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1
Bradlow, Anthony. "Clinical and laboratory studies into possible relationships between alcohol and musculoskeletal disorders, with emphasis on rheumatoid arthritis, primary osteoarthritis of the hip and Dupuytren's contracture." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25598.
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Fenn, Francis P. "An aetiology of construction disputes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488193.
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Rowell, S. L. "The aetiology of running injuries." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234742.
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Kvapilova, Alice. "The aetiology of surface reading pattern /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17813.pdf.
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Thomas, Geraint Emyr Rhys. "The patho-aetiology of hip osteoarthritis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4594f27-46ad-47d6-81f1-11ed934e1495.
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Osteoarthritis of the hip frequently occurs in the absence of osteoarthritis in other large joints, suggesting that local factors are important in its pathogenesis. Hip morphology has been recognised as a potential local biomechanical risk factor for the development of hip osteoarthritis. There are no adequate studies examining osteoarthritis development in the hip. Historical cohorts are either limited by a short follow up or by small numbers. This thesis explores the natural history of hip osteoarthritis in a large population cohort with particular attention to hip morphology as a predictor of osteoarthritis development. Software was developed which allows objective measurements of hip morphology in a reproducible manner. Hip morphology was then measured in a 1000 subject cohort. A detailed description of hip morphology is presented in this thesis, with interesting observations of wide variation and a bimodal distribution for alpha angle (a measure of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement). This is suggestive of a discrete pathological entity, which was associated with osteoarthritis in the cross-sectional analysis. No significant changes exist in terms of morphology during the course of the study and no significant relationship exists between age and hip morphology. Longitudinal analysis of hip morphology with radiographic osteoarthritis and total hip replacement revealed a significant association between cam-type femoroacetabular impingement and acetabular dysplasia with both outcome measures. Measurements of hip morphology were independently predictive of outcome when controlling for baseline age, BMI and joint space width, and significantly increased our ability to predict osteoarthritis and total hip replacement. Similar associations were seen when considering hip pain and symptomatic osteoarthritis as the outcome measures of interest. Pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement was not significantly associated with any of the outcome measures of interest and pain remains relatively poorly explained by both hip morphology and/or radiographic change. The understanding of hip morphology and its role in the natural history of osteoarthritis is significantly improved by this research. Further research is now required to determine whether these morphological abnormalities represent modifiable risk factors for osteoarthritis progression.
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Timmerman, Grietje Hermina. "Violent behaviour aetiology and treatment issues /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/77751.
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McOrist, S. "The aetiology of the proliferative enteropathies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383022.
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The entezopathogenicity and antigens of Campylobacter-like organisms and Campylobacter app associated with the proliferative enteropathies were investigated. Two gnotobiotic pigs exposed orally to a filtered suspension of intestinal mucosa designated 284/86 from a naturally infected pig subsequently developed lesions of proliferative enteritis. Culture of the successful mucosal inoculum only revealed a moderate number of C. coli, however an apparently greater number of Campylobacter-like organisms was evident in smears of this inoculum. The pathogenesis of porcine proliferative enteritis was clearer from the results of this study. Ten days after infection, curved bacilli had colonised the ileal and large intestinal crypts. Attachment and entry of Campylobacter-like organisms into crypt enterocytes was also evident, with some proliferation of both bacteria within cells and of the enterocytes themselves. Twenty days after infection there was similar intracellular colonisation of bacteria and proliferative activity, although no luminal bacteria were evident. A moderate sub-acute inflammatory reaction was evident throughout. Conventional hamsters dosed with C. jejuni developed varying degrees of localised acute intestinal inflammation. Hamsters dosed with C. hyointestinalis or C. cola did not develop any lesions. Lesions of proliferative enteritis were detected in hamsters dosed with porcine tissue 284/86. Numerous intra-cytoplasmic Campylobacter-like organisms were detected within enterocytes in affected portions of intestine. Weanling hamsters this proved to be susceptible to the agent of porcine proliferative enteritis by cross-species transmission. Whole cell antigen preparations were made of various Camoylobacter sp. -Indirect immunofluorescence assays incorporating rabbit antisera to each Campylobacter sp gave specific endpoints for each antiserum of 1: 160 to 1: 320. Rabbit antisera prepared to Campylobacter-like organisms partly purified from proliferative enteritis mucosa, by a homogenisation and filtration technique, also gave specific reactions in this assay, up to 1: 610. Intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms were also compared in gel electrophoresis protein profiles and immunoblotting reactions to Campylobacter spp. The intracellular organisms tested had a distinctive protein profile dissimilar to the profiles of the known Campylobacter spp. In immunoblotting reactions, each of the Camoylobacter sp antisera reacted strongly with homologous antigens, but none reacted with Camcylobacter-like organisms prepared from lesions, except for a minor reaction seen with one serum. Similarly antisera to Campylobacter-like organisms showed a strong reaction to 25K to 27K components of homologous antigens, with only minor reactions to various other components of the cultivated Campylobacter app. Therefore it is likely that the intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms have a distinctive antigenic profile and that the 25 and 27K components are major antigenic components. Mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced that were apparently specific to the intracellular Camoylobacter-like organisms. Immunoblotting results showed that these antibodies only bound to a 251 to 27K outer membrane component present in the intracellular organisms. Reactions with this component could not be detected in assays with normal pig intestine, or Camoylobacter sp antigen. Restriction endonuclease digestion of Camoylobacter sp with Bgl II gave suitably resolved DNA fragments of between 2kb and 25kb. Patterns obtained with Bgl II digestion of Camoylobacter sp were dissimilar to those of Camoylobacter-like organisms, and each Camoylobacter sp had a characteristic distinct pattern. Digestion of DNA from porcine tissue samples with Bgl II produced a diffuse smear of fragmented DNA bands between 0.5 and19kb, with no recognizable "ladder" effect. The genome of the Carylobacter-like organisms within enterocytes in proliferative enteritis therefore is different to that of known Camoylobacter spp associated with the disease. This suggests that the differences in antigenic structures between these bacteria axe due to genetic differences. Only a limited number of strains were examined. Looking at the evidence provided by this study, the overall tenor of the results suggests that the intracellular organisms could be a separate, new species of Camp lobacter. If indeed the intracellular organisms are a single, new Cammylobacter PGS/ABST ecies, then a new name may be proposed, such as "C. intracellulare". Verifica nthis side Oni of the validity of such a proposal would require further DNA studies.
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Wilson, Gillian Anne. "The genetic aetiology of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434569.
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Balachandran, Aswini Aparna. "Management and aetiology of overactive bladder." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/67149/.
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The aetiology of overactive bladder (OAB) is poorly understood. Current treatment modalities are associated with low success rates and poor long-term compliance. The aim of this thesis was to explore the new and alternative treatment, mirabegron, to assess the efficacy of traditional treatment options such as cystodistension for women with OAB and to ascertain whether underlying baseline parameters (e.g. urodynamic studies, cystoscopic findings, bladder biopsy results) have any impact on treatment outcomes. The aetiology of OAB was also studied to understand the impact of bladder wall thickness and the bladder microbiome in OAB to improve our understanding of the possible mechanisms of OAB. In this thesis, I have reviewed the current literature on OAB, cystodistension and the role of infection in OAB. The work presented in this MD investigates the effectiveness of mirabegron and cystodistension as treatment options for OAB. All studies were conducted in a 'real-life' clinical setting to recreate the challenges in daily clinical practice. Mirabegron was found to be an effective treatment option for patients with OAB. However, the benefits were not striking with 70% of patient reporting improvement of their symptoms at 6 weeks. This was converted into only a minority of patients (36%) reporting their incontinence was "much better" or "very much better". More research should be targeted at identifying patient characteristics that are associated with a better outcome. It was found to be a suitable non-invasive alternative to Botulinum Toxin A (BTXA) in 59% of patients with refractory OAB. However, over two thirds of patients discontinued mirabegron therapy within 1 year. A significant number of patient who persevered with mirabegron were on combination therapy with an antimuscarinic at 1 year. Randomised controlled trial comparing cystodistension with cystoscopy demonstrated no benefit from cystodistension in the treatment of OAB. In this group, the presence of bladder trabeculation on cystoscopy was found to be associated with a direct effect on maximum detrusor muscle contraction with a significant increase in contraction compared to patients with an absence of trabeculation (42.71 cmH2O vs 31.41cmH2O, p = 0.01). The presence of trabeculation also affected the symptoms of OAB with a significant decrease in the Filling Scores of the ICIQ-FLUTS LF questionnaire (8.45 vs 9.58, p=0.04). There was no relationship between urodynamic findings and bladder biopsy on baseline symptomology and outcome of treatment. In this cohort, a feasibility study assessing bladder wall thickness (BWT) recorded a significant increase in BWT in OAB patients with detrusor overactivity (DO) (5.6mm vs 4.2mm, p=0.006). Though ultrasound is unable to replace urodynamic studies, it may be useful tool in understanding the aetiology, disease progression and prediction of treatment outcomes in OAB. The bladder microbiome demonstrated a significant difference between the patients with OAB and healthy controls. Proteus was found to be significantly more prevalent in OAB patients (p=0.01) whilst Lactobacillus was significantly more common in healthy controls (p=0.02). The work in this MD suggests there may be variety of sub-types of OAB with different underlying mechanisms of action that may explain the large variation in outcomes with different treatment modalities. Further research will need to be performed to further explore and confirm these findings.
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Santos, Ricardo Feliciano dos. "Aetiology and epidemiology of grapevine anthracnose." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-06042018-155130/.
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Grapevine anthracnose is an important disease, responsible for severe yield losses in humid regions around the world. This study aimed to: i: identify the causal agents of grapevine anthracnose in Brazil; ii: characterize Elsinoë ampelina isolates from Brazil and Australia by means of phylogenetic analyses, morphological features and pathogenicity tests; iii: develop an efficient method for conidial production of E. ampelina; iv: develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) for assessing anthracnose severity on grapevine leaves; and v: study the temporal and spatial progression of anthracnose in a Brazilian vineyard. To identify the causal agents of the disease, leaves, stems and berries with anthracnose symptoms were collected from 38 vineyards in southern and southeastern Brazil and 39 E. ampelina and 13 Colletotrichum spp. isolates were obtained. For E. ampelina isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), histone H3 (HIS3) and elongation factor 1-α (TEF) sequences were analysed. HIS3 was the most informative region with 55 polymorphic sites. Seven Colletotrichum species were identified: C. siamense, C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. viniferum, C. nymphaeae, C. truncatum and C. cliviae. In pathogenicity tests, only E. ampelina isolates caused anthracnose symptoms on Vitis vinifera \'Moscato Giallo\' and Vitis labrusca \'Niagara Rosada\'. To characterize E. ampelina from Brazil and Australia, 35 isolates were analysed. ITS and TEF sequences of all isolates were monomorphic. The haplotype network generated from HIS3 dataset showed four distinct haplotypes. High genetic variability was observed in two Brazilian isolates, haplotype EA4, which may have lost the intron region during species evolution. Colonies showed variable coloration, wrinkled texture, absence of spores and slow growth. Brazilian isolates produced conidia larger than conidia from Australian isolates. To induce the conidial production, mycelial fragments were shake-incubated in rainwater and distilled water for 7 days. Isolates produced different concentrations of conidia and the conidial germination was more than 88.5%. In infectivity tests, conidia caused typical anthracnose symptoms on leaves. The SADs developed comprises six true colour diagrams with severity ranging from 1.1 to 27.4%. The use of the SADs improved the accuracy, precision, agreement and inter-rater reliability of the estimates conducted by 12 raters. The temporal and spatial dynamics of anthracnose was carried out in a \'Niagara Rosada\' vineyard in 2014 and 2015. The incidence of vines with diseased leaves, stems and berries and the severity disease on leaves were recorded. Anthracnose symptoms occurred rapidly after bud break and ontogenic resistance was observed for all organs assessed. The monomolecular model showed the best fit to the incidence progress. Temporal analyses suggest that the progress of anthracnose incidence and severity over time is governed mainly by the primary inoculum due to age-related resistance of the vine organs. Spatial analyses showed a predominantly random spatial pattern of diseased vines. In conclusion, this thesis presents a more in-depth understanding of the aetiology and epidemiology of an important grapevine disease.Antracnose da videira é uma importante doença, responsável por severas perdas de produtividade em regiões húmidas em diversos locais do planeta. Este estudo objetivou: i: identificar o agente causal da antracnose da videira no Brasil; ii: caracterizar isolados de Elsinoë ampelina do Brasil e Austrália através de análises filogenéticas, morfologia e testes de patogenicidade; iii: desenvolver um método eficiente para produção de conídios de E. ampelina; iv: desenvolver e validar uma escala diagramática para avaliar a severidade de antracnose em folhas; e v: estudar o progresso temporal e espacial da antracnose em um vinhedo brasileiro. Para identificar os agentes causais da doença, folhas, ramos e bagas com sintomas de antracnose foram coletados em 38 vinhedos das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil e 39 isolados de E. ampelina e 13 isolados de Colletotrichum spp. foram obtidos. Para isolados de E. ampelina, sequências de espaçador interno transcrito (ITS), histona H3 (HIS3) e fator de elongação 1-α (TEF) foram analisadas. HIS3 foi a região mais informativa com 55 sítios polimórficos. Foram identificadas sete espécies de Colletotrichum: C. siamense, C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. viniferum, C. nymphaeae, C. truncatum e C. cliviae. Nos testes de patogenicidade, somente isolados de E. ampelina causaram sintomas de antracnose em Vitis vinifera \'Moscato Giallo\' e Vitis labrusca \'Niagara Rosada\'. Para a caracterização de E. ampelina do Brasil e Austrália, 35 isolados foram analisados. Sequências de ITS e TEF de todos os isolados foram monomórficas. A rede de haplótipos gerada a partir de sequências de HIS3 resultou na formação de quatro haplótipos. Alta diversidade genética foi observada em dois isolados brasileiros, haplótipo EA4, sugerindo a perda do intron durante a evolução da espécie. Colônias apresentaram coloração variável, textura enrugada, ausência de esporos e lento crescimento. Isolados brasileiros apresentaram conídios maiores que conídios de isolados australianos. Para induzir a esporulação, fragmentos de micélio foram agitados e incubados em água da chuva e água destilada durante 7 dias. Isolados produziram diferentes concentrações de conídios e a germinação foi superior a 88,5%. Nos testes de infectividade, os conídios causaram sintomas de antracnose em folhas. A escala diagramática desenvolvida compreende seis diagramas em cores reais com severidade variando de 1,1 a 27,4%. O uso da escala diagramática melhorou a acurácia, precisão, concordância e reprodutibilidade das estimativas conduzidas por 12 avaliadores. A dinâmica temporal e espacial da antracnose foi conduzida em vinhedo de \'Niagara Rosada\' em 2014 e 2015. A incidência de videiras com folhas, ramos e bagas sintomáticos e a severidade em folhas foram registradas. Os sintomas de antracnose ocorreram rapidamente após a brotação sendo observada resistência ontogênica em todos os órgãos avaliados. O modelo monomolecular mostrou o melhor ajuste para o progresso da incidência. As análises temporais sugerem que o progresso da incidência e severidade durante o tempo é influenciado principalmente pelo inóculo inicial devido à resistência ontogênica dos órgãos. As análises espaciais mostraram um padrão espacial predominantemente aleatório de videiras sintomáticas. Em conclusão, esta tese apresenta uma compreensão mais aprofundada da etiologia e epidemiologia de uma importante doença da videira.
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Johnston, Pamela. "Echovirus aetiology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.688246.
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Mead, Paul Arthur. "Aspects of cell membrane physiology in essential hypertension and type 1 diabetes mellitus." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391400.
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Adriaans, Beverley. "The aetiology and pathogenesis of tropical ulcer." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25758.
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Tropical ulcer is a very specific form of cutaneous ulceration. It occurs worldwide in most tropical and a number of subtropical areas. The disease occurs mainly in older children and young adults with children under the age of 5 and adults over 45 years rarely being affected. Ulcers occur most commonly on the lower leg but may occur on the upper limb. Although most ulcers normally heal slowly over many weeks or months, some ulcers may recur. Recognised complications include squamous cell carcinoma, gangrene and osteitis, although these are rare. A number of authors have reported on the disease and suggested diet, trauma and infection as aetiological factors for this condition. This survey was thus conducted to assess as many of these factors as possible. The study took place in 5 tropical areas, namely Zambia, Gambia, southern India, Fiji and Papua New Guinea. Consultations took place at hospitals, rural clinics, health centres and villages. Although many authors have suggested that the disease is related to malnutrition, few have objectively assessed the nutritional status of the patients and compared it with controls. Those studies which included objective assessments were limited to small areas and only investigated specific parameters. In order to investigate the immune response of the host to an anaerobic infection, the antibody levels to the organisms isolated from the ulcers were measured by an ELISA test. The local host response to an infection with a Fusobacterium species was assessed by the number of antibody secreting B-lymphocytes at the site of the ulcers. These parameters may play a role in the localisation of the ulcers and account for recurrent infections.
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Gibbs, Richard Geoffrey James. "The aetiology and epidemiology of cerebrovascular disease." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405270.
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Morris, Christopher Richard. "The aetiology of perforated colonic diverticular disease." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429619.
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Dickson, Robert A. "Idiopathic scoliosis : aetiology, natural history and treatment." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27907.
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Spinal deformities are fundamentally abnormalities of spinal shape in the sagittal plane and their causation and behaviour are an amalgam of biomechanical and biological factors. There are two primordial deformity types - scoliosis and kyphosis. Structural scolioses are produced by buckling of an area of lordosis, while kyphoses are rotationally stable and remain in the sagittal plane. Idiopathic thoracic scoliosis is effectively the opposite deformity to Scheuermann's kyphosis and both conditions represent the end of a spectrum of normal lateral thoracic profiles. Non-idiopathic spinal deformities are both more prevalent and progressive because of weakness of the spinal column at soft tissue, bone, or nerve and muscle level. Minor degrees of scoliosis are common in children and non-structural deformities secondary to a tilted pelvis must be identified and excluded so that attention can be focussed on those with progression potential. Small inconsequential thoracic curves become rotationally progressive when the thoracic kyphosis flattens and reverses during the early adolescent growth spurt. Thus the condition of progressive thoracic idiopathic scoliosis is more prevalent in girls who are maturing at this time. In later adolescence, when boys are maturing, the thoracic kyphosis increases again and thus boys who are now growing faster are more vulnerable to 'Scheuermann's' kyphosis. When the normally kyphotic animal spine is rendered lordotic over consecutive segments then progressive buckling occurs with growth to produce a three-dimensional spinal deformity similar to that encountered in children. Importantly, when the thoracic kyphosis is restored there is a tendency towards resolution. For thoracic scoliosis of clinical significance conservative treatment is disappointing because the three-dimensional nature of the deformity cannot be favourably influenced externally.
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Al-Dabbagh, S. A. "Nitrates in the aetiology of gastric cancer." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353051.
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Austin, Jane B. "The aetiology and prevalence of childhood asthma." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312367.
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Asthma is the commonest chronic disorder of childhood. Although the subject of study for over 4,000 years, the aetiology remains elusive and understanding of the subject is beset with problems of definition and methodology. The prevalence throughout the world varies considerably but is generally higher in countries with a western lifestyle, and appears to be increasing. Of many factors postulated to explain this increase, atmospheric pollution has been one of the most widely cited. The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to describe the epidemiology of asthma in the adolescent population in the Highlands of Scotland, a remote, culturally distinct, mainly rural area that covers one third of Scotland. A cross sectional study was undertaken using a questionnaire, supported by objective data from baseline pulmonary function and exercise testing. The prevalence of parent reported asthma in 12 year old children in 1992 (n=1825) was 14%, current wheeze 19%, eczema 14%, and hay fever 19%. Exercise induced bronchospasm was evident in 9%. The highest prevalence of asthma (17%) and exercise induced bronchoconstriction (30%) was reported on the island of Skye. Having found the prevalence to be as high in the relatively unpolluted Highlands as in urban areas of the UK, possible explanations were sought. Studies were undertaken to explore risk factors including family history, associated atopy, place of birth, indoor environment including maternal smoking, diet (with emphasis on antioxidant and fish intake), and immunisation history (including tuberculin status). Although there were some interesting findings, no specific single environmental component was identified as a major factor in the aetiology of asthma. I hope this thesis will provide a baseline of information, which may be of value to others in the future for as Churchill stated "the longer you can look back, the further you can look forward".
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Shortt, N. C. "Adult thought : aetiology and stimulation of change." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242244.
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Hamilton, Andrew John. "The aetiology of whirling disease, Myxosoma cerebralis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38344.
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Cooper, Sheldon Charles. "Studies of the aetiology of oesophageal adenocarcinoma." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4112/.
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Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), a cancer with dismal prognosis, has been increasing rapidly in incidence over the last 30 years, nowhere more so than in the UK. Intriguingly, it is a disease predominantly among white males, but there is a paucity of data from England. In performing a range of epidemiological studies, it has been confirmed that OAC has risen five-fold in the West Midlands, UK, five times more common among men, and predominantly a disease among Caucasians. A reduced incidence of OAC was identified among subjects with prostate cancer, suggesting a protective effect of anti-androgen therapy. Examination of a general practice database revealed a negative association with aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and statins with OAC, and a positive association with inhaled steroids, increasing number of drugs with a side effect of reducing the lower oesophageal sphincter, and drugs used for asthma/COPD. Finally, a region wide case-control study, confirmed the positive association seen with increasing body mass index, waist circumference, smoking and reflux symptoms, with negative associations seen with a diet high in fruit and vegetables. This work has identified potentially modifiable risk factors that may be employed to reduce the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and better help stratify those most likely to benefit from endoscopic surveillance.
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Garner, Joseph P. "The aetiology of stereotypy in caged animals." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670219.
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Joshi, Heman. "The aetiology and pathogenesis of rectal prolapse." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ff820a2b-48a6-4a5c-92c7-e7d2fdc22e95.
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It is still an enigma that some patients develop rectal prolapse whilst others with similar risk factors do not. Biomechanical assessment of the skin may provide further insight into the aetiology of this complex condition. Components of connective tissue other than collagen have been found to be involved in patients with rectal prolapse. Elastin fibres are an abundant and integral part of many extracellular matrices and are especially critical for providing the property of elastic recoil to tissues. The significance of elastin fibres is clearly reflected by the numerous human conditions in which a skin phenotype occurs as a result of elastin fibre abnormalities. The organization of elastic fibres differs between controls and subsets of patients with rectal prolapse, and their importance for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the pelvic floor has been demonstrated in transgenic mice, with animals which have a null mutation in fibulin-5 (Fbln5) developing prolapse. This study aimed to compare fibulin-5 expression in the skin of patients with and without rectal prolapse. Between January 2013 and February 2014, skin specimens were obtained during surgery from 20 patients with rectal prolapse and from 21 without prolapse undergoing surgery for other indications. Fibroblasts from the skin were cultured and the level of fibulin-5 expression was determined on cultured fibroblasts, isolated from these specimens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was performed on fixed tissue specimens to assess fibulin-5 expression. Orcein staining measured expression levels of elastin in the skin, and Image J. Tensile tests were performed using the Zwick Roell device, with custom ceramic clamps. For statistical analysis, Student's t test was used. Fibulin-5 mRNA expression and fibulin-5 staining intensity were significantly lower in young male patients with rectal prolapse compared with age matched controls [fibulin-5 mean _ SD mRNA relative units, 1.1 _ 0.41 vs 0.53 _ 0.22, P = 0.001; intensity score, median (range), 2 (0-3) vs 1 (0-3), P = 0.05]. There were no significant differences in the expression of fibulin-5 in women with rectal prolapse compared with controls. Histological analysis of prolapse vs control showed percentage dermal elastin fibres of 9 vs 5.8 % (p=0.001) in males and 6.5 vs 5.3 % (p=0.05) in females. Patients with more severe prolapse (external) had a significantly (p=0.05) higher percentage dermal elastin fibres 6.9 vs 6.1 % than internal prolapse. Young's modulus of patients with prolapse was lower in males (3.3 vs 2.8, p=0.05) and females (3.1 vs 2.7, p=0.05). Patients with prolapse have a higher concentration of elastin fibres in the skin, and these differences are quantitatively demonstrated through mechanical testing. This suggests that the aetiology may be a result of a dysfunction of elastin fibre assembly. Fibulin-5 may be implicated in the aetiology of rectal prolapse in a subgroup of young male patients.
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Herle, Moritz Peter. "The aetiology of emotional eating in childhood." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10025834/.
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Emotional overeating (EOE) and under-eating (EUE) in response to stress are common behaviours which emerge in childhood. However, their aetiology is largely unknown. This thesis analysed data from a UK cohort of 2402 families with twins to investigate the aetiology of EOE and EUE in childhood. Study 1 demonstrated low heritability of EOE at 16 months (9%) and five years (3%). The majority of individual differences were explained by shared environmental factors (16 months: 89%, 5 years: 95%). However, only 8% of these environmental factors were found to influence EOE at both time points. EOE was found to track (r = 0.25) and this association was explained by shared environmental factors. Study 2 established low heritability (7%) for EUE and dominance of shared environmental factors (91%) at five years. EOE and EUE correlated (r = 0.43) and shared environmental factors accounted for this association. However, their aetiologies were partly distinct, with 25% of shared environmental factors affecting both behaviours. Study 3 characterised the child, parent and environmental factors associated with child EOE and EUE. Emotional feeding was found to influence both EOE and EUE, whereas parental pressure to eat was only associated with EUE. Maternal emotional overeating was specifically linked to EOE. Study 4 provided evidence for the causal effect of emotional feeding on child EOE using prospective data. Study 5 found significant gene-environment interactions underlying EOE and EUE whereby a stressful home environment increased their heritability. Study 6 replicated Study 2 in an independent sample. Study 7 showed that parental belief of twins’ zygosity did not impact their ratings of child eating behaviours. The thesis showed that EOE and EUE are learned and not inherited in childhood. Their aetiology is complex and due to specific parental behaviours which deem to be promising intervention targets.
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Key, Timothy J. A. "Studies in the epidemiology of sex hormones and cancer." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238136.
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Grundy, Richard Guy. "A molecular genetic analysis of Wilms tumour and Wilms tumour predisposition syndromes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267737.
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Waller, Josephine. "The viral aetiology of cervical cancer : psychosocial issues." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446882/.
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This work stems from the discovery that certain sexually transmitted types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are the main causal agents in cervical carcinogenesis. The thesis sets out to explore the psychosocial issues that arise from linking a sexually transmitted infection with cervical cancer. Four studies were carried out. Study 1 was a survey of women attending a well-woman clinic (n=1032) and assessed awareness and knowledge about HPV. Study 2 used a population representative sample of men and women (n=1937) to assess beliefs about the risk factors for cervical cancer. Study 3 used in-depth interviews to explore the beliefs and experiences of 74 women who had taken part in HPV testing. Study 4 was a continuation of Study 3, in which 30 women were interviewed following participation in their second HPV test, a year after the first. Awareness of HPV and its link with cervical cancer was found to be low. Although there was higher awareness of sexual activity as a risk factor for cervical cancer, this was far from universal. Women testing positive for HPV who understood that it was sexually transmitted frequently reported negative emotional and social responses, different from those that have been found among women with abnormal smear test results. Leventhal's Common Sense Model of self-regulation in health and illness provided a useful framework within which to conceptualise the relationship between women's cognitive representations of HPV and their responses to the infection. It seemed that women were also engaged in the self-regulation of their relationships and were motivated to develop representations of HPV that did not impugn their current partners. Diagnosis with persistent HPV infection was associated with higher levels of anxiety about health and with the desire for immediate further investigation by colposcopy, rather than continued surveillance. The introduction of HPV testing and vaccination should be accompanied by widespread public education. If information provision is not handled in a sensitive way, it could cause confusion and stigmatise cervical cancer. More research is needed to develop ways to communicate information about HPV effectively.
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Khan, Shahid Aziz. "Studies in the epidemiology and aetiology of cholangiocarcinoma." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11393.
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Richiardi, Lorenzo. "New evidence on germ-cell testicular cancer aetiology /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-733-9/.
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Sidle, Kathleen Claire Louise. "Studies on the aetiology of human prion diseases." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307373.
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Thompson, Andrew. "The aetiology behind AAA disease formation and progression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17595/.
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AAA disease remains a common and life threatening condition, predominantly affecting men of retirement age. Whilst clinical studies have done much to predict the course of this disease, understanding the pathogenesis has been complicated by both a multi-factorial aetiology as well as several poorly defined stages to the disease (formation, growth and rupture). Evidence points to a considerable inheritable component to this condition, but as yet, associations with identified genetic variants are few and weak. This thesis describes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind AAA pathogenesis, concentrating on aneurysm formation and growth. A meta-analysis of published candidate gene studies identified three genes with small but significant effects on risk of developing AAA (ACE, MTHFR and MMP9) and none with a significant effect on AAA growth. Further examination of five genes connected the Renin-Angiotensin System, using three distinct case control series, demonstrated the strongest reported association to date with AAA disease risk, with AGTR1+1166A>C. (OR 1.55 [1.30-1.83, p=5x10-7]). An interest in the role of the TGF-β pathway in AAA formation and growth has developed from the recent illumination of the mechanism behind aneurysm aetiology in Marfan syndrome. Haplotype analysis was used to investigate five genes coding for TGF-β and its binding protein (LTBP). Variants in TGFB3 and LTBP4 were significantly associated with altered AAA growth. The importance of inflammatory process was also supported by observations made in a very large longitudinal data set of AAA growth. Anti-inflammatory drugs, together with anti-platelet drugs and drugs used in diabetes, were significantly associated with decreased AAA growth independent of confounding factors. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates; a role for the RAS in AAA formation; TGF-β in AAA growth; and anti-inflammatory drugs as potentially disease modifying. In addition, observations have also been made concerning a two tier effect illuding to the nature AAA progression.
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Jones, Gareth Tudor. "The aetiology of low back pain in schoolchildren." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503587.
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Introduction: Lifetime prevalence of low back pain in the adult population has been estimated to be over 60% and the costs to society are huge. It has been calculated that the direct health care costs of the condition approach £2billion per annum in the UK alone, and further costs are associated with informal care and with lost productivity in the workplace. Prevalence of the condition increases with age from approximately 30% at age 25yrs and studies have shown that, in adults, the greatest predictor of low back pain is a previous history of similar symptoms. It is important, therefore, to examine the aetiology of low back pain in youth. In childhood low back pain is also reasonably common and some authors have published prevalence estimates approaching those in adults. A number of factors have been associated with the occurrence of low back pain in childhood and/or adolescence: physical factors, such as height and weight; mechanical factors, such as the carriage of heavy schoolbags; lifestyle factors, such as sports participation; psychosocial and psychological factors, such as behavioural conditions and a negative affect score; and familial factors, such as the presence of parental pain. However, the majority of published research in this field has been cross-sectional in nature and, therefore, cannot distinguish between cause and effect. To investigate the aetiology of low back pain it is clear that longitudinal studies that examine the onset of the condition are required. Aims: To identify the risk factors for the onset of low back pain in adolescents. Study Design: Population-based prospective cohort study. Methodology: Two cross-sectional surveys were carried out twelve months apart. At baseline, 1040 children aged 11-14yrs, from thirty-nine schools in the Northwest of England, were identified as being free of low back pain. In these children, average daily mechanical load was assessed using schoolbag weight, recorded over a five day period. Using a self-completion questionnaire, exposure to a number of other potential risk factors was assessed: lifestyle factors, psychosocial factors, and the occurrence of other common childhood (somatic) pain complaints. These children were then followed up twelve months subsequently to establish episodes of new onset low back pain. In addition, using a postal questionnaire, information was obtained from parents of the subjects regarding the occurrence of parental pain, and also, in girls, menstrual status. Results: 935 children (89.4%) participated at follow-up, of whom 168 (18.6%) reported low back pain - by definition, new onset low back pain. The occurrence of new onset low back pain increased with age and was more common in girls than boys but was unrelated to menstruation. The onset of low back pain was associated with neither average daily mechanical load, nor mechanical load relative to body weight. In general, lifestyle factors were not predictive of future pain, although sporting activity was significantly, but non-linearly, associated with an increased risk of pain. In contrast, adverse psychosocial factors were consistently and strongly associated with an increased risk of future pain; this was true for conduct problems in particular. Furthermore, the baseline occurrence of headache, abdominal pain and sore throats was associated with an increased risk of low back pain at follow-up. Children whose parents reported pain were no more likely to report low back pain (or indeed, any pain) than other children. Conclusions: This study has provided no evidence that mechanical factors are associated with an increased risk of future low back pain. Adverse psychosocial behaviour, and conduct problems in particular, are associated with an increased risk of new onset low back pain. In addition, the prior occurrence of other common pain conditions was strongly associated with an increased risk of future pain. Thus, this study concludes that low back pain in childhood may be a manifestation of somatisation.
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Davies, Melanie Jane. "The early identification and aetiology of glucose intolerance." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324346.
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Yu, Yongbin. "The aetiology and treatment of hereditary retinal degenerations." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401314.
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Harijan, Pooja Devi. "Defining features and aetiology of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42929.
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This thesis seeks to set out the background, methods, results and discussion and conclusion of an observational study of the defining features and aetiology of moderate-severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Firstly, the epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment of HIE are outlined. A number of existing epidemiological definitions are described, compared and contrasted. The difficulties of defining HIE clearly and consistently for epidemiological purposes are discussed. The role of intrapartum hypoxia and other aetiological factors in HIE is introduced. The challenges of exploring the aetiology of HIE are discussed. The consideration of potential methodologies to study this topic is described. The aims and objectives of the study are presented. The design of the study and study components are each then described in turn. These include the pilot study, retrospective cohort study, development of a reference standard by expert consensus, observational study of possible aetiological factors, and measurement of validity of epidemiological definitions are each described in turn. The results of the study are described in turn. 168 infants with symptoms of neonatal encephalopathy were identified and notes were obtained for 153 of these infants. The observed maternal, neonatal and paediatric features of these infants and the development of a reference standard by expert consensus are described. The application of the reference standard to the study population leading to the identification of 54 infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) of whom 29 (53.7%) infants had moderate-severe HIE, is described. The prevalence of possible aetiological factors in infants with NE and the HIE and non-HIE subgroups are described. Finally, the study findings, strengths and limitations are discussed. The defining features of HIE and the prevalence of risk factors in this population compared to similar studies where available, are presented. The implications of these findings for future clinical practice and research are discussed.
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Camilleri, Simon. "The genetic aetiology of ectopic maxillary canine teeth." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-genetic-aetiology-of-ectopic-maxillary-canine-teeth(229e4493-db55-43ce-bf44-7e2aa29cf54b).html.
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Introduction. The ectopic canine (EC) is a common clinical complication of dental development appearing in 1-2% of the Western population The aetiology is controversial with opinion divided as to a genetic or environmental mechanism. This study addresses the hypothesis that genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of ectopic maxillary canines. Elucidation of the extent of genetic factors will determine the feasibility of further molecular studies to identify putative genes responsible for ectopic eruption and aid in their identification. Molecular control of tooth eruption would reduce or eliminate the need for surgical procedures associated with buried and impacted teeth and facilitate treatment of those dentofacial anomalies where failure of tooth eruption is a feature. Methods. The study is divided into five parts: 1. A segregation analysis was carried out on 63 pedigrees where a proband was identified as affected with EC, in order to determine whether a genetic component does exist and to provide parameters for further investigation by linkage analysis. 2. Following a positive result from the segregation analysis, linkage analysis was carried out on DNA obtained from an informative, three generation family with seven affected members. 3. Whole exome sequencing was carried out on two distantly related affected members of this family, common, novel and rare variants being identified. 4. The exons and intron-exon junctions of the candidate genes were sequenced using Sanger sequencing in the family and in 18 unrelated cases of EC. 5. In situ hybridisation was carried out using the genes ANO5 and PPP1R14C. Results. Results. The segregation analysis identified a major genetic component with autosomal dominant transmission and the likelihood of a single major locus being involved. The linkage analysis identified several regions of interest and this data was used to filter the results of the exome sequencing. The presence of variations in both PPP1R14C and ANO5 were necessary to precipitate the phenotype. Sanger sequencing of unaffected family members and of unrelated cases showed no similar variants. In situ hybridisation showed both PPP1R14C and ANO5 to be expressed in tooth and supporting tissues, leading to a supposition of digenic inheritance. Conclusion. The genes PPP1R14C and ANO5 are implicated in the aetiology of EC in a digenic inheritance pattern in this family. Further sequencing of affected families and functional studies are required as well as investigation of the methylation status of discordant monozygotic twins.
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Chalmers, Charlotte. "The physiology and aetiology of intersexuality in pigs." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18780.
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Lewis, M. H. "Peripheral arterial disease from aetiology to surgical management." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2013. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/peripheral-arterial-disease-from-aetiology-to-surgical-management(7defd31a-6995-4fc7-9302-2fced42b5982).html.
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The work presented includes over thirty peer reviewed published manuscripts based on studies undertaken during my surgical career. As Principal Investigator, I led the study conception/design/data acquisition/analysis/interpretation and was involved with writing the final drafts of all manuscripts prior to their formal submission to high impact factor peer-reviewed specialist journals. The thesis is divided into subsections reflecting my development and different interests within surgery. The subsections start with my learning basic research principles, moving onto clinical problem solving in general surgical dilemmas, followed by a collection of papers in my subspecialty of vascular surgery. The work culminates with a group of papers focused on aneurysmal disease, specifically, abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), the clinical impact of which has had a bearing on the introduction of a National AAA Screening Program in Wales in 2013. I conclude these sections with a collection of papers that reflect my long term commitment to surgical training both at regional level (as Secretary and Deputy Chairman to the Higher Surgical Training Committee and Chairman of the Basic Surgical Training Committee) and national level including my involvement with the Four Royal Colleges of Surgeons for the Intercollegiate Examinations in General Surgery. This examination is undertaken at completion of junior surgical training and used to confirm a doctor's competence for safe independent practice as a consultant. In conclusion, over forty years of academic research during my career as a vascular surgeon has provided unique insight into the pathophysiology, treatment and ultimately prevention of artherosclerotic disease. These findings have improved health policies in Wales and significantly reduced patient morbidity and mortality.
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Nobbs, Les. "Aetiology of fatigue during maximal and supramaximal exercise." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3189.
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Includes bibliography.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the extent of peripheral and central components in the development of fatigue during maximal exercise. Fatigue during maximal and supramaximal excercise has traditionally been modelled from the peripheral context of an inadequate capacity to supply metabolic substrate to the contracting muscles to meet the increased energy demand.
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Bergström, Annika. "Dystocia in the bitch : epidemiology, aetiology and treatment /." Uppsala : Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200942.pdf.
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Ansley, Les. "Aetiology of fatigue during maximal and supramaximal exercise." Diss., University of Cape Town, 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cape Town, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 284-287). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Malik, Shabana. "Interstitial cystitis : aetiology and therapeutic potential of honey." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/421299/.
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Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is an under-researched urological disorder, and thus, is poorly understood, diagnosed, and managed. This project was designed to elucidate the role of mast cells (MCs) and basophils in PBS/IC, identify any difference in the distribution of MC subtypes (MCT and MCTC), and assess the potential of honey as a treatment for PBS/IC. The study was successful in that it identified a difference in the distribution of MCs within the bladder wall, and a difference in distribution of MC subtypes, in comparison to controls. Novel findings from this study included the discovery that a particularly high presence of MCTC in the mucosa may be linked to the presence of ulcers, and thus, identified the patients that may have had the Hunner’s Ulcer PBS/IC subtype. It was also found that some patients had a higher amount of MCTC in the lamina propria (p<0.001), and this may identify those patients that were also suffering from fibrotic bladder. Immunohistochemistry findings confirmed detrusor mastocytosis in PBS/IC bladder (p<0.001), compared to controls. Basophils were not found in PBS/IC bladder tissues. It was also discovered that honey does not bind histamine, and so is stabilising MCs at a molecular level. Histamine release was decreased in explants that had been incubated in 5% or 10% honey, and tissues showed signs of apoptosis in concentrations above 20%. After further validation, findings could be used to develop much-needed comprehensive diagnostic criteria for the successful identification of different subgroups of PBS/IC sufferers, and for the development of tailored therapeutic options, that would consequently be more effective for the patient. The development of a honey-based intravesical agent, that has the potential to treat the histamine-related inflammation seen in PBS/IC, and other difficult to treat inflammatory disorders, is a promising and exciting future direction for this study.
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McKinney, P. "An examination of antenatal factors in the aetiology of childhood malignancies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378056.
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Miller, W. R. "Studies relating to the breast, its tumours and fluids." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383015.
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Duddy, Martin Edward. "The effect of INF-β on patterns of cytokine production and monocyte differentiation in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322644.
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Titinchi, S. J. "Adrenoceptor status in bronchial asthma." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377168.
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Ali, A. E. "Studies of pancreatic and biliary physiology in the Syrian golden hamster with particular reference to the aetiology of pancreatic disease." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233086.
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Willcox, M. D. P. "Cariogenic determinants of oral streptococci." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383965.
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Ibbotson, Myra Ann. "Dietary aspects of the irritable bowel syndrome." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1987. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847551/.
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The Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common conditions referred to a gastroenterologist, but there is no consensus of opinion regarding either its aetiology or its treatment. This is partly due to an absence of any physiological marker, and to the variability of presenting symptoms. It has been suggested that it is due to a fibre depleted diet, although this has never been shown. The diets of 187 patients with the IBS and 61 control subjects were investigated using a validated dietary diary method. The patients were subdivided according to presenting complaint. It was found that patients had a lower intake of dietary fibre than controls,and in particular those with diarrhoea had a low intake of fruit fibre. Patients with constipation had a lower food intake. To help in the dietary assessment of patients a computer programme based on a simple prospective dietary questionnaire was written. It proved to be an effective and rapid guide to fibre intakes. Gut transit times were measured using the breath hydrogen technique for mouth to caecum transit times and the continuous marker technique for whole gut transit times. The possible effect of abnormal transit through the gut on food handling was investigated. It was found that patients presenting with diarrhoea had significantly shorter mouth to caecum transit times (with implications for the absorption of food) and that patients with constipation had lengthened transit times, both mouth to caecum and whole gut. Malabsorption of simple sugar solutions leading to gut symptoms was demonstrated both in patients and controls. Finally, 11 patients with food intolerance were investigated, as it has been suggested that food intolerance is a major factor in the aetiology of the IBS. The results suggest that low fibre intakes are probably important in the aetiology of IBS and that, at least in some individuals, carbohydrate malabsorption may also be a significant factor.
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Scott, Gwen S. "The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)." Thesis, University of Bath, 1997. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362284.
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