and health promotion are discussed.

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Wang, Lin, and Weimin Mou. "Effect of room size on geometry and features cue preference during reorientation: Modulating encoding strength or cue weighting." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 2 (September 5, 2019): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819872159.

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Three experiments investigated how the room size affects preferential use of geometric and non-geometric cues during reorientation inside a room. We hypothesised that room size may affect preferential use of geometric and non-geometric cues by affecting the encoding of the cues (the encoding hypothesis), the retrieval of the cues (the retrieval hypothesis), or both the encoding and retrieval of the cues (the encoding-plus-retrieval hypothesis). In immersive virtual rectangular rooms, participants learned objects’ locations with respect to geometric (room shape) and non-geometric cues (features on walls or isolated objects). During the test, participants localised objects with the geometric cue only, non-geometric cues only, or both. The two cues were placed at the original locations or displaced relative to each other (conflicting cues) when both were presented at testing. We manipulated the room size between participants within each experiment. The results showed that the room size affected cue preference using conflicting cues but did not affect response accuracy using single cues at testing. These results support the retrieval hypothesis. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of cue salience and stability on cue interaction in reorientation.

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Kuriakose, Vijay, Sreejesh S., Heerah Jose, and Shelly Jose. "Testing activity reduces conflict associated strain (ARCAS) model." Personnel Review 49, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-11-2018-0462.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the activity reduces conflict associated strain (ARCAS) model with the aid of AET examining the direct effect of relationship conflict on employee well-being and also discussing the mechanism through which relationship conflict influences employee well-being, and also to test the ARCAS model examining whether passive and active conflict management styles influence this relationship. Design/methodology/approach Responses were collected from 554 software engineers using structured questionnaire and postulated relationships were tested using Process Macros. Findings The study established that relationship conflicts are detrimental to employee well-being. It also established the indirect effect of relationship conflict on employee well-being through negative affect state. Negative affect state is an intra-personal mechanism linking relationship conflict and employee well-being. The study also extended the ARCAS model by establishing that passive ways of handling conflict amplify and problem-solving conflict management style mitigates the adverse impact of relationship conflict. Contrary to the prediction, forcing conflict management style was found to amplify the adverse effect of relationship conflict on well-being through negative affect state. Practical implications The findings of the study highlight the detrimental effect of relationship conflict on well-being and highlight the vital role of individual affective states in the conflict process. Furthermore, the study provides valuable insights for managers on how individuals’ conflict management styles influence the effect of relationship conflict on well-being. Originality/value The study specifically examined the effect of relationship conflict on employee well-being and explored the psychological process through which relationship conflict diminishes well-being. Moreover, the study tested and extended ARCAS model with the aid of Affective Events Theory.

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Hirose, Hirotada, Naoko Nakaune, Tomoichi Ishizuka, Shoji Tsuchida, and Yasue Takanashi. "A study on the role of AIDS mass communication: How do the mass media affect HIV testing behavior?" Japanese Psychological Research 40, no. 4 (November 1998): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5884.00098.

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Staats, Sara, David Cosmar, and Joshua Kaffenberger. "Sources of Happiness and Stress for College Students: A Replication and Comparison over 20 Years." Psychological Reports 101, no. 3 (December 2007): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.3.685-696.

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The advancement of positive psychology is dependent upon measures of happiness, both globally and in specific contexts. Data are presented on two measures of sources of college students' happiness from two samples. Testing of the two cohorts ( Ns = 258, 68) was separated by 20 years. Measures for both samples had acceptable psychometric properties. There was an increase in college students' self-reported happiness across the 20-year period in the rankings of different sources of college happiness and general happiness. In a second study, a different group of students ( N=176) were given a list and asked to select the most important uplifts and hassles in their lives. In general, mean scores on affect measures were relatively stable across time, but transportation hassles were reported as a new source of negative affect in the present study.

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Lim, Hyoun Sook, and Jin Nam Choi. "Testing an alternative relationship between individual and contextual predictors of creative performance." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.1.117.

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Existing studies have been focused mainly on the effects of individual and contextual factors on creativity, leaving unaddressed the intermediate processes through which these predictors affect creativity. Based on previous theoretical arguments, we proposed that individuals' cognitive and affective states with regard to creativity comprise the direct antecedents of creative performance. Specifically, we hypothesized that creativity efficacy and positive attitude toward creativity mediate the effects on creative performance of individual creative ability, supportive leadership, and constructive group norms. The empirical results based on multisource, longitudinal panel data clearly indicate that these cognitive and affective process variables mediate the effects of both individual and contextual variables on creative performance. These findings reveal potential psychological processes that should be targeted when educators and managers design interventions to increase creative performance of individuals.

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Barlett, Christopher P., and Craig A. Anderson. "Reappraising the Situation and Its Impact on Aggressive Behavior." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 12 (October 5, 2011): 1564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211423671.

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Much work has focused on how reappraisal is related to emotions, but not behaviors. Two experiments advanced aggression theory by (a) testing how cognitive and attributional forms of reappraisal are related to aggressive affect and behavior, (b) testing variables that theoretically mediate the relation between attributional reappraisal and aggressive behavior, (c) testing the moderating influences of cognitive and attributional reappraisal on aggressive behavior, and (d) developing and testing an intervention aimed at reducing vengeance through reappraisal training. Study 1 used an essay writing task in a 3 (feedback: provocation, no feedback, praise) × 2 (mitigating information: present, absent) experimental design. Provoked participants who did not receive mitigating information were significantly more aggressive than provoked participants who received mitigating information. State vengeance was a significant mediator. Study 2 examined an experimental intervention on vengeance over a 16-week semester. Intervention participants who had the largest increase in reappraisal displayed the greatest decrease in vengeance. Overall, these findings suggest that reappraisal reduces vengeance and aggressive behavior.

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Ordóñez, Lisa D., Lehman Benson, and Lee Roy Beach. "Testing the Compatibility Test: How Instructions, Accountability, and Anticipated Regret Affect Prechoice Screening of Options." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 78, no. 1 (April 1999): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2823.

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Yang, Hongfei, and Wenjing Guo. "Chinese Version of the Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire: Testing the Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity in a College Student Sample." Psychological Reports 115, no. 2 (October 2014): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/08.21.pr0.115c22z8.

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This study tested the psychometrics of the Chinese version of the Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire among 915 Chinese college students with an average age of 20.3 yr. ( SD = 1.6). The original three-factor model with the factors dampening, emotion-focused positive rumination, and self-focused rumination was supported using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. All subscales showed good internal reliability, as well as evidence for convergent and incremental validity with measures of ego-resiliency, life satisfaction, and mental health symptoms. Finally, a series of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the three subscales, especially dampening, accounted for additional unique variance in psychological adjustment above and beyond resilience. These findings generally suggested that the Chinese Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire possesses acceptable psychometric properties. Implications for counseling, limitations, and suggestions for future study were presented.

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Toro Tobar, Ronald Alberto, Juan García-García, and Flor Zaldívar- Basurto. "Factorial Analysis and Invariance Testing for Age and Gender of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ)." International Journal of Psychological Research 13, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4190.

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Reactive aggression is characterized by high emotional activation, impulsivity, and hostility, while proactive aggression presents a cold, instrumental, and planned strategy. The aim was to perform a psychometric analysis of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire [RPQ]. A non-probability sample of 502 people between 18 and 40 years old was formed, grouped by sex (n=297, 59.2% women and n=205, 40.8% men) and age (n = 224, 44.62% under 25 years old and n=278, 55.38% over 25 years old). The instruments were the RPQ, the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), and an affective scale (PANAS) in printed format. In this instrumental psychometric study, we found that the RPQ fits better in a model of two factors interrelated with residual covariances (CFI = .928, RMSEA = .044), presenting significant correlations with negative affect and anger rumination, as evidence of validity of concurrent criterion, especially with reactive aggression (anger rumination r = .542, and negative affect r = .359). Also, the test was not invariant between sexes and ages, given that the best fit was in the male sex and those under 25 years of age (∆CFI < 0.01, ∆RMSEA < 0.015). We concluded that women and adults over the age of 25 have a different aggressive response profile. These findings represent new directions of research around the measurement of aggressive behavior and the development of gender differentiated interventions for adolescents and young adults.

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Di Mattei, Valentina, Federica Ferrari, Gaia Perego, Valentina Tobia, Fabio Mauro, and Massimo Candiani. "Decision-making factors in prenatal testing: A systematic review." Health Psychology Open 8, no. 1 (January 2021): 205510292098745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055102920987455.

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This review examines the factors that affect the decision-making process of parental couples evaluating prenatal screening and diagnostic tests. A systematic search was performed using PubMed and PsycInfo databases. The 46 included studies had to: investigate the decision-making process about prenatal testing; focus on tests detecting trisomy 21, 18, 13, and abnormalities of sex chromosomes; be published in English peer-reviewed journals. The decision-making process seems composed of different levels: an individual level with demographic, clinical, and psychological aspects; a contextual level related to the technical features of the test and the information received; a relational level involving family and society.

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Ferguson, Eva Dreikurs, and Steven Schmitt. "Gender-Linked Stereotypes and Motivation affect Performance in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.703.

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40 men and 40 women played a Prisoner's Dilemma Game against a simulated partner for 30 trials. The task simulated corporate managerial decisions with a profit motive, and higher profits were obtained when subjects made noncooperative choices. All subjects received the same preprogrammed sequence of “partner” responses, and half played against a female, half against a male “partner.” The female “partner” received significantly more cooperative responses than the male. Trial blocks and the interaction of “partner's” gender with trial blocks were significant effects, and motivation played a significant interactive role that modulated subject's game behavior. Self-fulfilling confirmatory hypothesis testing appeared to be operative in the display of gender-linked stereotypes.

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Graves, Scott, and Angela Mitchell. "Is the Moratorium Over? African American Psychology Professionals’ Views on Intelligence Testing in Response to Changes to Federal Policy." Journal of Black Psychology 37, no. 4 (January 10, 2011): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798410394177.

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Collectively, advocates for the well-being of African American children have long called for a moratorium on the use of intelligence testing for the placement of children in special education. With the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, intelligence testing is no longer required and in some states prohibited as a tool for assessing learning disabilities. As such, the purpose of this descriptive study is to give an overview of these changes and how they will affect the assessment of African American children. A national sample of African American psychology professionals was surveyed, and the majority indicated that response to intervention (RTI) methodologies alone are not sufficient for special education placement. In addition, there was uncertainty if RTI procedures will reduce African American disproportionality in special education. Results are discussed in terms of the need to increase the number of intervention articles that include African American children and recruiting more African American school psychologists.

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Greenlees, Iain A., Russell L. Nunn, Jan K. Graydon, and Ian W. Maynard. "The Relationship between Collective Efficacy and Precompetitive Affect in Rugby Players: Testing Bandura's Model of Collective Efficacy." Perceptual and Motor Skills 89, no. 2 (October 1999): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1999.89.2.431.

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Benden, Mark E., Rainer Fink, and Jerome Congleton. "An In Situ Study of the Habits of Users That Affect Office Chair Design and Testing." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720810396506.

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Courtney, Jimikaye B., and Michael A. Russell. "Testing affect regulation models of drinking prior to and after drinking initiation using ecological momentary assessment." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 35, no. 5 (August 2021): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000763.

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Björklund, Ulla, Anna Marsk, and Susanne Georgsson Öhman. "Does an information film about prenatal testing in early pregnancy affect women’s anxiety and worries?" Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 34, no. 1 (February 10, 2013): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0167482x.2012.756864.

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Rogers, Kimberly B. "Do You See What I See? Testing for Individual Differences in Impressions of Events." Social Psychology Quarterly 81, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272518767615.

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Affect control theory shows how cultural meanings for identities and behavior are used to form impressions of events and guide social action. In this research, I examine whether members of the same culture tend to process social events in the same way, with a focus on U.S. English speakers. I find widespread consensus in the mechanisms of impression formation, particularly for judgments of evaluation (goodness, esteem), but also find sufficient individual differences to warrant further study for models of potency (power, dominance) and object impressions (feelings about the target of a behavior). Findings support long-standing claims that members of U.S. English language culture, especially cultural experts, tend to process social events in the same way. However, I find no significant gender differences in event processing. I close the paper by estimating and interpreting new impression change equations using methodological techniques appropriate to the degree of consensus found for each model.

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Baldy, René, Claude Devichi, and Jean-Francisque Chatillon. "Developmental Effects in 2D Versus 3D Versions in Verticality and Horizontality Tasks." Swiss Journal of Psychology 63, no. 2 (June 2004): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.63.2.75.

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This study examined how the testing procedure might affect performances on the water-level task and the verticality task in the course of development, comparing performances on a two-dimensional graphic version (drawings of jars and of a hillside) and on a three-dimensional graphic version (real jars and a physical model of a hill). Results showed that performance improved with age and that scores on the 3D version were better as a whole than on the 2D version. The verticality task was quite difficult for all children, whatever the version. When the verticality task is presented in a blindfolded condition, children performed better than in the normal condition. Major factors (both relevant and irrelevant) that affect performance during development are discussed.

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Makovski, Tal, Shiran Michael, and Eran Chajut. "How does a threatening stimulus affect the memory of the display?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 5 (February 19, 2020): 676–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820905735.

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Ample research has suggested that visual attention is biased towards threat and it was argued that this bias is an essential component of survival and implicated in anxiety. However, it is less clear how this bias is translated into memory, and specifically into the memory of items presented near a threatening stimulus. Here, we investigated this issue by testing how well people remember neutral and threatening images presented under various task demands. On each trial, observers saw two images before performing a dot-probe task (Experiment 1), a colour discrimination task (Experiment 2), a global or local attention task (Experiment 3), or no task at all (Experiment 4). A recognition memory test was performed at the end of each experiment to assess how the presence of a threatening image influences the memory of both images presented in the display. In all experiments, overall memory was enhanced as more threatening images were presented in the display. However, this enhancement did not occur at the expense of the processing of the surroundings. That is, with the exception of the dot-probe task, memory performance was not affected by an adjacent threatening image. Together, these findings challenge trade-off accounts, which predict that the processing of a threatening stimulus should take place at the expense of the processing of nearby items. Instead, these findings suggest that any effect of threat on the visual processing of the display is short-lived and more limited than previously thought.

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Ogden, Ruth S., and Luke A. Jones. "More is Still not Better: Testing the Perturbation Model of Temporal Reference Memory across Different Modalities and Tasks." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 5 (May 2009): 909–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802329201.

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The ability of the perturbation model (Jones & Wearden, 2003) to account for reference memory function in a visual temporal generalization task and auditory and visual reproduction tasks was examined. In all tasks the number of presentations of the standard was manipulated (1, 3, or 5), and its effect on performance was compared. In visual temporal generalization the number of presentations of the standard did not affect the number of times the standard was correctly identified, nor did it affect the overall temporal generalization gradient. In auditory reproduction there was no effect of the number of times the standard was presented on mean reproductions. In visual reproduction mean reproductions were shorter when the standard was only presented once; however, this effect was reduced when a visual cue was provided before the first presentation of the standard. Whilst the results of all experiments are best accounted for by the perturbation model there appears to be some attentional benefit to multiple presentations of the standard in visual reproduction.

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Kang, Seok, Sophia Dove, Hannah Ebright, Serenity Morales, and Hyungjoon Kim. "Does virtual reality affect behavioral intention? Testing engagement processes in a K-Pop video on YouTube." Computers in Human Behavior 123 (October 2021): 106875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106875.

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Morelli, Neil, Denise Potosky, Winfred Arthur, and Nancy Tippins. "A Call for Conceptual Models of Technology in I-O Psychology: An Example From Technology-Based Talent Assessment." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, no. 4 (November 3, 2017): 634–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2017.70.

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The rate of technological change is quickly outpacing today's methods for understanding how new advancements are applied within industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology. To further complicate matters, specific attempts to explain observed differences or measurement equivalence across devices are often atheoretical or fail to explain why a technology should (or should not) affect the measured construct. As a typical example, understanding how technology influences construct measurement in personnel testing and assessment is critical for explaining or predicting other practical issues such as accessibility, security, and scoring. Therefore, theory development is needed to guide research hypotheses, manage expectations, and address these issues at this intersection of technology and I-O psychology. This article is an extension of a Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) 2016 panel session, which (re)introduces conceptual frameworks that can help explain how and why measurement equivalence or nonequivalence is observed in the context of selection and assessment. We outline three potential conceptual frameworks as candidates for further research, evaluation, and application, and argue for a similar conceptual approach for explaining how technology may influence other psychological phenomena.

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Zhang, Shenghao, Alyssa A. Gamaldo, Shevaun D. Neupert, and Jason C. Allaire. "Predicting Control Beliefs in Older Adults: A Micro-Longitudinal Study." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 5 (January 12, 2019): e1-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz001.

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Abstract Objectives The present study examined potential sources of intra- and inter-individual differences in older adults’ control beliefs using a micro-longitudinal design. Method Older adults (n = 205) ranging in age from 60 to 94 (M = 72.70, SD = 6.72) completed 8 in-person testing sessions within 3 weeks which included assessments of control beliefs (Locus of Control and Perceived Competence), physical health (physical symptoms and sleep self-efficacy), stressors, emotional well-being (Positive Affect and Negative Affect), and cognition (basic cognition tests, everyday cognition, and memory failures). Results Multilevel models indicated that on days when older adults had higher sleep self-efficacy, more positive affect, and less negative affect, they also had more internal locus of control and higher perceived competence. Having stressors on the previous occasion was associated with lower internal locus of control on the subsequent occasion. Physical symptoms, everyday cognition, and memory failures could be predictive of locus of control for some older adults. Discussion Our findings showed the differentiated antecedents of locus of control and perceived competence, the unique role of sleep self-efficacy, positive affect, and negative affect in understanding antecedents of both, as well as the need to study well-being and cognition antecedents of control beliefs in future studies.

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Holleman, Bregje, Naomi Kamoen, and Marijn Struiksma. "The affect of negativity: testing the Foreign Language Effect in three types of valence framing and a moral dilemma." Cognition and Emotion 35, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1889472.

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Blood, Deborah J., and Stephen J. Ferriss. "Effects of Background Music on Anxiety, Satisfaction with Communication, and Productivity." Psychological Reports 72, no. 1 (February 1993): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.1.171.

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Previous research on music's influence has often been nonconclusive, partly because subjective measures have been used for testing opposite conditions such as sedative versus stimulative music or happy versus sad music. Here, background music's influence upon 104 conversants was explored by manipulating the presence of music, and when present, by the more objectively assessed structural elements of mode and speed. Conversations taking place in the presence of background music were rated as more satisfying. Major mode music elicited higher ratings of satisfaction with communication than minor mode. Modality and speed interacted, illustrating the importance of not confounding music's structural elements when testing opposite conditions in studies of the effects of music. While background music did not affect productivity relative to no music, those hearing background music achieved greater productivity when music was in the major mode.

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Lee, Hang-Shim, and Lisa Y. Flores. "Testing a Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being With Women Engineers." Journal of Career Assessment 27, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072717748668.

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The present study tests the utility of the Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being (SCWB) in the context of work, with a sample of 348 women engineers. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the relations of positive affect, self-efficacy, work conditions, goal progress, and environmental supports and barriers that were assumed to account for job satisfaction and life satisfaction of women engineers. Overall, the model provided a good fit to the data, and SCWB predictors accounted for a significant amount of variance in job satisfaction (63%) and life satisfaction (54%) with our sample of women engineers. As expected, most paths of the SCWB model were significant; however, we also found nonsignificant relations among variables in the model. In particular, goal progress did not play a critical role in the present study. In addition, we examined the indirect effects of environmental variables (e.g., supports and barriers) on job satisfaction via sociocognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy and perceived work conditions) in the engineering work domain. Implications for practice, theory, and future vocational and organizational research in engineering are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Affect (Psychology) – Testing'

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