Journal articles: 'AfCFTA'

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Mustapha, Ayodele Haruna, and D. Adetoye. "Nigeria and the African Continental Free Trade Agreement Area (AFCFTA): Issues, Challenges and Prospect." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 2 (March 8, 2020): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.72.7698.

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In order to improve intra-continental trade in Africa Union (AU) introduced the African Continental Force Trade Agreement Area (AFCTFA) to create single continental market for the free movement of goods and services within the African Continent. AU is progressively eliminating tariffs as well as non-tariff barrier to African trade through the AFCFTA which will make it easier for African businesses to trade within the continent and benefit from growing African market. Nigeria’s position on the AFCFTA remains that African economic and social integration must be rules-based and with built-in safeguard against injurious practices. AFCFTA is an important part of the AU – 2063 Agenda to promote economic and social integration on the continent. Agreement comprises of the framework, the protocols for trade in goods and trade in services and the mechanism for dispute resolution. AFCFTA is to facilitate economic growth and diversification through preferential access to Africa’s market. The paper examines Nigeria’s stands which states that continental aspirations must compliment Nigeria’s national interest which includes not positioning it as a dumping ground for finished goods. The paper makes use of secondary source of data to elicit information while it examines the challenges like how will the agreement be implemented on the ground without the necessary infrastructure being built without the procedural issues that makes corruption very possible at the borders. The paper adopts free trade theory to midwife the study.

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Tegegn, Yehualashet Tamiru. "AfCFTA’s Notification Options to WTO: Enabling Clause or Article XXIV Exception." Mizan Law Review 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v14i2.7.

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Since the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), African countries envisage regional integration to enhance trade among themselves. This effort was preceded by the formation of the sub-regional economic groups which serve as building blocks towards a larger integration. Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter AfCFTA) came into force in May 2019. As per the procedural requirements of the WTO, AfCFTA should be notified either to WTO’s Committee on Trade and Development (CTD) if AfCFTA opts to use enabling clause exception; or it should be notified to the Committee on Regional Trade Agreement if AfCFTA opts to use Article XXIV of GATT/WTO exception. This comment examines under which exception AfCFTA should notify its integration. I argue that it is better for AfCFTA to notify its integration under Article XXIV of GATT/WTO to the Committee on Regional Trade Agreement rather than under enabling clause to the Committee on Trade and Development.

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Kanayo, Ogujiuba. "Structural Constraints to African Continental Free Trade Area: Prospects, Issues and Policy Options." Research in World Economy 12, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v12n4p54.

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The foremost intents of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) predicates on the integration of the African continent into mobile flows of trade and investment. This framework is structured to boost industrial development within the continent. However, statistics show an abysmal trade performance for Africa in comparism to the rest of the world. In contrast, projections indicate that the benefactors of the AfCFTA framework would be SMEs in the short term, which account for more than 75% of the continent’s businesses. Notwithstanding Africa’s resolve to disassemble trade restrictions, barricades to intra-African trade have persisted. Conversely, the scheduling of AfCFTA stands in sharp contrast with an international perspective framed by a tenacious increase in trade-restrictive processes. The pertinent question remains, can the objectives of AfCFTA increase Intra African Trade, given the persistent structural barriers in the continent. Using a desktop approach and secondary data, this article examines contemporary issues, which encumber trade within and amongst the regional blocks. From our examination, the foremost obstacle to AfCFTA have a fundamental political focus rather than an economic dimension. Accomplishing AfCFTA objectives would entail a strong political will and efforts by political leaders in Africa; if the barriers are effectively fixed, AfCFTA could attain a welfare improvement projected at over 16 billion dollars.

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Nwankwo, Chidebe Matthew, and Collins Chikodili Ajibo. "Liberalizing Regional Trade Regimes Through AfCFTA: Challenges and Opportunities." Journal of African Law 64, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855320000194.

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AbstractThe ratification of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) marked a landmark event in the quest to achieve intra-African free trade. AfCFTA is poised to represent the largest free trade area outside the World Trade Organization. Although AfCFTA aspires to liberalize intra-African trade in goods and services to foster socio-economic development, there are concerns that capacity constraints may stultify the underlying goals. AfCFTA is expected to build on the considerable successes already achieved by Africa's regional economic communities. However, it fails to clarify how the overlapping regimes will be reconciled and harmonized. Nevertheless, the agreement is laudable for its quest to facilitate intra-African trade, foster regional value chains that can facilitate integration into the global economy, and energize industrialization, competitiveness and innovation. This article examines the celebrated AfCFTA to understand its potential amid local realities and the possible implications for the multilateral trading system.

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Ngang, Carol Chi. "Right to Development Governance in the Advent of the African Continental Free Trade Area." Journal of African Law 65, no. 2 (June 2021): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185532100022x.

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AbstractIn this article, I explore the question of whether the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) could provide the framework mechanism for actualizing the right to development in Africa. The imperative for socio-economic and cultural development suggests rethinking the manner in which Africa is governed and, importantly, also the necessity of putting into place functional mechanisms in view of enacting the future that is envisaged for the continent. Article 22(2) of the African Charter enjoins state parties to individually or collectively undertake measures to give effect to the right to development. After several futile endeavours aimed at finding an appropriate mechanism for development, Africa eventually takes a giant stride in establishing the AfCFTA. From a decolonial perspective, I examine the prospects of the AfCFTA, particularly with regard to competing interests that dominate the African development space. At face value, the AfCFTA appears to provide an enabling framework for the nurturing of productive capabilities, the flourishing of local initiatives, the eradication of poverty and expanded opportunities for development. Notwithstanding, I contend that the inherently neoliberal nature of the AfCFTA leaves a further question of whether the free trade area is likely to deliver socio-economic and cultural development benefits to the peoples of Africa.

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Akinkugbe, Olabisi D. "Dispute Settlement under the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement: A Preliminary Assessment." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, Supplement (November 2020): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0335.

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The African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA) will add a new dispute settlement system to the plethora of judicial mechanisms designed to resolve trade disputes in Africa. Given the discontent of member states and the limited impact that the existing highly legalised trade dispute settlement mechanisms have had on regional economic integration in Africa, this article undertakes a preliminary critical assessment of the AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). The article situates the AfCFTA-DSM in the overall discontent and unsupportive practices of African states with highly legalised dispute settlement systems and similar WTO-styled DSMs among other shortcomings. Notwithstanding the transplantation of the WTO-styled DSM and the ineffectiveness of previous similar attempts in Africa, the article argues that the Consultation Phase offers the AfCFTA member states a realistic chance of engaging with the DSM. In conclusion, the article highlights other factors such as private sector involvement, the strategic operationalisation of the DSM, and geopolitical and power dynamics as critical to the success of the dispute settlement system.

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Pasara, Michael Takudzwa, and Nolutho Diko. "The Effects of AfCFTA on Food Security Sustainability: An Analysis of the Cereals Trade in the SADC Region." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041419.

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The signing of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) has stimulated a lot of trade potential in Africa that could see the continent significantly improving its intra-trade levels, thereby boosting the economic welfare of Africans. In light of food security sustainability in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, this paper employed the World Integrated Trade Solution, Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS-SMART) simulation model to assess the potential effects of the AfCFTA on trade in cereals. Cereals have been regarded as the most critical component of food security. The model indicated trading partners for each of the 15 SADC countries, their level of trade creation, trade diversion, consumer surplus, welfare and revenue effects of any regional trade agreement. The results indicated that the AfCFTA will only lead to positive outcomes in four (Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar and Namibia) of the fifteen SADC countries, with the rest remaining unchanged. In general, previously closed economies, that is, economies which were not part of a free trade agreement (FTA) or a deeper arrangement will stand to gain more than open economies because they are already opened up at the free trade level, which is equivalent to the AfCFTA. Thus, as far as cereals and food security is concerned, the AfCFTA will add minimal value. However, the overall value gains are likely to be greater when all food categories are included in the simulations. In general, the study recommends that African countries should deepen their integration levels to perhaps common markets where production factors, that is, labour and capital, become mobile. This will have multiplier effects in improving continental food security sustainability from a trade perspective.

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Gathii, James Thuo. "Agreement Establishing The African Continental Free Trade Area." International Legal Materials 58, no. 5 (October 2019): 1028–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.41.

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On May 30, 2019, the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) entered into force for the twenty-four countries that had deposited their instruments of ratification. When the remaining thirty-one member states of the African Union ratify it, the AfCFTA will cover a market of 1.2 billion people and a gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.5 trillion. That would make it the world's largest trade agreement since the World Trade Organization (WTO).

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Omphemetse S. Sibanda, Sr. "The Advent of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement as a Tool for Development." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732521995171.

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Modelled on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), signed at the Extraordinary Summit of the African Union, which convened in Kigali, Rwanda, on 21 March 2018, is designed to facilitate a single continental trade regulation and integration framework for trade disciplines and intentioned to boost intra-Africa trade. AfCFTA came on the backdrop of not less than eight regional economic communities (RECs), which are loosely regulated. The study finds that AfCFTA can become a beacon of development in the African continent, provided an array of issues including addressing the multiplicity of RECs, putting in place a Development-focused migration and labour policy or developing a side labour agreement similar to that of NAFTA to address other issues like harmonisation of treatment and conditions of workforce and pursuing industrialisation that will help manage the negative spillovers of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). JEL Codes: C23, F10, F13, F14, F15, F17, F19, K33, K41

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Armel, Dr Kaze. "Understanding the African Continental Free Trade Area: Beyond “Single Market” to “Africa’s Rejuvenation” Analysis." Education, Society and Human Studies 1, no. 2 (July 12, 2020): p84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eshs.v1n2p84.

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While global trends continue to move from integration towards heightened protectionism, and retaliatory trade measures, African countries improved their intra-regional trade levels and deepened their regional integration by launching the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The AfCFTA seeks to deepen Africa’s market integration at regional and continental levels; smash down tariff barriers within Africa; boost intra-Africa trade; promote regional and continental value chains; and hopefully deliver Africa’s rejuvenation. However, Africa as a continent is facing many challenges, especially its notions and concepts of development, plus the complications caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, questions are being aroused on whether African policy makers are prepared enough to overcome the AfCFTA related challenges. This article examines the mechanisms needed to fully implement the recently signed continental free trade area deal, its impact on Africa’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs), and what’s in it for Africa’s major economic partners. In this article, the author will also point out existing daunting challenges and give a series of policy recommendations.

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Scott Aigheyisi, Oziengbe. "The African Continental Free Trade Area and Its Employment-Generation Potentials in Nigeria’s Industrial Sector." Economy, Business & Development: An International Journal 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebd.00004.

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The study empirically examines the employment generation potentials of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in Nigeria’s industrial sector. The ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction modeling is employed for analysis of annual time series data covering the period 19912020. The study finds inter alia that the short run effect of expansion of intra-African trade (expected to result from the AfCFTA) on industrial sector employment is positive and statistically significant. The long run effect is also positive, but not statistically significant. It also finds that trade openness integration of the economy with the global market – significantly enhances employment generation in the nation’s industrial sector in the long run; though the short run effect is negative and significant. These suggest that the country’s membership of the AfCFTA and implementation of policies aimed at (cautiously) deepening the integration of the economy with the global market should be considered as supplementary avenues to achieving (sustainable) employment generation in the nation’s industrial sector in the short-and long-run. Other evidence-based policy recommendations are discussed.

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Onuka, Onwuka Ifeanyi, and Ozegbe Roseline Oroboghae. "African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement – Does the Facts Support the Benefits for Nigeria?" International Business Research 13, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n7p236.

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Hesitantly, but finally, Nigeria joined the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) with the Nigerian President, Mohammadu Buhari, signing the protocol at the African Union Summit in Niamey on July 7, 2019 based on perceived benefits. This study interrogated the purported benefits for Nigeria using standard trade costs between Nigeria and peer countries in Africa. Using a content analytical framework on a dataset by World Development Indicators and World Integrated Trade Solutions, the study found that average tariff rate in Nigeria is very high when compared to that of her major trading rivals in Africa like Ghana, Egypt and South Africa. Furthermore, the study found Nigeria in a comparative disadvantaged position on the ease of doing business in the same setting. Also, Nigeria’s major export commodity is crude oil and lubricants which has little or no market in the continent. Besides, trade-related infrastructure, especially roads and maritime corridors, in Nigeria is poor even by African standards. With these structural problems, ipso facto, Nigeria may not benefit maximally and comparatively in the enlarged continental market envisioned by the AfCFTA agreement. The study therefore, recommended that Nigerian government should continue to maintain the present cautious approach and refrain from making further commitments on the AfCFTA deal. In the meantime, the country should embark on massive infrastructural and trade-related development, improve the ease of doing business and diversify the economy in order to be in vintage position to exploit the potential opportunities offered by the AfCFTA in the medium-to-long term horizon.

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Baggio, Conrado Ottoboni. "O acordo continental africano de livre comércio: esperanças e desafios." Cadernos de Campo: Revista de Ciências Sociais, no. 29 (March 12, 2021): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47284/2359-2419.2020.29.137159.

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The signing of the Continental African Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), in 2018, can be considered a historic feat both in terms of the number of participating countries and the number of people and resources covered by it. However, historical problems regarding the African continent as a whole, added to the internal issues of member countries and the very magnitude of the agreement, pose considerable challenges to its effective compliance. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the process of creating the AfCFTA, as well as to point out the various political and economic obstacles that can negatively affect its implementation.

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Kouty, Manfred. "Implementing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): The Effects of Trade Procedures on Trade Flows." Research in Applied Economics 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v13i1.18468.

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In January 2018, the 10th African Union (AU) Summit of African Heads of States and Governments was held in Kigali. At this occasion, 44 countries had signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement. In this study, it is pointed out that the implementation of AfCFTA cannot be done without harmonized trade procedures. Using a gravity model of 49 African countries over the 2010-2015 periods, the study estimates the impact of inefficient trade procedures on intra-African trade. The results show that trade procedures such as the number of documents required to import goods and Border compliance negatively affect intra-African trade. This suggests the need of harmonization and rationalization of trade procedures to boost intra-African trade.

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Simo, Regis Y. "Trade in Services in the African Continental Free Trade Area: Prospects, Challenges and WTO Compatibility." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 65–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz031.

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ABSTRACT This article engages with the recently adopted agreement for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in the area of services. While services trade had heretofore stood at the queue of African trade pacts, the AfCFTA breaks new grounds by negotiating goods and services concurrently, signalling a paradigm shift and a commitment to a deeper integration of the continent. Upon Members’ implementation of the Protocol on Trade in Services, whose aim is to establish a single market in services, the region will be the largest economic integration agreement ever concluded since the birth of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper sets out to analyse the provisions of the Protocol and how they contribute to achieving the objective of attaining a single market where services (alongside goods, people and capital) move unrestricted.

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Mutuku, Richard Kyalo. "Africa Rising: a Pathway of Three Frontiers – Internet of Things, Population Growth and Free Trade Area." African Review 47, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1821889x-12340012.

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Abstract Africa rising is a raging discourse among policy wonks and African scholars. Some have questioned the veracity of this proposition, while others agree that indeed Africa’s prospects are incontrovertible. In this article, the author developed an exegesis to theorize that Africa’s future growth, at least for the next one century, shall depend on three praxes: internet of things, population growth and the eventual implementation of AfCFTA. Internet of things accentuated by increased internet connectivity is going to create prodigious solutions to African problems, especially in increasing financial inclusion, solving election malpractices through blockchain technology, raising income earnings for rural communities via the sharing economy and improving agribusiness productivity through smart farming. These solutions will mostly target small-holder business players and poor households in hinterland Africa, aiming to lift them from poverty and narrowing the inequality gap. Besides, Africa’s population growth is estimated to reach 2.4 billion by 2050 and theorized to create a market revolution punctuated by a demographic dividend of 15–64-year-olds. The youthful population shall be necessary for providing workforce and technological innovations for driving the wheels of growth in the continent. Moreover, AfCFTA shall be the largest Free Trade Area since the formation of WTO, providing a 1.2 billion people mass market (Signe, 2018: 3). In retrospect, the author intends to demonstrate that the three pathways – the internet of things, population growth and AfCFTA – shall be quintessential building blocks for actualizing the Africa Rising narrative.

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Ngobeni, Lawrence, and Babatunde Fagbayibo. "Recent Developments in the Regulation of Investor-State Dispute Resolution: Any Lessons for the Southern African Development Community?" African Journal of Legal Studies 10, no. 2-3 (December 7, 2017): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340021.

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Abstract In 2016, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) amended Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investment (FIP) in order to remove investor access to international arbitration or Investor-State Dispute Resolution (ISDS). The recent formation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (T-FTA) are factors that will likely curtail SADC’s ability to regulate foreign investments. Both AfCFTA and T-FTA are supposed to have their own investment protocols. This means that SADC faces the loss of regulatory authority over foreign investments. The recent formation of the Pan African Investment Code (PAIC) has shown that some African Union (AU) Member States want to provide ISDS for their investors, while others including SADC Members States do not. This article intends to evaluate the lessons SADC can learn from other jurisdictions in terms of the effective regulation of ISDS.

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Abrego, Lisandro, Maria Alejandra Amado, Tunc Gursoy, Garth Nicholls, and Hector Perez-Saiz. "The African Continental Free Trade Agreement." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 124 (June 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498314398.001.

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In March 2018, representatives of member countries of the African Union signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement. This agreement provides a framework for trade liberalization in goods and services and is expected to eventually cover all African countries. Using a multi-country, multi-sector general equilibrium model based on Costinot and Rodriguez-Clare (2014), we estimate the welfare effects of the AfCFTA for 45 countries in Africa. Three different model specifications—comprising both perfect competition and monopolistic competition—are used. Simulations include full elimination of import tariffs and partial but substantial reduction in non-tariff barriers (NTBs). Results reveal significant potential welfare gains from trade liberalization in Africa. As intra-regional import tariffs in the continent are already low, the bulk of these gains come from lowering NTBs. Overall gains for the continent are broadly similar under the three model specifications used, with considerable variation of potential welfare gains across countries in all model structures.

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Gottschalk, Keith. "African Peacekeeping and African Integration: Current Challenges." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-4-678-686.

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Peacekeeping and economic union are the two most important dimensions of African integration. The first section of this article aims to analyse some current challenges to African peacekeeping, peacemaking, and African integration. The continuing Libyan civil war epitomizes the diplomatic stalemates and military stalemates which form the limits of current African peacekeeping. It exposes the North African Regional Capability and North African Standby Brigade as paper structures which do not exist operationally, and so limit the capacity of the African Union’s Peace and Security Council. The military intervention of states outside Africa can polarize conflicts and escalate civil wars. Africa’s colonial epoch serves as a warning of the potential dangers of foreign military bases in Africa. In parts of West Africa, states sub-contract peacemaking and anti-terrorist operations to unsupervised local militias, which are lawless at best, and commit ethnic killings at worst. African integration fares better in the economic dimension. The second section analyses African integration, with its focus on the most recent step of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which starts to lay the cornerstone envisaged four decades ago in the Lagos Plan of Action, and three decades ago in the Abuja Treaty for an African Economic Community. The historic track record of African continental organizations indicates that a decade will be a realistic minimum period for it to be substantially implemented. The Pan-African Payment and Settlement System will help operationalize the AfCFTA by lowering forex currency transaction charges. Severe difficulties can be predicted for future attempts to upgrade the AfCFTA into a continental customs union, and ultimately into a continental common market.

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KEMBABAZI, Gloria. "Local industrial production in EAC & Uganda (reflecting on the AfCFTA and the emergence of COVID-19): legal framework." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 7, no. 4 (2020): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2020-4-594.

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This paper analyses the state of local industrial production in Uganda and how the emergence of COVID-19 has impacted it. This analysis bears in mind the regional context of Uganda as Partner State of the East African Community and a member of the African Union. Both of these institutions have mechanisms that impact on trade and relatedly on local industrial production, most notably the newly established African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Overall, the paper makes a case for furthering local industrial production drawing on the lessons from the economic and developmental impact that the pandemic has wrought on the country.

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Manboah-Rockson, Joseph K. "“Grabbing the ‘Bull’ by the ‘Horns’”: A Critical Analysis of the Establishment of AfCFTA." Open Journal of Political Science 11, no. 02 (2021): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2021.112020.

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Arreyndip, Nkongho Ayuketang. "African continental free trade area (AfCFTA): projected economic impact assessment under future warming in CMIP6." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 094046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1fbd.

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Manyara, Geoffrey, and Laura Naliaka. "Tourism and Trade Nexus in Africa: A Gravity Model Approach." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 10(3) (June 30, 2021): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-132.

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The tourism industry is now an important economic sector in Africa. However, as with trade, Africa’s global share of the tourism industry is quite small, which could be attributed to a similarly low level of both intra-regional trade and tourism. Prevailing data and studies suggest that there is a relationship between tourism and trade. The aim of this study, therefore, is to examine the empirical link between tourism and exports in Africa for the period 2006 to 2015. We estimate a structural gravity model using the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator that allows for bilateral zero trade values between trading partners, controls for heteroskedasticity and addresses the potential endogeneity. We find that a 10 percent increase in intra-African tourism boosts the continental exports by between 1.4 and 3.2 percent. These results strongly posit that boosting regional tourism could be instrumental in catalysing intra-African trade, especially within the context of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

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Oladele, Aderemi, and Olola Vieyra-Mifsud. "Africa’s Development and Post Covid-19 Emerging Opportunities: Towards a Political Economic Model for Strengthening Intra Africa Trade and National/Regional Competitiveness in Response to Global Supply Chain Disruption." Technium Social Sciences Journal 16 (February 10, 2021): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v16i1.2543.

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In view of the general observation that emerging opportunities exist for developing economies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 global pandemic, despite its many health, safety, economic, social and environmental realities, this paper examines how Africa could translate the challenges of the crisis into positive development opportunities from three interrelated salient angles: first is how to consolidate on innovation for local production and reinforce intra-African trade; the second is strengthening innovation for more resilient policies that address youth employment and skills development for regional and global competitiveness; and third, refocusing the digital and green economies, including the strengths of artificial intelligence, big data, e-commerce and the continuity of related environmental objectives. Using the “systems approach”, it proposes three quaternal models, advocating for policy coherence as optimal for development deliverables. This is not only beneficial for helping Africa out of the crisis, but could also meet some novel and future-oriented objectives of capacity building for managing complexities as purported in current global and regional development Agendas 2030 and 2063, as well as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) proposals.

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Amadi, Victor T., and Patricia Lenaghan. "Facilitating Trade and Strengthening Market Access in the Southern African Customs Union: A Focus on South Africa’s Customs Reform." South African Mercantile Law Journal 32, no. 3 (2020): 309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v32/i3a1.

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In the modern business environment, emphasis is placed on timely production, requiring timely delivery and fast and predictable release of goods at the borders. Experiencing delays in the supply chain of goods increases transaction costs, which can, in consequence, raise the price of export and import products. South Africa is a developing state that needs to be competitive on every front to secure economic growth considering the current push towards the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). This article aims to tackle the issue of non-tariff barriers to trade, particularly restrictive customs and administrative procedures at border crossings in the Southern region, by exploring trade facilitation measures which can be crucial for integration and development. Trade facilitation regulates behind-the-border measures and encompasses reform of a country’s customs policies and infrastructure as customs operations can be characterised by a complex array of requirements for traders, including documentation requirements. This article accordingly examines how South Africa is evolving its customs environment to facilitate trade further and to enhance market access of goods into the country and the Southern region. South Africa has adopted a Custom Modernisation Programme (CMP) under the guidance of the South African Revenue Services (SARS). The adoption of this programme can potentially reduce the delays in trade transactions at border points.

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Satar, Mohd Hafiz Abdul, Wong Jen Nyap, and Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan. "Numerical Approach on Hybrid PID-AFC Controller using Different Intelligent Tuning Methods to Reduce the Vibration of the Suspended Handle." International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration 26, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2020.25.11713.

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This paper focusses on the study of vibration attenuations for suspended handle models that are generated from power tools using an intelligent active force control (AFC) tuning strategy. Four types of control schemes are comparatively evaluated in suppressing the vibration of the handle, such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID), PID-AFC-crude approximation (AFCCA), PID-AFC-fuzzy logic (AFCFL) and PID-AFC-iterative learning method (AFCILM) control schemes. In all control schemes, the estimated counter force is generated from the actuating force and appropriate estimated mass M* that has been intelligently tuned to counter the system disturbances. The disturbances are modelled based on the power tools vibration (i.e., internal disturbance) and uncertainties during the operation (i.e., external disturbances). The study shows that the AFCCA scheme demonstrates the best performance when the M(CL) is tuned at 0.04 kg. For the AFCFL control scheme, the best response is obtained for the membership function of trapezoidal shape with M(FL) of 0.0403 kg, while for AFCILM control scheme, the best response is achieved when M(ILM) is tuned to 0.04 kg, with both parameters (A and B) set at 0.6. Overall, PID-AFCCA scheme shows the best performances for all of the case studies, followed by PID-AFCFL and PID-AFCILM. The findings of this study can benefit the power tool manufacturers and provide the basis of effectively intelligent controller design for the power tools application.

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Larçon, Jean-Paul, and Corinne Vadcar. "Belt and Road in Ethiopia and China’s African Ambition." China and the World 04, no. 02 (May 17, 2021): 2150007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729321500073.

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China–Ethiopia economic cooperation in the period of 2000–2020 is marked by the convergence between the industrial policy of Ethiopia, the orientations of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), and the infrastructure development strategy which is the cornerstone of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China, the largest foreign investor in Ethiopia during this period, has had a major role in terms of investment and financing in the energy sector and the transportation infrastructure: Addis Ababa Airport, roads, railway, seaport terminal, and gas pipeline. The flagship project — the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway — connecting Addis Ababa to Djibouti City and Djibouti’s Doraleh Container Terminal, inaugurated in 2018, provided landlocked Ethiopia with a good connection between the hinterland and the seaport: the economic corridor accounts for more than 95% of Ethiopia’s foreign trade. The development of Ethiopian Industrial Parks on the model of Chinese Special Economic Zones (SEZs) was the second pillar of the strategy of development of an export-oriented manufacturing sector. Chinese companies operating in Ethiopian Industrial Parks in the textile and leather industries have been pioneering this activity contributing to Ethiopia’s participation in the Global Value Chains (GVCs). Ethiopian government is also planning the development of agro-industrial parks specialized in added-value agricultural products such as coffee or cut flowers exported to Europe via Addis Ababa Airport and Ethiopian Airlines Cargo. Ethiopia’s main challenges in that direction are the necessity to go up the value chain to further penetrate European markets and, most likely, to identify the products or services which could be integrated into the African markets in the new context of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement that entered into force in January 2021.

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Ekakusumawati, Enni. "ANALISIS RATIFIKASI ASEAN CHINA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT OLEH INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL." PLENO JURE 7, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37541/plenojure.v7i2.348.

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Indonesia sulit melakukan penundaan isi perjanjian, amandemen dan pengakhiran perjanjin AFCTA , Ketentuan yang paling memungkinkan untuk dilakukan oleh indonesia adalah menggunakan aturan WTO dimana pemberlakuan ini dapat diterapkan bagi negara yang belum dapat mengikuti perkembangan liberalisme perdagangan, aturan ini difasilitasi dengan mekanisme perlindungan seperti anti dumping dan saveguard. Oleh karena itu ketentuan yang dapat digunakan indonesia dalam penerapan ACFTA adalah dengan menerapkan fasilitas saveguard dalam WTO sebagai solusi untuk menyelamatkan kepentingan nasional.

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Monitor, I&S. "AFCEA Bulgarian Chapter Varna." Information & Security: An International Journal 13 (2004): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.1311.

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Khudayr al-Salāmī, M. M. Madīha. "Facala and afcala: Form and Meaning from Linguistic and Qur'anic Perspectives." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 8, no. 1 (April 2006): 185–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2006.8.1.170.

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This paper studies facala and afcala, two of the most widely used verbal forms in Arabic, and surveys the observation of this phenomenon from two perspectives: form and meaning. It attempts to determine whether the verbal constructions facala and afcala can conform in meaning and take on the same sense, or if an intensification of structure is inevitably accompanied by a semantic intensification in accordance with the relationship of dependence that governs the Arabic verbal forms. To this end, this study pays specific attention to verbal structure in an attempt to discover the relationship between the root form and the fourth form from linguistic and Qur'anic points of view.

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Anggesti, Nurul, and Mufti Afif. "Dampak Penerapan AFCTA di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Ibnu Khaldun dan Abu Ubaid." El-Barka: Journal of Islamic Economics and Business 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/elbarka.v3i2.2052.

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This study examines the impact of the application of the ACFTA trade cooperation on the economy in Indonesia in terms of the international trade theory of Ibn Khaldun and Abu Ubaid. The methods used is mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative methods) by analyzed the impact of ACFTA on Import and exports beetwen Indonesia and China using time series data during 2005-2018 were sourced from Central Bereau of Statistics and see the relevants thingking of Abu Ubaid dan Ibnu Khaldun to the implementation of ACFTA in Indonesia. The result showed that ACFTA has bad impact on the economy of Indonesia due to the zero cost of tariff on incoming goods. So, a new policy is needed as mentioned by the thingking of Abu Ubaid and Ibnu Khaldun. By eliminating the zero tariff policy and prioritizing economic succes based on the principle of justice and benefit of Indonesia.Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang dampak penerapan kerjasama dagang ACFTA terhadap perekonomian di Indonesia ditinjau dari teori perdagangan internasional Ibnu Khaldun dan Abu Ubaid. Metode yang digunakan adalah mixed methods (metode kualitatif dan metode kuantitatif), yaitu pertama, menganalisis dampak ACFTA terhadap ekspor Impor antara Indonesia dan China dengan menggunakan data time series dari tahun 2005 – 2018 yang didapat dari Badan Pusat Statisitk dan kedua, meninjau relevansi pemikiran Abu Ubaid dan Ibnu Khaldun terhadap penerapan ACFTA di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama ini ACFTA berdampak buruk bagi perekonomian Indonesia karena adanya biaya nol tarif terhadap barang yang masuk. Sehingga dibutuhkan kebijakan baru sebagaimana yang disebutkan oleh pemikiran dua tokoh ekonom muslim (Abu Ubaid dan Ibnu Khaldun) yaitu dengan menghilangkan kebijakan nol tarif yang kemudian mengutamakan keberhasilan ekonomi berdasarkan pada asas keadilan dan kemaslahatan masyarakat Indonesia.

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Yan, Xuefeng, Yuqing Zhang, and Arif Ali Khan. "An algorithm acceleration framework for correlation-based feature selection." MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133607011.

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Repeated calculations lead to a sharp increase in the time of correlation-based feature selection. Incremental iteration has been applied in some algorithms to improve the efficiency. However, the computational efficiency of correlation has generally be ignored. An algorithm acceleration framework for correlation-based feature selection (AFCFS) is proposed. In AFCFS, the criterion of the feature selection will be analyzed and reconstructed based on entropy granularity, and the algorithm structure will also be adjusted accordingly. Specifically, all repeated part of calculation will be saved in mapping tables and can be accessed in next time directly, so as to further reduce the calculation repetition rate and improve the efficiency. The experimental results show that AFCFS can greatly reduce the cost time of these algorithms, and keep the corresponding classification accuracy basically unchanged.

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Riedl, D., G. Rumpold, A. Schmidt, H. Bliem, and R. Moschen. "Akzeptanz bei Tinnitus: Validierung des „Akzeptanzfragebogen bei chronischem Tinnitus“ (AFCT)." Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 93, no. 12 (August 6, 2014): 840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1377037.

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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Tinnitus ist ein weit verbreitetes Symptom, welches von etwa 10% der Bevölkerung chronisch wahrgenommen wird. Während sich die große Mehrheit durch die Ohrgeräusche langfristig nicht beeinträchtigt fühlt, erleben zwischen 5 und 30% der TinnituspatientInnen einen starken bis extremen psychischen Leidensdruck. Die Schwere der Belastung kann nicht durch die Beschaffenheit des Ohrgeräusches (Lautstärke oder Dauer) erklärt werden, weshalb die Unterschiede der Belastung durch Tinnitus in neueren Forschungen z. T. durch das Konstrukt der Akzeptanz erklärt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die psychometrische Qualität einer deutschen Version des „Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire“ (CPAQ), dem „Akzeptanzfragebogen bei chronischem Tinnitus“ (AFCT) zu überprüfen, welcher für Tinnitus adaptiert wurde. Material und Methoden: 97 PatientInnen mit chronischem Tinnitus wurden zu Beginn einer ambulanten Tinnitusbewältigungsgruppe untersucht. Es wurden der „Akzeptanzfragebogen bei chronischem Tinnitus“ (AFCT) und der „Tinnitusfragebogen“ (TF) eingesetzt. Die Struktur des AFCT wurde anhand einer Faktorenanalyse ermittelt, zur Ermittlung der Reliabilität des Fragebogens wurde die innere Konsistenz (Cronbach Alpha) überprüft. Ergebnisse: Aufgrund psychometrischer Schwächen sowie unklarer faktorieller Zuordenbarkeit wurden 8 Items des AFCT eliminiert und aus den verbleibenden Items der AFCT-12 gebildet. Der AFCT-12 verfügt über eine gute 2-Faktoren-Lösung, die 54,9% der Varianz aufklären. Sowohl der AFCT als auch der AFCT-12 verfügen über eine gute Reliabilität und gute Validität. Schlussfolgerungen: Der AFCT-12 hat sich als reliables und valides Instrument zur Erfassung der Akzeptanz bei Menschen mit chronischem Tinnitus erwiesen.

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Hoffsaes, Colette. "The French Society of Computer Scientists: AFCET." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 12, no. 3 (July 1990): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mahc.1990.10032.

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Monitor, I&S. "New AFCEA Chapter in South-East Europe." Information & Security: An International Journal 5 (2000): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.0510.

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PAASIKALLIO, A., R. SORMUNEN-CRISTIAN, and S. JAAKKOLA. "The effect of ammonium ferric hexacyanoferrate on reducing radiocaesium transfer from grass silage to sheep." Agricultural and Food Science 9, no. 2 (January 2, 2000): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5655.

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A study was carried out to examine the effect of ammonium ferric hexacyanoferrate (AFCF) on the transfer of radiocaesium from grass silage to the tissues of male lambs. During ensiling, a formic acid based additive and AFCF were sprayed on grass contaminated with 134Cs and the mixture was allowed to incubate for 45 days. A dose of 21 mg AFCF d-1, fed to sheep offered contaminated silage for fourteen days, reduced 134Cs transfer to muscle by 45% compared to that of control sheep. An equivalent dose of AFCF administered in a capsule reduced transfer by only 3%. In another experiment, AFCF intake of 50, 100 and 150 mg d-1 for ten days reduced 134Cs transfer to sheep muscle by 75, 82 and 86%, respectively. In control lambs, of average live weight 38 and 47 kg, the feed to muscle 134Cs transfer coefficient averaged 0.15 d kg-1, but equilibrium between tissue and feed 134Cs had probably not been reached due to the short feeding period. Increasing doses of AFCF from 0 to 150 mg d-1 increased the faecal/urinary 134Cs ratio from 2 to 42.;

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Grunenberg, Daniel, Katharina Ehrmann, Christian Gorsche, Bernhard Steyrer, Thomas Koch, Jürgen Stampfl, and Robert Liska. "Heterotelechelic poly(propylene oxide) as migration-inhibited toughening agent in hot lithography based additive manufacturing." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 9 (2021): 1260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01746a.

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Linking an addition–fragmentation-chain-transfer (AFCT) functionality and methacrylate moiety via poly(propylene oxide)-oligomer within one molecule creates a non-migrating AFCT-reagent aiding network-homogeneity.

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Resnawaty, Risna, Hetty Krisnani, and Nandang Mulyana. "PENGEMBANGAN INSTITUSI LOKAL PELAKU USAHA KECIL/MENENGAH DALAM MENGHADAPI ASEAN-CHINA FREE TRADE AREA (ACFTA) DI CIPACING KECAMATAN JATINANGOR SUMEDANG." Kumawula: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (August 9, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/kumawula.v3i2.25334.

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The developments of the times demanded the era of free trade in which one of them produce agreement Asean-China Free Trade Area (AFCTA) which has an effect on economic activities . Business operators micro and small entrepreneurs who working in the area of a craftsman wood cipacing village is one affected by the impact of this agreement. Is mainly village problems cipacing particularly in rw 01, Which is found in the file system that has not coordinated good community and so often people do not have data stored regarding the work of or craft anything that has been created by a craftsman Cipacing village. Following the formation of a database and cataloguing the craft cipacing , it is expected that communities village cipacing can be easily markets better for you products their craft against the examples of a craft that were written .

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Vicentijevic, Mihajlo, Gordana Pantelic, Dubravka Vukovic, Vujadin Vukovic, Branislava Mitrovic, and Dragan Zivanov. "The effect of radioprotectors protection ability in pheasants after alimentary radio-contamination with 137Cs." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 28, no. 2 (2013): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1302232v.

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Considering that previous studies were mainly focused on a protection of domestic animals from alimentary Cs-contamination, the objective of the present study was to investigate the possibilities of ammonium - iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II) - AFCF and clinoptilolite as radioprotectors. Pheasants of species Phasianus colchicus were used as trial animals. The total number of 2 -month old pheasants was 100. The pheasants were divided into five groups; each group was contaminated with 750 Bq of 137Cs per bird in a single experiment. The experiment consisted of 5 phases during which the animals were given AFCF (0.2 g) and clinoptilolite (2 g) either in water solution or mixed with food, according to the phase. The level of contamination was determined by gamma - spectrometry in breast meat, leg meat, liver and gizzard. The results show that the best protection effect was obtained when AFCF is used in the water solution i. e. 92.7%; while AFCF mixing with food demonstrated 74.9% of protection; clinoptilolite proved less protective with 69.3% - in the water solution, and 50.5% when mixed with food.

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Upadhyay, Santosh Kumar, Lakshna Mahajan, Sandhya Ramjee, Yogendra Singh, Seemi Farhat Basir, and Taruna Madan. "Identification and characterization of a laminin-binding protein of Aspergillus fumigatus: extracellular thaumatin domain protein (AfCalAp)." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.005991-0.

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Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, infects the human host via inhalation of airborne conidia. Adhesion of fungal conidia, to host cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components associated with host tissue surfaces, is thought to be the primary step in the pathogenesis and dissemination of infection. To identify novel adhesion proteins (adhesins) of A. fumigatus, we screened its proteome in silico using spaan (software program for prediction of adhesins and adhesin-like proteins using neural networks). One of the predicted adhesin-encoding genes with a P ad (probability of being adhesin) value >0.9, the gene encoding extracellular thaumatin domain protein (AfCalA), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant AfCalAp showed significant binding with laminin and murine lung cells. Anti-AfCalAp antibodies inhibited the binding of AfCalAp to laminin in a dose-dependent manner. Significant binding of anti-AfCalAp antibodies to 2 h swollen conidia suggests the presence of AfCalAp on the conidial surface. AfCalA transcript was not detectable in resting conidia but was detected in conidia incubated with RPMI 1640 medium in the presence and absence of lung epithelial cell line (A539)-derived ECM. Elevated levels of IgE antibodies specific to AfCalAp were observed in the sera of two out of seven patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The study confirms the relevance of the bioinformatic approach for predicting fungal adhesins and establishes AfCalAp as a novel laminin-binding protein of A. fumigatus.

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Monitor, I&S. "AFCEA Varna Hosts Second International Conference on the Bulgarian Navy." Information & Security: An International Journal 13 (2004): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.1312.

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Law, Locky. "Creativity and Multimodality: Analytical Framework for Creativity in Multimodal Texts (AFCMT)." Linguistics and the Human Sciences 14, no. 1-2 (February 27, 2019): 36–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lhs.33598.

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Katayama, Takane, Akiko Sakuma, Takatoshi Kimura, Yutaka Makimura, Jun Hiratake, Kanzo Sakata, Takashi Yamanoi, Hidehiko Kumagai, and Kenji Yamamoto. "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Bifidobacterium bifidum 1,2-α-l-Fucosidase (AfcA), a Novel Inverting Glycosidase (Glycoside Hydrolase Family 95)." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 15 (August 1, 2004): 4885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.15.4885-4893.2004.

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ABSTRACT A genomic library of Bifidobacterium bifidum constructed in Escherichia coli was screened for the ability to hydrolyze the α-(1→2) linkage of 2′-fucosyllactose, and a gene encoding 1,2-α-l-fucosidase (AfcA) was isolated. The afcA gene was found to comprise 1,959 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 205 kDa and containing a signal peptide and a membrane anchor at the N and C termini, respectively. A domain responsible for fucosidase activity (the Fuc domain; amino acid residues 577 to 1474) was localized by deletion analysis and then purified as a hexahistidine-tagged protein. The recombinant Fuc domain specifically hydrolyzed the terminal α-(1→2)-fucosidic linkages of various oligosaccharides and a sugar chain of a glycoprotein. The stereochemical course of the hydrolysis of 2′-fucosyllactose was determined to be inversion by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The primary structure of the Fuc domain exhibited no similarity to those of any glycoside hydrolases (GHs) but showed high similarity to those of several hypothetical proteins in a database. Thus, it was revealed that the AfcA protein constitutes a novel inverting GH family (GH family 95).

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Chang, Jun Jie, Longqiang Xiao, Chen-Gang Wang, Hiroshi Niino, Shunsuke Chatani, and Atsushi Goto. "Use of poly(methyl methacrylate) with an unsaturated chain end as a macroinitiator precursor in organocatalyzed living radical block polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 39 (2018): 4848–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01066h.

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Zhou, Dewen, Rhiannon P. Kuchel, and Per B. Zetterlund. "A new paradigm in polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA): Exploitation of “non-living” addition–fragmentation chain transfer (AFCT) polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 29 (2017): 4177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00998d.

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Gorsche, Christian, Thomas Koch, Norbert Moszner, and Robert Liska. "Exploring the benefits of β-allyl sulfones for more homogeneous dimethacrylate photopolymer networks." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 11 (2015): 2038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01582g.

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Difunctional β-allyl sulfones (DAS) are potent AFCT reagents for dimethacrylate photopolymer networks. Resultant materials show reduced shrinkage stress, higher storage modulus, and increased toughness.

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"AfCFTA: Preparatory Meetings." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 57, no. 11 (December 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2020.09794.x.

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"AFRICAN UNION: AfCFTA Secretariat." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 57, no. 8 (October 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2020.09657.x.

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"AFRICAN UNION: AfCFTA Launched." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 55, no. 3 (May 2018): 22060A—22062A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2018.08239.x.

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"AfCFTA for more prosperity." International Trade Forum 2019, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/15645304-2019-3-12.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AfCFTA'

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