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1
Bari, Mahdi. "A finite element study of shell and solid element performance in crash-box simulations." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för maskinteknik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-7575.
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This thesis comprehends a series of nonlinear numerical studies with the finite element software's LS-Dyna and Impetus AFEA. The main focus lies on a comparative crash analysis of an aluminium beam profile which the company Sapa technology has used during their crash analysis. The aluminium profile has the characteristic of having different thickness over span ratios within the profile. This characteristic provided the opportunity to conduct a performance investigation of shell and solid elements with finite element analysis. Numerical comparisons were made between shell and solid elements where measurable parameters such as internal energy, simulation times, buckling patterns and material failures were compared to physical tests conducted prior to this thesis by Sapa technology. The performance investigation of shell and solid elements was initiated by creating models of the aluminium profile for general visualization and to facilitate the meshing of surfaces. The meshing procedure was considered to be an important factor of the analysis. The mesh quality and element orientations were carefully monitored in order to achieve acceptable results when the models were compared to physical tests. Preliminary simulations were further conducted in order to obtain a clear understanding of software parameters when performing crash simulations in LS-Dyna and Impetus AFEA. The investigated parameters were element formulations and material models. A general parameter understanding facilitated in the selection of parameters for actual simulations, where material failure and damage models were used. In conclusion, LS-Dyna was observed to provide a bigger internal energy absorption during the crushing of the beam with longer simulation times for solid elements when compared to shell elements. Impetus AFEA did on the other hand provide results close to physical test data with acceptable simulation times when compared to physical tests. The result difference obtained from the FE-software's in relation to physical crash experiments were considered to be varied but did indicate that shell elements were efficient enough for the specific profile during simulations with LS-Dyna. Impetus AFEA proved that the same time to be numerically efficient for energy approximations with solid elements refined with the third polynomial.
2
Tribe, Anthony Henry Fead. "The names of wisdom : a critical edition and annotated translation of chapters 1-5 of Vilasavajra's commentary on the Namasamgiti, with introduction and textual notes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:29da9a3b-ab9a-4cb4-afea-dd3160be3d3f.
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The Nāmamantrārthāvalokinī ('An Explanation of the Meaning of the Namemantras') is an early, and major, commentary on the Nāmasaṃgīti ('The Chanting of Names'). Written by the eighth century Indian ācārya Vilāsavajra, it survives in the original Sanskrit and in Tibetan translation. The Nāmasamgīti enumerates the 'Names' of Mañjuśrī, the Mahayana figure embodying wisdom, and it exerted a strong influence on liturgy, ritual and meditation in the later phase of Buddhism in India (750-1200 CE). Vilāsavajra's commentary is written from a Yogācāra perspective and interprets the 'Names' within an elaborate ritual framework which consists in a maṇḍala that has Mañjuśrī as its central deity. The central part of the thesis comprises a critical edition and annotated translation of the Sanskrit text of the first five chapters of Vilāsavajra's commentary, approximately a quarter of the whole. The critical edition is based on eight Nepalese manuscripts for which a stemma codicum is established. Two blockprint editions of the Tibetan translation are consulted at cruces in the Sanskrit. Their readings, treated as those of any other witness, are incorporated into the apparatus as appropriate. The edition is followed by textual notes. Introductory material is divided into two parts. Matters relating to the Sanskrit and Tibetan materials are discussed in a section placed before the edition. These include a description of the manuscripts, discussion of the method of editing, establishment of the stemma codicum and an assessment of the Tibetan translation. An introduction to the contents precedes the translation and is primarily concerned with an outline of the ritual structure of the commentary, giving particular attention to chapters 1-5. Evidence concerning the life and date of Vilāsavajra is considered, suggesting he should be placed in the latter part of the eighth century. Assessing the work's significance for the study of Buddhism, 1 suggest that it is of historical importance in that it throws light on the process by which Tantric methods were being related to soteriology in this period; and that it contains material, especially in the sādhana of chapter 4, that contributes to an understanding of the development of Tantric forms of Buddhist meditation. The work is also the only known instance of a commentary of a Yogatantra type that survives in Sanskrit.
3
de, Noronha Luke. "Deporting 'Black Britons' : portraits of deportation to Jamaica." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:80610ce1-339a-42ec-afea-7d627a1d410b.
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This thesis explores the life stories of four men who were deported from the UK to Jamaica following interaction with the criminal justice system. All four men, having moved as children, spent roughly half of their lives in the UK. For each of the men, deportation was lived as exile from home - from parents, partners, children and friends - and the thesis provides portraits of their lives in the UK and in Jamaica. In particular, it examines processes of criminalisation, illegalisation and racialisation as they interact to construct deportable subjects. This thesis asks what these life stories can tell us about the relationship between immigration control and racism. Fieldwork was conducted in Jamaica with deported persons, and in the UK with friends and family members. As such, this is an ethnography of absences and disjunctures. In the ethnographic portraits, themes of illegality, culture, gender, police racism, citizenship, and the legal construction of family life emerge, and reading the portraits together provides a rich account of racism in multi-status Britain. Ultimately, the thesis argues that immigration controls reconfigure race in the present. Moving from the UK to Jamaica, the thesis argues that borders produce racial meanings at local, national and global scales, because racial hierarchy is intimately connected to citizenship regimes and the differential mobilities they organise. Examining the racial work that borders do provides a historically specific account of race and racism, and one which centres the state. The thesis argues that even the most local of encounters, played out in particular lives, in specific times and places, are connected to the ordering of space, mobility and population through border regimes. It also argues that when challenging citizenship and border regimes, it is essential that we find new ways to theorise kinship. Based on detailed ethnographic portraits, this thesis provides a wide-ranging intervention into studies of race, migration and citizenship.
4
Pilkington, Rachel. "Multi-dimensional metallochromophores with nonlinear optical properties." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/multidimensional-metallochromophores-with-nonlinear-optical-properties(f3ed6a41-6c7c-457f-afea-ef81f93bfef2).html.
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New mono-chelate complexes with ferrocenyl (Fc), octamethylferrocenyl (Me8Fc) and diaminophenyl (Dap) donor groups, connected through a conjugated bridge, to ZnCl2, Zn(OAc)2 or ReCl(CO)3 acceptor groups, are described. A thorough characterisation of the complexes is provided, including single crystal structures for one pro-ligand and three complexes. Visible d(FeII)→π* metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) bands accompany π→π* intraligand charge-transfer absorptions in the UV region. TD-DFT calculations confirm the nature of these absorptions and indicate transitions at higher energies also contain some d(FeII)→π* character. Fc and Me8Fc containing chromophores display a fully reversible oxidation process when probed electrochemically. Molecular quadratic nonlinear optical (NLO) responses are determined using hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) and Stark spectroscopy. Larger β values are determined for complexes with Dap donors and ReICl(CO)3 acceptors. A family of novel fac-ReI(Lax)(CO)3(N-N) complexes, where N-N is 4,4′-dicyano-2,2′-bipyridyl (dcnbpy) or 4,4′-bis-(p-cyanophenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (bbnbpy), with various axial ligands (Lax) are reported. The ReI complexes are useful precursors for metalation with electron-rich RuII ammine donor groups, to prepare novel tri-metallic V-shaped molecules. Single crystal X-ray structures are reported for five ReI complexes, confirming the fac geometry of the carbonyl ligands; the ReI complexes also display stretching frequencies typical of fac-ReI(Lax)(CO)3(N-N) complexes. The UV-visible spectra contain a low intensity band due to a d(ReI)→π*(bpy) transition, along with a more intense π→π* band. 1H NMR studies reveal the formation of trimetallic complexes, upon treatment of ReI complexes with a molar excess of [RuII(NH3)5(H2O)][PF6]2.The synthesis of octupolar heptametallic complexes containing RuII ammine donor groups has been investigated. The ligand 4,4′-bis-[(E)-2-(4-cyanophenyl)ethenyl]-2,2′-bipyridine (bbnpe) was used to prepare tris-chelate complexes of various transition metals, in order to understand its complexation behaviour. The ZnII tris-chelate BPh4– salt was treated with a 10 molar excess of a RuII ammine aquo complex, to produce the heptametallic complex as a mixed anion salt. HRS and Stark spectroscopy have been used to determine the quadratic NLO response for the heptametallic mixed anion complex salts, the latter gives large β0 values, approximately 10–27 esu. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out on twelve cationic, 2D NLO chromophores with pyrazinylbis(pyridinium) electron acceptors with either 4-(methoxy/dimethylamino)-phenyl or pyridyl coordinated {RuII(NH3)5}2+/trans-{RuII(NH3)4(py)}2+ electron donor groups and the results compared with data previously obtained experimentally. The B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of theory was used to model the absorption spectra and to calculate static hyperpolarisability (β0) values, whilst the B3LYP/LANL2DZ/6-311G(d) level was used for the complexes. The extent of prediction of trends in ICT bands and β0 is partial, with the main discrepancies relating to the progression from one to two electron donor groups. The quantitative accuracy of predictions diminishes as the systems depart from a relatively simple one-dimensional (1D) dipolar motif.
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Duarte, Camila Silveira. "Afec??es e paisagens in transit: processos de desterritorializa??o/reterritorializa??o e deslocamentos po?ticos nas obras da artista afeg? Lida Abdul." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM ARTES C?NICAS, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/23719.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Esta pesquisa tem como intuito apresentar uma reflex?o acerca da trajet?ria art?stico-biogr?fica da artista afeg? Lida Abdul (1973), a partir da an?lise de tr?s de suas obras: ?In Transit? (2008), ?Military / Body? (2004) e ?Global Porn? (2002), nas quais levanta quest?es e aborda temas sobre interven??es art?sticas em territ?rios de conflito, rela??es entre corpo e viol?ncia, e reflex?es sobre a dial?tica entre o sistema capitalista e performances pol?ticas, respectivamente. Tamb?m ser?o discutidos, em conson?ncia com as obras da artista, os conceitos de desterritorializa??o e reterritorializa??o, identidades m?veis, e fronteiras perme?veis entre as linguagens art?sticas, tendo como objeto direto para esse di?logo: a Performance Art.
6
Ward, Helen. "Energy, water and carbon fluxes in the suburban environment." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/energy-water-and-carbon-fluxes-in-the-suburban-environment(26a95185-3af3-4c4a-afea-c9f769e93de2).html.
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To better understand boundary layer processes and improve hydro-meteorological models it is essential to quantify contributions from different land surface types to the total energy exchange. The effects of urban areas must be represented not only within densely populated towns and cities, but also at the regional scale. A multi-scale field campaign designed to investigate the exchange of energy and mass over suburban land surfaces was undertaken in Swindon, UK. Observations of heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes suggest Swindon behaves much like a natural landscape during summer, whereas anthropogenic activities dominate in winter. Eddy covariance data collected exhibit broad trends that are in accordance with studies in other locations, whilst marked seasonal contrasts build a more complete picture of the suburban environment. Scintillometry, a ground-based remote sensing technique, estimates turbulent heat fluxes at larger scales (0.1-10 km), comparable to model grids. The conventional single-wavelength method provides the sensible heat flux. Additionally, use of a unique millimetre-wave scintillometer in conjunction with an infrared scintillometer enabled both sensible and latent heat fluxes to be determined. These results represent the first observations of large-scale evaporation over urban areas using scintillometry. The technique is shown to perform reasonably well and recommendations are made for future research. Advantages include spatially integrated fluxes, particularly useful over heterogeneous surfaces where a mosaic of different land cover characteristics can lead to contrasts in surface-atmosphere exchanges. These observations are used to investigate the controls on evaporation and the behaviour of fluxes at different scales. Particular attention is given to seasonal variability, land cover and the availability of surface moisture and energy. Rapid evaporation directly after rainfall and dew are also explored. With improved understanding of the suburban climate, more accurate predictions can be made regarding the impact of land use development, environmental management schemes and climate change.
7
Hutchens, Chris. "An integrated design strategy for a range of industrial electronic pressure instrumentation." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1999. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/an-integrated-design-strategy-for-a-range-of-industrial-electronic-pressure-instrumentation(604926cd-cf70-4281-afea-f64b05ab8161).html.
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This portfolio details the design, construction and testing of three high accuracy digital pressure indicators. A discussion of old and contemporary pressure measurement technologies is included, as well as a comprehensive market survey of electronic pressure measurement instruments currently available. An integrated design strategy is adopted for the three separate digital pressure instruments, namely a battery - powered stand alone unit, a retransmitting version and an intrinsically safe version of the battery powered unit. Their implementation takes into account many design issues including ease of manufacturing, low power circuit design and electromagnetic compatibility. Novel features available upon all three instruments resulting from the design strategy adopted are high accuracy measurements, typically ±0.2% of full scale, a battery life of over 12 months, push button zeroing and linearisation, electromagnetic compliance with minimum design changes and an intrinsically safe power supply design that may be used not only in the instrument for which it was designed but for future instruments. Individual design issues with respect to each instrument are in the three project sections which complete this portfolio.
8
Niyomsuk, Orachat. "ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) : how far have we come? : analysis and evidence on effects of AFTA." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4475.
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This thesis addresses issues concerning trade effects of a particular RTA: AFTA. In the first part of the thesis, 2 different but related gravity frameworks are constructed as to evaluate the independent effects of AFTA on relevant countries' trade flows. The first paper proposes examining ‘AFTA-effects' on members' trade, specifically within the AFTA context. This aims to distinguish trade effects that AFTA has had on early and delayed members' trading patterns. The panel ‘Gravity Model' is constructed, pointing to control for several biases commonly observed in the cross-section model. Although the result implies that early members do share trade benefits from AFTA more than non-members, the overall ‘AFTA-effects' on the membership's trade have not been benign. Another paper measures ‘AFTA-effects' on both members' and non-members' trade. This aims to assess whether AFTA has played a role as an export base for the international market. In this case, ‘AFTA-effects' appeared positive. Such effects are driven by an enhancement in extra-export bias, suggesting that the membership's exports to outside destinations have increased post-AFTA. The last paper provides a theoretical framework addressing the incidence of RTA-membership expansion. The fact that AFTA was gradually established and empirical results indicating AFTA's impacts on members and non-members brings about the idea that bloc-membership expansion could plausibly be explained by the economic effects that these countries have received. The corollaries of trading with/without RTA-membership of a potential member's gains of trade and welfare levels are related to the decision towards membership. Even though welfare effects are not always greater, the RTA-membership status surely benefits member countries in gains from trade more than non-members. This can be perceived as one of the important reasons to explain the widespread regionalism worldwide and why joining the RTA is often seen as a safe haven strategy for a country.
9
Kriel, Yusra. "The immune-modulating activity of Artemisia afra." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4025_1299669473.
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This study shows that herbs can be effectively screened for potiential bio-activity using in vitro methods. Further studies will be needed to better explore Artemisia afra&rsquo
s effect on immunoregulation, particularly long term effects of the herb on the immune system and its effect on other disease states.
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Fulmaka, Aviwe. "Investigating soil microbial interactions of Portulacaria afra." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54598.
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Portulacaria afra commonly known as Spekboom contributes significantly to carbon sequestration and has been widely planted in degraded areas of the Eastern Cape. Approximately 50% of planted cuttings do not survive although the cause of this decline is unknown. Like many indigenous plants, Spekboom forms a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi and the interaction with rhizobacteria may enhance and improve plant growth and establishment. This study aims to investigate these relationships which will include a survey of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal populations associated with Spekboom, determination of the causal agent of Spekboom decline, isolation and identification of the associated rhizobacteria and investigation of their plant growth promotion properties and assessing the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and selected rhizobacteria to enhance establishment and growth of Spekboom. Soil and root samples from selected trial sites were used to assess AM fungal spore abundance and colonisation; isolation, characterization, and identification of rhizobacteria and determine the interaction of the microbes on Spekboom growth and tolerance to Fusarium. AM spore abundance and percentage root colonisation did not differ between the three Spekboom plots. Molecular analyses of the SSU region from the plots showed 4 families of AM fungi and were identified as Ambisporaceae, Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae and Paraglomeraceae. A suspected Fusarium pathogen was isolated and molecularly identified. Pathogenicity tests indicated reduced Spekboom growth with poor root development. Thirty four rhizobacterial isolates were tested for various plant growth promoting abilities. Of these, 6 were able to produce IAA which may promote plant root growth, 27 siderophores and 23 were phosphate solubilisers. Bacterial isolates were molecularly identified to be from various species of Bacillus, with some Arthrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Microbacterium. Inoculation of Spekboom cuttings with mycorrhizal fungi and selected rhizobacterial isolates significantly improved shoot height. Spekboom cuttings challenged with Fusarium and inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and two rhizobacterial isolates significantly improved growth. The inoculation of cuttings in the nursery with mycorrhizal fungi and selected rhizobacteria is recommended prior to establishing Spekboom in the field.
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Braithwaite, M., Vuuren SF Van, and AM Viljoen. "Validation of smoke inhalation therapy to treat microbial infections." Elsevier, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000386.
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Aim of the study: In traditional healing, the burning of selected indigenous medicinal plants and the
inhalation of the liberated smoke are widely accepted and a practiced route of administration. This
study elucidated the rationale behind this commonly practiced treatment by examining the antimicrobial
activity for five indigenous South African medicinal plants commonly administered through inhalation
(Artemisia afra, Heteropyxis natalensis, Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Pellaea calomelanos and Tarchonanthus
camphoratus).
Material and Methods: An apparatus was designed to simulate the burning process that occurs in a traditional
setting and the smoke fraction was captured for analysis and bioassay. Methanol and acetone
extracts as well as the essential oil (for the aromatic species) were prepared and assayed in parallel with
the smoke fraction.
Results: Antimicrobial data revealed that in most cases, the ‘smoke-extract’ obtained after burning had
lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values than the corresponding solvent extracts and essential
oils. The combustion, acetone and methanol extracts produced different chromatographic profiles as
demonstrated for Pellaea calomelanos where several compounds noted in the smoke fraction were not
present in the other extracts.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the combustion process produces an ‘extract’ with superior antimicrobial
activity and provides in vitro evidence for inhalation of medicinal smoke as an efficient mode of
administration in traditional healing.
12
Victorin, Karin. "AI as Gatekeepers to the Job Market : A Critical Reading of; Performance, Bias, and Coded Gaze in Recruitment Chatbots." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177257.
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The topic of this thesis is AI recruitment chatbots, digital discrimination, and data feminism (D´Ignazio and F.Klein 2020), where I aim to critically analyze issues of bias in these types of human-machine interaction technologies. Coming from a professional background of theatre, performance art, and drama, I am curious to analyze how using AI and social robots as hiring tools entails a new type of “stage” (actor’s space), with a special emphasis on social acting. Humans are now required to adjust their performance and facial expressions in the search for, and approval of, a new job. I will use my “theatrical glasses” with an intersectional lens, and through a methodology of cultural analysis, reflect on various examples of conversational AI used in recruitment processes. The silver bullet syndrome is a term that points to a tendency to believe in a miraculous new technological tool that will “magically” solve human-related problems in a company or an organization. The captivating marketing message of the Swedish recruitment conversational AI tool – Tengai Unbiased – is the promise of a scientifically proven objective hiring tool, to solve the diversity problem for company management. But is it really free from bias? According to Karen Barad, agency is not an attribute, but the ongoing reconfiguration of the world influenced by what she terms intra-actions, a mutual constitution of entanglement between human and non-human agencies (2003:818). However, tech developers often disregard their entanglement of human-to-machine interferences which unfortunately generates unconscious bias. The thesis raises ethical questions of how algorithmic measurement of social competence risks holding unconscious biases, benefiting those already privileged or those acting within a normative spectrum.
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Bezerra, Marcio Eduardo Garcia. "O trabalho infantil afeta o desempenho escolar no Brasil?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-09052006-161508/.
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Em muitos países pobres, um grande número de crianças trabalha e estuda, o que torna de grande importância analisar os fatores que as levam a trabalhar e como o trabalho condiciona seus estudos. No Brasil, há um número expressivo de crianças e adolescentes que trabalham e estudam. Segundo os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2003, 8,1% das crianças e adolescentes de 7 a 15 anos estudam e trabalham, enquanto 0,8% só trabalham. Neste sentido, avaliou-se, principalmente, o impacto do trabalho infantil sobre o desempenho escolar, prejudicando a performance acadêmica dos alunos. Para tanto, foram utilizados os dados do Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica (SAEB) de 2003, que possui informações de testes padrões de Língua Portuguesa e de Matemática aplicados aos alunos da 4ª e 8ª séries do ensino fundamental (EF) e da 3ª série do ensino médio (EM), em escolas públicas e privadas de todo o país. A literatura aponta dois pontos importantes a serem considerados na estimação de equações de desempenho escolar. Um é a omissão de variáveis relevantes, como habilidade e motivação que pode causar inconsistência nas estimativas dos parâmetros, e outro é a possível endogeneidade da variável trabalha. Será que é o fato de a criança trabalhar que reduz seu desempenho escolar ou é a baixa qualidade das escolas e a desmotivação do aluno pelo baixo desempenho nos estudos que faz com que ele/ela entre no mercado de trabalho? O detalhamento das informações disponíveis no SAEB permite que se analise o impacto do trabalho doméstico em relação ao trabalho realizado fora de casa sobre a performance dos alunos nos exames, assim como a redução do desempenho escolar por hora adicional de trabalho. Dessa forma, foi possível observar se o dano causado aos estudos, quando a criança trabalha no próprio domicílio e próximo de sua família foi ou não menor do que aquele causado quando a criança trabalha fora de casa. Além disso, analisou-se se existe ou não um número mínimo de horas de trabalho que poderia não causar danos aos estudos e também os impactos por hora adicional de trabalho, pontos ainda pouco estudados na literatura existente sobre o assunto. Concluiu-se que o trabalho infantil causa perda de rendimento escolar aos estudantes. Crianças e adolescentes que só se dedicam aos estudos têm melhor desempenho escolar quando confrontados com os que trabalham. Mais horas de trabalho implicam uma diminuição da pontuação nos testes de proficiência aplicados para avaliar o aprendizado dos alunos. Diferenças na condição de ocupação de trabalho (trabalho somente no domicílio e/ou fora dele) influenciam o desempenho escolar. Em comparação aos alunos que têm como atividade somente os estudos, aqueles que trabalham somente no ambiente domiciliar têm perda de desempenho. Aqueles que trabalham somente fora do domicílio têm seu desempenho agravado em comparação aos que não estudam e aos que trabalham no domicílio. O desempenho é ainda mais baixo para aqueles que trabalham nos dois locais.In many poor countries, a large number of students combine working with studying. This has become of great importance when analyzing the factors that cause students to work and to what extent work prevents children from studying. In Brazil, an impressive number of children and adolescents both study and work. According to a Brazilian household survey, the 2003 Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD), 8,1 percent of the children and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years combine working with studying and only 0,8 percent only work. This research has analyzed the impact of child labor on school achievement. For this purpose, we use Brazilian school achievement test data from the 2003 Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica (SAEB), which has information about achievement tests in Portuguese and Mathematics. The achievement tests were administered to students enrolled in the fourth and eighth grades of ensino fundamental (primary school) and to students enrolled in the third year of ensino medio (high school) in public and private schools throughout Brazil. The literature notes two important points to be considered when estimating school achievement equations. The first is omitted variable bias, which arises from excluding variables such as ability and individual motivation. These excluded variables are likely to be correlated with work and with school achievement, leading to a bias on the estimated coefficient for work. The other is the possible endogeneity of the work variable. Is it that when a child works, school performance worsens, or is it that low school quality and the lack of student motivation caused by poor school performance pushes a student into the labor force? The detailed information available in the SAEB data allow us to analyze the impact of domestic work compared to work performed outside the house on students performance on the exams, as well as the decrease in achievement test scores for each additional hour of work. In this manner, it is possible to determine if the harm caused by children working in their own households, close to their families, is greater or less than the harm caused when children work outside the house. In addition, it is possible to determine whether there is a minimum number of hours that students can work without harming their school achievement. We can also measure the marginal impacts on childrens achievement of an additional hour of work. Neither of these last two issues has been addressed in the existing literature on child labor and childrens schooling. We conclude, therefore, that child labor causes a loss in students achievement in school. Children and adolescents that dedicate all their time to school have better school performance compared to students who work. More per school day implies a decrease in national proficiency test scores. Differences in work conditions affect the school performance of students. In comparison with students that have schooling as their only activity, students who work only at home have lower test scores. Those students who only work outside the house are worse off than those who only work within the house, and students who work both inside and outside the house have the lowest test scores of all the working conditions.
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Pamato, Saulo. "Dentina hibridizada afeta a adesão do cimento resinoso autoadesivo?" reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNISUL, 2014. http://www.riuni.unisul.br/handle/12345/531.
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Previous issue date: 2014Os cimentos resinosos são compósitos resinosos de baixa viscosidade indicados na retenção e selamento marginal de restaurações indiretas, diferindo entre si de acordo com o pré-tratamento proposto previamente a etapa de cimentação. Por sua vez, os cimentos resinosos autoadesivos surgiram no mercado exibindo características de um protocolo simples de aplicação, contrapondo-se a sensibilidade técnica dos demais cimentos resinosos adesivos. Este trabalho se propôs a avaliar a influência de diferentes técnicas de hibridização na adesão de um cimento resinoso autoadesivo. Para tal, 30 molares humanos hígidos, oriundos de um banco de dentes, foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=10). Os espécimes receberam 3 secções longitudinais possibilitando a inclusão dos cortes centrais em matrizes de PVC. Com exceção do grupo controle (G1), cada grupo recebeu um pré-tratamento dentinário distinto de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante: G2 - condicionamento ácido total com sistema de 3 passos (Optibond¿ FL, Kerr), G3 - condicionamento ácido total com sistema de 3 passos (Adper¿ Scotchbond¿ Multi- Purpose, 3M ESPE), G4 - condicionamento ácido total com sistema de 2 passos (Adper¿ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE), G5 - sistema autocondicionante de passo único (Bond Force, Tokuyama), G6 - sistema universal (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE). Em seguida, todos os grupos receberam a cimentação de um cilindro de cimento resinoso autoadesivo (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE) confeccionado a partir de uma matriz de polipropileno. Na avaliação da resistência de união, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de microcisalhamento e avaliados de acordo com o padrão de fratura por meio de microscopia óptica. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis, sugerindo diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos (p=0,04), e Tukey para comparações múltiplas, apontando diferença estatística significativa entre G1 e G3 (p<0,05). Quanto à análise microscópica, constatou-se alta predominância de falhas adesivas, seguido de falhas mistas e coesivas em dentina. Considerando as limitações do presente estudo, conclui-se que o emprego de um protocolo prévio de hibridização dentinária é capaz de elevar os valores de resistência a união do cimento resinoso autoadesivo, principalmente frente a utilização do sistema Adper¿ Scotchbond¿ Multi-Purpose.
The resin cements are composte resin of the low viscosity indicated in retention and marginal sealing of indirect restorations, differing from each other in accordance with pre-treatment previously proposed to the cementation step. In turn, the self-adhesive resin cements come onto de market showing features of a simple application protocol, countering the technical sensivity of the others resin cements. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different hybridization techniques in adhesion of a self-adhesive resin cement. For such, 30 human molars, coming from a teeth's bank, were divided into 6 groups (n=10). The specimens received 3 longitudinal sections allowing the inclusion of central cuts in PVC matrix. Except the control group (G1), each group has received a different dentin pretreatment according with to the manufacturer's recommendations: G2 - etch & rinse system with 3 steps (Optibond¿ FL, Kerr), G3 - etch & rinse system with 3 steps (Adper¿ Scotchbond¿ Multi- Purpose, 3M ESPE), G4 - etch & rinse system with 2 steps (Adper¿ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE), G5 - self-etching system with only step (Bond Force, Tokuyama), G6 - universal system (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE). Then all groups received the cementing of a self-adhesive resin cement cylinder (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE) made from a polypropylene matrix. In the evaluation of bond strength, the samples were subjected to the microshear test and evaluated according to the fracture pattern by optical microscopy. The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, suggesting a statistically significant difference between groups (p=0,04), and Tukey for multiple comparisons, indicating a statistically significant difference between G1 and G3 (p<0.05). As regard the microscopic analysis, it was verified high prevalence of adhesive failures, followed by mixed failure and cohesive in dentin. Giving the limitations of this study, it is concluded that the use of a previous protocol of dentin hybridization is able to raise the values of resistance the union of the self-adhesive resin cement, mainly when using the Adper¿ Scotchbond¿ Multi-Purpose system.
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Sousa, Felipe Castor Cordeiro de. "Preferência por redistribuição afeta a decisão individual de voto?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/12041.
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Some studies in economics and political science argues that preferences for redistribution are able to explain different redistributive efforts around the world. It is natural to think that the voting decision is the most direct channel to validate this argument. This work provided empirical evidence that there is a correlation between preferences for redistribution and individual voting decision in the United States. First, I present a theoretical model that links party identification with individual self-interest. Based in this model, I use General Social Survey data to assess such relation. The results show that preferences for redistribution are related to party identification and, consequently, related to individual voting decision for redistributive policies. There is also some evidences that this influence is growing in the last decades.
Parte dos estudos em economia e ciência política argumenta que preferências por redistribuição são capazes de explicar os diferentes esforços redistributivos ao redor do mundo. É natural pensar que a decisão de voto é o único canal relevante para que esta argumentação seja válida. Este trabalho buscará evidências empíricas de que haja correlação entre preferências por redistribuição e a decisão individual de voto nos Estados Unidos. Primeiro, apresento um modelo teórico que faz ligação entre a identificação partidária do indivíduo com seus interesses próprios e coletivos. Com base neste modelo, serão usados dados do General Social Survey para encontrar tais relações. Nos resultados encontra-se que as preferências por redistribuição estão relacionadas à identificação partidária e, consequentemente, à decisão de voto por redistribuição. Há também alguma evidência de que esta influência esteja crescendo nas últimas décadas.
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Cresconius, Afer Zechiel-Eckes Klaus. "Die Concordia canonum des Cresconius : Studien und Edition /." Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40018303g.
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More, G. K. (Garland Kgosi). "Antimicrobial constituents of Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. against periodontal pathogens." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24659.
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The phytochemical investigation of an ethanol extract of Artemisia afra, led to the isolation of six known compounds, Acacetin (1) 12α,4α-dihydroxybishopsolicepolide (2), Scopoletin (3) α-amyrin (4), Phytol (5) and a pentacyclic tri-terpenoid Betulinic acid (6). The isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-microbial activity against Gram positive (Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces israelii and Streptococcus mutans), Gram negative bacteria (Privotella intermedia, Porphyromonus gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans previously known as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) and Candida albicans. The crude extract of A. afra inhibited the growth of all tested microbial species at concentration range of 1.6 mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml. The compounds 1-6 also showed activity range at 1.0 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml. Three best compounds which showed good activity were selected for further studies. Cytotoxicity of the extract and compounds was determined using the XTT (Sodium 3’-[1-(phenyl amino-carbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis-[4-methoxy-6-nitro] benzene sulfonic acid hydrate) cell proliferation kit. The antioxidant activity of the extract and compounds was done using the DPPH scavenging method. The extract showed good antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 22.2 μg/ml. Scopoletin had a strong transformation of the DPPH radical into its reduced form, with an IC50 value of 1.24 μg/ml which was significant to that of vitamin C (1.22 μg/ml). Acacetin and Betulinic acid exhibited a decreased scavenging activity with the IC50 of 2.39 and 2.42 _g/ml, respectively. The extract and compounds showed moderate toxicity on McCoy fibroblast cell line and the extract influenced the release of cytokine against Hep2 cells. Scopoletin was relatively non-toxic with an IC50 value of 132.5 μg/ml. Acacetin and betulinic acid also showed a smooth trend of non-toxic effects at lower concentrations and toxic at higher concentrations with IC50 values of 35.44 and 30.96 μg/ml. The obtained results in this confirmed the use of A. afra in the treatment of microbial infections.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Plant Science
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Monteiro, Catarina Sofia Lima de Sousa. "João Afra, uma marginalidade assumida-a escultura como recurso cultural." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UL-Universidade de Lisboa -- -Faculdade de Letras, 2002. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29905.
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Pagliaro, Daniel E. "Verification of the AFWA 3-Element Severe Weather Forecast Algorithm." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Mar%5FPagliaro.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Nuss, Wendell A. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on May 5, 2008 Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86). Also available in print.
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Barros, Francisco Juscélio de. "A volatilidade da taxa de câmbio afeta as exportações cearenses." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/9610.
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BARROS, Francisco Juscélio de. A volatilidade da taxa de câmbio afeta as exportações cearenses? 2014. 28f. Dissertação (Mestrado Profissional) - Programa de Pós Graduação em Economia, CAEN, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014.Submitted by Mônica Correia Aquino (monicacorreiaaquino@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T11:48:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dissert_fjbarros.pdf: 710463 bytes, checksum: 67654e1adb1c0d6f094e8728941c4094 (MD5)
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The aim of this work is understand how the Exchange rate volatility affects the cearenses’s exports. Many researchers have appointed that an increase in the exchange rate volatility generate risk factors on trade. Therefore, understand the relationship between volatility and trade is fundamental to forecast better the behavior of trade under instabilities of the exchange markets, as the recent international crisis. The period of analysis is from 2002 to 2011 and the data has monthly frequency. Two methodologies are used to investigate this relationship: short run, through impulse response function, obtained from a VEC; long run, through the Johansen cointegration test. The results showed that the exchange volatility reduces the exports of Ceará.
O objetivo deste trabalho é entender como a volatilidade da taxa de câmbio afeta as exportações cearenses. Diversos autores têm apontado que uma volatilidade da taxa de câmbio mais elevada pode estar associada a fatores de risco de exportação e importação. Dessa forma, entender o relacionamento entre esses componentes é fundamental para aumentar o poder de previsibilidade, especialmente, em períodos de instabilidade econômica, em que a volatilidade da taxa de câmbio tende a ser maior. Nesse trabalho, utilizou-se de dados com frequência mensal entre 2002 a 2012. Duas análises foram feitas: uma de curto prazo, através da abordagem de funções impulso resposta obtidas a partir de um VEC e outra de longo prazo através do teste de cointegração de Johansen (1991). Dos resultados encontrados, verificou-se que a volatilidade da taxa de câmbio tem efeito sobre as exportações cearenses tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo. Ambos, longo e curto prazo, a volatilidade da taxa de cambio reduz o quantum exportado, indicando que tal volatilidade pode ser interpretada como risco associado as exportações.
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Gasharova-Garbeva, Biliana. "Jarosite AFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 kristallchemische Charakterisierung und aquatische Reaktionen /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96206209X.
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Pauletti, Miguel Sebastian. "Parametric AFEM for geometric evolution equations and coupled fluid-membrane interaction." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8603.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Mathematics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lindsey, Peter Andrew. "The feeding ecology and habitat use of the aardvark (Orycteropus afer)." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11162006-100552/.
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Rios, Vitor Passos. "Memória e socialidade: como o reconhecimento individual afeta formação de grupos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-06122016-101748/.
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Nesta tese, nós investigamos os efeitos do reconhecimento individual sobre a formação de grupos. No capítulo 2 nós revisamos o conhecimento sobre as bases evolutivas do comportamento social, e no capítulo 3 nós nos focamos num mecanismo específico, o reconhecimento individual. Nós revisamos as bases do reconhecimento individual para construir um modelo mínimo de como o reconhecimento individual funciona, visando investigar suas consequências para a estrutura social dos animais. O capítulo 4 é construído como uma introdução à modelagem computacional. Utilizando a técnica de modelagem baseada em agentes, no capítulo 5 nós criamos uma população de indivíduos que são capazes de reconhecer uns aos outros e de lembrar as interações passadas. Nós demonstramos que a presença de memória e reconhecimento individual é capaz de afetar dramaticamente o número e tamanho dos grupos formados. Quando não há memória, os indivíduos formam muitos grupos pequenos, sem estrutura definida. Na presença de memória, os indivíduos se agrupam em clusters cerca de uma ordem de grandeza maiores, e consequentemente menos grupos são formados. Nós demonstramos também que a organização interna dos grupos muda: na presença de memória, os grupos apresentam modularidade maior, isto é, há formação de subgrupos dentro do cluster, onde há uma maior frequência de interações entre os indivíduos. Nossos resultados também mostram a influência da densidade para a formação de grupos: quando a densidade é baixa demais, mesmo na presença de reconhecimento individual, as probabilidades de encontro são baixas demais para que os efeitos do reconhecimento sejam percebidos, e o inverso ocorre com densidades altas demaisIn this thesis, we investigate the effects of individual recognition on group formation. In chapter 2 we review the current knowledge on the evolutionary basis of social behavior, and in chapter 3 we focus on a specific mechanism, individual recognition. We review the basis of individual recognition to devise a minimal model of how individual recognition works, aiming to investigate its consequences on the social structure of animals. Chapter 4 is structured as an introduction to computational modelling. Using agent-based modelling, in chapter 5 we build a population of individuals which can recognize one another and can remember past interactions. We show that presence of memory and individual recognition can dramatically affect the number and size of groups in the absence of memory, individuals form small, unstructured groups. In the presence of memory, individuals form clusters about an order of magnitude greater in size, and consequently less groups are formed. We also show that the group\'s internal structure changes: with memory, group modularity is higher, that is, subgroups are formed within the cluster, in which frequency of interactions is greater than outside the subgroup. Our results also show that density affects group formation: when density is low, even with individual recognition, encounter probabilities are so low that recognition\'s effects are not visible, and the opposite holds for too high densities
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Freitas, Bruna Castanheira de. "IMPRIMINDO A LEI: COMO A IMPRESSÃO 3D AFETA A PROPRIEDADE INTELECTUAL." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2016. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2758.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-23This paper aims to map how 3D printing is already affecting and will affect intellectual property. In Chapter 1, we trace the historical development of intellectual property as well as the philosophical justifications for this related to the development of technologies that work with content (music and movies) such as the internet. Therefore, we make analogies with this case in order to capture insights that can guide the analysis regarding the relation intellectual property and 3D printer . Chapter 2 lends itself to analyze the 3D printer and its development in the market; there are also reflections on the Maker Movement, Open Source Hardware licenses and the environmental effects of this technology. Chapter 3 analyzes cases that have already occurred involving 3D printers and intellectual property, analyzing how this technology further enhances the problem of the performance of intellectual property in the XXI century.
O presente trabalho objetiva mapear de que forma a impressão 3D já afeta e afetará a propriedade intelectual. No Capítulo 1, traça-se o desenvolvimento histórico da propriedade intelectual, bem como as justificativas filosóficas para esta em face do desenvolvimento de tecnologias que trabalham com conteúdos (músicas e filmes) como a interent. São feitas assim analogias com este caso de forma a capturar insights que possam nortear análises a respeito da relação propriedade intelectual e impressora 3D . O Capítulo 2 se presta a analisar a impressora 3D e o seu desenvolvimento no mercado; há também reflexões a respeito do Movimento Maker, licenças Open Source Hardware e os efeitos ambientais desta tecnologia. O Capítulo 3 analisa casos que já ocorreram envolvendo a impressora 3D e propriedade intelectual, analisando-se de que forma esta tecnologia problematiza ainda mais o desempenho da propriedade intelectual no século XXI.
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Sachet, Alynne Silva. "O óleo de Nim afeta o sistema imune das formigas-cortadeiras?" Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/371.
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A agricultura é uma das atividades mais importante que exercemos e, no decorrer do tempo vem sofrendo mudanças sustentáveis, aquelas que amenizam os impactos ambientais dessa atividade. As saúvas são os principais insetos-praga dos cultivos florestais, uma vez que causam severos danos às plantas. Essas formigas podem causar a desfolha total, tanto de mudas como de plantas adultas, levando as plantas à morte, o ataque pode variar de acordo com a idade das plantas e os prejuízos causados também. Novos estudos estão sendo realizados para o uso de plantas com propriedades inseticidas no controle de formigas-cortadeiras e a espécie Azadirachta indica é uma das espécies mais estudadas da família Meliaceae, sendo que seus efeitos inseticidas foram comprovados em cerca de 400 espécies de insetos. Diversos métodos alternativos no controle de insetos-praga estão sendo avaliados, dentre eles, alguns agentes biológicos como o fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae. O reconhecimento da presença de um organismo invasor é fundamental para o sistema imunológico de qualquer individuo por isso após a invasão de algum patógeno, os hemócitos que circulam livremente na hemolinfa migram para o local da infecção, fagocitam e destroem os invasores. Baseando-se nesses princípios da imunologia das formigas-cortadeiras e no fato de que algumas plantas possuem compostos secundários com ação toxica contra alguns insetos, buscou-se estudar as propriedades do óleo de nim contra formigas-cortadeiras e avaliar a patogenicidade do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae quando aplicado juntamente com óleo de nim. Na metodologia utilizada, foi aplicado de óleo de nim ou 1 μl de óleo de soja, dependendo do tratamento, no dorso mais 1μl no aparelho bucal de cada formiga operária das espécies Atta sexdens e Atta laevigata, com exceção do controle onde nada foi aplicado. Em seguida, foram aplicados 2 μl de uma suspensão de Metarhizium anisopliae na concentração de 107 conídios mL-1. O óleo de nim provocou mortalidade significativa de operárias de Atta laevigata. No entanto, a sua associação com um fungo entomopatogênico não influenciou os resultados, pois a mortalidade desse tratamento não diferiu estatisticamente do tratamento realizado apenas com óleo de soja. Em Atta sexdens a associação com o fungo foi necessária para que o resultado fosse estatisticamente diferente do grupo controle, isto é, o tratamento com óleo de nim puro mais o fungo apresentou diferença estatística significativa comparado aos demais tratamentos. A substância azadiractina, presente no óleo de nim, deve ser melhor estudada a fim de se verificar seus efeitos imunossupressores em outras espécies de formigas-cortadeiras, sua ação fungicida, bem como sua influência em outros aspectos fisiológicos desses insetos pragas.Agriculture is one of the most important human activities and it has undergone sustainable changes over time. Recently, measures have been taken in order to mitigate the environmental impacts of this activity. Leaf-cutting ants are the main insect pests of forest crops, since they cause severe damage to plants. These ants can cause total defoliation, both in seedlings and in adult plants, causing death of the plants. Damages vary according to the age of the plants. Studies are being conducted to use insecticides derived of plants in leaf-cutting ant’s control. Azadirachta indica is one of the most studied species of Meliaceae family and its insecticides properties have been demonstrated in about 400 species of insects of different orders. Furthermore, several alternative methods to control insect are being evaluated, including some biological agents such as entomopathogenic fungi. In this sense, Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most promising species. Recognition of the presence of an invading organism is critical to the immune system of any individual. So, after pathogen invasion, hemocytes freely circulating in the hemolymph migrate to the site of infection, phagocyte and destroy invaders. Here, it was applied neem 1 ul of oil or soybean oil, depending on the treatment, on the back and 1μl in the mouthparts of each ant, with the exception of control where nothing was applied. Subsequently, it was prepared a fungal suspension of Metarhizium anisopliae at a concentration of 107 conidia ml-1, which was applied to the dorsum of each worker (2 μl). Neem oil caused significant mortality of Atta laevigata worker; its association with entomopathogenic fungus did not influence the results because the treatments with only oil produced the same results. In Atta sexdens, the association of neem oil with M. anisopliae, produced significant mortality when compared to other treatments. The effects of neem oil vary according to insect species. Azadirachtin should be further studied in order to verify their immunosuppressive effects in other species of leaf-cutting ants, their fungicidal action and their influence on other physiological processes of these insect pests.
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Bavaresco, Camila Caletti. "O comportamento do indivíduo afeta a sua sensibilidade à choques financeiros?" reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/182070.
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Diante do cenário de crise econômica vivenciado no Brasil nos últimos anos, a preocupação em minimizar os seus efeitos na vida financeira da população tornou-se fundamental. Assim, evidenciar fatores que possam ter contribuído para um maior nível de impacto pelo choque é importante para que se formule campanhas de conscientização financeira, visando maior bem estar da população. Com base nisso, este trabalho testa, através de uma regressão logística ordinal, a influência do comportamento do indivíduo no nível de impacto por choques econômicos. Para isso foram utilizados 366 questionários aplicados na região da Grande Porto Alegre. Foram, assim, analisadas e comparadas as principais características de quatro categorias de impacto: não afetados pelo choque financeiro, afetados de forma fraca, moderada e forte. Os principais resultados apontaram diferenças de comportamento significativas entre as pessoas menos afetadas e aquelas mais impactadas no que se refere a lócus de controle e comportamento financeiro, confirmando que as variáveis testadas podem ajudar a explicar o nível de impacto.Given the economic crisis scenario that Brazil has been facing in recent years, the concern to minimize its effects in the financial life of the population has increased greatly. Therefore, to evidence factors that might have contributed to a higher level of impact caused by its shock is important to create campaigns promoting financial awareness which aim to improve the population's well-being. Thus, the present work aims to analyze, through an ordinal logistic regression, the powerful influence of the behavior in the impact of economic shocks on people. To achieve this purpose, 366 questionnaires were applied in the region of great Porto Alegre. The main characteristics of four impact categories were analyzed and compared: those not affected by the financial shock, those who were weakly affected, those who were partially affected and those who were strongly affected by the financial shock. The main results showed significant differences in behavior among the least affected people and those most impacted regarding the control locus and financial behavior, confirming that the variables tested can help to explain the levels of impact.
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Lindsey, Peter Andrew. "The feeding ecology and habitat use of the aardvark (Orycteropus afer)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29491.
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The seasonal diet, feeding patterns, feeding selection and habitat selectivity of the aardvark were determined during summer and winter at Tussen die Riviere Nature Reserve in the southern Free State. Pitfall trapping, dig sampling and quadrat sampling were used to determine the resource base of three habitats in the summer and winter of 1998. A total of 44 ant species of 5 sub families and 17 genera, and two termite species of two sub families were recorded. Pitfall trapping was the most successful technique, followed by quadrat sampling (51.1%) and finally, dig sampling (48.8%). Abundance and diversity was higher during summer than winter. Monomorium albopilosum was the most abundant species in all habitats in winter, whilst Anoplolepis custodiens was the most abundant in summer. The grassland habitat yielded the highest abundance and diversity, followed by the steep slope and riverine areas. Seasonal diet and foraging patterns were determined through faecal analysis and observation of four habituated aardvarks. The Formicidae were more important than the Isoptera in both seasons. The feeding of the aardvark was highly selective, only 28.8% of the available species having been utilised. Prey selection was found to be most highly correlated with prey size, prey abundance, prey mobility, and prey calorific value. Aardvarks were highly selective in their habitat utilisation. The vast majority of feeds were made in the grassland areas where prey abundance was greatest, compared to negligible numbers of prey in the rocky steep slopes and no prey in the riverine areas due to periodic flooding.Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Tropical Diseases)--University of Pretoria, 1999.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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LALIOUI, LILA. "Operons afa des escherichia coli pathogenes pour l'homme et l'animal. Association de l'operon afa-8 a un ilot de pathogenicite." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077124.
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Les escherichia coli pathogenes sont associes a des infections intestinales et extra-intestinales. L'aptitude a adherer aux tissus de l'hote, grace a des adhesines, constitue le facteur de pathogenicite majeure de ces souches. Parmi ces adhesines, celles codees par les operons afa, ont ete largement caracterisees chez les souches pathogenes pour l'homme. Des sequences similaires aux operons afa ont ete decelees chez des souches de e. Coli pathogenes pour le veau et le porcelet. L'objectif de ce travail etait de cloner et de caracteriser certains de ces determinants. Nous avons identifie et caracterise deux nouveaux operons afa, nommes afa-7 et afa-8, a partir de deux souches pathogenes pour le veau. Les analyses nucleotidiques et fonctionnelles ont demontre que l'organisation genetique de ces nouveaux operons etait similaire a celle des operons afa des souches pathogenes pour l'homme : ils comportent une region impliquee dans la regulation de l'expression genetique, suivie d'une region impliquee dans le transport et l'assemblage de la structure adhesive, puis d'une region codant pour les composants de la structure adhesive (invasine afad et adhesine afae). Des etudes epidemiologiques nous ont permis de montrer que l'adhesine codee par l'operon afa-8 est produite non seulement par des souches pathogenes pour diverses especes animales (bovine, porcine et aviaire), mais egalement par des souches associees a des infections extra-intestinales chez l'homme. Comment l'operon afa-8 a-t-il dissemine entre des souches pathogenes pour des hotes differents ? l'analyse de la localisation chromosomique de cet operon a revele que celui-ci fait partie d'un ilot de pathogenicite, region impliquee dans la virulence et acquise par transfert horizontal. Ceci pourrait expliquer la dissemination de l'operon afa-8 parmi des souches pathogenes pour differents hotes.
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Sandberg, Jonas. "Antifascistiska Aktioner : Om AFA och en antifascistisk höst." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Discourse Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-605.
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Snider, Danielle A. "The Gametocytocidal Activity of Whole-Plant Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra Tea-Based Therapies against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro." Digital WPI, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1346.
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Malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic diseases worldwide, causing 219 million infections and 435 thousand deaths per year. As such, this mosquito-borne illness is a major target for global eradication efforts. One critical arm of the eradication strategy is chemotherapy. For a therapeutic to advance the eradication agenda, it must cure the patient of infection and eliminate transmission stage parasites (called gametocytes) from the blood, thereby breaking the cycle of transmission. Currently, first-line treatments against malaria infection consist of an artemisinin derivative in combination with another antimalarial drug from a different drug class. Although artemisinin and its derivatives are highly efficacious at curing malaria, these drugs are ineffective at preventing disease transmission. However, recent in vivo studies have suggested that whole plant Artemisia annua (the botanical source of artemisinin) delivered as tea can cure patients of infection and eliminate transmission stage parasites from the bloodstream. To validate these in vivo results in vitro, experiments were performed to measure the killing efficacy of A. annua and A. afra tea infusions against three different stages of the parasite life cycle— one stage of the asexual cycle, immature gametocytes, and mature gametocytes. Killing effects were observed using light microscopy and gametocyte gene-specific RT-qPCR analyses. Results suggested that A. annua tea was nearly as effective as artemisinin at killing all three tested stages of the parasite. A. afra tea, which contains low levels of artemisinin, showed comparable killing efficacy against late stage gametocytes, but not against the other two tested stages. These results supported the notion that A. annua tea is an effective antimalarial and also provides evidence that both A. annua and A. afra teas may be a viable therapeutic option for eliminating gametocytes during human infection.
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Nkengla, Anjong. "Investigation of the in vitro bioavailability of luteolin from modified preparations of Artemisia afra." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4465.
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Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmArtemisia afra (A. afra) is traditionally used for a variety of ailments and contain flavonoids e.g. luteolin which may contribute to some of its activity. It is generally administered as a tea or decoction, and such liquid dosage forms present challenges as far as long term storage and stability are concerned, as well as sub-optimal oral bioavailability of actives they contain. Freeze dried aqueous extracts (FDAE) can alleviate such problems but may be hygroscopic and unstable. The use of modified forms of FDAE can counter the problem of hygroscopicity (e.g. use of alginate) and alleviate the issue of sub-optimal bioavailability of plant actives (e.g. polymethylmethacrylate). The objectives of this study, were to: (1) prepare the freeze dried aqueous extract (FDAE) and modified forms, which include alginate-extract beads (alginate-FDAE) and polymethylmethacrylate coated alginate matrix beads of herbal extract (PMMA-alginate-FDAE) of the FDAE of A. afra, (2) determine and compare the pharmaceutical characteristics of the above mentioned preparations of A. afra,(3) quantify and compare the total flavonoid and specifically luteolin levels of the different forms of A. afra,(4) evaluate and compare the release characteristics of FDAE of A. afra from the alginate-FDAE and PMMA-alginate-FDAE beads in gastrointestinal fluids and (5) determine the intestinal permeability of luteolin contained in selected modified Artemisia afra extract preparations. It was hypothesized that making the alginate beads and the polymethylmethacrylate coated alginate beads would make the FDAE less hygroscopic with a lower moisture content, that the rate of release of luteolin from A. afra FDAE into gastrointestinal fluids would be faster than from the modified forms, and that the effective gastrointestinal permeability of luteolin in the alginate-FDAE and PMMA-alginate-FDAE beads of A. afra is equal to that in FDAE. To realize these objectives, the FDAE was prepared by freeze drying the aqueous extract of the A. afra dried leaves, alginate-FDAE prepared by dispersing FDAE into 4% sodium alginate solution, then adding the resulting stock solution into a 2% calcium chloride solution and drying resulting beads and PMMA-alginate-FDAE prepared by a modified water-in-oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation method using water as an internal aqueous phase. Using pharmacopoeial methods and methods adapted from other workers the organoleptic and pharmaceutical characteristics were determined to compare the pharmaceutical quality of these preparations of A. afra. To identify and determine the levels of luteolin in the plant preparations, a validated HPLC assay was developed. Finally, the in situ perfused rat intestine model was used to determine the in vitro bioavailability, i.e. gastrointestinal permeability, of luteolin from solutions containing luteolin in pure form, FDAE, alginate-FDAE and PMMA-alginate-FDAE. The A. afra forms were obtained in moderate to good yields and FDAE was brown and hygroscopic in nature, the alginate beads dark brown free flowing and spherical in shape and the PMMA-alginate beads light brown in colour with rough edges. The A. afra plant forms on average contained 0.185 ± 0.24, 0.067 ± 0.014, 0.012 ± 0.071 μg/mg of free luteolin (n=3) in FDAE, alginate-FDAE and PMMA-alginate-FDAE respectively and 0.235 ± 0.026, 0.079 ± 0.093, 0.058 ± 0.082 μg/mg of total luteolin (n=3) in FDAE, alginate-FDAE and PMMAalginate- FDAE respectively. The Plumen values for intestinal uptake of luteolin were significantly higher from solutions of A. afra forms than the pure luteolin solution (i.e. Plumen values in the range of 0.02 - 0.035 cm/s for all plant forms vs Plumen values in the range of 0.010 - 0.014 cm/s for pure luteolin, t-test p = 0.0252). The permeability of luteolin in FDAE appeared to be slighter greater than that of the modified forms (Plumen values >0.03 cm/s for FDAE and Plumen values <0.03 cm/s for both modified forms). In summary, the results showed that, the modified A. afra forms; alginate-FDAE and PMMAalginate- FDAE were of acceptable pharmaceutical quality with luteolin better taken up in the plant forms than in its pure form. The A. afra forms prepared had similar rates of uptake (permeability) of free and total luteolin with the rates being highest for the FDAE. Collectively, these results indicate that alginate-FDAE and PMMA-alginate-FDAE bead forms should be suitable for use in a solid dosage form (e.g. tablet or capsule) of A. afra.
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Dhirapharbwongse, Panit. "Corporate income tax co-ordination in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314356.
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Ismail, Normaz Wana. "Issues in regional economic integration : evidence from ASEAN free trade area (AFTA)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440948.
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Magre, Fernanda Lopes. "Demanda supra-postural em tarefas de ancoragem háptica afeta a estabilidade postural ? /." Rio Claro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/158281.
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Orientador: Eliane Mauerberg-de-CastroBanca: Renato de Moraes
Banca: José Angelo Barela
Resumo: Os sistemas sensoriais e motor trabalham de forma integrada para restabelecer o equilíbrio corporal durante a realização de outras tarefas (e.g., carregar uma bandeja com copos, trocar uma lâmpada enquanto equilibramos numa escada, etc.), as quais identificamos como "supra-posturais". Ainda, indivíduos usam a percepção háptica para incorporar ferramentas na realização dessas tarefas que podem, concomitantemente, auxiliar no controle da postura. Uma ferramenta identificada como útil ao controle postural é o sistema âncora que consiste numa tarefa de manipular sutilmente cabos flexíveis anexos a cargas de reduzida massa que ficam em contato com o solo. Segurando a ponta desses cabos com as mãos, os indivíduos, via exploração ativa do sistema háptico, ajustam seu corpo no espaço mais eficientemente do que sem esta ferramenta. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar em tarefa de ancoragem háptica como componentes de tarefa supra-postural (i.e., deslocar o sistema âncora ritmicamente para cima e para baixo; com e sem contato com o solo e com e sem presença de cargas anexas ao sistema âncora) afetam os níveis de oscilação corporal em tarefas de equilíbrio. Participaram do estudo 15 adultos jovens que realizaram duas sessões de coleta em dias distintos (sessão de ancoragem com cargas e sessão de ancoragem sem cargas). Os participantes ficaram em pé sobre uma plataforma de força com os pés na posição tandem, vendados, durante 30 segundos, e, ao som de um metrônomo (55 BPM), levantaram e a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The sensory and motor systems work in an integrated way to reestablish balance while performing other motor tasks (e.g., carry a tray with cups, changing a light bulb while balancing on a ladder, etc.), which we identify as "supra-postural." Moreover, individuals use haptic perception to control tools while performing these tasks that can, at the same time, aid the postural control system. A tool identified as useful to the postural function is the anchor system, which consists in subtle manipulation of flexible cables attached to low mass loads that are kept in contact with the ground. Holding these cables with their hands, individuals, via active exploration, adjust their bodies in space more efficiently than without this tool. The purpose of this study is to analyze in haptic anchorage tasks how does supra-postural components (e.g., intentionally move rhythmically the anchor system up and down; with or without anchor masses touching the ground, and with or without the end loads attached to the anchor system) affect body sway during balancing tasks. Fifteen young adults participated in this study in two sessions of data collection separated in two different days (anchors with loads and free-load anchors). The participants stood on a force platform with their feet in tandem position, blindfolded, for 30 seconds. To the sound of a metronome (55 BPM), they moved anchor system or the nylon strings (e.g., without the attached loads) up and down according to the following conditi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Quintana, Garcia Itxaso. "Pressão antropogênica afeta a nidificação de tracajás (PODOCNEMIS UNIFILIS) na Amazônia Oriental ?" reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/187239.
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As tartarugas na Amazônia são particularmente sensíveis à pressão humana, já que os impactos nas áreas de nidificação podem afetar negativamente a taxa de reprodução das populações. A seleção do local de nidificação é um componente fundamental para o sucesso de desova, no entanto, a associação entre a escolha do local e a aptidão do local escolhido ainda é pouco estudada. Neste trabalho testamos um conjunto de variáveis para explicar os padrões de nidificação em Tracajás (Podocnemis unifilis), com base em dados coletados em 73 locais de nidificação ao longo de 118 km de rio na Amazônia Oriental Brasileira. Modelos lineares generalizados (GLMs) foram usados para avaliar as influências antropogênicas e ambientais nos padrões de seleção do local de nidificação (número de ninhos, densidade de ninhos, distância do ninho à água e variação na distância à água) e adequabilidade do local de nidificação (remoção de ninhos por humanos). Como resultado, encontramos que o número e densidade de ninhos foram fortemente explicados por variáveis ambientais, e a distancia do ninho á água diminuiu com a proximidade as casas. A remoção humana foi o principal responsável pela perda de ninhos (47% dos ninhos foram removidos) principalmente nos trechos do rio com maior atividade humana. Nossos dados sugerem que mudanças antropogênicas estão levando a diferenças entre a escolha de local de nidificação e a sua adequabilidade, assim, nos rios onde humanos tem maior acesso, sinais usados pelas fêmeas para selecionar áreas de nidificação não estão permitindo desovas bem-sucedidas. Ao contrário das previsões nas hipóteses, os achados demonstram que as fêmeas não parecem evitar desovar em locais perigosos e inadequados. Portanto, ações diretas, como a proteção de áreas de nidificação, são vitais para a conservação das tartarugas na Amazônia.Amazonian freshwater turtles are particurlarly sensitive to human pressure, since impacts on their nesting areas can negatively affect reproductive rate of populations. Nest-site selection is a fundamental component of freshwater turtle nesting success, however, linking oviposition choices to overall suitability of nest-site selection remains poorly tested. We tested a set of variables to explain nesting patterns in the yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis), based on data collected from 73 nesting sites along 118 km of river in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. General Linear Models (GLMs) were used to evaluate anthropogenic and environmental influences on patterns in nest-site selection (four responses: number of nests, nest density, distance from nest to water and variation in distance to water) and nest-site suitability (removal of nests by humans). Number and density of nest were largely explained by environmental variables, and distance from nest to water decreased with the proximity to human habitations. Human removal of nests was the primary driver of nest failure (47% of the nests were removed) and removal was higher in sections of river with higher human activity. We show that anthropogenic changes are driving differences between nest-site selection and suitability, whereby the signals used by females to select nesting areas no longer enable successful nesting along rivers accessible to humans. Contrary to predictions from the hypotheses, our findings demonstrate that females do not appear to avoid nesting in dangerous and unfit sites. Therefore, direct actions including the protection of nesting areas are vital for the conservation of Amazonian freshwater turtles.
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Bernicker, Lu?s Eduardo dos Santos. "A expans?o dos campi federais afeta a economia dos munic?pios?" Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/8067.
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In many countries it is observed that investment in knowledge infrastructure through universities is used as an inducer of economic growth for the regions (Goldstein and Renault, 2004). Thus, the article aims to investigate the expansion policy of the federal campuses held between the years 2000 to 2012 for all municipalities that have benefited from this policy. The effects of the opening of campuses will be measured on economic growth through the logarithm of real GDP per capita, and on the proportion of workers in the service sector, commerce, manufacturing industry and all sectors together. The study period covers two official expansion policies, the first one started in 2003 and was the Phase I Expansion Program that lasted until 2007. The second was the REUNI (Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities) that ran from 2007 to 2012. Both plans had as objective the expansion in the number of universities and federal campuses. In the meantime, REUNI focused on expanding existing universities' infrastructures. In 2000, Brazil had 39 universities and 73 federal campuses, and in 2012, the number moved to 59 universities and 219 campuses, more than doubling the number of campuses in the country. It should be noted that most of the municipalities that received new federal campuses are located in the interior of the country, receiving approximately 84% of the new campuses created during this period. The method used was that of difference-differences with propensity score matching that allows to identify the effect of public policy controlling for observable and unobservable characteristics. The results show that there were no positive and significant impacts on the average log of real GDP per capita and the proportion of workers in the manufacturing industry of those municipalities that received a new federal campus, however, in the services, commerce and when analyzed all sectors together is observed a positive effect on the creation of new jobs.
Em muitos pa?ses ? observado que ? usado o investimento em infraestrutura de conhecimento por meio das universidades como polos indutores de crescimento econ?mico para as regi?es (Goldstein e Renault, 2004). Assim, o artigo visa investigar a pol?tica de expans?o dos campi federais realizada entre os anos de 2000 a 2012 para todos os munic?pios que foram beneficiados com essa pol?tica. Os efeitos da abertura de campi ser?o medidos sobre o crescimento econ?mico por meio do logaritmo do PIB real per capita, e sobre a propor??o de trabalhadores do setor de servi?os, com?rcio, ind?stria de transforma??o e todos os setores em conjunto. O per?odo de estudo abrange duas pol?ticas de expans?o oficiais sendo que a primeira foi iniciada em 2003 e foi o Programa Expans?o Fase I que durou at? 2007. A segunda foi o REUNI (Reestrutura??o e Expans?o das Universidades Federais) que funcionou de 2007 a 2012. Ambos os planos possu?am como objetivo a expans?o no n?mero de universidades e campi federais. Entretanto, o REUNI focou em expandir as infraestruturas j? existentes das universidades. No ano de 2000, o Brasil possu?a 39 universidades e 73 campi federais e, em 2012, o n?mero passou para 59 universidades e 219 campi, mais que dobrando a quantidade de campi no pa?s. Cabe destacar que, a maioria dos munic?pios que receberam novos campi federais est?o localizados no interior do pa?s ao receber aproximadamente 84% dos novos campi criados nesse per?odo. O m?todo utilizado foi o de diferen?a-diferen?as com o propensity score matching que permite identificar o efeito da pol?tica p?blica controlando por caracter?sticas observ?veis e n?o observ?veis. Os resultados mostram que, n?o houve impactos positivos e significantes sobre a m?dia do logaritmo do PIB real per capita e na propor??o de trabalhadores da ind?stria de transforma??o daqueles munic?pios que receberam um novo campus federal, entretanto, nos setores de servi?os, com?rcio e quando analisado todos os setores conjuntamente ? observado um efeito positivo na cria??o de novos empregos.
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Bepe, Nyashadzashe. "Preparation, characterisation and evaluation of Artemisia afra phytosomes with modified release properties." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6083.
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Magister Pharmaceuticae - MpharmDissolution studies on various dosage forms (powder, tablets, teabags and alginate beads) of the Artemisia afra freeze dried aqueous extract (FDAE) all exhibit a rapid release profile. Generally, such a release profile may be therapeutically undesirable as it may affect absorption and hence the therapeutic outcome. In addition, also associated with rapid release profiles, is frequent dosing required (to maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations) and unavoidable fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations, leading to under and or over dosing. Based on the aforementioned shortcomings, there may be need to modify the dissolution profile of the phytoconstituents of A. afra. Phytosomes, which are complexes of phospholipids with phytoconstituents, offer a very viable dosage form option for A. afra as they could afford advantages of increased lipophilicity hence a decreased dissolution rate and improved absorption or permeability of the phytoconstituents.
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Magre, Fernanda Lopes [UNESP]. "Demanda supra-postural em tarefas de ancoragem háptica afeta a estabilidade postural?" Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/158281.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os sistemas sensoriais e motor trabalham de forma integrada para restabelecer o equilíbrio corporal durante a realização de outras tarefas (e.g., carregar uma bandeja com copos, trocar uma lâmpada enquanto equilibramos numa escada, etc.), as quais identificamos como “supra-posturais”. Ainda, indivíduos usam a percepção háptica para incorporar ferramentas na realização dessas tarefas que podem, concomitantemente, auxiliar no controle da postura. Uma ferramenta identificada como útil ao controle postural é o sistema âncora que consiste numa tarefa de manipular sutilmente cabos flexíveis anexos a cargas de reduzida massa que ficam em contato com o solo. Segurando a ponta desses cabos com as mãos, os indivíduos, via exploração ativa do sistema háptico, ajustam seu corpo no espaço mais eficientemente do que sem esta ferramenta. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar em tarefa de ancoragem háptica como componentes de tarefa supra-postural (i.e., deslocar o sistema âncora ritmicamente para cima e para baixo; com e sem contato com o solo e com e sem presença de cargas anexas ao sistema âncora) afetam os níveis de oscilação corporal em tarefas de equilíbrio. Participaram do estudo 15 adultos jovens que realizaram duas sessões de coleta em dias distintos (sessão de ancoragem com cargas e sessão de ancoragem sem cargas). Os participantes ficaram em pé sobre uma plataforma de força com os pés na posição tandem, vendados, durante 30 segundos, e, ao som de um metrônomo (55 BPM), levantaram e abaixaram ritmicamente o sistema âncora (i.e., com cargas anexas) ou cabos de nylon livres (i.e., sem cargas anexas) de acordo com as seguintes condições: ancoragem estática, ancoragem dinâmica em fase, ancoragem dinâmica fora de fase e ancoragem mista. As mesmas condições foram realizadas nas duas sessões de ancoragem. Para cada condição foram realizadas 2 tentativas. As variáveis do centro de pressão (COP) incluíram o comprimento total do COP (CT-COP), RMS do deslocamento médio-lateral (RMS-ml), velocidade média de oscilação médio-lateral (Velocidade-ml) e frequência com 80% da potência espectral na direção médio-lateral (F80-ml). Os resultados revelaram que um sistema de ancoragem sem cargas não promove efeitos estabilizadores na postura, o que não o caracteriza como uma tarefa predominantemente supra-postural. Ainda, manter as cargas em suspensão durante uma tarefa de ancoragem não promove efeitos estabilizadores na postura tal como ocorre ao manter as cargas em contato com o solo. Por fim, ancorar-se com cargas estáticas no solo promove efeitos estabilizadores para a postura melhores do que ancorar-se com cargas de forma dinâmica. Esses resultados demonstram a influência da informação sensorial para controlar a postura em um sistema de ancoragem háptica, que depende de uma referência fixa para orientação postural (i.e., cargas das âncoras em contato com uma superfície).
The sensory and motor systems work in an integrated way to reestablish balance while performing other motor tasks (e.g., carry a tray with cups, changing a light bulb while balancing on a ladder, etc.), which we identify as “supra-postural.” Moreover, individuals use haptic perception to control tools while performing these tasks that can, at the same time, aid the postural control system. A tool identified as useful to the postural function is the anchor system, which consists in subtle manipulation of flexible cables attached to low mass loads that are kept in contact with the ground. Holding these cables with their hands, individuals, via active exploration, adjust their bodies in space more efficiently than without this tool. The purpose of this study is to analyze in haptic anchorage tasks how does supra-postural components (e.g., intentionally move rhythmically the anchor system up and down; with or without anchor masses touching the ground, and with or without the end loads attached to the anchor system) affect body sway during balancing tasks. Fifteen young adults participated in this study in two sessions of data collection separated in two different days (anchors with loads and free-load anchors). The participants stood on a force platform with their feet in tandem position, blindfolded, for 30 seconds. To the sound of a metronome (55 BPM), they moved anchor system or the nylon strings (e.g., without the attached loads) up and down according to the following conditions: quiet anchoring, in-phase and out-of-phase dynamic anchoring, and mixed anchoring (e.g., one hand quiet anchoring while the other keep a dynamic anchoring). The variables of the center of pressure (COP) included the COP’s path length (PL-COP), ellipse area, RMS of medial-lateral displacement (RMS-ml), mean speed of medial-lateral oscillation (MSS-ml) and the frequency at 80% of the power spectrum (F80-ml). Our results revealed that an unloaded anchorage system does not provide stabilizing effects for the posture system and is not characterized as a supra-postural task, contrary to the anchor system with loads. Also, keeping the loads in suspension during an anchoring task does not stabilize posture as much as when keeping the loads in contact with the ground. Finally, anchoring with steady loads on the ground promotes stabilizing effects of the posture compared to dynamic anchoring with loads moving rhythmically. These results illustrate that sensory information to control posture during haptic anchoring tasks rely on a fixed reference for postural orientation (i.e., anchor loads in contact with a surface).
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Anderson, Kirstine Lucy. "Assembly, structure and function of the Afa/Dr adhesins." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420368.
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Lee, Wei-Chao. "Structural studies of Afa/Dr family of fimbrial proteins." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9544.
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are Gram negative bacteria that inhabit the lower intestines of mammals and express virulence factors that are responsible for infecting millions of people with urinary tract infections, diarrhoea and food poisoning. These virulence factors, which target the host through many varied mechanisms, assist these organisms to overcome the host defences and colonize or invade the urinary or gastrointestinal tract. This project focuses on Afa/Dr related fimbrial proteins from different strains of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis involved in the initial contact with host cells. A polymeric fibre of major subunits capped by a minor subunit make up the architecture of the fimbria and both are transported to the cell surface by the chaperone-usher system. The structure of a minor subunit from Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), AafB, was solved by X-ray crystallography at 3.0Å resolution. Potential ligands have been identified using glycoarrays and these interactions have been studied in more detail using nuclear magnetic resonance. Residues were identified that are important for interaction with heparin I-S. The structure of HdaB, another minor subunit from EAEC, was also solved by X-ray crystallography to 2.0 Å, although no ligand was identified. As expected these two homologous proteins show a very similar immunoglobulin-like fold consisting of 9 β-strands. Structural work was also performed on SefD, a minor subunit from S. enteritidis. SefD crystals were not reproducible and molecular replacement failed to obtain phase information. It was possible to reproduce crystals by replacing 100% D2O instead of H2O into the crystallisation and sample buffer, although data collection and processing showed a change in space group. Selenomethionine derivatives did not yield an anomalous signal and soaks using sodium iodide and 5-amino-2, 4, 6-triiodoisophthalic acid failed due to lack of incorporation.
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Fagundes, Laura Kreuz. "Caracterização molecular, formação de biofilme e susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de isolados de E. coli de aderência difusa Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFES, 2013. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/1344.
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A Escherichia coli de aderência difusa (DAEC), um patotipo diarreiogênico de E. coli, corresponde a um grupo heterogêneo sem marcador de virulência comum a todos os isolados e de papel controverso na diarreia infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar genotipica e fenotipicamente amostras de DAEC, portadoras e não portadoras de adesinas Afa/Dr, isoladas de crianças com e sem diarreia. Em 70 amostras de DAEC, PCR foi realizado para pesquisa de genes descritos em DAEC, EAEC ou UPEC, que codificam: (i) oito adesinas fimbriais e afimbriais (fimH, papC, sfa, aggA, aafA, agg3A, aidA/aah, afaC); (ii) cinco toxinas (pet, astA, set1A, sat, hlyA); (iii) três proteínas captadoras/receptora de ferro (irp2, iucA, chuA/shuA); (iv) invasina (daaD) e; antígeno 43 (agn43). Ensaio de formação de biofilme foi realizado a partir da bactéria cultivada em caldo Luria-Bertani e inoculada em placas de poliestireno com DMEM suplementado com 0,4% glicose. A leitura da densidade ótica (DO490) foi realizada após coloração com safranina. Soroaglutinação para 23 antígenos O (Probac do Brasil) foi realizada em 50% das DAEC. Método de difusão de disco foi realizado para testar a suscetibilidade a 13 antimicrobianos. A presença de pelo menos um gene que codifica adesinas, toxinas, proteínas captadoras/receptora de ferro, invasina ou antígeno 43 foram encontrados em 58,6%, 51,4%, 80%, 48,6% e 57,1%, respectivamente, com os genes fimH, irp2, agn43, iucA, chuA/shuA, presentes em mais de 50% das amostras. Gene afaC+ (PCR) e/ou sonda afaBC+ (hibridização de colônias) classificou 50% das DAEC como Afa/Dr, sendo pet, sat, irp2, iucA, chuA/shuA e agn43 significantes nessas amostras (p<0,05). Do total das DAEC, 44,3% foram formadoras de biofilme, igualmente distribuídas entre as Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr, e nenhum gene foi associado com esse fenótipo. Sorologia de 35 amostras evidenciou os seguintes sorogrupos: 1 O29, 2 O125, 2 O127 e 7 O86. Todas as O86 foram de DAEC Afa/Dr. Maiores frequências de resistência antimicrobiana foram encontradas para ampicilina (55,7%), sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim (35,7%) e tetraciclina (28,6%) e o perfil resistente/intermediário para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, ampicilina, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim foi significante nas DAEC Afa/Dr, assim como a multi-droga resistência (p<0,05). Em conclusão, observou-se: (i) alta frequência de fimH e pet e presença de agn43, até então não descrito em DAEC, em frequências similares àquelas encontradas em EAEC, UPEC e EAEC/UPEC, respectivamente; (ii) que as amostras de DAEC Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr constituíram grupos com perfis genéticos diferenciados entre si; (iii) poucos sorogrupos foram encontrados entre as DAEC; (iv) frequências de resistência menores quando comparado com as poucas descrições em DAEC, sugerindo uma menor pressão seletiva da população do presente estudo e; (v) amostras de DAEC Afa/Dr podem representar um importante reservatório de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos, além de diversos fatores de virulência.
The diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC), a diarrheagenic pathotype of E. coli, represent a heterogeneous group without a virulence marker common to all isolates and with a controversial role in childhood diarrhea. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypic and genotypic samples of DAEC, with or without Afa/Dr adhesins, isolated from children with and without diarrhea. In 70 samples DAEC, PCR was performed to search for genes described in DAEC, EAEC or UPEC, encoding: (i) eight fimbrials and afimbrials (fimH, papC, sfa, aggA, aafA, agg3A, aida/aah, afaC ), (ii) five toxins (pet, astA, set1A, sat, hlyA), (iii) three iron-chelators (irp2, yucA, chuA/shuA), (iv) invasin (daad) and; antigen 43 (agn43). Biofilm formation assay was carried out from the bacteria grown in Luria-Bertani broth and inoculated in microtiter plates with DMEM 0.4% glucose. Optical density (OD490) was measured after safranin staining. Seroagglutination for 23 O antigens (Probac Brazil) was performed in 50% of DAEC strains. Disk diffusion method was conducted to test the susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents. The presence of at least one gene encoding for adhesins, toxins, iron chelators or invasin were found in 58.6%, 51.4%, 80% and 48.6%, respectively, with the genes fimH, irp2, agn43, yucA, chuA/shuA, present in over 50% of the strains. afaC+ gene (PCR+) and/or afaBC+ probe (colony hybridization) classified 50% of DAEC as Afa/Dr, being pet, sat, irp2, yucA, chuA/shuA and agn43 significant in these strains (p<0,05). Ou of the 70 DAEC, 44.3% were biofilm former, equally present among Afa/Dr and non Afa/Dr, and no gene has been associated with this phenotype. Serology of 35 strains showed the following serogroups: 1 O29, 2 O125, 2 O127 and 7 O86. All O86 were DAEC Afa/Dr. Higher frequency of antimicrobial resistance were found for ampicillin (55.7%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (35.7%) and tetracycline (28.6%) and the pattern resistant/intermediate to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was significant in Afa/Dr DAEC, as well as the multi-drug resistance (p <0.05). In conclusion, we observed: (i) a high frequency of fimH and pet and the presence of agn43, hitherto not described in DAEC, at similar frequencies to those found in EAEC, UPEC and EAEC/UPEC, respectively; (ii) that the samples Afa/Dr and non Afa/Dr DAEC constituted groups with different genetic profiles to each other; (iii) a few serogroups were found among DAEC; (iv) smaller resistance frequencies when compared with the few descriptions of DAEC, suggesting a lower selective pressure of the population of the present study and; (v) DAEC Afa/Dr strains may represent an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, beyond several virulence factors.
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FAGUNDES, L. K. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO MOLECULAR, FORMAÇÃO DE BIOFILME E SUSCEPTIBILIDADE A ANTIMICROBIANOS DE ISOLADOS DE E. coli DE ADERÊNCIA DIFUSA Afa/Dr E NÃO Afa/Dr." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/4572.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-26A Escherichia coli de aderência difusa (DAEC), um patotipo diarreiogênico de E. coli, corresponde a um grupo heterogêneo sem marcador de virulência comum a todos os isolados e de papel controverso na diarreia infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar genotipica e fenotipicamente amostras de DAEC, portadoras e não portadoras de adesinas Afa/Dr, isoladas de crianças com e sem diarreia. Em 70 amostras de DAEC, PCR foi realizado para pesquisa de genes descritos em DAEC, EAEC ou UPEC, que codificam: (i) oito adesinas fimbriais e afimbriais (fimH, papC, sfa, aggA, aafA, agg3A, aidA/aah, afaC); (ii) cinco toxinas (pet, astA, set1A, sat, hlyA); (iii) três proteínas captadoras/receptora de ferro (irp2, iucA, chuA/shuA); (iv) invasina (daaD) e; antígeno 43 (agn43). Ensaio de formação de biofilme foi realizado a partir da bactéria cultivada em caldo Luria-Bertani e inoculada em placas de poliestireno com DMEM suplementado com 0,4% glicose. A leitura da densidade ótica (DO490) foi realizada após coloração com safranina. Soroaglutinação para 23 antígenos O (Probac do Brasil) foi realizada em 50% das DAEC. Método de difusão de disco foi realizado para testar a suscetibilidade a 13 antimicrobianos. A presença de pelo menos um gene que codifica adesinas, toxinas, proteínas captadoras/receptora de ferro, invasina ou antígeno 43 foram encontrados em 58,6%, 51,4%, 80%, 48,6% e 57,1%, respectivamente, com os genes fimH, irp2, agn43, iucA, chuA/shuA, presentes em mais de 50% das amostras. Gene afaC+ (PCR) e/ou sonda afaBC+ (hibridização de colônias) classificou 50% das DAEC como Afa/Dr, sendo pet, sat, irp2, iucA, chuA/shuA e agn43 significantes nessas amostras (p<0,05). Do total das DAEC, 44,3% foram formadoras de biofilme, igualmente distribuídas entre as Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr, e nenhum gene foi associado com esse fenótipo. Sorologia de 35 amostras evidenciou os seguintes sorogrupos: 1 O29, 2 O125, 2 O127 e 7 O86. Todas as O86 foram de DAEC Afa/Dr. Maiores frequências de resistência antimicrobiana foram encontradas para ampicilina (55,7%), sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim (35,7%) e tetraciclina (28,6%) e o perfil resistente/intermediário para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, ampicilina, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim foi significante nas DAEC Afa/Dr, assim como a multi-droga resistência (p<0,05). Em conclusão, observou-se: (i) alta frequência de fimH e pet e presença de agn43, até então não descrito em DAEC, em frequências similares àquelas encontradas em EAEC, UPEC e EAEC/UPEC, respectivamente; (ii) que as amostras de DAEC Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr constituíram grupos com perfis genéticos diferenciados entre si; (iii) poucos sorogrupos foram encontrados entre as DAEC; (iv) frequências de resistência menores quando comparado com as poucas descrições em DAEC, sugerindo uma menor pressão seletiva da população do presente estudo e; (v) amostras de DAEC Afa/Dr podem representar um importante reservatório de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos, além de diversos fatores de virulência. Palavras-chaves: 1. Escherichia coli de aderência difusa (DAEC). 2. Família de adesinas Afa/Dr. 3. Genes de virulência. 4. Formação de biofilme. 5. Susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos. 6. Sorogrupos
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Michel, Anete Rejane. "Concentrações salivares de cortisol, desidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) e variáveis psicológicas em pacientes com ulceração aftosa recorrente." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/826.
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A ulceração aftosa recorrente (UAR) é uma das doenças mais prevalentes da mucosa bucal, mas o mecanismo que desencadeia seu desenvolvimento permanece desconhecido. Alterações psicológicas como ansiedade e estresse têm sido investigadas e parecem exibir, em alguns pacientes, associação com a doença. O estresse promove desregulação do sistema imune e está relacionado a elevação dos níveis de cortisol e diminuição dos de desidroepiandrosterona (DHEA). No presente estudo, foram investigados níveis de estresse e de ansiedade empacientes com UAR, bem como as concentrações salivares dos hormônios cortisol e DHEA. A amostra foi constituída por 60 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 50 anos, distribuídos em dois grupos: 30 pacientes com UAR e 30 pacientes sem histórico da doença, emparelhados por sexo e idade. Para a investigação dos sintomas de estresse foi utilizado o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL) e para a ansiedade, o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI). As amostras de saliva foram coletadas pela manhã, à tarde e à noite, no mesmo dia. No grupo-caso, as coletas foram realizadas em dois momentos, em presença e após a remissão das lesões. As concentrações salivares de cortisol e DHEA foram analisadas em duplicata por radioimunoensaio com Kit analítico específico para cada hormônio. Os pacientes-caso exibiram escores de ansiedade (p=0,001) mais elevados, além de prevalência superior de estresse (p=0,004). No grupo-caso, os níveis de cortisol foram significativamente superiores em presença de lesão, nos turnos da manhã (p=0,008) e da tarde (p=0,001), quando comparados à fase de remissão da UAR. O ratio cortisol/DHEA também foi superior nos pacientes-caso em presença de lesão quando comparado à fase de remissão, no turno da tarde (p=0,007). Não houve diferença significativa quanto aos níveis de DHEA entre os grupos analisados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, na amostra investigada, o estresse e a ansiedade são mais elevados em pacientes com UAR. Nestes indivíduos, os níveis de cortisol salivar aumentam em presença de lesão, mas não diferem quando comparados aos de pacientes sem a doença. Os níveis de DHEA não diferem em pacientes com UAR em presença ou em remissão de lesão, nem quando comparados aos de pacientes-controle. Outros estudos são necessários no sentido de elucidar se o estresse e a ansiedade, bem como se a 7 elevação dos níveis de cortisol exercem influência na etiopatogênese da ulceração aftosa recorrente.
Recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is one of the most prevalent disease of the oral mucosa, but the mechanism that leads to the development of this lesion remains unknown. Psychological changes such anxiety and stress have been investigated and appear to exhibit, in some patients, an association with the disease. Stress causes dysregulation of the immune system and is related to elevated levels of cortisol and a decrease in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. In the present study, patients with RAU were investigated with regard to stress and anxiety levels, as well as salivary concentrations of the hormones cortisol and DHEA. The sample consisted of 60 individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 50 years and distributed into two groups: 30 patients with RAU and 30 patients without history of the disorder, matched by sex and age. Stress symptoms were assessed using the Lipp’s Inventory of Stress Symptoms (LISS) and for anxiety the Beck Inventory of Anxiety (BAI). The saliva specimens were collected in the morning, in the afternoon and at night on the same day. In the RAU group, the specimens were collected on two occasions, in the presence and after remission of the lesions. The salivary concentrations of cortisol and DHEA were determined in duplicate by radioimmunoassay with a specific analytical kit for each hormone. The case patients exhibited higher anxiety scores (p=0.001), besides a greater prevalence of stress (p=0.004). Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the case group in the presence of the lesion in the morning (p=0.008) and afternoon (p=0.001) when compared to the same RAU patients in remission. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was also higher in the case patients in the presence of lesions when compared to the remission phase in the afternoon (p=0.007). There was no significant difference in DHEA levels between the groups. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that, in the sample investigated, stress and anxiety are more elevated in patients with RAU. In these individuals, salivary cortisol levels were increased in the presence of lesions, but did not differ when compared to the patients without the disorder. DHEA levels did not differ in patients with RAU in the presence or in remission of the lesion, or between RAU patients and control patients. There is a need for further studies to determine whether stress and anxiety, as well as elevated cortisol levels, have an influence on the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration.
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Mukinda, James Tshikosa. "Acute and chronic toxicity of the flavonoid-containing plant, Artemisia afra in rodents." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the possible toxicity of the flavonoid-containing plant, Artemisia afra and especially establish the safety of the aqueous extract of this plant after acute and chronic administration to mice and rats respectively.
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Mdhaffar, Afef [Verfasser], and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Freisleben. "Cross-Layer Cloud Performance Monitoring, Analysis and Recovery / Afef Mdhaffar. Betreuer: Bernd Freisleben." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1064976085/34.
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Ekberg, Simon, and Hanna Seiz. "The effect of regional trade agreements on members’ competitiveness: The case of AFTA." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-168496.
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Riedl, Valentin [Verfasser], and Afra [Akademischer Betreuer] Wohlschlaeger. "Intrinsic functional brain networks in health and disease / Valentin Riedl. Betreuer: Afra Wohlschlaeger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025047214/34.
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Assini, Fabrício Luiz. "A administração aguda/repetida de malation afeta modelos animais de ansiedade e depressão." Florianópolis, SC, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/102171.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia.Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-16T00:13:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 221034.pdf: 446874 bytes, checksum: b7c80b9c3b22476f49a40325a734b770 (MD5)
Os praguicidas organofosforados (OF), entre eles o malation, são responsáveis por grande parte das intoxicações relatadas anualmente no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de investigar os efeitos da administração aguda/repetida com o OF malation sobre modelos experimentais relacionados à emocionalidade (ansiedade e depressão) bem como, processos cognitivos (aprendizado/memória) e, sensibilidade dolorosa. O tratamento agudo (50; 100 e 250 mg/kg) e repetido (25; 50 e 100 mg/kg) com malation em ratas induziu efeito tipo-depressivo e ansiogênico em doses que não alteraram a atividade locomotora tampouco a temperatura corporal. Observamos também efeito antinociceptivo na segunda fase do teste da formalina nos animais administrados agudamente com malation 50 mg/kg. No teste da esquiva inibitória, não foram observados efeitos significativos na aquisição da esquiva inibitória nos animais administrados agudamente, porém todas as doses da administração repetida (25; 50 e 100 mg/kg) prejudicaram o aprendizado. Como protocolo adicional, o tratamento com imipramina (15 mg/kg i.p. 24, 5 e 1 hora antes do teste) foi capaz de reverter os efeitos tipo-depressivo induzido pelo malation 100 mg/kg (agudo) e 25 mg/kg (repetido) avaliados no teste do nado forçado, sem alteração na atividade locomotora. Todas as doses testadas inibiram atividade da AChE cerebral. Em conclusão, este trabalho descreve pela primeira vez os efeitos depressivos induzidos pelo malation no TNF bem como a reversão destes efeitos pelo tratamento com imipramina. Fatos que associados aos efeitos ansiogênicos observados nos animais administrados aguda ou repetidamente com malation, servem de alerta para as populações expostas a este OF quanto as possíveis alterações emocionais até então pouco descritas.
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Castillo, Pedraza Midian Clara. "Modulação de genes e de seus produtos afeta a virulência de Streptococcus mutans /." Araraquara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183593.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Marlise Inêz KleinResumo: Streptococcus mutans orquestra a formação de biofilmes cariogênicos através da produção da matriz extracelular que contém exopolissacarídeos (EPS), DNA extracelular (eDNA) e ácidos lipoteicóicos (LTA). EPS são um marcador de virulência para cárie, mas não está claro como os genes associados com eDNA (lytS e lytT) e LTA (dltA e dltD) afetam a virulência de S. mutans. Portanto, avaliou-se como os genes lytST, dltAD e gtfB (EPS-insolúveis) afetariam o desenvolvimento de lesões cariosas em ratos e a sobrevivência de larvas (Galleria mellonella) após infecção sistêmica e para esclarecer sua contribuição na patogenicidade dessa bactéria. Ainda, avaliou-se o efeito dos tratamentos tópicos com miricetina (afeta a síntese de EPS), composto 1771 (modula o metabolismo do LTA) e flúor (prevenção da cárie) sobre biofilmes in vitro de S. mutans. Alimentou-se os ratos com dieta cariogênica e inoculou-se com cepa parental UA159 e cepas com deleção de genes ∆lytS, ∆dltD e ΔgtfB (n=14). Após 5 semanas, avaliou-se as populações microbianas (cultivável total e S. mutans) e as lesões de cárie. Injetou-se a cepa parental e as cepas com deleção de genes ΔgtfB, ΔlytS, ΔlytT, ΔdltA e ΔdltD na hemocele de larvas e registrou-se a sobrevivência das larvas longitudinalmente (n=10). Formou-se biofilmes de S. mutans sobre discos de hidroxiapatita revestidos com película salivar e realizou-se tratamentos tópicos duas vezes ao dia: miricetina (Mir), composto 1771, flúor (F) Mir+1771, Mir+F, 1771+F, Mir+1771+... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Streptococcus mutans orchestrates the cariogenic biofilms formation through the production of an extracellular matrix that contains exopolysaccharides (EPS), extracellular DNA (eDNA), and lipoteichoic acids (LTA). EPS is a virulence marker of dental caries, but it is unclear how genes associated with eDNA (lytS and lytT) and LTA (dltA and dltD) affect S. mutans virulence. Therefore, this study evaluated how the genes lytST, dltAD and gtfB (insoluble EPS) affected the development of carious lesions in rats and the survival of larvae (Galleria mellonella) after systemic infection to clarify its contribution to the pathogenicity of S. mutans. Also, it assessed the effect of topical treatments with myricetin (affects EPS synthesis), compound 1771 (modulates LTA metabolism) and fluoride (caries prevention) on in vitro S. mutans biofilms. The rats received a cariogenic diet and were inoculated with the parental strain UA159 and its strains with deletion of genes ΔlytS, ΔdltD, and ΔgtfB (n=14). After five weeks, viable microbial populations (total cultivable and S. mutans) and caries lesions were evaluated. Larvae were inoculated by intra-hemocoel injection with the parental strain and deletion strains ΔgtfB, ΔlytS, ΔlytT, ΔdltA, and ΔdltD, and larval survival was recorded longitudinally (n=10). S. mutans in vitro biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs and topically treated twice-daily: Myricetin (Myr), Compound 1771, Fluoride (F), Myr+1771, Myr+F, 1771+F, Myr+17... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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